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Hata A, Meuchi Y, Liu M, Torii S, Katayama H. Surfactant Treatment for Efficient Gene Detection of Enteric Viruses and Indicators in Surface Water Concentrated by Ultrafiltration. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2023; 15:8-20. [PMID: 36592278 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-022-09543-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The hollow fiber ultrafiltration (HFUF)-based microbial concentration method is widely applied for monitoring pathogenic viruses and microbial indicators in environmental water samples. However, the HFUF-based method can co-concentrate substances that interfere with downstream molecular processes-nucleic acid extraction, reverse transcription (RT), and PCR. These inhibitory substances are assumed to be hydrophobic and, therefore, expected to be excluded by a simple surfactant treatment before the silica membrane-based RNA extraction process. In this study, the efficacy and limitations of the sodium deoxycholate (SD) treatment were assessed by quantifying a process control and indigenous viruses using 42 surface water samples concentrated with HFUF. With some exceptions, which tended to be seen in samples with high turbidity (> 4.0 NTU), virus recovery by the ultrafiltration method was sufficiently high (> 10%). RNA extraction-RT-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) efficiency of the process control was insufficient (10%) for 30 of the 42 HFUF concentrates without any pretreatments, but it was markedly improved for 21 of the 30 inhibitory concentrates by the SD treatment. Detection rates of indigenous viruses were also improved and no substantial loss of viral RNA was observed. The SD treatment was particularly effective in mitigating RT-qPCR inhibition, although it was not effective in improving RNA extraction efficiency. The methodology is simple and easily applied. These findings indicate that SD treatment can be a good alternative to sample dilution, which is widely applied to mitigate the effect of RT-qPCR inhibition, and can be compatible with other countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Hata
- Department of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan.
| | - Yuno Meuchi
- Department of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shotaro Torii
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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Hennechart-Collette C, Dehan O, Fraisse A, Martin-Latil S, Perelle S. Development of an Extraction Method to Detect Hepatitis A Virus, Hepatitis E Virus, and Noroviruses in Fish Products. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030624. [PMID: 36985198 PMCID: PMC10051274 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are a leading cause of foodborne disease worldwide. Hepatitis viruses (hepatitis A (HAV) and hepatitis E (HEV)) and human norovirus are recognized as the main viruses of public health concern in food hygiene. ISO 15216 approved procedures are not validated for detection of HAV and human norovirus in foodstuffs, such as fishes, leading to an inability to ensure the safety of these products. This study aimed to provide a rapid and sensitive method for detecting these targets in fish products. An existing method that includes proteinase K treatment was selected for further validation using artificially contaminated fish products, according to the recent international standard ISO 16140-4. Recovery efficiencies in pure RNA extracts of viruses ranged from 0.2% to 66.2% for HAV, 4.0% to 100.0% for HEV, 2.2% to 100.0% for norovirus GI, and 0.2% to 12.5% for norovirus GII. LOD50 values were between 144 and 8.4 × 104 genome copies/g for HAV and HEV, and 104 and 2.0 × 103 copies/g for norovirus GI and norovirus GII, respectively. LOD95 values were between 3.2 × 103 and 3.6 × 105 genome copies/g for HAV and HEV, and between 8.8 × 103 and 4.4 × 104 genome copies/g for norovirus GI and norovirus GII, respectively. The method developed here was successfully validated in various fish products and can be applied for routine diagnostic needs.
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Sarmento SK, Guerra CR, Malta FC, Coutinho R, Miagostovich MP, Fumian TM. Human norovirus detection in bivalve shellfish in Brazil and evaluation of viral infectivity using PMA treatment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 157:111315. [PMID: 32658680 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses are the most common cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks in humans and bivalve shellfish consumption is a recognized route of infection. Our aim was to detect and characterize norovirus in bivalves from a coastal city of Brazil. Nucleic acid was extracted from the bivalve's digestive tissue concentrates using magnetic beads. From March 2018 to June 2019, 77 samples were screened using quantitative RT-PCR. Noroviruses were detected in 41.5%, with the GII being the most prevalent (37.7%). The highest viral load was 3.5 × 106 and 2.5 × 105 GC/g in oysters and mussels, respectively. PMA-treatment demonstrated that a large fraction of the detected norovirus corresponded to non-infectious particles. Genetic characterization showed the circulation of the GII.2[P16] and GII.4[P4] genotypes. Norovirus detection in bivalves reflects the anthropogenic impact on marine environment and serves as an early warning for the food-borne disease outbreaks resulting from the consumption of contaminated molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Kahwage Sarmento
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ CEP 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Caroline Rezende Guerra
- Laboratório de Genética Marinha, Departamento de Biotecnologia Marinha, Instituto de Estudos do Mar Almirante Paulo Moreira (IEAPM), Arraial do Cabo , RJ CEP 28930-000, Brazil
| | - Fábio Correia Malta
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ CEP 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Coutinho
- Laboratório de Genética Marinha, Departamento de Biotecnologia Marinha, Instituto de Estudos do Mar Almirante Paulo Moreira (IEAPM), Arraial do Cabo , RJ CEP 28930-000, Brazil
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ CEP 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Tulio Machado Fumian
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ CEP 21045-900, Brazil.
