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Neujahr AC, Loy DS, Loy JD, Brodersen BW, Fernando SC. Rapid detection of high consequence and emerging viral pathogens in pigs. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1341783. [PMID: 38384961 PMCID: PMC10879307 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1341783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction An increasing emergence of novel animal pathogens has been observed over the last decade. Viruses are a major contributor to the increased emergence and therefore, veterinary surveillance and testing procedures are greatly needed to rapidly and accurately detect high-consequence animal diseases such as Foot and Mouth Disease, Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza, Classical Swine Fever, and African Swine Fever. The major detection methods for such diseases include real-time PCR assays and pathogen-specific antibodies among others. However, due to genetic drift or -shift in virus genomes, failure to detect such pathogens is a risk with devastating consequences. Additionally, the emergence of novel pathogens with no prior knowledge requires non-biased detection methods for discovery. Methods Utilizing enrichment techniques coupled with Oxford Nanopore Technologies MinION™ sequencing platform, we developed a sample processing and analysis pipeline to identify DNA and RNA viruses and bacterial pathogens from clinical samples. Results and discussion The sample processing and analysis pipeline developed allows the identification of both DNA and RNA viruses and bacterial pathogens simultaneously from a single tissue sample and provides results in less than 12 h. Preliminary evaluation of this method using surrogate viruses in different matrices and using clinical samples from animals with unknown disease causality, we demonstrate that this method can be used to simultaneously detect pathogens from multiple domains of life simultaneously with high confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison C. Neujahr
- Department of Complex Biosystems, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Duan S. Loy
- Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - John Dustin Loy
- Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Bruce W. Brodersen
- Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Samodha C. Fernando
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- Department of Food Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
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Zaharieva MM, Foka P, Karamichali E, Kroumov AD, Philipov S, Ilieva Y, Kim TC, Podlesniy P, Manasiev Y, Kussovski V, Georgopoulou U, Najdenski HM. Photodynamic Inactivation of Bovine Coronavirus with the Photosensitizer Toluidine Blue O. Viruses 2023; 16:48. [PMID: 38257748 PMCID: PMC10818719 DOI: 10.3390/v16010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) belong to the group of enveloped positive-sense single-strand RNA viruses and are causative agents of respiratory, gastro-intestinal, and central nervous systems diseases in many host species, i.e., birds, mammals, and humans. Beta-CoVs revealed a great potential to cross the barrier between species by causing three epidemics/pandemics among humans in the 21st century. Considering the urgent need for powerful antiviral agents for decontamination, prevention, and treatment of BCoV infections, we turned our attention to the possibility of photodynamic inactivation with photosensitizers in combination with light irradiation. In the present study, we evaluated, for the first time, the antiviral activity of toluidine blue O (TBO) against Beta-coronavirus 1 (BCoV) in comparison to methylene blue (MB). First, we determined the in vitro cytotoxicity of MB and TBO on the Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cell line with ISO10993-5/Annex C. Thereafter, BCoV was propagated in MDBK cells, and the virus titer was measured with digital droplet PCR, TCID50 assay and plaque assay. The antiviral activity of non-toxic concentrations of TBO was estimated using the direct inactivation approach. All effects were calculated in MAPLE 15® mathematical software by developing programs for non-linear modeling and response surface analysis. The median inhibitory concentration (IC50) of TBO after 72 h of incubation in MDBK cells was 0.85 µM. The antiviral activity of TBO after the direct inactivation of BCoV (MOI = 1) was significantly stronger than that of MB. The median effective concentration (EC50) of TBO was 0.005 µM. The cytopathic effect decreased in a concentration-dependent manner, from 0.0025 to 0.01 µM, and disappeared fully at concentrations between 0.02 and 0.3 µM of TBO. The number of virus particles also decreased, depending on the concentration applied, as proven by ddPCR analysis. In conclusion, TBO exhibits significant potential for direct inactivation of BCoV in vitro, with a very high selectivity index, and should be subjected to further investigation, aiming at its application in veterinary and/or human medical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Margaritova Zaharieva
- Department of Infectious Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.M.Z.); (A.D.K.); (Y.I.); (T.C.K.); (V.K.)
| | - Pelagia Foka
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Institute Pasteur, Vasilissis Sofias 127, 11521 Athens, Greece; (P.F.); (E.K.)
| | - Eirini Karamichali
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Institute Pasteur, Vasilissis Sofias 127, 11521 Athens, Greece; (P.F.); (E.K.)
| | - Alexander Dimitrov Kroumov
- Department of Infectious Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.M.Z.); (A.D.K.); (Y.I.); (T.C.K.); (V.K.)
| | - Stanislav Philipov
- Chair Human Anatomy, Histology, General and Clinical Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hospital Lozenetz, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 2 Kozyak Str., 1407 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Yana Ilieva
- Department of Infectious Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.M.Z.); (A.D.K.); (Y.I.); (T.C.K.); (V.K.)
| | - Tanya Chan Kim
- Department of Infectious Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.M.Z.); (A.D.K.); (Y.I.); (T.C.K.); (V.K.)
| | - Petar Podlesniy
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, CSIC, Rosselló, 161, 7ª Planta, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Yordan Manasiev
- Evgeni Budevski Institute of Electrochemistry and Energy Systems, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Vesselin Kussovski
- Department of Infectious Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.M.Z.); (A.D.K.); (Y.I.); (T.C.K.); (V.K.)
| | - Urania Georgopoulou
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Institute Pasteur, Vasilissis Sofias 127, 11521 Athens, Greece; (P.F.); (E.K.)
| | - Hristo Miladinov Najdenski
- Department of Infectious Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.M.Z.); (A.D.K.); (Y.I.); (T.C.K.); (V.K.)
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Loy JD, Clawson ML, Adkins PRF, Middleton JR. Current and Emerging Diagnostic Approaches to Bacterial Diseases of Ruminants. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2023; 39:93-114. [PMID: 36732002 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The diagnostic approaches and methods to detect bacterial pathogens in ruminants are discussed, with a focus on cattle. Conventional diagnostic methods using culture, isolation, and characterization are being replaced or supplemented with new methods. These include molecular diagnostics such as real-time polymerase chain reaction and whole-genome sequencing. In addition, methods such as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry enable rapid identification and enhanced pathogen characterization. These emerging diagnostic tools can greatly enhance the ability to detect and characterize pathogens, but performance and interpretation vary greatly across sample and pathogen types, disease syndromes, assay performance, and other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Dustin Loy
- Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
| | - Michael L Clawson
- USDA, Agriculture Research Service US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, USA
| | - Pamela R F Adkins
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - John R Middleton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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4
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Wang L. Diagnostics for Viral Pathogens in Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratories. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2023; 39:129-140. [PMID: 36731993 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Laboratory testing is one part of clinical diagnosis, and quick and reliable testing results provide important data to support treatment decision and develop control strategies. Clinical viral testing has been shifting from traditional virus isolation and electron microscopy to molecular polymerase chain reaction and point-of-care antigen tests. This shift in diagnostic methodology also means change from looking for infectious virions or viral particles to hunting viral antigens and genomes. With technological development, it is predicted that metagenomic sequencing will be commonly used in veterinary clinical diagnosis for unveiling the whole picture of microbes involved in diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyi Wang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 South Lincoln Avenue, VMBSB Room 1222A, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
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Characterisation of the Upper Respiratory Tract Virome of Feedlot Cattle and Its Association with Bovine Respiratory Disease. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020455. [PMID: 36851669 PMCID: PMC9961997 DOI: 10.3390/v15020455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a major health problem within the global cattle industry. This disease has a complex aetiology, with viruses playing an integral role. In this study, metagenomics was used to sequence viral nucleic acids in the nasal swabs of BRD-affected cattle. The viruses detected included those that are well known for their association with BRD in Australia (bovine viral diarrhoea virus 1), as well as viruses known to be present but not fully characterised (bovine coronavirus) and viruses that have not been reported in BRD-affected cattle in Australia (bovine rhinitis, bovine influenza D, and bovine nidovirus). The nasal swabs from a case-control study were subsequently tested for 10 viruses, and the presence of at least one virus was found to be significantly associated with BRD. Some of the more recently detected viruses had inconsistent associations with BRD. Full genome sequences for bovine coronavirus, a virus increasingly associated with BRD, and bovine nidovirus were completed. Both viruses belong to the Coronaviridae family, which are frequently associated with disease in mammals. This study has provided greater insights into the viral pathogens associated with BRD and highlighted the need for further studies to more precisely elucidate the roles viruses play in BRD.
