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Lv G, Wang J, Lian S, Wang H, Wu R. The Global Epidemiology of Bovine Leukemia Virus: Current Trends and Future Implications. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:297. [PMID: 38254466 PMCID: PMC10812804 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a retrovirus that causes enzootic bovine leucosis (EBL), which is the most significant neoplastic disease in cattle. Although EBL has been successfully eradicated in most European countries, infections continue to rise in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Japan, and the United States. BLV imposes a substantial economic burden on the cattle industry, particularly in dairy farming, as it leads to a decline in animal production performance and increases the risk of disease. Moreover, trade restrictions on diseased animals and products between countries and regions further exacerbate the problem. Recent studies have also identified fragments of BLV nucleic acid in human breast cancer tissues, raising concerns for public health. Due to the absence of an effective vaccine, controlling the disease is challenging. Therefore, it is crucial to accurately detect and diagnose BLV at an early stage to control its spread and minimize economic losses. This review provides a comprehensive examination of BLV, encompassing its genomic structure, epidemiology, modes of transmission, clinical symptoms, detection methods, hazards, and control strategies. The aim is to provide strategic information for future BLV research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanxin Lv
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (G.L.); (J.W.); (S.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing 163319, China
- China Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Jianfa Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (G.L.); (J.W.); (S.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing 163319, China
- China Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Shuai Lian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (G.L.); (J.W.); (S.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing 163319, China
- China Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Hai Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (G.L.); (J.W.); (S.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing 163319, China
- China Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Rui Wu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (G.L.); (J.W.); (S.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing 163319, China
- China Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing 163319, China
- College of Biology and Agriculture, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China
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Marawan MA, Alouffi A, El Tokhy S, Badawy S, Shirani I, Dawood A, Guo A, Almutairi MM, Alshammari FA, Selim A. Bovine Leukaemia Virus: Current Epidemiological Circumstance and Future Prospective. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112167. [PMID: 34834973 PMCID: PMC8618541 DOI: 10.3390/v13112167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) is a deltaretrovirus that is closely related to human T-cell leukaemia virus types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and -2). It causes enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), which is the most important neoplastic disease in cattle. Most BLV-infected cattle are asymptomatic, which potentiates extremely high shedding rates of the virus in many cattle populations. Approximately 30% of them show persistent lymphocytosis that has various clinical outcomes; only a small proportion of animals (less than 5%) exhibit signs of EBL. BLV causes major economic losses in the cattle industry, especially in dairy farms. Direct costs are due to a decrease in animal productivity and in cow longevity; indirect costs are caused by restrictions that are placed on the import of animals and animal products from infected areas. Most European regions have implemented an efficient eradication programme, yet BLV prevalence remains high worldwide. Control of the disease is not feasible because there is no effective vaccine against it. Therefore, detection and early diagnosis of the disease are essential in order to diminish its spreading and the economic losses it causes. This review comprises an overview of bovine leukosis, which highlights the epidemiology of the disease, diagnostic tests that are used and effective control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marawan A. Marawan
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; (I.S.); (A.D.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt;
- Correspondence: (M.A.M.); (A.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Abdulaziz Alouffi
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia;
- The Chair of Vaccines Research for Infectious Diseases, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Suleiman El Tokhy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31111, Egypt;
| | - Sara Badawy
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt;
- Natural Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ihsanullah Shirani
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; (I.S.); (A.D.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Para-Clinic Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jalalabad 2601, Afghanistan
| | - Ali Dawood
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; (I.S.); (A.D.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Infectious Diseases, Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt
| | - Aizhen Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; (I.S.); (A.D.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (M.A.M.); (A.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Mashal M. Almutairi
- The Chair of Vaccines Research for Infectious Diseases, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 22334, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahdah Ayed Alshammari
- College of Sciences and Literature Microbiology, Nothern Border University, Arar 73211, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdelfattah Selim
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt;
- Correspondence: (M.A.M.); (A.G.); (A.S.)
