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Petkidis A, Andriasyan V, Murer L, Volle R, Greber UF. A versatile automated pipeline for quantifying virus infectivity by label-free light microscopy and artificial intelligence. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5112. [PMID: 38879641 PMCID: PMC11180103 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49444-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Virus infectivity is traditionally determined by endpoint titration in cell cultures, and requires complex processing steps and human annotation. Here we developed an artificial intelligence (AI)-powered automated framework for ready detection of virus-induced cytopathic effect (DVICE). DVICE uses the convolutional neural network EfficientNet-B0 and transmitted light microscopy images of infected cell cultures, including coronavirus, influenza virus, rhinovirus, herpes simplex virus, vaccinia virus, and adenovirus. DVICE robustly measures virus-induced cytopathic effects (CPE), as shown by class activation mapping. Leave-one-out cross-validation in different cell types demonstrates high accuracy for different viruses, including SARS-CoV-2 in human saliva. Strikingly, DVICE exhibits virus class specificity, as shown with adenovirus, herpesvirus, rhinovirus, vaccinia virus, and SARS-CoV-2. In sum, DVICE provides unbiased infectivity scores of infectious agents causing CPE, and can be adapted to laboratory diagnostics, drug screening, serum neutralization or clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Petkidis
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
- Life Science Zurich Graduate School, ETH and University of Zürich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vardan Andriasyan
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Murer
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
- Roche Diagnostics, Forrenstrasse 2, 6343, Rotkreuz, Switzerland
| | - Romain Volle
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Urs F Greber
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
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2
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Chamcha V, He L, Jenny Xu, Swartz AR, Green-Trexler E, Gurney K, McNeely T. Development of a robust cell-based potency assay for a coxsackievirus A21 oncolytic virotherapy. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28414. [PMID: 38560158 PMCID: PMC10979221 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OV) are part of a burgeoning field of investigational oncolytic therapy (OT), in which lytic viruses dissolve advanced tumors productively and specifically. One such OT is a Coxsackievirus A21 (CVA21) based OV that is currently under clinical evaluation. A tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) assay was used for CVA21 potency release and stability testing in early clinical development. The titer measured in this method was an extrapolated value from cytopathic effect (CPE) observed during the serial dilution but doesn't represent direct viral killing of cells. Moreover, the assay was not deemed to be optimal to carry into late phase clinical development due to limitations in assay precision, turn-around time, and sample throughput. To address these points, we developed a plaque assay to measure viral plaque forming units to measure the potency value for drug substance (DS), drug product (DP) and virus seed (master and working) stocks. In this manuscript, we describe the steps taken to develop this plaque assay for the late-stage clinical development, which include the assay qualification, validation, and robustness protocols, and describe statistical methods for data analysis. Moreover, the method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, and specificity. Furthermore, the plaque assay quantifies OV infectivity with better precision (32% vs 58%), with higher sample throughput (22 samples/week vs 3 samples/week) and shorter assay turnaround time (4 days vs 7 days) than the TCID50 method. This assay development strategy can provide guidance for the development of robust cell-based potency methods for OVs and other infectious viral products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Li He
- Biostatistics and Research Decision Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Jenny Xu
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Andrew R. Swartz
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Kevin Gurney
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Tessie McNeely
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
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3
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Snedden CE, Lloyd-Smith JO. Predicting the presence of infectious virus from PCR data: A meta-analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in non-human primates. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012171. [PMID: 38683864 PMCID: PMC11081500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Researchers and clinicians often rely on molecular assays like PCR to identify and monitor viral infections, instead of the resource-prohibitive gold standard of viral culture. However, it remains unclear when (if ever) PCR measurements of viral load are reliable indicators of replicating or infectious virus. The recent popularity of PCR protocols targeting subgenomic RNA for SARS-CoV-2 has caused further confusion, as the relationships between subgenomic RNA and standard total RNA assays are incompletely characterized and opinions differ on which RNA type better predicts culture outcomes. Here, we explore these issues by comparing total RNA, subgenomic RNA, and viral culture results from 24 studies of SARS-CoV-2 in non-human primates (including 2167 samples from 174 individuals) using custom-developed Bayesian statistical models. On out-of-sample data, our best models predict subgenomic RNA positivity from total RNA data with 91% accuracy, and they predict culture positivity with 85% accuracy. Further analyses of individual time series indicate that many apparent prediction errors may arise from issues with assay sensitivity or sample processing, suggesting true accuracy may be higher than these estimates. Total RNA and subgenomic RNA showed equivalent performance as predictors of culture positivity. Multiple cofactors (including exposure conditions, host traits, and assay protocols) influence culture predictions, yielding insights into biological and methodological sources of variation in assay outcomes-and indicating that no single threshold value applies across study designs. We also show that our model can accurately predict when an individual is no longer infectious, illustrating the potential for future models trained on human data to guide clinical decisions on case isolation. Our work shows that meta-analysis of in vivo data can overcome longstanding challenges arising from limited sample sizes and can yield robust insights beyond those attainable from individual studies. Our analytical pipeline offers a framework to develop similar predictive tools in other virus-host systems, including models trained on human data, which could support laboratory analyses, medical decisions, and public health guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine E. Snedden