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Zhang L, Xue L, Gao J, Cai W, Jiang Y, Zuo Y, Liao Y, Qin Z, Wu H, Cheng T, Luo X, Wu Q, Wu K, Zhang J. Development of a high-efficient concentrated pretreatment method for noroviruses detection in independent oysters:An extension of the ISO/TS 15216-2:2013 standard method. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.107032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Gyawali P, Kc S, Beale DJ, Hewitt J. Current and Emerging Technologies for the Detection of Norovirus from Shellfish. Foods 2019; 8:foods8060187. [PMID: 31159220 PMCID: PMC6617275 DOI: 10.3390/foods8060187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports of norovirus infections associated with the consumption of contaminated bivalve molluscan shellfish negatively impact both consumers and commercial shellfish operators. Current virus recovery and PCR detection methods can be expensive and time consuming. Due to the lack of rapid, user-friendly and onsite/infield methods, it has been difficult to establish an effective virus monitoring regime that is able to identify contamination points across the production line (i.e., farm-to-plate) to ensure shellfish quality. The focus of this review is to evaluate current norovirus detection methods and discuss emerging approaches. Recent advances in omics-based detection approaches have the potential to identify novel biomarkers that can be incorporated into rapid detection kits for onsite use. Furthermore, some omics techniques have the potential to simultaneously detect multiple enteric viruses that cause human disease. Other emerging technologies discussed include microfluidic, aptamer and biosensor-based detection methods developed to detect norovirus with high sensitivity from a simple matrix. Many of these approaches have the potential to be developed as user-friendly onsite detection kits with minimal costs. However, more collaborative efforts on research and development will be required to commercialize such products. Once developed, these emerging technologies could provide a way forward that minimizes public health risks associated with shellfish consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip Gyawali
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd. (ESR), Porirua 5240, New Zealand.
| | - Sanjaya Kc
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - David J Beale
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Ecoscience Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Joanne Hewitt
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd. (ESR), Porirua 5240, New Zealand.
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Londoñe-Bailon P, Sánchez-Robinet C. Efficiency evaluation of the process control virus “Mengovirus” in real time RT-PCR viral detection in the bivalve mollusc Donax sp. J Virol Methods 2018; 262:20-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Quang Le H, Suffredini E, Tien Pham D, Kim To A, De Medici D. Development of a method for direct extraction of viral RNA from bivalve molluscs. Lett Appl Microbiol 2018; 67:426-434. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.13065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Quang Le
- School of Biotechnology and Food Technology; Hanoi University of Science and Technology; Hanoi Vietnam
| | - E. Suffredini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health; Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Rome Italy
| | - D. Tien Pham
- School of Biotechnology and Food Technology; Hanoi University of Science and Technology; Hanoi Vietnam
| | - A. Kim To
- School of Biotechnology and Food Technology; Hanoi University of Science and Technology; Hanoi Vietnam
| | - D. De Medici
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health; Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Rome Italy
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Haramoto E, Kitajima M, Hata A, Torrey JR, Masago Y, Sano D, Katayama H. A review on recent progress in the detection methods and prevalence of human enteric viruses in water. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 135:168-186. [PMID: 29471200 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne human enteric viruses, such as noroviruses and adenoviruses, are excreted in the feces of infected individuals and transmitted via the fecal-oral route including contaminated food and water. Since viruses are normally present at low concentrations in aquatic environments, they should be concentrated into smaller volumes prior to downstream molecular biological applications, such as quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). This review describes recent progress made in the development of concentration and detection methods of human enteric viruses in water, and discusses their applications for providing a better understanding of the prevalence of the viruses in various types of water worldwide. Maximum concentrations of human enteric viruses in water that have been reported in previous studies are summarized to assess viral abundances in aquatic environments. Some descriptions are also available on recent applications of sequencing analyses used to determine the genetic diversity of viral genomes in water samples, including those of novel viruses. Furthermore, the importance and significance of utilizing appropriate process controls during viral analyses are discussed, and three types of process controls are considered: whole process controls, molecular process controls, and (reverse transcription (RT)-)qPCR controls. Although no standards have been established for acceptable values of virus recovery and/or extraction-(RT-)qPCR efficiency, use of at least one of these appropriate control types is highly recommended for more accurate interpretation of observed data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Haramoto
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan.