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Li X, Gu M, Wang X, Gao R, Bu X, Hao X, Ma J, Hu J, Hu S, Liu X, Chen S, Peng D, Jiao X, Liu X. G1-like M and PB2 genes are preferentially incorporated into H7N9 progeny virions during genetic reassortment. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:80. [PMID: 33588843 PMCID: PMC7885445 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02786-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genotype S H9N2 viruses have become predominant in poultry in China since 2010. These viruses frequently donate their whole internal gene segments to other emerging influenza A subtypes such as the novel H7N9, H5N6, and H10N8 viruses. We recently reported that the PB2 and M genes of the genotype S H9N2 virus, which are derived from the G1-like virus, enhance the fitness of H5Nx and H7N9 avian influenza viruses in chickens and mice. However, whether the G1-like PB2 and M genes are preferentially incorporated into progeny virions during virus reassortment remains unclear; whether the G1-like PB2 and M genes from different subtypes are differentially incorporated into new virion progeny remains unknown. Results We conducted a reassortment experiment with the use of a H7N9 virus as the backbone and found that G1-like M/PB2 genes were preferentially incorporated in progeny virions over F/98-like M/PB2 genes. Importantly, the preference varied among G1-like M/PB2 genes of different subtypes. When competing with F/98-like M/PB2 genes during reassortment, both the M and PB2 genes from the H7N9 virus GD15 showed an advantage, whereas only the PB2 gene from the H9N2 virus CZ73 and the M gene from the H9N2 virus AH320 displayed the advantage. Conclusion Our findings highlight the preferential and variable advantages of H9N2-derived G1-like M and PB2 genes in incorporating them into H7N9 progeny virions over SH14-derived F/98-like M/PB2 genes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-021-02786-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Li
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Gu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruyi Gao
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinxin Bu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoli Hao
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiao Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sujuan Chen
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Daxin Peng
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China. .,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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Sato H, Watanuki S, Bai L, Borjigin L, Ishizaki H, Matsumoto Y, Hachiya Y, Sentsui H, Aida Y. A sensitive luminescence syncytium induction assay (LuSIA) based on a reporter plasmid containing a mutation in the glucocorticoid response element in the long terminal repeat U3 region of bovine leukemia virus. Virol J 2019; 16:66. [PMID: 31109347 PMCID: PMC6528319 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1172-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) causes enzootic bovine leukosis, the most common neoplastic disease of cattle. Previously, we reported the luminescence syncytium induction assay (LuSIA), an assay for BLV infectivity based on CC81-BLU3G cells, which form syncytia expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) when co-cultured with BLV-infected cells. To develop a more sensitive LuSIA, we here focused on the glucocorticoid response element (GRE) within the U3 region of the BLV long terminal repeat (LTR). METHODS We changed five nucleotide sites of the GRE in a pBLU3-EGFP reporter plasmid containing the BLV-LTR U3 region promoter by site-directed mutagenesis and we then constructed a new reporter plasmid (pBLU3GREM-EGFP) in which the EGFP reporter gene was expressed under control of the GRE-mutated LTR-U3 promoter. We also established a new CC81-derived reporter cell line harboring the GRE-mutated LTR-U3 promoter (CC81-GREMG). To evaluate the sensibility, the utility and the specificity of the LuSIA using CC81-GREMG, we co-cultured CC81-GREMG cells with BLV-persistently infected cells, free-viruses, white blood cells (WBCs) from BLV-infected cows, and bovine immunodeficiency-like virus (BIV)- and bovine foamy virus (BFV)-infected cells. RESULTS We successfully constructed a new reporter plasmid harboring a mutation in the GRE and established a new reporter cell line, CC81-GREMG; this line was stably transfected with pBLU3GREM-EGFP in which the EGFP gene is expressed under control of the GRE-mutated LTR-U3 promoter and enabled direct visualization of BLV infectivity. The new LuSIA protocol using CC81-GREMG cells measures cell-to-cell infectivity and cell-free infectivity of BLV more sensitively than previous protocol using CC81-BLU3G. Furthermore, it did not respond to BIV and BFV infections, indicating that the LuSIA based on CC81-GREMG is specific for BLV infectivity. Moreover, we confirmed the utility of a new LuSIA based on CC81-GREMG cells using white blood cells (WBCs) from BLV-infected cows. Finally, the assay was useful for assessing the activity of neutralizing antibodies in plasma collected from BLV-infected cows. CONCLUSION The new LuSIA protocol is quantitative and more sensitive than the previous assay based on CC81-BLU3G cells and should facilitate development of several new BLV assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Sato
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 3510198, Japan.,Virus Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 3510198, Japan
| | - Sonoko Watanuki
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 3510198, Japan.,Virus Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 3510198, Japan.,Laboratory of Global Animal Resource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Lanlan Bai