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Ren Y, Chen X, Tang C, Yue H. First Isolation and Characteristics of Bovine Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 from Yaks. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11090962. [PMID: 36145395 PMCID: PMC9503188 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11090962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The yaks belong to the genus Bos within the family Bovidae that live in the Tibet Plateau and is an indispensable economic resource for the local herders. Respiratory tract infections are common diseases in yaks caused by various pathogens; however, there have been no reports of bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV3) infection. This study was conducted to investigate the pathogens and analyze their characteristics from the four yak lung samples with severe respiratory tract infection symptoms in the yak farm. Results showed that out of four lung samples, three were identified as BPIV3-positive by RT-PCR. A BPIV3 strain (106.5 TCID50/mL) was successfully isolated from the BPIV3-positive lung samples using Madin–Darby bovine kidney cells. The isolate caused systemic infection in the BALB/c mice and induced pathological changes in the lungs. Moreover, three complete BPIV3 genomes were amplified from the clinical samples. Phylogenetic trees based on the complete genomes, hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein (HN), phosphoprotein (P), and large polymerase subunit protein (L) amino acid sequences showed that the complete BPIV3 genomes belonged to BPIV3 genotype C, and clustered into a large branch with the Chinese strains, although the three yak BPIV3 strains were clustered into a small branch. Compared to known BPIV3 genotype C strains in GenBank, the three genomes of yak BPIV3 showed four identical amino acid mutations in the HN, P and L proteins, suggesting a unique genetic evolution of BPIV3 in yaks. This study first isolated and characterized the BPIV3 from yaks, which contributed to the understanding of the infection and evolution of BPIV3 in yaks in the Tibet Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hua Yue
- Correspondence: or (C.T.); or (H.Y.)
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7
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Barnewall RJ, Marsh IB, Quinn JC. Meta-Analysis of qPCR for Bovine Respiratory Disease Based on MIQE Guidelines. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:902401. [PMID: 35923462 PMCID: PMC9340069 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.902401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Qualitative and quantitative PCR-based tests are widely used in both diagnostics and research to assess the prevalence of disease-causing pathogens in veterinary medicine. The efficacy of these tests, usually measured in terms of sensitivity and specificity, is critical in confirming or excluding a clinical diagnosis. We undertook a meta-analysis to assess the inherent value of published PCR diagnostic approaches used to confirm and quantify bacteria and viruses associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in cattle. This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A thorough search of nine electronic databases (Web of Science, EBSCOhost, Cambridge journals online, ProQuest, PubMed, Sage journals online, ScienceDirect, Wiley online library and MEDLINE) was undertaken to find studies that had reported on the use of PCR and/or qPCR for the detection and/or quantification of BRD associated organisms. All studies meeting the inclusion criteria for reporting quantitative PCR for identification of BRD associated microorganisms were included in the analysis. Studies were then assessed on the applications of the Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiment (MIQE) and PCR primer/probe sequences were extracted and tested for in silico specificity using a high level of stringency. Fourteen full-text articles were included in this study. Of these, 79% of the analysed articles did not report the application of the MIQE guidelines in their study. High stringency in silico testing of 144 previously published PCR primer/probe sequences found many to have questionable specificity. This review identified a high occurrence of primer/probe sequences with a variable in silico specificity such that this may have implications for the accuracy of reporting. Although this analysis was only applied to one specific disease state, identification of animals suspected to be suffering from bovine respiratory disease, there appears to be more broadly a need for veterinary diagnostic studies to adopt international best practice for reporting of quantitative PCR diagnostic data to be both accurate and comparable between studies and methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Barnewall
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
- Gulbali Institute, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Ian B. Marsh
- NSW DPI, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, NSW, Australia
| | - Jane C. Quinn
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
- Gulbali Institute, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Jane C. Quinn,
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Makoschey B, Berge AC. Review on bovine respiratory syncytial virus and bovine parainfluenza - usual suspects in bovine respiratory disease - a narrative review. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:261. [PMID: 34332574 PMCID: PMC8325295 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02935-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine Respiratory Syncytial virus (BRSV) and Bovine Parainfluenza 3 virus (BPIV3) are closely related viruses involved in and both important pathogens within bovine respiratory disease (BRD), a major cause of morbidity with economic losses in cattle populations around the world. The two viruses share characteristics such as morphology and replication strategy with each other and with their counterparts in humans, HRSV and HPIV3. Therefore, BRSV and BPIV3 infections in cattle are considered useful animal models for HRSV and HPIV3 infections in humans. The interaction between the viruses and the different branches of the host’s immune system is rather complex. Neutralizing antibodies seem to be a correlate of protection against severe disease, and cell-mediated immunity is thought to be essential for virus clearance following acute infection. On the other hand, the host’s immune response considerably contributes to the tissue damage in the upper respiratory tract. BRSV and BPIV3 also have similar pathobiological and epidemiological features. Therefore, combination vaccines against both viruses are very common and a variety of traditional live attenuated and inactivated BRSV and BPIV3 vaccines are commercially available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Makoschey
- Intervet International BV/MSD-Animal Health, Wim de Körverstraat, 5831AN, Boxmeer, The Netherlands.
| | - Anna Catharina Berge
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Studer E, Schönecker L, Meylan M, Stucki D, Dijkman R, Holwerda M, Glaus A, Becker J. Prevalence of BRD-Related Viral Pathogens in the Upper Respiratory Tract of Swiss Veal Calves. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1940. [PMID: 34209718 PMCID: PMC8300226 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevention of bovine respiratory disease is important, as it may lead to impaired welfare, economic losses, and considerable antimicrobial use, which can be associated with antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of respiratory viruses and to identify risk factors for their occurrence. A convenience sample of 764 deep nasopharyngeal swab samples from veal calves was screened by PCR for bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine parainfluenza-3 virus (BPI3V), bovine coronavirus (BCoV), influenza D virus (IDV), and influenza C virus (ICV). The following prevalence rates were observed: BRSV, 2.1%; BPI3V, 3.3%; BCoV, 53.5%; IDV, 4.1%; ICV, 0%. Logistic mixed regression models were built for BCoV to explore associations with calf management and housing. Positive swab samples were more frequent in younger calves than older calves (>100 days; p < 0.001). The probability of detecting BCoV increased with increasing group size in young calves. Findings from this study suggested that young calves should be fattened in small groups to limit the risk of occurrence of BCoV, although an extended spectrum of risk factors for viral associated respiratory disorders such as nutritional aspects should be considered in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Studer
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (E.S.); (L.S.); (M.M.); (D.S.)
| | - Lutz Schönecker
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (E.S.); (L.S.); (M.M.); (D.S.)
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mireille Meylan
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (E.S.); (L.S.); (M.M.); (D.S.)
| | - Dimitri Stucki
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (E.S.); (L.S.); (M.M.); (D.S.)
| | - Ronald Dijkman
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (R.D.); (M.H.); (A.G.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Melle Holwerda
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (R.D.); (M.H.); (A.G.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Science, University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anna Glaus
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (R.D.); (M.H.); (A.G.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jens Becker
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (E.S.); (L.S.); (M.M.); (D.S.)
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Re-Introduction of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in a Disease-Free Region: Impact on the Affected Cattle Herd and Diagnostic Implications. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10030360. [PMID: 33803542 PMCID: PMC8002923 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is one of the most important infectious cattle diseases worldwide. The major source of virus transmission is immunotolerant, persistently infected (PI) calves, which makes them the key target of control programs. In the German federal state of Saxony-Anhalt, a very low prevalence was achieved, with more than 99.8% of the cattle herds being free from PI animals since the year 2013. In 2017, BVD virus was detected in a previously disease-free holding (herd size of ~380 cows, their offspring, and fattening bulls). The purchase of two so-called Trojan cows, i.e., dams pregnant with a PI calf, was identified as the source of infection. The births of the PI animals resulted in transient infections of in-contact dams, accompanied by vertical virus transmission to their fetuses within the critical timeframe for the induction of PI calves. Forty-eight days after the birth of the first PI calf, all animals in close contact with the Trojan cows during their parturition period were blood-sampled and serologically examined by a neutralization test and several commercial ELISAs. The resulting seroprevalence strongly depended on the applied test system. The outbreak could be stopped by the immediate elimination of every newborn PI calf and vaccination, and since 2018, no BVD cases have occurred.