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Akihiko Hata
- Integrated Research System for Sustainability Science, Institutes for Advanced Study, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan.
| | - Jason R Torrey
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Yoshifumi Masago
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability, United Nations University, 5-53-70 Jingumae, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8925, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Sano
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; Vietnam Japan University, Luu Huu Phuoc Road, My Dinh 1 Ward, Nam Tu Liem District, Ha Noi, Vietnam.
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Courault D, Albert I, Perelle S, Fraisse A, Renault P, Salemkour A, Amato P. Assessment and risk modeling of airborne enteric viruses emitted from wastewater reused for irrigation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 592:512-526. [PMID: 28320526 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Reclamation of wastewater (WW) for irrigation, after treatment represents a challenge that could alleviate pressure on water resources and address the increasing demand for agriculture. However, the risks to human health must be assessed, particularly those related to human enteric viruses that resist standard treatments in most wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). The risks associated with exposure to viral bioaerosols near WWTP and near agricultural plots irrigated with WW are poorly documented. The objectives of this study were to 1) better characterize human enteric viruses found in bioaerosols near a "standard WWTP" and over fields irrigated with treated WW and 2) propose a numeric model to assess the health risk to populations located close to the irrigated areas, with particular attention to norovirus, which is responsible for most viral gastroenteritis in France. Water and air samples were collected at various locations in the largest French WW-irrigated site near Clermont-Ferrand, at the WWTP entrance and after treatment, in the air above activated sludge basins, and above fields irrigated with WW. Various enteric viruses were found in the water samples collected both before and after treatment. Norovirus was the most abundant with >10e4 genome copies/l (GC/L) before treatment and ~10e3 GC/L after treatment. Low quantities (<10e3GC/m3) were detected in the air above active sludge pools and irrigated plots. Hepatitis E virus was detected in all sampled compartments. A quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) approach, including a simplified atmospheric dispersion model, allowed assessment of norovirus infection risk. The Bayesian QMRA approach considered wind speed measurements over 21years, and the variability and uncertainty of all measurements throughout the chain up to the risk. The probability of infection within one year for the most exposed WWTP employees was >10e-4 for strong wind speed (≥3m/s) and a constant emission rate of 8e3 GC/m3/s. This probability decreases by 3 log when the distance to the emission source is doubled. This information can aid development of safe water reuse policies in terms of local setback distance and wind conditions for wastewater reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Courault
- UMR 1114 EMMAH, INRA, Université d'Avignon et des Pays du Vaucluse, Domaine St Paul, 84914 Avignon, France.