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 3510198, Japan.,Virus Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 3510198, Japan
| | - Liushiqi Borjigin
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 3510198, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishizaki
- Grazing Animal Unit, Division of Grassland Farming, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, 768 Senbonmatsu, Nasushiobara, Tochigi, 329-2793, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Global Animal Resource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yuma Hachiya
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sentsui
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Yoko Aida
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 3510198, Japan. .,Virus Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 3510198, Japan. .,Laboratory of Global Animal Resource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
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Polat M, Takeshima SN, Aida Y. Epidemiology and genetic diversity of bovine leukemia virus. Virol J 2017; 14:209. [PMID: 29096657 PMCID: PMC5669023 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0876-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV), an oncogenic member of the Deltaretrovirus genus, is closely related to human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-I and II). BLV infects cattle worldwide and causes important economic losses. In this review, we provide a summary of available information about commonly used diagnostic approaches for the detection of BLV infection, including both serological and viral genome-based methods. We also outline genotyping methods used for the phylogenetic analysis of BLV, including PCR restriction length polymorphism and modern DNA sequencing-based methods. In addition, detailed epidemiological information on the prevalence of BLV in cattle worldwide is presented. Finally, we summarize the various BLV genotypes identified by the phylogenetic analyses of the whole genome and env gp51 sequences of BLV strains in different countries and discuss the distribution of BLV genotypes worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meripet Polat
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Shin-nosuke Takeshima
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
- Bovine Leukemia Virus Vaccine Laboratory RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Yoko Aida
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
- Bovine Leukemia Virus Vaccine Laboratory RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
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Sanjosé L, Crespo H, Blatti-Cardinaux L, Glaria I, Martínez-Carrasco C, Berriatua E, Amorena B, De Andrés D, Bertoni G, Reina R. Post-entry blockade of small ruminant lentiviruses by wild ruminants. Vet Res 2016; 47:1. [PMID: 26738942 PMCID: PMC4702310 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0288-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) infection causes losses in the small ruminant industry due to reduced animal production and increased replacement rates. Infection of wild ruminants in close contact with infected domestic animals has been proposed to play a role in SRLV epidemiology, but studies are limited and mostly involve hybrids between wild and domestic animals. In this study, SRLV seropositive red deer, roe deer and mouflon were detected through modified ELISA tests, but virus was not successfully amplified using a set of different PCRs. Apparent restriction of SRLV infection in cervids was not related to the presence of neutralizing antibodies. In vitro cultured skin fibroblastic cells from red deer and fallow deer were permissive to the SRLV entry and integration, but produced low quantities of virus. SRLV got rapidly adapted in vitro to blood-derived macrophages and skin fibroblastic cells from red deer but not from fallow deer. Thus, although direct detection of virus was not successfully achieved in vivo, these findings show the potential susceptibility of wild ruminants to SRLV infection in the case of red deer and, on the other hand, an in vivo SRLV restriction in fallow deer. Altogether these results may highlight the importance of surveilling and controlling SRLV infection in domestic as well as in wild ruminants sharing pasture areas, and may provide new natural tools to control SRLV spread in sheep and goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Sanjosé
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC-Universidad Pública de Navarra-Gobierno de Navarra), Avda, Pamplona, 123, 31192, Mutilva-Navarra, Spain.
| | - Helena Crespo
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC-Universidad Pública de Navarra-Gobierno de Navarra), Avda, Pamplona, 123, 31192, Mutilva-Navarra, Spain.
| | | | - Idoia Glaria
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC-Universidad Pública de Navarra-Gobierno de Navarra), Avda, Pamplona, 123, 31192, Mutilva-Navarra, Spain.
| | - Carlos Martínez-Carrasco
- Animal Health Department, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Berriatua
- Animal Health Department, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Amorena
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC-Universidad Pública de Navarra-Gobierno de Navarra), Avda, Pamplona, 123, 31192, Mutilva-Navarra, Spain.
| | - Damián De Andrés
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC-Universidad Pública de Navarra-Gobierno de Navarra), Avda, Pamplona, 123, 31192, Mutilva-Navarra, Spain.
| | | | - Ramses Reina
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC-Universidad Pública de Navarra-Gobierno de Navarra), Avda, Pamplona, 123, 31192, Mutilva-Navarra, Spain.