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Blakebrough-Hall C, Hick P, González LA. Predicting bovine respiratory disease outcome in feedlot cattle using latent class analysis. J Anim Sci 2021; 98:6009030. [PMID: 33247918 PMCID: PMC7755173 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the most significant disease affecting feedlot cattle. Indicators of BRD often used in feedlots such as visual signs, rectal temperature, computer-assisted lung auscultation (CALA) score, the number of BRD treatments, presence of viral pathogens, viral seroconversion, and lung damage at slaughter vary in their ability to predict an animal’s BRD outcome, and no studies have been published determining how a combination of these BRD indicators may define the number of BRD disease outcome groups. The objectives of the current study were (1) to identify BRD outcome groups using BRD indicators collected during the feeding phase and at slaughter through latent class analysis (LCA) and (2) to determine the importance of these BRD indicators to predict disease outcome. Animals with BRD (n = 127) were identified by visual signs and removed from production pens for further examination. Control animals displaying no visual signs of BRD (n = 143) were also removed and examined. Blood, nasal swab samples, and clinical measurements were collected. Lung and pleural lesions indicative of BRD were scored at slaughter. LCA was applied to identify possible outcome groups. Three latent classes were identified in the best model fit, categorized as non-BRD, mild BRD, and severe BRD. Animals in the mild BRD group had a higher probability of having visual signs of BRD compared with non-BRD and severe BRD animals. Animals in the severe BRD group were more likely to require more than 1 treatment for BRD and have ≥40 °C rectal temperature, ≥10% total lung consolidation, and severe pleural lesions at slaughter. Animals in the severe BRD group were also more likely to be naïve at feedlot entry and the first BRD pull for Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus, Bovine Parainfluenza 3 Virus, and Bovine Adenovirus and have a positive nasal swab result for Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1 and Bovine Coronavirus. Animals with severe BRD had 0.9 and 0.6 kg/d lower overall ADG (average daily gain) compared with non-BRD animals and mild BRD animals (P < 0.001). These results demonstrate that there are important indicators of BRD severity. Using this information to predict an animal’s BRD outcome would greatly enhance treatment efficacy and aid in better management of animals at risk of suffering from severe BRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Blakebrough-Hall
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul Hick
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Institute of Agriculture, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Luciano A González
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Institute of Agriculture, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Development and application of molecular diagnostics and proteomics to bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Anim Health Res Rev 2020; 21:164-167. [PMID: 33261712 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252320000092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Advances in molecular and proteomic technologies and methods have enabled new diagnostic tools for bovine respiratory pathogens that are high-throughput, rapid, and extremely sensitive. Classically, diagnostic testing for these pathogens required culture-based approaches that required days to weeks and highly trained technical staff to conduct. However, new advances such as multiplex hydrolysis probe-based real-time PCR technology have enabled enhanced and rapid detection of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) pathogens in a variety of clinical specimens. These tools provide many advantages and have shown superiority over culture for co-infections/co-detections where multiple pathogens are present. Additionally, the integration of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MS) into veterinary diagnostic labs has revolutionized the ability to rapidly identify bacterial pathogens associated with BRD. Recent applications of this technology include the ability to type these opportunistic pathogens to the sub-species level (specifically Mannheimia haemolytica) using MS-based biomarkers, to allow for the identification of bacterial genotypes associated with BRD versus genotypes that are more likely to be commensal in nature.
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13
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Guo T, Zhang J, Chen X, Wei X, Wu C, Cui Q, Hao Y. Investigation of viral pathogens in cattle with bovine respiratory disease complex in Inner Mongolia, China. Microb Pathog 2020; 153:104594. [PMID: 33157218 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
As a multifactor disease, the bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) causes high morbidity and mortality that is devastating to the cattle industry. To assess viral infections in beef cattle suffering from respiratory diseases in Inner Mongolia, 302 nasal swabs and serum samples were randomly collected from cattle with mild respiratory symptoms between March 2018 and May 2019. Our results showed that the rate of RT-PCR results positive for nucleic acids of viral pathogens in 6 cities was between 54 and 80%.The rates of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1), bovine parainfluenza virus type 3(BPIV3), and bovine respiratory syncytial virus(BRSV)infections were 44.70% (135/302), 24.83% (75/302), 5.63% (17/302), and 6.95% (21/302),respectively. There are also 8.94% (27/302) of samples were positive for BVDV and BHV-1, and 3.97% (12/302) of samples were positive for BPIV3 and BRSV. In addition, the RT-PCR products were sequenced, and phylogenetic analysis based on these sequences was performed. The results indicated that: a) all of the BVDV isolates were BVDV-1 and were classified as BVDV-1a (66.67%) and BVDV-1b (33.33%); b) all of the BHV-1 isolates were classified as subtype 1.1; 44.44% of the isolates were closely related to modified live viral vaccine strains, and 55.56% of the isolates were closer to epidemic strains; c) all of the BPIV3 isolates belonged to BPIV3c; d) all of the BRSV isolates were classified into subgroup III. It is suggested that an important cause of respiratory diseases for beef cattle is viral infection, and phylogenetic analysis can help us choose the proper strain to develop a vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xindi Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xin Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Chunxia Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Qi Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yongqing Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.
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14
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Goto Y, Yaegashi G, Fukunari K, Suzuki T. Design of a multiplex quantitative reverse transcription-PCR system to simultaneously detect 16 pathogens associated with bovine respiratory and enteric diseases. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:832-847. [PMID: 32357286 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) and bovine enteric disease (BED) are two major diseases in cattle, resulting in severe economic losses in the dairy and beef industries. The two major diseases are associated with several factors such as viruses, bacteria, the health condition of the host and environmental factors. We aimed to design a new efficient diagnostic method, which rapidly detect causative pathogens, minimizing economic loss due to BRD and BED. METHODS AND RESULTS We designed a multiplex quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) system for the simultaneous diagnosis of 16 pathogens, including 12 viruses and 4 bacteria related to BRD and BED, based on single qRT-PCR assays in previous studies. The designed multiplex qRT-PCR was highly sensitive and has minimal detection levels which will be no different from those of single qRT-PCR. Moreover, the multiplex qRT-PCR could more efficiently detect the causative pathogens than conventional RT-PCR in test using a part of BRD and BED clinical samples. Furthermore, our data revealed that the multiplex qRT-PCR had high performance in its specificity and reproducibility tests. CONCLUSIONS Our system can effectively detect multiple BRD or BED related pathogens from each animal while testing several clinical samples via the multiplex qRT-PCR. It is more time-, cost- and labour-efficient than other diagnostic methods. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Rapid detection of infected animals from the herd using our system will greatly contribute to infection control and prompt treatment in field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Goto
- Central Iwate Prefectural Livestock Health and Hygiene Centre, Takizawa, Iwate, Japan
| | - G Yaegashi
- Central Iwate Prefectural Livestock Health and Hygiene Centre, Takizawa, Iwate, Japan
| | - K Fukunari
- Central Iwate Prefectural Livestock Health and Hygiene Centre, Takizawa, Iwate, Japan
| | - T Suzuki
- Division of Viral Disease and Epidemiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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15
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El-Deeb W, Elsohaby I, Fayez M, Mkrtchyan HV, El-Etriby D, ElGioushy M. Use of procalcitonin, neopterin, haptoglobin, serum amyloid A and proinflammatory cytokines in diagnosis and prognosis of bovine respiratory disease in feedlot calves under field conditions. Acta Trop 2020; 204:105336. [PMID: 31926143 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory diseases (BRD) have long been considered a serious problem that causes major economic losses in feedlot calves (FC). This study aimed to determine the diagnostic and prognostic effect of selected biological markers including, procalcitonin (PCT), neopterin (NP), proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α, IF-γ), haptoglobin (HP) and serum amyloid A (SAA) on FC with BRD under field conditions. Sixty-nine FC that were identified to be infected with Mannheimia haemolytica and Histophilus somni and had different clinical respiratory signs (diseased group) were selected for this study. In addition, 20 healthy FC have been selected as a control group. We have detected higher serum levels of PCT, NP, HP, SAA, IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α and IF-γ in diseased FC group compared with the control group. All tested markers revealed a high level of discrimination between BRD infected FC and healthy ones (AUC > 0.90). Moreover, the obtained data showed a high degree of prognostic accuracy for PCT, NP, IL-8, HP, IF-γ and IL-1β in predicting treatment response of FC with BRD at the selected thresholds (AUC = 0.99, 0.99, 0.97, 0.93, 0.88 and 0.82, respectively). Significant inhibition was observed for the selected biochemical markers in treated FC 7 days post-treatment. In conclusion, this study showed that BRD in FC was associated with significant alterations in serum APPs, proinflammatory cytokines, PCT and NPT levels. Furthermore, it demonstrated that these serum biomarkers are much higher in FC with BRD compared to recovered ones. Our data suggest that the measurement of PCT, NPT, APPs and cytokines together with the clinical examination may be a useful diagnostic and prognostic tool for assessment of FC naturally infected with M. haemolytica and H. somni.