| | - I Albert
- UMR 518, Math-Info Appliquées, INRA-AgroParisTech 16, rue Claude Bernard, 75231 Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - S Perelle
- Université Paris Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort Laboratory for food safety, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - A Fraisse
- Université Paris Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort Laboratory for food safety, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - P Renault
- UMR 1114 EMMAH, INRA, Université d'Avignon et des Pays du Vaucluse, Domaine St Paul, 84914 Avignon, France
| | - A Salemkour
- UMR 1114 EMMAH, INRA, Université d'Avignon et des Pays du Vaucluse, Domaine St Paul, 84914 Avignon, France; UMR 518, Math-Info Appliquées, INRA-AgroParisTech 16, rue Claude Bernard, 75231 Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - P Amato
- UMR 6296, ICCF Université B Pascal, 24 av des landais, 63171 Aubière, France
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Hassard F, Sharp JH, Taft H, LeVay L, Harris JP, McDonald JE, Tuson K, Wilson J, Jones DL, Malham SK. Critical Review on the Public Health Impact of Norovirus Contamination in Shellfish and the Environment: A UK Perspective. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2017; 9:123-141. [PMID: 28176295 PMCID: PMC5429388 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9279-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We review the risk of norovirus (NoV) infection to the human population from consumption of contaminated shellfish. From a UK perspective, risk is apportioned for different vectors of NoV infection within the population. NoV spreads mainly by person-to-person contact or via unsanitary food handling. NoV also enters the coastal zone via wastewater discharges resulting in contamination of shellfish waters. Typically, NoV persists in the marine environment for several days, with its presence strongly linked to human population density, wastewater discharge rate, and efficacy of wastewater treatment. Shellfish bioaccumulate NoV and current post-harvest depuration is inefficient in its removal. While NoV can be inactivated by cooking (e.g. mussels), consumption of contaminated raw shellfish (e.g. oysters) represents a risk to human health. Consumption of contaminated food accounts for 3-11% of NoV cases in the UK (~74,000 cases/year), of which 16% are attributable to oyster consumption (11,800 cases/year). However, environmental and human factors influencing NoV infectivity remain poorly understood. Lack of standard methods for accurate quantification of infective and non-infective (damaged) NoV particles represent a major barrier, hampering identification of an appropriate lower NoV contamination limit for shellfish. Future management strategies may include shellfish quality assessment (at point of harvest or at point of supply) or harvesting controls. However, poor understanding of NoV inactivation in shellfish and the environment currently limits accurate apportionment and risk assessment for NoV and hence the identification of appropriate shellfish or environmental quality standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Hassard
- Centre for Applied Marine Sciences, School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, LL59 5AB, UK
| | | | - Helen Taft
- School of Environment, Natural Resources & Geography, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Lewis LeVay
- Centre for Applied Marine Sciences, School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, LL59 5AB, UK
| | - John P Harris
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GL, UK
| | - James E McDonald
- School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Karen Tuson
- Centre for Applied Marine Sciences, School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, LL59 5AB, UK
| | - James Wilson
- Bangor Mussel Producers Ltd., Victoria House, Plas Llwyd Terrace, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 1UB, UK
| | - David L Jones
- School of Environment, Natural Resources & Geography, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Shelagh K Malham
- Centre for Applied Marine Sciences, School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, LL59 5AB, UK.
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Le Mennec C, Parnaudeau S, Rumebe M, Le Saux JC, Piquet JC, Le Guyader SF. Follow-Up of Norovirus Contamination in an Oyster Production Area Linked to Repeated Outbreaks. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2017; 9:54-61. [PMID: 27613529 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-016-9260-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A production area repeatedly implicated in oyster-related gastroenteritis in France was studied for several months over 2 years. Outbreaks and field samples were analyzed by undertaking triplicate extractions, followed by norovirus (NoV) detection using triplicate wells for genomic amplification. This approach allowed us to demonstrate that some variabilities can be observed for samples with a low level of contamination, but most samples analyzed gave reproducible results. At the first outbreak, implicated oysters were collected at the beginning of the contamination event, which was reflected by the higher NoV levels during the first month of the study. During the second year, NoV concentrations in samples implicated in outbreaks and collected from the production area were similar, confirming the failure of the shellfish depuration process. Contamination was detected mainly during winter-spring months, and a high prevalence of NoV GI contamination was observed. A half-life of 18 days was calculated from NoV concentrations detected in oysters during this study, showing a very slow decrease of the contamination in the production area. Preventing the contamination of coastal waters should be a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Le Mennec
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM-SG2M-RBE, Ifremer, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Sylvain Parnaudeau
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM-SG2M-RBE, Ifremer, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Myriam Rumebe
- Laboratoire Environnement Ressources, ODE, Ifremer, Arcachon, France
| | - Jean-Claude Le Saux
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM-SG2M-RBE, Ifremer, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Jean-Côme Piquet
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM-SG2M-RBE, Ifremer, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - S Françoise Le Guyader
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM-SG2M-RBE, Ifremer, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes Cedex 03, France.