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Kehl T, Tan J, Materniak M. Non-simian foamy viruses: molecular virology, tropism and prevalence and zoonotic/interspecies transmission. Viruses 2013; 5:2169-209. [PMID: 24064793 PMCID: PMC3798896 DOI: 10.3390/v5092169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the field of retrovirus, our knowledge of foamy viruses (FV) is still limited. Their unique replication strategy and mechanism of viral persistency needs further research to gain understanding of the virus-host interactions, especially in the light of the recent findings suggesting their ancient origin and long co-evolution with their nonhuman hosts. Unquestionably, the most studied member is the primate/prototype foamy virus (PFV) which was originally isolated from a human (designated as human foamy virus, HFV), but later identified as chimpanzee origin; phylogenetic analysis clearly places it among other Old World primates. Additionally, the study of non-simian animal FVs can contribute to a deeper understanding of FV-host interactions and development of other animal models. The review aims at highlighting areas of special interest regarding the structure, biology, virus-host interactions and interspecies transmission potential of primate as well as non-primate foamy viruses for gaining new insights into FV biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Kehl
- German Cancer Research Center, INF242, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +49-6221-42-4935; Fax: +49-6221-42-4932
| | - Juan Tan
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China; E-Mail:
| | - Magdalena Materniak
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow Ave. 57, Pulawy 24-100, Poland; E-Mail:
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Gillet N, Vandermeers F, de Brogniez A, Florins A, Nigro A, François C, Bouzar AB, Verlaeten O, Stern E, Lambert DM, Wouters J, Willems L. Chemoresistance to Valproate Treatment of Bovine Leukemia Virus-Infected Sheep; Identification of Improved HDAC Inhibitors. Pathogens 2012; 1:65-82. [PMID: 25436765 PMCID: PMC4235689 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens1020065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously proved that a histone deacetylase inhibitor (valproate, VPA) decreases the number of leukemic cells in bovine leukemia virus (BLV)-infected sheep. Here, we characterize the mechanisms initiated upon interruption of treatment. We observed that VPA treatment is followed by a decrease of the B cell counts and proviral loads (copies per blood volume). However, all sheep eventually relapsed after different periods of time and became refractory to further VPA treatment. Sheep remained persistently infected with BLV. B lymphocytes isolated throughout treatment and relapse were responsive to VPA-induced apoptosis in cell culture. B cell proliferation is only marginally affected by VPA ex vivo. Interestingly, in four out of five sheep, ex vivo viral expression was nearly undetectable at the time of relapse. In two sheep, a new tumoral clone arose, most likely revealing a selection process exerted by VPA in vivo. We conclude that the interruption of VPA treatment leads to the resurgence of the leukemia in BLV-infected sheep and hypothesize that resistance to further treatment might be due to the failure of viral expression induction. The development of more potent HDAC inhibitors and/or the combination with other compounds can overcome chemoresistance. These observations in the BLV model may be important for therapies against the related Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Gillet
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA) and Molecular Biology (GxABT), University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium.
| | - Fabian Vandermeers
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA) and Molecular Biology (GxABT), University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium.
| | - Alix de Brogniez
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA) and Molecular Biology (GxABT), University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium.
| | - Arnaud Florins
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA) and Molecular Biology (GxABT), University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium.
| | - Annamaria Nigro
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA) and Molecular Biology (GxABT), University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium.
| | - Carole François
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA) and Molecular Biology (GxABT), University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium.
| | - Amel-Baya Bouzar
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA) and Molecular Biology (GxABT), University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium.
| | - Olivier Verlaeten
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA) and Molecular Biology (GxABT), University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium.
| | - Eric Stern
- Pharmaceutic Chemistry and Radiopharmacy Unit, Louvain Drug Research Institute, University of Louvain, Brussels 1000, Belgium.
| | - Didier M Lambert
- Pharmaceutic Chemistry and Radiopharmacy Unit, Louvain Drug Research Institute, University of Louvain, Brussels 1000, Belgium.
| | - Johan Wouters
- Biological Chemistry, Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, Namur 5000, Belgium.
| | - Luc Willems
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA) and Molecular Biology (GxABT), University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium.