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16
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Kim NY, Moon SH, Kim SJ, Kim EK, Oh M, Tang Y, Jang SY. Summer season temperature-humidity index threshold for infrared thermography in Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae) heifers. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2020; 33:1691-1698. [PMID: 32054156 PMCID: PMC7463074 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective The study sought to estimate the relationship between body surface temperature (BST) and temperature humidity index (THI) and to present the validity of THI as a heat stress index in the field. Methods Eight Hanwoo heifers (20 to 32 month) were examined in a field trial, with a space allowance of 10 m2 per head. The BST was measured using an infrared thermographic camera. The BST of five body regions (eyes, hindquarters, nose, part of horns, and ears), ambient temperature (AT), and relative humidity (RH) were measured 7 times daily (07, 09, 11, 13, 15, 17, and 19 h) during each season with three replicates. Results The THI ranged 34.0 to 56.9 during spring (AT, −1.0°C to 13.4°C), 75.1 to 84.7 during summer (AT, 24.9°C to 33.6°C), 55.8 to 70.9 during autumn (AT, 13.0°C to 26.0°C) and 17.5 to 39.2 during winter (AT, −10.4°C to 1.0°C). In the regression analysis, the coefficient of determination (R2) between THI and BST was 0.88, 0.72, 0.83, 0.86, and 0.85 for the eyes, hindquarters, nose, part of horn, and ears area, respectively. This indicates that BST has a strong correlation with AT and RH. Expression equations were estimated as Y (THI) = 31.54+0.1085X (BST of eyes) and Y (THI) = 30.48+0.1147X (BST of hindquarters) by simple linear regression analysis in this experiment. Conclusion Consequently, the upper bound for heat stress estimation can be specified ranging from THI of 65 (eyes) to 70 (hindquarters). From this we can expect a precise feeding system for Korean native cattle in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Yeon Kim
- Division of Food Bio Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea
| | - Sang Ho Moon
- Division of Food Bio Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea
| | - Seong Jin Kim
- Division of Food Bio Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Kim
- Division of Food Bio Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea
| | - Mirae Oh
- National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Sunghwan 31000, Korea
| | - Yujiao Tang
- Division of Food Bio Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea
| | - Se Young Jang
- Division of Food Bio Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea.,Institute of Livestock Environmental Management, Sejong 30127, Korea
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17
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Zhang M, Hill JE, Godson DL, Ngeleka M, Fernando C, Huang Y. The pulmonary virome, bacteriological and histopathological findings in bovine respiratory disease from western Canada. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:924-934. [PMID: 31715071 PMCID: PMC7168541 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aetiology and pathogenesis of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) are complex and involve the interplay of infectious agents, management and environmental factors. Previous studies of BRD focused on ante‐mortem samples from the upper respiratory tract and identified several unconventional viruses. The lung, however, is the primary location where significant BRD lesions are usually found and is a common post‐mortem diagnostic specimen. In this study, results of high‐throughput virome sequencing, bacterial culture, targeted real‐time PCR and histological examination of 130 bovine pneumonic lungs from western Canadian cattle were combined to explore associations of microorganisms with different types of pneumonia. Fibrinous bronchopneumonia (FBP) was the predominant type of pneumonia (46.2%, 60/130) and was associated with the detection of Mannheimia haemolytica. Detection of Histophilus somni and Pasteurella multocida was associated with suppurative bronchopneumonia (SBP) and concurrent bronchopneumonia and bronchointerstitial pneumonia (BP&BIP), respectively. Sixteen viruses were identified, of which bovine parvovirus 2 (BPV2) was the most prevalent (11.5%, 15/130) followed by ungulate tetraparvovirus 1 (UTPV1, 8.5%, 11/130) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV, 8.5%, 11/130). None of these viruses, however, were significantly associated with a particular type of pneumonia. Unconventional viruses such as influenza D virus (IDV) and bovine rhinitis B virus (BRBV) were detected, although sparsely, consistent with our previous findings in upper respiratory tract samples. Taken together, our results show that while virus detection in post‐mortem lung samples is of relatively little diagnostic value, the strong associations of H. somni and M. haemolytica with SBP and FBP, respectively, indicate that histopathology can be useful in differentiating bacterial aetiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maodong Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Janet E Hill
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Dale L Godson
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Prairie Diagnostic Services Inc., Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Musangu Ngeleka
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Prairie Diagnostic Services Inc., Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Champika Fernando
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Yanyun Huang
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Prairie Diagnostic Services Inc., Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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18
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Liu Z, Li J, Liu Z, Li J, Li Z, Wang C, Wang J, Guo L. Development of a nanoparticle-assisted PCR assay for detection of bovine respiratory syncytial virus. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:110. [PMID: 30971257 PMCID: PMC6458741 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1858-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is a common pathogen causing respiratory disease in cattle and a significant contributor to the bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex. BRSV is widely distributed around the world, causing severe economic losses. This study we established a new molecular detection method of BRSV pathogen NanoPCR attributed to the combination of nano-particles in traditional PCR (Polymerase chain reaction) technology. Results In this study, the BRSV NanoPCR assay was developed, and its specificity and sensitivity were investigated. The results showed that no cross-reactivity was observed for the NanoPCR assay for related viruses, including the infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), and bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV3), and the assay was more sensitive than the conventional PCR assay, with a detection limit of 1.43 × 102 copies recombinant plasmids per reaction, compared with 1.43 × 103 copies for conventional PCR analysis. Moreover, thirty-nine clinical bovine samples collected from two provinces in North-Eastern China, 46.15% were determined BRSV positive by our NanoPCR assay, compared with 23.07% for conventional PCR. Conclusions This is the first report to demonstrate the application of a NanoPCR assay for the detection of BRSV. The sensitive and specific NanoPCR assay developed in this study can be applied widely in clinical diagnosis and field surveillance of BRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhankui Liu
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China
| | - Jianyou Li
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China.,Graduate School of Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zeyu Liu
- Graduate School of Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Antu Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station, Yanbian, China
| | - Zhijie Li
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China
| | - Jianke Wang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China
| | - Li Guo
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China.
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19
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A lateral flow dipstick combined with reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification for rapid and visual detection of the bovine respirovirus 3. Mol Cell Probes 2018; 41:22-26. [PMID: 30138696 PMCID: PMC7126874 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respirovirus 3 also known as Bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV3) is one of the most important viral respiratory agents of both young and adult cattle. Rapid diagnosis could contribute greatly in containing epidemics and thus avoid economic losses. However, the lack of robust isothermal visual method poses difficulty. In this study, a novel isothermal assay for detecting BPIV3 was established. The method includes a lateral flow dipstick (LFD) assay combined with reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA). First, the analytical sensitivity and specificity of BPIV3 LFD RT-RPA were tested. The LFD RT-RPA assay has a detection limit of up to 100 copies per reaction in 30 min at 38 °C. Then the performance of LFD RT-RPA was evaluated using 95 clinical samples. Compared to qPCR, the LFD RT-RPA assay showed a clinical sensitivity of 94.74%, a clinical specificity of 96.05% and 0.8734 kappa coefficient. These results have demonstrated the efficiency and effectiveness of the method to be developed into a point of care protocol for the diagnosis of BPIV3. A LFD RT-RPA assay for detection of BPIV3 was developed. The RPA-nfo primer and probe sets were highly specific to BPIV3. Primer and probe sets were highly sensitive, detecting up to 100 copies per reaction. Compared to qPCR, the LFD RT-RPA assay showed a clinical sensitivity of 94.74% and a clinical specificity of 96.05%.
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20
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Thanthrige-Don N, Lung O, Furukawa-Stoffer T, Buchanan C, Joseph T, Godson DL, Gilleard J, Alexander T, Ambagala A. A novel multiplex PCR-electronic microarray assay for rapid and simultaneous detection of bovine respiratory and enteric pathogens. J Virol Methods 2018; 261:51-62. [PMID: 30102924 PMCID: PMC7113860 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory and enteric diseases continue to be two major causes of economic losses to the cattle industry worldwide. Despite their multifactorial etiology, the currently available diagnostic tests for bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) and bovine enteric disease (BED) are single-pathogen-tests. DNA microarray when combined with multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a powerful tool in detection and differentiation of multiple pathogens in a single sample. This study reports development and initial validation of two independent highly sensitive and specific multiplex PCR-electronic microarray assays, one for the detection and differentiation of pathogens of the BRDC and the other for detection and differentiation of pathogens of the BED. The BRDC multiplex PCR-microarray assay was able to detect and differentiate four bacteria (Mannheimia haemolytica, Histophilus somni, Pasteurella multocida, and Mycoplasma bovis) and five viruses [bovine parainfluenza virus-3, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine herpesvirus-1, bovine coronavirus (BCoV), and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)] associated with BRDC. The BED multiplex PCR- microarray- assay was able to detect and differentiate four bacteria (Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica Dublin, and Salmonella enterica Typhimurium), three protozoa (Eimeria zuernii, Eimeria bovis, and Cryptosporidium parvum), and four viruses (bovine torovirus, bovine rotavirus, BCoV, and BVDV) associated with the BED. Both assays detected their respective targets individually or in combination when present. The limit-of-detection of each assay at the PCR amplification and DNA microarray levels was determined using previously titrated laboratory amplified target pathogens or using quantified synthetic nucleotides. Both assays showed very high analytical sensitivity and specificity, and were validated using a limited number of clinical samples. The BRDC and BED multiplex PCR- microarray-assays developed in this study, with further clinical validation, could be used in veterinary diagnostic laboratories for the rapid and simultaneous identification of pathogens to facilitate quick and accurate decision making for the control and treatment of these two economically important disease complexes. Furthermore, these assays could be very effective tools in epidemiological studies as well as for screening of healthy animals to identify carriers that may potentially develop BRDC or BED.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Lung
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge Laboratory, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | | | - Cody Buchanan
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge Laboratory, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Tomy Joseph
- Virology and Molecular Diagnostics, Animal Health Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, Abbotsford, BC, Canada
| | | | - John Gilleard
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Trevor Alexander
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Aruna Ambagala
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge Laboratory, Lethbridge, AB, Canada.