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12
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Comparison of three extraction methods to detect noroviruses in dairy products. Food Microbiol 2017; 61:113-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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13
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Sánchez G, Sánchez G. Food and Viral Contamination: Analytical Methods. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119160588.ch10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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14
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Hennechart-Collette C, Martin-Latil S, Guillier L, Perelle S. Determination of which virus to use as a process control when testing for the presence of hepatitis A virus and norovirus in food and water. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 202:57-65. [PMID: 25771512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Noroviruses (genogroup I (NoV GI) and genogroup II (NoV GII)) and the hepatitis A virus (HAV) are frequently involved in foodborne infections worldwide. They are mainly transmitted via the fecal-oral route, direct person-to-person contact or consumption of contaminated water and foods. In food virology, detection methods are currently based on identifying viral genomes using real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-qPCR). One of the general requirements for detecting these viruses in food involves the use of a process control virus to monitor the quality of the entire viral extraction procedure as described in the ISO/TS 15216-1 and 15216-2 standards published in 2013. The selected process control virus should have similar morphological and physicochemical properties as the screened pathogenic virus and thus have the potential to provide comparable extraction efficiency. The aim of this study was to determine which virus should be used for process control, murine norovirus (MNV-1) or Mengovirus, when testing for the presence of HAV, NoV GI and NoV GII in bottled water, lettuce and semi-dried tomatoes. Food samples were spiked with HAV, NoV GI or NoV GII alone or in the presence of MNV-1 or Mengovirus. Recovery rates of each pathogenic virus were compared to those of both process control viruses using a multiple comparison procedure. Neither process control virus influenced the recovery of pathogenic virus regardless of the type of food matrix. MNV-1 was the most appropriate virus for validating the detection of HAV and NoV GII in all three food matrices as well as NoV GI in lettuce. Mengovirus proved to be the most appropriate control for NoV GI detection in bottled water and semi-dried tomatoes. The process control virus is essential for validating viral detection in food and the choice of virus depends on food type and the screened pathogenic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Hennechart-Collette
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort Laboratory for Food Safety, Enteric Viruses Unit, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Sandra Martin-Latil
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort Laboratory for Food Safety, Enteric Viruses Unit, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Guillier
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort Laboratory for Food Safety, Quantitative Risk Assessment Mission, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Sylvie Perelle
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort Laboratory for Food Safety, Enteric Viruses Unit, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France.
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Ganime A, Leite J, de Abreu Corrêa A, Melgaço F, Carvalho-Costa F, Miagostovich M. Evaluation of the swab sampling method to recover viruses from fomites. J Virol Methods 2015; 217:24-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Coudray-Meunier C, Fraisse A, Martin-Latil S, Guillier L, Delannoy S, Fach P, Perelle S. A comparative study of digital RT-PCR and RT-qPCR for quantification of Hepatitis A virus and Norovirus in lettuce and water samples. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 201:17-26. [PMID: 25725459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive and quantitative detection of foodborne enteric viruses is classically achieved by quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR). Recently, digital PCR (dPCR) was described as a novel approach to genome quantification without need for a standard curve. The performance of microfluidic digital RT-PCR (RT-dPCR) was compared to RT-qPCR for detecting the main viruses responsible for foodborne outbreaks (human Noroviruses (NoV) and Hepatitis A virus (HAV)) in spiked lettuce and bottled water. Two process controls (Mengovirus and Murine Norovirus) were used and external amplification controls (EAC) were added to examine inhibition of RT-qPCR and RT-dPCR. For detecting viral RNA and cDNA, the sensitivity of the RT-dPCR assays was either comparable to that of RT-qPCR (RNA of HAV, NoV GI, Mengovirus) or slightly (around 1 log10) decreased (NoV GII and MNV-1 RNA and of HAV, NoV GI, NoV GII cDNA). The number of genomic copies determined by dPCR was always from 0.4 to 1.7 log10 lower than the expected numbers of copies calculated by using the standard qPCR curve. Viral recoveries calculated by RT-dPCR were found to be significantly higher than by RT-qPCR for NoV GI, HAV and Mengovirus in water, and for NoV GII and HAV in lettuce samples. The RT-dPCR assay proved to be more tolerant to inhibitory substances present in lettuce samples. This absolute quantitation approach may be useful to standardize quantification of enteric viruses in bottled water and lettuce samples and may be extended to quantifying other human pathogens in food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Coudray-Meunier
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Food Safety Laboratory, Enteric Viruses Unit, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort cedex, France
| | - Audrey Fraisse
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Food Safety Laboratory, Enteric Viruses Unit, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort cedex, France
| | - Sandra Martin-Latil
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Food Safety Laboratory, Enteric Viruses Unit, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort cedex, France
| | - Laurent Guillier
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Food Safety Laboratory, Modelling of Bacterial Behaviour Unit, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort cedex, France
| | - Sabine Delannoy
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Food Safety Laboratory, IdentyPath, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort cedex, France
| | - Patrick Fach
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Food Safety Laboratory, IdentyPath, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort cedex, France
| | - Sylvie Perelle
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Food Safety Laboratory, Enteric Viruses Unit, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort cedex, France.