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9
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Rodríguez SM, Florins A, Gillet N, de Brogniez A, Sánchez-Alcaraz MT, Boxus M, Boulanger F, Gutiérrez G, Trono K, Alvarez I, Vagnoni L, Willems L. Preventive and therapeutic strategies for bovine leukemia virus: lessons for HTLV. Viruses 2011; 3:1210-48. [PMID: 21994777 PMCID: PMC3185795 DOI: 10.3390/v3071210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a retrovirus closely related to the human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). BLV is a major animal health problem worldwide causing important economic losses. A series of attempts were developed to reduce prevalence, chiefly by eradication of infected cattle, segregation of BLV-free animals and vaccination. Although having been instrumental in regions such as the EU, these strategies were unsuccessful elsewhere mainly due to economic costs, management restrictions and lack of an efficient vaccine. This review, which summarizes the different attempts previously developed to decrease seroprevalence of BLV, may be informative for management of HTLV-1 infection. We also propose a new approach based on competitive infection with virus deletants aiming at reducing proviral loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina M. Rodríguez
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA), University of Liège (ULg), 4000, Liège, Belgium; E-Mails: (S.M.R.); (N.G.); (F.B.)
| | - Arnaud Florins
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège (ULg), 5030, Gembloux, Belgium; E-Mails: (A.F.); (A.d.B.); (M.T.S.-A.); (M.B.)
| | - Nicolas Gillet
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA), University of Liège (ULg), 4000, Liège, Belgium; E-Mails: (S.M.R.); (N.G.); (F.B.)
| | - Alix de Brogniez
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège (ULg), 5030, Gembloux, Belgium; E-Mails: (A.F.); (A.d.B.); (M.T.S.-A.); (M.B.)
| | - María Teresa Sánchez-Alcaraz
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège (ULg), 5030, Gembloux, Belgium; E-Mails: (A.F.); (A.d.B.); (M.T.S.-A.); (M.B.)
| | - Mathieu Boxus
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège (ULg), 5030, Gembloux, Belgium; E-Mails: (A.F.); (A.d.B.); (M.T.S.-A.); (M.B.)
| | - Fanny Boulanger
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA), University of Liège (ULg), 4000, Liège, Belgium; E-Mails: (S.M.R.); (N.G.); (F.B.)
| | - Gerónimo Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, INTA, C.C. 1712, Castelar, Argentina; E-Mails: (G.G.); (K.T.); (I.A.); (L.V.)
| | - Karina Trono
- Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, INTA, C.C. 1712, Castelar, Argentina; E-Mails: (G.G.); (K.T.); (I.A.); (L.V.)
| | - Irene Alvarez
- Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, INTA, C.C. 1712, Castelar, Argentina; E-Mails: (G.G.); (K.T.); (I.A.); (L.V.)
| | - Lucas Vagnoni
- Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, INTA, C.C. 1712, Castelar, Argentina; E-Mails: (G.G.); (K.T.); (I.A.); (L.V.)
| | - Luc Willems
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA), University of Liège (ULg), 4000, Liège, Belgium; E-Mails: (S.M.R.); (N.G.); (F.B.)
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège (ULg), 5030, Gembloux, Belgium; E-Mails: (A.F.); (A.d.B.); (M.T.S.-A.); (M.B.)
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10
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Jimba M, Takeshima SN, Matoba K, Endoh D, Aida Y. BLV-CoCoMo-qPCR: Quantitation of bovine leukemia virus proviral load using the CoCoMo algorithm. Retrovirology 2010; 7:91. [PMID: 21044304 PMCID: PMC2988707 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-7-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is closely related to human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) and is the etiological agent of enzootic bovine leukosis, a disease characterized by a highly extended course that often involves persistent lymphocytosis and culminates in B-cell lymphomas. BLV provirus remains integrated in cellular genomes, even in the absence of detectable BLV antibodies. Therefore, to understand the mechanism of BLV-induced leukemogenesis and carry out the selection of BLV-infected animals, a detailed evaluation of changes in proviral load throughout the course of disease in BLV-infected cattle is required. The aim of this study was to develop a new quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method using Coordination of Common Motifs (CoCoMo) primers to measure the proviral load of known and novel BLV variants in clinical animals. Results Degenerate primers were designed from 52 individual BLV long terminal repeat (LTR) sequences identified from 356 BLV sequences in GenBank using the CoCoMo algorithm, which has been developed specifically for the detection of multiple virus species. Among 72 primer sets from 49 candidate primers, the most specific primer set was selected for detection of BLV LTR by melting curve analysis after real-time PCR amplification. An