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21
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Ambrose RK, Gravel JL, Commins MA, Fowler EV, Mahony TJ. In Vivo Characterisation of Five Strains of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus 1 (Subgenotype 1c). Pathogens 2018; 7:pathogens7010012. [PMID: 29351201 PMCID: PMC5874738 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhoea virus 1 (BVDV-1) is strongly associated with several important diseases of cattle, such as bovine respiratory disease, diarrhoea and haemoragic lesions. To date many subgenotypes have been reported for BVDV-1, currently ranging from subgenotype 1a to subgenotype 1u. While BVDV-1 has a world-wide distribution, the subgenotypes have a more restricted geographical distribution. As an example, BVDV-1 subgenotypes 1a and 1b are frequently detected in North America and Europe, while the subgenotype 1c is rarely detected. In contrast, BVDV-1 subgenotype 1c is by far the most commonly reported in Australia. Despite this, uneven distribution of the biological importance of the subgenotypes remains unclear. The aim of this study was to characterise the in vivo properties of five strains of BVDV-1 subgenotype 1c in cattle infection studies. No overt respiratory signs were reported in any of the infected cattle regardless of strain. Consistent with other subgenotypes, transient pyrexia and leukopenia were commonly identified, while thrombocytopenia was not. The quantity of virus detected in the nasal secretions of transiently infected animals suggested the likelihood of horizontal transmission was very low. Further studies are required to fully understand the variability and importance of the BVDV-1 subgenotype 1c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K Ambrose
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Animal Science, Dutton Park 4102, Australia.
| | - Jennifer L Gravel
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Animal Science, Dutton Park 4102, Australia.
| | - Margaret A Commins
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Animal Science, Dutton Park 4102, Australia.
| | - Elizabeth V Fowler
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Animal Science, Dutton Park 4102, Australia.
| | - Timothy J Mahony
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia.
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22
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Walz PH, Newcomer BW, Riddell KP, Scruggs DW, Cortese VS. Virus detection by PCR following vaccination of naive calves with intranasal or injectable multivalent modified-live viral vaccines. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:628-635. [PMID: 28545321 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717709039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated duration of PCR-positive results following administration of modified-live viral (MLV) vaccines to beef calves. Twenty beef calves were randomly assigned to either group 1 and vaccinated intranasally with a MLV vaccine containing bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), and bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV-3), or to group 2 and vaccinated subcutaneously with a MLV vaccine containing bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 and 2 (BVDV-1, -2), BoHV-1, BRSV, and BPIV-3. Deep nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) and transtracheal washes (TTW) were collected from all calves, and whole blood was collected from group 2 calves and tested by PCR. In group 1, the proportions of calves that tested PCR-positive to BVDV, BoHV-1, BRSV, and BPIV-3 on any sample at any time were 0%, 100%, 100%, and 10%, respectively. In group 1 calves, 100% of calves became PCR-positive for BoHV-1 by day 3 post-vaccination and 100% of calves became PCR-positive for BRSV by day 7 post-vaccination. In group 2, the proportions of calves that tested positive to BVDV, BoHV-1, BRSV, and BPIV-3 on any sample at any time were 50%, 40%, 10%, and 0%, respectively. All threshold cycle (Ct) values were >30 in group 2 calves, irrespective of virus; however, Ct values <25 were observed in group 1 calves from PCR-positive results for BoHV-1 and BRSV. All calves were PCR-negative for all viruses after day 28. Following intranasal MLV viral vaccination, PCR results and Ct values for BRSV and BoHV-1 suggest that attempts to differentiate vaccine virus from natural infection is unreliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul H Walz
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL (Walz, Newcomer, Riddell).,Zoetis Inc., Florham Park, NJ (Cortese, Scruggs)
| | - Benjamin W Newcomer
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL (Walz, Newcomer, Riddell).,Zoetis Inc., Florham Park, NJ (Cortese, Scruggs)
| | - Kay P Riddell
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL (Walz, Newcomer, Riddell).,Zoetis Inc., Florham Park, NJ (Cortese, Scruggs)
| | - Daniel W Scruggs
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL (Walz, Newcomer, Riddell).,Zoetis Inc., Florham Park, NJ (Cortese, Scruggs)
| | - Victor S Cortese
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL (Walz, Newcomer, Riddell).,Zoetis Inc., Florham Park, NJ (Cortese, Scruggs)
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23
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Murray GM, More SJ, Sammin D, Casey MJ, McElroy MC, O'Neill RG, Byrne WJ, Earley B, Clegg TA, Ball H, Bell CJ, Cassidy JP. Pathogens, patterns of pneumonia, and epidemiologic risk factors associated with respiratory disease in recently weaned cattle in Ireland. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:20-34. [PMID: 28074713 DOI: 10.1177/1040638716674757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the pathogens, morphologic patterns, and risk factors associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in 136 recently weaned cattle ("weanlings"), 6-12 mo of age, that were submitted for postmortem examination to regional veterinary laboratories in Ireland. A standardized sampling protocol included routine microbiologic investigations as well as polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Lungs with histologic lesions were categorized into 1 of 5 morphologic patterns of pneumonia. Fibrinosuppurative bronchopneumonia (49%) and interstitial pneumonia (48%) were the morphologic patterns recorded most frequently. The various morphologic patterns of pulmonary lesions suggest the involvement of variable combinations of initiating and compounding infectious agents that hindered any simple classification of the etiopathogenesis of the pneumonias. Dual infections were detected in 58% of lungs, with Mannheimia haemolytica and Histophilus somni most frequently recorded in concert. M. haemolytica (43%) was the most frequently detected respiratory pathogen; H. somni was also shown to be frequently implicated in pneumonia in this age group of cattle. Bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV-3) and Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (16% each) were the viral agents detected most frequently. Potential respiratory pathogens (particularly Pasteurella multocida, BPIV-3, and H. somni) were frequently detected (64%) in lungs that had neither gross nor histologic pulmonary lesions, raising questions regarding their role in the pathogenesis of BRD. The breadth of respiratory pathogens detected in bovine lungs by various detection methods highlights the diagnostic value of parallel analyses in respiratory disease postmortem investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard M Murray
- Sligo Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Doonally, Sligo, Ireland (Murray).,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland (Cassidy, More, Clegg).,Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland (O'Neill, Sammin, Casey, Byrne, McElroy).,Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Dunsany, Grange, Co. Meath, Ireland (Earley).,Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stormont, Belfast, Northern Ireland (Ball, Bell)
| | - Simon J More
- Sligo Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Doonally, Sligo, Ireland (Murray).,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland (Cassidy, More, Clegg).,Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland (O'Neill, Sammin, Casey, Byrne, McElroy).,Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Dunsany, Grange, Co. Meath, Ireland (Earley).,Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stormont, Belfast, Northern Ireland (Ball, Bell)
| | - Dónal Sammin
- Sligo Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Doonally, Sligo, Ireland (Murray).,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland (Cassidy, More, Clegg).,Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland (O'Neill, Sammin, Casey, Byrne, McElroy).,Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Dunsany, Grange, Co. Meath, Ireland (Earley).,Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stormont, Belfast, Northern Ireland (Ball, Bell)
| | - Mìcheàl J Casey
- Sligo Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Doonally, Sligo, Ireland (Murray).,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland (Cassidy, More, Clegg).,Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland (O'Neill, Sammin, Casey, Byrne, McElroy).,Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Dunsany, Grange, Co. Meath, Ireland (Earley).,Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stormont, Belfast, Northern Ireland (Ball, Bell)