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A Refinement of an International Standard Method (ISO/TS 15216–2:2013) to Allow Extraction and Concentration of Human Enteric Viruses from Tissues of Edible Snail Species. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-014-0077-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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18
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Loutreul J, Cazeaux C, Levert D, Nicolas A, Vautier S, Le Sauvage AL, Perelle S, Morin T. Prevalence of human noroviruses in frozen marketed shellfish, red fruits and fresh vegetables. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2014; 6:157-68. [PMID: 24923255 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-014-9150-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs), currently recognised as the most common human food-borne pathogens, are ubiquitous in the environment and can be transmitted to humans through multiple foodstuffs. In this study, we evaluated the prevalence of human NoV genogroups I (GI) and II (GII) in 493 food samples including soft red fruits (n = 200), salad vegetables (n = 210) and bivalve mollusc shellfish (n = 83), using the Bovine Enterovirus type 1 as process extraction control for the first time. Viral extractions were performed by elution concentration and genome detection by TaqMan Real-Time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR). Experimental contamination using hepatitis A virus (HAV) was used to determine the limit of detection (LOD) of the extraction methods. Positive detections were obtained from 2 g of digestive tissues of oysters or mussels kept for 16 h in seawater containing 2.0-2.7 log10 plaque-forming units (PFU)/L of HAV. For lettuces and raspberries, the LOD was, respectively, estimated at 2.2 and 2.9 log10 PFU per 25 g. Of the molluscs tested, 8.4 and 14.4% were, respectively, positive for the presence of GI NoV and GII NoV RNA. Prevalence in GI NoVs varied from 11.9% for the salad vegetables samples to 15.5% for the red soft fruits. Only 0.5% of the salad and red soft fruits samples were positive for GII NoVs. These results highlight the high occurrence of human NoVs in foodstuffs that can be eaten raw or after a moderate technological processing or treatment. The determination of the risk of infection associated with an RT-qPCR positive sample remains an important challenge for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Loutreul
- ACTALIA, Groupe Sécurité des Aliments et Innovation Procédés, 23 Boulevard du 13 Juin 1944 BP2, 14310, Villers-Bocage, France
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19
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Krog J, Larsen L, Schultz A. Enteric porcine viruses in farmed shellfish in Denmark. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 186:105-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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20
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Brandão MLL, Almeida DO, Bispo FCP, Bricio SML, Marin VA, Miagostovich MP. Assessment of microbiological contamination of fresh, minimally processed, and ready-to-eat lettuces (Lactuca sativa), Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. J Food Sci 2014; 79:M961-6. [PMID: 24761806 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This study aimed to assess the microbiological contamination of lettuces commercialized in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in order to investigate detection of norovirus genogroup II (NoV GII), Salmonella spp., total and fecal coliforms, such as Escherichia coli. For NoV detection samples were processed using the adsorption-elution concentration method associated to real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). A total of 90 samples of lettuce including 30 whole fresh lettuces, 30 minimally processed (MP) lettuces, and 30 raw ready-to-eat (RTE) lettuce salads were randomly collected from different supermarkets (fresh and MP lettuce samples), food services, and self-service restaurants (RTE lettuce salads), all located in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from October 2010 to December 2011. NoV GII was not detected and PP7 bacteriophage used as internal control process (ICP) was recovered in 40.0%, 86.7%, and 76.7% of those samples, respectively. Salmonella spp. was not detected although fecal contamination has been observed by fecal coliform concentrations higher than 10(2) most probable number/g. E. coli was detected in 70.0%, 6.7%, and 30.0% of fresh, MP, and RTE samples, respectively. This study highlights the need to improve hygiene procedures at all stages of vegetable production and to show PP7 bacteriophage as an ICP for recovering RNA viruses' methods from MP and RTE lettuce samples, encouraging the evaluation of new protocols that facilitate the establishment of methodologies for NoV detection in a greater number of food microbiology laboratories. PRACTICAL APPLICATION The PP7 bacteriophage can be used as an internal control process in methods for recovering RNA viruses from minimally processed and ready-to-eat lettuce samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo L L Brandão
- Laboratory of Products, Microbiology Dept., National Inst. of Quality Control in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, Brazil, CEP 21040 -900
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21
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Yama IN, Garba M, Britton-Davidian J, Thiberville SD, Dobigny G, Gould EA, de Lamballerie X, Charrel RN. Comparative analysis of rodent tissue preservation methods and nucleic acid extraction techniques for virus screening purposes. J Virol Methods 2013; 189:311-6. [PMID: 23470543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has become an essential method for the detection of viruses in tissue specimens. However, it is well known that the presence of PCR inhibitors in tissue samples may cause false-negative results. Hence the identification of PCR inhibitors and evaluation and optimization of nucleic acid extraction and preservation methods is of prime concern in virus discovery programs dealing with animal tissues. Accordingly, to monitor and remove inhibitors we have performed comparative analyses of two commonly used tissue storage methods and five RNA purification techniques using a variety of animal tissues, containing quantified levels of added MS2 bacteriophages as the indicator of inhibition. The results showed (i) no significant difference between the two methods of sample preservation, viz. direct storage at -80°C or 4°C in RNAlater, (ii) lung rodent tissues contained lower levels of inhibitor than liver, kidney and spleen, (iii) RNA extraction using the EZ1+PK RNA kit was the most effective procedure for removal of RT-PCR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines N Yama
- Aix-Marseille University, French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, UMR_D 190 "Emergence des Pathologies Virales", 13005 Marseille, France.