internal BLV TaqMan probe was used to enhance the specificity and sensitivity of the assay, and a parallel amplification of a single-copy host gene (the bovine leukocyte antigen DRA gene) was used to normalize genomic DNA. The assay is highly specific, sensitive, quantitative and reproducible, and was able to detect BLV in a number of samples that were negative using the previously developed nested PCR assay. The assay was also highly effective in detecting BLV in cattle from a range of international locations. Finally, this assay enabled us to demonstrate that proviral load correlates not only with BLV infection capacity as assessed by syncytium formation, but also with BLV disease progression. Conclusions Using our newly developed BLV-CoCoMo-qPCR assay, we were able to detect a wide range of mutated BLV viruses. CoCoMo algorithm may be a useful tool to design degenerate primers for quantification of proviral load for other retroviruses including HTLV and human immunodeficiency virus type 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Jimba
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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11
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Jarrett S, Morgan JAT, Wlodek BM, Brown GW, Urech R, Green PE, Lew-Tabor AE. Specific detection of the Old World screwworm fly, Chrysomya bezziana, in bulk fly trap catches using real-time PCR. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2010; 24:227-235. [PMID: 20497318 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2010.00867.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The Old World screwworm fly (OWS), Chrysomya bezziana Villeneuve (Diptera: Calliphoridae), is a myiasis-causing blowfly of major concern for both animals and humans. Surveillance traps are used in several countries for early detection of incursions and to monitor control strategies. Examination of surveillance trap catches is time-consuming and is complicated by the presence of morphologically similar flies that are difficult to differentiate from Ch. bezziana, especially when the condition of specimens is poor. A molecular-based method to confirm or refute the presence of Ch. bezziana in trap catches would greatly simplify monitoring programmes. A species-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was designed to target the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer 1 (rDNA ITS1) of Ch. bezziana. The assay uses both species-specific primers and an OWS-specific Taqman((R)) MGB probe. Specificity was confirmed against morphologically similar and related Chrysomya and Cochliomyia species. An optimal extraction protocol was developed to process trap catches of up to 1000 flies and the assay is sensitive enough to detect one Ch. bezziana in a sample of 1000 non-target species. Blind testing of 29 trap catches from Australia and Malaysia detected Ch. bezziana with 100% accuracy. The probability of detecting OWS in a trap catch of 50 000 flies when the OWS population prevalence is low (one in 1000 flies) is 63.6% for one extraction. For three extractions (3000 flies), the probability of detection increases to 95.5%. The real-time PCR assay, used in conjunction with morphology, will greatly increase screening capabilities in surveillance areas where OWS prevalence is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jarrett
- Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries, Animal Research Institute, Yeerongpilly, Queensland, Australia
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12
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McNab T, Desport M, Dobson R, Tenaya IWM, Hartaningsih N, Wilcox GE. Prior bovine immunodeficiency virus infection does not inhibit subsequent superinfection by the acutely pathogenic Jembrana disease virus. Virology 2010; 404:261-8. [PMID: 20570311 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In cattle the interaction between the two genetically and antigenically related bovine lentiviruses, the acutely pathogenic Jembrana disease virus (JDV) and the non-pathogenic Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) has not been reported although both JDV and a BIV-like virus have been reported in the Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) population in Indonesia. The outcome of infection of Bali cattle with the R29 strain of BIV prior to superinfection 42 days later with JDV(TAB/87) was determined. All BIV-inoculated cattle were successfully infected and developed an antibody response to the TM and CA proteins. BIV infection did not prevent subsequent infection with JDV or ameliorate the clinical signs of Jembrana disease in the infected cattle. It did, however, modify the dynamics of the JDV infection with an earlier onset and end of the acute disease process, and a reduction in the duration of viremia that exceeded 10(6) genome copies/ml of plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tegan McNab
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch WA 6150, Australia.