| | - Máire C McElroy
- Sligo Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Doonally, Sligo, Ireland (Murray).,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland (Cassidy, More, Clegg).,Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland (O'Neill, Sammin, Casey, Byrne, McElroy).,Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Dunsany, Grange, Co. Meath, Ireland (Earley).,Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stormont, Belfast, Northern Ireland (Ball, Bell)
| | - Rónan G O'Neill
- Sligo Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Doonally, Sligo, Ireland (Murray).,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland (Cassidy, More, Clegg).,Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland (O'Neill, Sammin, Casey, Byrne, McElroy).,Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Dunsany, Grange, Co. Meath, Ireland (Earley).,Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stormont, Belfast, Northern Ireland (Ball, Bell)
| | - William J Byrne
- Sligo Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Doonally, Sligo, Ireland (Murray).,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland (Cassidy, More, Clegg).,Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland (O'Neill, Sammin, Casey, Byrne, McElroy).,Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Dunsany, Grange, Co. Meath, Ireland (Earley).,Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stormont, Belfast, Northern Ireland (Ball, Bell)
| | - Bernadette Earley
- Sligo Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Doonally, Sligo, Ireland (Murray).,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland (Cassidy, More, Clegg).,Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland (O'Neill, Sammin, Casey, Byrne, McElroy).,Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Dunsany, Grange, Co. Meath, Ireland (Earley).,Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stormont, Belfast, Northern Ireland (Ball, Bell)
| | - Tracy A Clegg
- Sligo Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Doonally, Sligo, Ireland (Murray).,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland (Cassidy, More, Clegg).,Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland (O'Neill, Sammin, Casey, Byrne, McElroy).,Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Dunsany, Grange, Co. Meath, Ireland (Earley).,Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stormont, Belfast, Northern Ireland (Ball, Bell)
| | - Hywel Ball
- Sligo Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Doonally, Sligo, Ireland (Murray).,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland (Cassidy, More, Clegg).,Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland (O'Neill, Sammin, Casey, Byrne, McElroy).,Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Dunsany, Grange, Co. Meath, Ireland (Earley).,Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stormont, Belfast, Northern Ireland (Ball, Bell)
| | - Colin J Bell
- Sligo Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Doonally, Sligo, Ireland (Murray).,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland (Cassidy, More, Clegg).,Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland (O'Neill, Sammin, Casey, Byrne, McElroy).,Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Dunsany, Grange, Co. Meath, Ireland (Earley).,Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stormont, Belfast, Northern Ireland (Ball, Bell)
| | - Joseph P Cassidy
- Sligo Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Doonally, Sligo, Ireland (Murray).,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland (Cassidy, More, Clegg).,Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland (O'Neill, Sammin, Casey, Byrne, McElroy).,Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Dunsany, Grange, Co. Meath, Ireland (Earley).,Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stormont, Belfast, Northern Ireland (Ball, Bell)
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24
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Kishimoto M, Tsuchiaka S, Rahpaya SS, Hasebe A, Otsu K, Sugimura S, Kobayashi S, Komatsu N, Nagai M, Omatsu T, Naoi Y, Sano K, Okazaki-Terashima S, Oba M, Katayama Y, Sato R, Asai T, Mizutani T. Development of a one-run real-time PCR detection system for pathogens associated with bovine respiratory disease complex. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:517-523. [PMID: 28070089 PMCID: PMC5383171 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) is frequently found in cattle worldwide. The etiology of BRDC is complicated by infections with multiple pathogens, making identification of the causal pathogen difficult. Here, we developed a detection system by applying TaqMan real-time PCR (Dembo respiratory-PCR) to screen a broad range of microbes associated with BRDC in a single run. We selected 16 bovine respiratory pathogens (bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine coronavirus, bovine parainfluenza virus 3, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, influenza D virus, bovine rhinitis A virus, bovine rhinitis B virus, bovine herpesvirus 1, bovine adenovirus 3, bovine adenovirus 7, Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Histophilus somni, Trueperella pyogenes, Mycoplasma bovis and Ureaplasma diversum) as detection targets and designed novel specific primer-probe sets for nine of them. The assay performance was assessed using standard curves from synthesized DNA. In addition, the sensitivity of the assay was evaluated by spiking solutions extracted from nasal swabs that were negative by Dembo respiratory-PCR for nucleic acids of pathogens or synthesized DNA. All primer-probe sets showed high sensitivity. In this study, a total of 40 nasal swab samples from cattle on six farms were tested by Dembo respiratory-PCR. Dembo respiratory-PCR can be applied as a screening system with wide detection targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Kishimoto
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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25
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Shi X, Liu X, Wang Q, Das A, Ma G, Xu L, Sun Q, Peddireddi L, Jia W, Liu Y, Anderson G, Bai J, Shi J. A multiplex real-time PCR panel assay for simultaneous detection and differentiation of 12 common swine viruses. J Virol Methods 2016; 236:258-265. [PMID: 27506582 PMCID: PMC7119729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A multiplex real-time PCR panel assay was developed for the detection of 12 major swine pathogens including VSV-IN, VSV-NJ, SVDV, CSFV, ASFV, FMDV, PCV2, PPV, PRV, PRRSV-NA, PRRSV-EU;. The panel assay was 100% specific against common swine pathogens;. Limits of detection of the assay were ranged 1–16 copies per reaction;. Detection sensitivity was not reduced by multiplexing three targets into one PCR reaction.
Mixed infection with different pathogens is common in swine production systems especially under intensive production conditions. Quick and accurate detection and differentiation of different pathogens are necessary for epidemiological surveillance, disease management and import and export controls. In this study, we developed and validated a panel of multiplex real-time PCR/RT-PCR assays composed of four subpanels, each detects three common swine pathogens. The panel detects 12 viruses or viral serotypes, namely, VSV-IN, VSV-NJ, SVDV, CSFV, ASFV, FMDV, PCV2, PPV, PRV, PRRSV-NA, PRRSV-EU and SIV. Correlation coefficients (R2) and PCR amplification efficiencies of all singular and triplex real-time PCR reactions are within the acceptable range. Comparison between singular and triplex real-time PCR assays of each subpanel indicates that there is no significant interference on assay sensitivities caused by multiplexing. Specificity tests on 226 target clinical samples or 4 viral strains and 91 non-target clinical samples revealed that the real-time PCR panel is 100% specific, and there is no cross amplification observed. The limit of detection of each triplex real-time PCR is less than 10 copies per reaction for DNA, and less than 16 copies per reaction for RNA viruses. The newly developed multiplex real-time PCR panel also detected different combinations of co-infections as confirmed by other means of detections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiju Shi
- Beijing Entry-Exit Inspection & Quarantine Bureau, Beijing, China; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Xuming Liu
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Qin Wang
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Amaresh Das
- Foreign Animal Diseases Diagnostic Laboratory, NVSL, APHIS, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Guiping Ma
- Beijing Entry-Exit Inspection & Quarantine Bureau, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Xu
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Sun
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Lalitha Peddireddi
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Wei Jia
- Foreign Animal Diseases Diagnostic Laboratory, NVSL, APHIS, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Yanhua Liu
- Beijing Entry-Exit Inspection & Quarantine Bureau, Beijing, China
| | - Gary Anderson
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Jianfa Bai
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States.
| | - Jishu Shi
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States.