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22
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Stals A, Mathijs E, Baert L, Botteldoorn N, Denayer S, Mauroy A, Scipioni A, Daube G, Dierick K, Herman L, Van Coillie E, Thiry E, Uyttendaele M. Molecular detection and genotyping of noroviruses. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2012; 4:153-67. [PMID: 23412888 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-012-9092-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) are a major cause of gastroenteritis worldwide in humans and animals and are known as very infectious viral agents. They are spread through feces and vomit via several transmission routes involving person-to-person contact, food, and water. Investigation of these transmission routes requires sensitive methods for detection of NoVs. As NoVs cannot be cultivated to date, detection of these viruses relies on the use of molecular methods such as (real-time) reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Regardless of the matrix, detection of NoVs generally requires three subsequent steps: a virus extraction step, RNA purification, and molecular detection of the purified RNA, occasionally followed by molecular genotyping. The current review mainly focused on the molecular detection and genotyping of NoVs. The most conserved region in the genome of human infective NoVs is the ORF1/ORF2 junction and has been used as a preferred target region for molecular detection of NoVs by methods such as (real-time) RT-PCR, NASBA, and LAMP. In case of animal NoVs, broad range molecular assays have most frequently been applied for molecular detection. Regarding genotyping of NoVs, five regions situated in the polymerase and capsid genes have been used for conventional RT-PCR amplification and sequencing. As the expected levels of NoVs on food and in water are very low and inhibition of molecular methods can occur in these matrices, quality control including adequate positive and negative controls is an essential part of NoV detection. Although the development of molecular methods for NoV detection has certainly aided in the understanding of NoV transmission, it has also led to new problems such as the question whether low levels of human NoV detected on fresh produce and shellfish could pose a threat to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambroos Stals
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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23
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O'Ryan ML, Lucero Y, Vidal R. Enteric viruses in wastewaters: an interesting approach to evaluate the potential impact of rotavirus vaccination on viral circulation. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012; 11:419-22. [PMID: 22551027 DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus and norovirus are the leading causes of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Both viruses share features such as low infectious dose, high stool concentration and prolonged survival in the environment, including water. However, they differ in several aspects, reflecting potential differences in their interactive capacities with the environment and host. This work, which is a 13-month prospective study in a developing country with high rotavirus vaccine coverage demonstrated a high (44%) PCR detection of norovirus in 84 wastewater samples compared with a relatively low (11%) detection of rotavirus. These results suggest that rotavirus circulation may be positively affected by vaccination and support the use of enteric viral detection in wastewaters as a useful tool to measure the impact of specific interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel L O'Ryan
- University of Chile, Diagonal Paraguay 265, Office 1403, Santiago, Centro, Chile.
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24
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Stals A, Baert L, Van Coillie E, Uyttendaele M. Extraction of food-borne viruses from food samples: A review. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 153:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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25
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Baert L, Mattison K, Loisy-Hamon F, Harlow J, Martyres A, Lebeau B, Stals A, Van Coillie E, Herman L, Uyttendaele M. Review: Norovirus prevalence in Belgian, Canadian and French fresh produce: A threat to human health? Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 151:261-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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26
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