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13
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McNab T, Desport M, Tenaya WM, Hartaningsih N, Wilcox GE. Bovine immunodeficiency virus produces a transient viraemic phase soon after infection in Bos javanicus. Vet Microbiol 2009; 141:216-23. [PMID: 19766411 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Infection of Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) in Indonesia with a non-pathogenic bovine lentivirus similar to Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) is suspected but efforts to detect the virus have been unsuccessful. To define the kinetics of BIV infection in Bali cattle, 13 were infected with the R-29 strain of BIV and monitored for 60 days. No clinical effects were detected. Proviral DNA was detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 4 to 60 days with peak titres 20 days post-infection (dpi). There was a transient viraemia from 4 to 14 dpi with a maximum titre of 1x10(4)genome copies/ml plasma. An antibody response to the transmembrane (TM) glycoprotein commenced 12 dpi but an antibody response to the capsid (CA) protein was detected in one animal only and not until 34 dpi. The results indicated that detection of BIV in infected Bali cattle would have a greater chance of success soon after infection and prior to the onset of a CA antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tegan McNab
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
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14
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Lewis J, McNab T, Tenaya M, Hartaningsih N, Wilcox G, Desport M. Comparison of immunoassay and real-time PCR methods for the detection of Jembrana disease virus infection in Bali cattle. J Virol Methods 2009; 159:81-6. [PMID: 19442849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Revised: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive diagnostic assay for the detection of infections with the bovine lentivirus Jembrana disease virus (JDV) is required in Indonesia to control the spread of Jembrana disease. Immunoassays are used routinely but are compromised by cross-reactive epitopes in the capsid (CA) protein of JDV and the genetically related bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV). JDV gag-specific primers were tested in a real-time PCR assay to detect proviral DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 165 cattle from the Tabanan district of Bali. JDV-specific amplicons were detected in 9% of the cattle and only 33% of the real-time PCR positive cattle were seropositive. The delayed seroconversion that occurs after infection with JDV could explain the low concordance between these assays but other factors may be responsible. BIV proviral DNA was not detected in any of the PBMC DNA samples. A high concordance value of 98.6% was found between the JDV plasma-derived antigen Western blot and the JDV p26-his recombinant protein ELISA. Only 21% of the seropositive cattle had detectable levels of proviral DNA suggesting that the proviral load in recovered cattle is low. A combination of real-time PCR and JDV p26-his ELISA is recommended for the detection of infection with JDV in Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Lewis
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, South St., Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
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15
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González E, Licursi M, Vila Roza V, Bonzo E, Mortola E, Frossard J, Venables C. Evidence of bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) infection: Serological survey in Argentina. Res Vet Sci 2008; 85:353-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Revised: 08/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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McMillen L, Lew AE. Improved detection of Tritrichomonas foetus in bovine diagnostic specimens using a novel probe-based real time PCR assay. Vet Parasitol 2006; 141:204-15. [PMID: 16860481 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2005] [Revised: 06/07/2006] [Accepted: 06/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A Tritrichomonas foetus-specific 5' Taq nuclease assay using a 3' minor groove binder-DNA probe (TaqMan MGB) targeting conserved regions of the internal transcribed spacer-1 (ITS-1) was developed and compared to established diagnostic procedures. Specificity of the assay was evaluated using bovine venereal microflora and a range of related trichomonad species. Assay sensitivity was evaluated with log(10) dilutions of known numbers of cells, and compared to that for microscopy following culture (InPouch TF test kit) and the conventional TFR3-TFR4 PCR assay. The 5' Taq nuclease assay detected a single cell per assay from smegma or mucus which was 2500-fold or 250-fold more sensitive than microscopy following selective culture from smegma or mucus respectively, and 500-fold more sensitive than culture followed by conventional PCR assay. The sensitivity of the conventional PCR assay was comparable to the 5' Taq nuclease assay when testing purified DNA extracted from clinical specimens, whereas the 5' Taq nuclease assay sensitivity improved using crude cell lysates, which were not suitable as template for the conventional PCR assay. Urine was evaluated as a diagnostic specimen providing improved and equivalent levels of T. foetus detection in spiked urine by both microscopy following culture and direct 5' Taq nuclease detection, respectively, compared with smegma and mucus, however inconclusive results were obtained with urine samples from the field study. Diagnostic specimens (n=159) were collected from herds with culture positive animals and of the 14 animals positive by 5' Taq nuclease assay, 3 were confirmed by selective culture/microscopy detection (Fisher's exact test P<0.001). The 5' Taq nuclease assay described here demonstrated superior sensitivity to traditional culture/microscopy and offers advantages over the application of conventional PCR for the detection of T. foetus in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyle McMillen
- Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Locked Mail Bag No. 4, Moorooka, 4105 Qld, Australia
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McMillen L, Fordyce G, Doogan VJ, Lew AE. Comparison of culture and a novel 5' Taq nuclease assay for direct detection of Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis in clinical specimens from cattle. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:938-45. [PMID: 16517880 PMCID: PMC1393111 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.44.3.938-945.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis-specific 5' Taq nuclease PCR assay using a 3' minor groove binder-DNA probe (TaqMan MGB) was developed based on a subspecies-specific fragment of unknown identity (S. Hum, K. Quinn, J. Brunner, and S. L. On, Aust. Vet. J. 75:827-831, 1997). The assay specifically detected four C. fetus subsp. venerealis strains with no observed cross-reaction with C. fetus subsp. fetus-related Campylobacter species or other bovine venereal microflora. The 5' Taq nuclease assay detected approximately one single cell compared to 100 and 10 cells in the conventional PCR assay and 2,500 and 25,000 cells from selective culture from inoculated smegma and mucus, respectively. The respective detection limits following the enrichments from smegma and mucus were 5,000 and 50 cells/inoculum for the conventional PCR compared to 500 and 50 cells/inoculum for the 5' Taq nuclease assay. Field sampling confirmed the sensitivity and the specificity of the 5' Taq nuclease assay by detecting an additional 40 bulls that were not detected by culture. Urine-inoculated samples demonstrated comparable detection of C. fetus subsp. venerealis by both culture and the 5' Taq nuclease assay; however, urine was found to be less effective than smegma for bull sampling. Three infected bulls were tested repetitively to compare sampling tools, and the bull rasper proved to be the most suitable, as evidenced by the improved ease of specimen collection and the consistent detection of higher levels of C. fetus subsp. venerealis. The 5' Taq nuclease assay demonstrates a statistically significant association with culture (chi2 = 29.8; P < 0.001) and significant improvements for the detection of C. fetus subsp. venerealis-infected animals from crude clinical extracts following prolonged transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyle McMillen
- Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, c/o Animal Research Institute, Locked Mail Bag No. 4, Moorooka, 4105 QLD, Australia.