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26
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Hay K, Morton J, Clements A, Mahony T, Barnes T. Associations between feedlot management practices and bovine respiratory disease in Australian feedlot cattle. Prev Vet Med 2016; 128:23-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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27
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Fulton RW, d'Offay JM, Landis C, Miles DG, Smith RA, Saliki JT, Ridpath JF, Confer AW, Neill JD, Eberle R, Clement TJ, Chase CCL, Burge LJ, Payton ME. Detection and characterization of viruses as field and vaccine strains in feedlot cattle with bovine respiratory disease. Vaccine 2016; 34:3478-92. [PMID: 27108192 PMCID: PMC7173208 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated viruses in bovine respiratory disease (BRD) cases in feedlots, including bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine coronaviruses (BoCV) and parainfluenza-3 virus (PI3V). Nasal swabs were collected from 114 cattle on initial BRD treatment. Processing included modified live virus (MLV) vaccination. Seven BRD necropsy cases were included for 121 total cases. Mean number of days on feed before first sample was 14.9 days. Swabs and tissue homogenates were tested by gel based PCR (G-PCR), quantitative-PCR (qPCR) and quantitative real time reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) and viral culture. There were 87/114 (76.3%) swabs positive for at least one virus by at least one test. All necropsy cases were positive for at least one virus. Of 121 cases, positives included 18/121 (14.9%) BoHV-1; 19/121 (15.7%) BVDV; 76/121 (62.8%) BoCV; 11/121 (9.1%) BRSV; and 10/121 (8.3%) PI3V. For nasal swabs, G-PCR (5 viruses) detected 44/114 (38.6%); q-PCR and qRT-PCR (4 viruses) detected 81/114 (71.6%); and virus isolation detected 40/114 (35.1%). Most were positive for only one or two tests, but not all three tests. Necropsy cases had positives: 5/7 G-PCR, 5/7 q-PCR and qRT-PCR, and all were positive by cell culture. In some cases, G-PCR and both real time PCR were negative for BoHV-1, BVDV, and PI3V in samples positive by culture. PCR did not differentiate field from vaccines strains of BoHV-1, BVDV, and PI3V. However based on sequencing and analysis, field and vaccine strains of culture positive BoHV-1, BoCV, BVDV, and PI3V, 11/18 (61.1%) of BoHV-1 isolates, 6/17 (35.3%) BVDV isolates, and 1/10 (10.0%) PI3V identified as vaccine. BRSV was only identified by PCR testing. Interpretation of laboratory tests is appropriate as molecular based tests and virus isolation cannot separate field from vaccine strains. Additional testing using sequencing appears appropriate for identifying vaccine strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Fulton
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| | - J M d'Offay
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - C Landis
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - D G Miles
- Veterinary Research and Consulting Services, Greeley, CO 80634, USA
| | - R A Smith
- Veterinary Research and Consulting Services, Stillwater, OK 74075, USA
| | - J T Saliki
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - J F Ridpath
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Diseases Center, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - A W Confer
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - J D Neill
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Diseases Center, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - R Eberle
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - T J Clement
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - C C L Chase
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - L J Burge
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - M E Payton
- Department of Statistics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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28
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Hay K, Ambrose R, Morton J, Horwood P, Gravel J, Waldron S, Commins M, Fowler E, Clements A, Barnes T, Mahony T. Effects of exposure to Bovine viral diarrhoea virus 1 on risk of bovine respiratory disease in Australian feedlot cattle. Prev Vet Med 2016; 126:159-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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29
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Immunisation of Sheep with Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus, E2 Protein Using a Freeze-Dried Hollow Silica Mesoporous Nanoparticle Formulation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141870. [PMID: 26535891 PMCID: PMC4633290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhoea virus 1 (BVDV-1) is arguably the most important viral disease of cattle. It is associated with reproductive, respiratory and chronic diseases in cattle across the world. In this study we have investigated the capacity of the major immunological determinant of BVDV-1, the E2 protein combined with hollow type mesoporous silica nanoparticles with surface amino functionalisation (HMSA), to stimulate immune responses in sheep. The current work also investigated the immunogenicity of the E2 nanoformulation before and after freeze-drying processes. The optimal excipient formulation for freeze-drying of the E2 nanoformulation was determined to be 5% trehalose and 1% glycine. This excipient formulation preserved both the E2 protein integrity and HMSA particle structure. Sheep were immunised three times at three week intervals by subcutaneous injection with 500 μg E2 adsorbed to 6.2 mg HMSA as either a non-freeze-dried or freeze-dried nanoformulation. The capacity of both nanovaccine formulations to generate humoral (antibody) and cell-mediated responses in sheep were compared to the responses in sheep immunisation with Opti-E2 (500 μg) together with the conventional adjuvant Quil-A (1 mg), a saponin from the Molina tree (Quillaja saponira). The level of the antibody responses detected to both the non-freeze-dried and freeze-dried Opti-E2/HMSA nanoformulations were similar to those obtained for Opti-E2 plus Quil-A, demonstrating the E2 nanoformulations were immunogenic in a large animal, and freeze-drying did not affect the immunogenicity of the E2 antigen. Importantly, it was demonstrated that the long term cell-mediated immune responses were detectable up to four months after immunisation. The cell-mediated immune responses were consistently high in all sheep immunised with the freeze-dried Opti-E2/HMSA nanovaccine formulation (>2,290 SFU/million cells) compared to the non-freeze-dried nanovaccine formulation (213–500 SFU/million cells). This study is the first to demonstrate that a freeze-dried silica mesoporous nanovaccine formulation gives balanced immune responses in a production animal.
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30
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Wernike K, Hoffmann B, Beer M. Simultaneous detection of five notifiable viral diseases of cattle by single-tube multiplex real-time RT-PCR. J Virol Methods 2015; 217:28-35. [PMID: 25746154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Multiplexed real-time PCR (qPCR) assays enable the detection of several target genes in a single reaction, which is applicable for simultaneous testing for the most important viral diseases in samples obtained from ruminants with unspecific clinical symptoms. Here, reverse transcription qPCR (RT-qPCR) systems for the detection of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) and bluetongue virus (BTV) were combined with an internal control system based on the beta-actin gene. Additionally, a background screening for three further major pathogens of cloven-hoofed animals reportable to the World Organisation for Animal Health, namely foot-and-mouth disease virus, epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus, and Rift Valley fever virus, was integrated using the identical fluorophore for the respective RT-qPCR assays. Every pathogen-specific assay had an analytical sensitivity of at least 100 genome copies per reaction within the multiplex approach, and a series of reference samples and clinical specimens obtained from cattle, but also from small ruminants, were detected reliably. The qPCR systems integrated in the background screening were even not influenced by the simultaneous amplification of very high BVDV and BTV genome copy numbers. The newly developed multiplex qPCR allows the specific and sensitive detection of five of the most important diseases of ruminants and could be used in the context of monitoring programs or for differential diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Wernike
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany.
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31
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Pawar SS, Meshram CD, Singh NK, Saini M, Mishra BP, Gupta PK. Development of a SYBR Green I based duplex real-time PCR for detection of bovine herpesvirus-1 in semen. J Virol Methods 2014; 208:6-10. [PMID: 25078112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) is a viral pathogen found in infected bull semen, which is transmitted to inseminated cows by artificial insemination. BoHV-1 infection can cause reproductive disorders leading to significant economic loss to cattle industry. To detect BoHV-1 in semen, in this study, a SYBR Green I based duplex real-time PCR was developed. The assay included primers from BoHV-1 glycoprotein C (gC) and bovine growth hormone (bGH) genes for simultaneous detection in single tube. The result was interpreted by analysing melting temperature (Tm) peaks obtained after melt curve analysis of the amplified products at the end of reaction. The Tm peaks for BoHV-1-gC indicated presence of BoHV-1 while the bGH peak indicated reaction without inhibition. The sensitivity of the assay was to detect ten BoHV-1 genome copies per reaction. The analytical sensitivity was to detect 0.21 TCID50 infectious BoHV-1 in spiked semen. The assay was validated with 80 semen samples collected from breeding bulls. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the assay was 100% with OIE recommended TaqMan probe based real-time PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin S Pawar
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Chetan D Meshram
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Niraj K Singh
- School of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Mohini Saini
- Center for Wildlife, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - B P Mishra
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Praveen K Gupta
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India.
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Horwood PF, Schibrowski ML, Fowler EV, Gibson JS, Barnes TS, Mahony TJ. IsMycoplasma bovisa missing component of the bovine respiratory disease complex in Australia? Aust Vet J 2014; 92:185-91. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- PF Horwood
- Animal Science; Queensland Department of Agriculture, Fisheries & Forestry; St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - ML Schibrowski
- The University of Queensland; School of Veterinary Science; Gatton Queensland Australia
- The University of Queensland; Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation; Centre for Animal Science; St Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - EV Fowler
- Animal Science; Queensland Department of Agriculture, Fisheries & Forestry; St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - JS Gibson
- The University of Queensland; School of Veterinary Science; Gatton Queensland Australia
| | - TS Barnes
- The University of Queensland; Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation; Centre for Animal Science; St Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - TJ Mahony
- The University of Queensland; Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation; Centre for Animal Science; St Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
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Evaluation of Fast Technology Analysis (FTA) Cards as an improved method for specimen collection and shipment targeting viruses associated with Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex. J Virol Methods 2014; 202:69-72. [PMID: 24657552 PMCID: PMC7113650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sample quality is a critical consideration in nucleic acid-based diagnostic assay performance. Educational efforts are important to ensure that specimen collection occurs in the correct disease timeframe. FTA paper stabilizes nucleic acids for veterinary diagnostic testing.