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18
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Mackay IM, Arden KE, Nitsche A. Real-time Fluorescent PCR Techniques to Study Microbial-Host Interactions. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2004; 34:255-330. [PMID: 38620210 PMCID: PMC7148886 DOI: 10.1016/s0580-9517(04)34010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This chapter describes how real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) performs and how it may be used to detect microbial pathogens and the relationship they form with their host. Research and diagnostic microbiology laboratories contain a mix of traditional and leading-edge, in-house and commercial assays for the detection of microbes and the effects they impart upon target tissues, organs, and systems. The PCR has undergone significant change over the last decade, to the extent that only a small proportion of scientists have been able or willing to keep abreast of the latest offerings. The chapter reviews these changes. It discusses the second-generation of PCR technology-kinetic or real-time PCR, a tool gaining widespread acceptance in many scientific disciplines but especially in the microbiology laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Mackay
- Clinical Virology Research Unit, Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
- Clinical Medical Virology Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Katherine E Arden
- Clinical Virology Research Unit, Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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19
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Debacq C, Sanchez Alcaraz MT, Mortreux F, Kerkhofs P, Kettmann R, Willems L. Reduced proviral loads during primo-infection of sheep by Bovine Leukemia virus attenuated mutants. Retrovirology 2004; 1:31. [PMID: 15462678 PMCID: PMC526217 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-1-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2004] [Accepted: 10/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The early stages consecutive to infection of sheep (e.g. primo-infection) by Bovine leukemia virus mutants are largely unknown. In order to better understand the mechanisms associated with this period, we aimed at analyzing simultaneously three parameters: B-lymphocytosis, cell proliferation and viral replication. Results Sheep were experimentally infected either with a wild type BLV provirus or with selected mutants among which: a virus harboring an optimalized LTR promoter with consensus cyclic AMP-responsive elements, two deletants of the R3 or the G4 accessory genes and a fusion-deficient transmembrane recombinant. Seroconversion, as revealed by the onset of an anti-viral antibody response, was detected at 3 to 11 weeks after inoculation. At seroconversion, all sheep exhibited a marked increase in the numbers of circulating B lymphocytes expressing the CD5 and CD11b cluster of differentiation markers and, interestingly, this phenomenon occurred independently of the type of virus. The net increase of the absolute number of B cells was at least partially due to accelerated proliferation as revealed, after intravenous injection of bromodeoxyuridine, by the higher proportion of circulating BrdU+ B lymphocytes. BLV proviral DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction in the leucocytes of all sheep, as expected. However, at seroconversion, the proviral loads were lower in sheep infected by the attenuated proviruses despite similar levels of B cell lymphocytosis. Conclusions We conclude that the proviral loads are not directly linked to the extent of B cell proliferation observed during primo-infection of BLV-infected sheep. We propose a model of opportunistic replication of the virus supported by a general activation process of B lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Franck Mortreux
- Unité d'Oncogenèse Virale, CNRS UMR5537, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Kerkhofs
- Department of Virology, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Uccle, Belgium
| | | | - Luc Willems
- Molecular and cellular biology, FUSAGx, Gembloux, Belgium
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