In order to improve the analytic quality of respiratory specimens collected from cattle for nucleic acid-based diagnosis, a study was undertaken to verify realtime PCR efficiency of specimens collected and stabilized on FTA Cards™, filter paper which is treated chemically. Nucleic acids collected using FTA Cards without the need for a cold-chain or special liquid media handling provided realtime PCR results consistent (96.8% agreement, kappa 0.923 [95% CI = 0.89–0.96]) with the same specimens collected using traditional viral transport media and shipped on ice using the U.S. Department of Transportation mandated liquid handling requirements. Nucleic acid stabilization on FTA Cards was evaluated over a temperature range (−27 °C to +46 °C) for up to 14 days to mimic environmental conditions for diagnostic sample handling between collection and processing in a routine veterinary laboratory. No significant difference (P ≥ 0.05) was observed in realtime PCR cycle threshold values over the temperature range and time storage conditions for Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus, Bovine Respiratory Syncytial virus, Bovine Coronavirus, and Bovine Herpesvirus I. The four viruses evaluated in the study are associated with Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex where improvements in ease and reliability of specimen collection and shipping would enhance the diagnostic quality of specimens collected in the field, and ultimately improve diagnostic efficiency.
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Moore SJ, O’Dea MA, Perkins N, Barnes A, O’Hara AJ. Mortality of live export cattle on long-haul voyages: pathologic changes and pathogens. J Vet Diagn Invest 2014; 26:252-65. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638714522465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cause of death in 215 cattle on 20 long-haul live export voyages from Australia to the Middle East, Russia, and China was investigated between 2010 and 2012 using gross, histologic, and/or molecular pathology techniques. A quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay was used to detect nucleic acids from viruses and bacteria known to be associated with respiratory disease in cattle: Bovine coronavirus ( Betacoronavirus 1), Bovine herpesvirus 1, Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 and 2, Bovine respiratory syncytial virus, Bovine parainfluenza virus 3, Histophilus somni, Mycoplasma bovis, Mannheimia haemolytica, and Pasteurella multocida. The most commonly diagnosed cause of death was respiratory disease (107/180, 59.4%), followed by lameness ( n = 22, 12.2%), ketosis ( n = 12, 6.7%), septicemia ( n = 11, 6.1%), and enteric disease ( n = 10, 5.6%). Two thirds (130/195) of animals from which lung samples were collected had histologic changes and/or positive qRT-PCR results indicative of infectious lung disease: 93 out of 130 (72%) had evidence of bacterial infection, 4 (3%) had viral infection, and 29 (22%) had mixed bacterial and viral infections, and for 4 (3%) the causative organism could not be identified. Bovine coronavirus was detected in up to 13% of cattle tested, and this finding is likely to have important implications for the management and treatment of respiratory disease in live export cattle. Results from the current study indicate that although overall mortality during live export voyages is low, further research into risk factors for developing respiratory disease is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Jo Moore
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Moore, Barnes, O’Hara)
- Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Perth, Australia (O’Dea)
- AusVet Animal Health Services, Queensland, Australia (Perkins)
| | - Mark A. O’Dea
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Moore, Barnes, O’Hara)
- Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Perth, Australia (O’Dea)
- AusVet Animal Health Services, Queensland, Australia (Perkins)
| | - Nigel Perkins
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Moore, Barnes, O’Hara)
- Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Perth, Australia (O’Dea)
- AusVet Animal Health Services, Queensland, Australia (Perkins)
| | - Anne Barnes
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Moore, Barnes, O’Hara)
- Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Perth, Australia (O’Dea)
- AusVet Animal Health Services, Queensland, Australia (Perkins)
| | - Amanda J. O’Hara
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Moore, Barnes, O’Hara)
- Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Perth, Australia (O’Dea)
- AusVet Animal Health Services, Queensland, Australia (Perkins)
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Pathogens of bovine respiratory disease in North American feedlots conferring multidrug resistance via integrative conjugative elements. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 52:438-48. [PMID: 24478472 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02485-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we determined the prevalence of bovine respiratory disease (BRD)-associated viral and bacterial pathogens in cattle and characterized the genetic profiles, antimicrobial susceptibilities, and nature of antimicrobial resistance determinants in collected bacteria. Nasopharyngeal swab and lung tissue samples from 68 BRD mortalities in Alberta, Canada (n = 42), Texas (n = 6), and Nebraska (n = 20) were screened using PCR for bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine herpesvirus 1, parainfluenza type 3 virus, Mycoplasma bovis, Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni. Excepting bovine herpesvirus 1, all agents were detected. M. haemolytica (91%) and BVDV (69%) were the most prevalent, with cooccurrence in 63% of the cattle. Isolates of M. haemolytica (n = 55), P. multocida (n = 8), and H. somni (n = 10) from lungs were also collected. Among M. haemolytica isolates, a clonal subpopulation (n = 8) was obtained from a Nebraskan feedlot. All three bacterial pathogens exhibited a high rate of antimicrobial resistance, with 45% exhibiting resistance to three or more antimicrobials. M. haemolytica (n = 18), P. multocida (n = 3), and H. somni (n = 3) from Texas and Nebraska possessed integrative conjugative elements (ICE) that conferred resistance for up to seven different antimicrobial classes. ICE were shown to be transferred via conjugation from P. multocida to Escherichia coli and from M. haemolytica and H. somni to P. multocida. ICE-mediated multidrug-resistant profiles of bacterial BRD pathogens could be a major detriment to many of the therapeutic antimicrobial strategies currently used to control BRD.
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Thonur L, Maley M, Gilray J, Crook T, Laming E, Turnbull D, Nath M, Willoughby K. One-step multiplex real time RT-PCR for the detection of bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine herpesvirus 1 and bovine parainfluenza virus 3. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:37. [PMID: 22455597 PMCID: PMC3349549 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Detection of respiratory viruses in veterinary species has traditionally relied on virus detection by isolation or immunofluorescence and/or detection of circulating antibody using ELISA or serum neutralising antibody tests. Multiplex real time PCR is increasingly used to diagnose respiratory viruses in humans and has proved to be superior to traditional methods. Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in housed cattle and virus infections can play a major role. We describe here a one step multiplex reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (mRT-qPCR) to detect the viruses commonly implicated in BRD. Results A mRT-qPCR assay was developed and optimised for the simultaneous detection of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine herpes virus type 1 (BoHV-1) and bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPI3 i & ii) nucleic acids in clinical samples from cattle. The assay targets the highly conserved glycoprotein B gene of BoHV-1, nucleocapsid gene of BRSV and nucleoprotein gene of BPI3. This mRT-qPCR assay was assessed for sensitivity, specificity and repeatability using in vitro transcribed RNA and recent field isolates. For clinical validation, 541 samples from clinically affected animals were tested and mRT-qPCR result compared to those obtained by conventional testing using virus isolation (VI) and/or indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Conclusions The mRT-qPCR assay was rapid, highly repeatable, specific and had a sensitivity of 97% in detecting 102 copies of BRSV, BoHV-1 and BPI3 i & ii. This is the first mRT-qPCR developed to detect the three primary viral agents of BRD and the first multiplex designed using locked nucleic acid (LNA), minor groove binding (MGB) and TaqMan probes in one reaction mix. This test was more sensitive than both VI and IFAT and can replace the aforesaid methods for virus detection during outbreaks of BRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leenadevi Thonur
- Moredun Research Institute, International Research Centre, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK.
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Schaefer AL, Cook NJ, Bench C, Chabot JB, Colyn J, Liu T, Okine EK, Stewart M, Webster JR. The non-invasive and automated detection of bovine respiratory disease onset in receiver calves using infrared thermography. Res Vet Sci 2011; 93:928-35. [PMID: 22055252 PMCID: PMC7111736 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRD) causes considerable economic loss and biosecurity cost to the beef industry globally and also results in significant degradation to the welfare of affected animals. The successful treatment of this disease depends on the early, timely and cost effective identification of affected animals. The objective of the present study was to investigate the use of an automated, RFID driven, noninvasive infrared thermography technology to determine BRD in cattle. Sixty-five calves averaging 220 kg were exposed to standard industry practices of transport and auction. The animals were monitored for BRD using conventional biometric signs for clinical scores, core temperatures, haematology, serum cortisol and infrared thermal values over 3 weeks. The data collected demonstrated that true positive animals for BRD based on a gold standard including core temperature, clinical score, white blood cell number and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio displayed higher peak infrared thermal values of 35.7±0.35 °C compared to true negative animals 34.9±0.22 °C (P<0.01). The study also demonstrated that such biometric data can be non-invasively and automatically collected based on a system developed around the animal's water station. It is concluded that the deployment of such systems in the cattle industry would aid animal managers and practitioners in the identification and management of BRD in cattle populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Schaefer
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C and E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1.
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Chen L, Zhang X, Zhang C, Zhou G, Zhang W, Xiang D, He Z, Wang H. Dual-Color Fluorescence and Homogeneous Immunoassay for the Determination of Human Enterovirus 71. Anal Chem 2011; 83:7316-22. [DOI: 10.1021/ac201129d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Cuiling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Guohua Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Wanpo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Dongshan Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Zhike He
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Hanzhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
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