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - James O. Lloyd-Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Computational Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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4
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Chaki SP, Kahl-McDonagh MM, Neuman BW, Zuelke KA. Validating the inactivation of viral pathogens with a focus on SARS-CoV-2 to safely transfer samples from high-containment laboratories. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1292467. [PMID: 38510962 PMCID: PMC10951993 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1292467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pathogen leak from a high-containment laboratory seriously threatens human safety, animal welfare, and environmental security. Transportation of pathogens from a higher (BSL4 or BSL3) to a lower (BSL2) containment laboratory for downstream experimentation requires complete pathogen inactivation. Validation of pathogen inactivation is necessary to ensure safety during transportation. This study established a validation strategy for virus inactivation. Methods SARS-CoV-2 wild type, delta, and omicron variants underwent heat treatment at 95°C for 10 minutes using either a hot water bath or a thermocycler. To validate the inactivation process, heat-treated viruses, and untreated control samples were incubated with A549-hACE2 and Vero E6-TMPRSS2-T2A-ACE2 cells. The cells were monitored for up to 72 hours for any cytopathic effects, visually and under a microscope, and for virus genome replication via RT-qPCR. The quality of post-treated samples was assessed for suitability in downstream molecular testing applications. Results Heat treatment at 95°C for 10 minutes effectively inactivated SARS-CoV-2 variants. The absence of cytopathic effects, coupled with the inability of virus genome replication, validated the efficacy of the inactivation process. Furthermore, the heat-treated samples proved to be qualified for COVID-19 antigen testing, RT-qPCR, and whole-genome sequencing. Discussion By ensuring the safety of sample transportation for downstream experimentation, this validation approach enhances biosecurity measures. Considerations for potential limitations, comparisons with existing inactivation methods, and broader implications of the findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Prasad Chaki
- Global Health Research Complex, Division of Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Melissa M. Kahl-McDonagh
- Global Health Research Complex, Division of Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Benjamin W. Neuman
- Global Health Research Complex, Division of Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Kurt A. Zuelke
- Global Health Research Complex, Division of Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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5
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Zhang Q, Na J, Liu X, He J. Exploration of the Delivery of Oncolytic Newcastle Disease Virus by Gelatin Methacryloyl Microneedles. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2353. [PMID: 38397030 PMCID: PMC10888545 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic Newcastle disease virus is a new type of cancer immunotherapy drug. This paper proposes a scheme for delivering oncolytic viruses using hydrogel microneedles. Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) was synthesized by chemical grafting, and GelMA microneedles encapsulating oncolytic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were prepared by micro-molding and photocrosslinking. The release and expression of NDV were tested by immunofluorescence and hemagglutination experiments. The experiments proved that GelMA was successfully synthesized and had hydrogel characteristics. NDV was evenly dispersed in the allantoic fluid without agglomeration, showing a characteristic virus morphology. NDV particle size was 257.4 ± 1.4 nm, zeta potential was -13.8 ± 0.5 mV, virus titer TCID50 was 107.5/mL, and PFU was 2 × 107/mL, which had a selective killing effect on human liver cancer cells in a dose and time-dependent manner. The NDV@GelMA microneedles were arranged in an orderly cone array, with uniform height and complete needle shape. The distribution of virus-like particles was observed on the surface. GelMA microneedles could successfully penetrate 5% agarose gel and nude mouse skin. Optimal preparation conditions were freeze-drying. We successfully prepared GelMA hydrogel microneedles containing NDV, which could effectively encapsulate NDV but did not detect the release of NDV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; (Q.Z.); (J.N.)
| | - Jian He
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; (Q.Z.); (J.N.)
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6
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Kapoor V, Briese T, Ranjan A, Donovan WM, Mansukhani MM, Chowdhary R, Lipkin WI. Validation of the VirCapSeq-VERT system for differential diagnosis, detection, and surveillance of viral infections. J Clin Microbiol 2024; 62:e0061223. [PMID: 38095845 PMCID: PMC10793283 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00612-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Broad range assay for accurate and sensitive diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Kapoor
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Rabindranath Tagore University, Bhopal, India
| | - Thomas Briese
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Amit Ranjan
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - William M. Donovan
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mahesh M. Mansukhani
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons,Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - W. Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons,Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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7
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Aksu M, Kumar P, Güttler T, Taxer W, Gregor K, Mußil B, Rymarenko O, Stegmann KM, Dickmanns A, Gerber S, Reineking W, Schulz C, Henneck T, Mohamed A, Pohlmann G, Ramazanoglu M, Mese K, Groß U, Ben-Yedidia T, Ovadia O, Fischer DW, Kamensky M, Reichman A, Baumgärtner W, von Köckritz-Blickwede M, Dobbelstein M, Görlich D. Nanobodies to multiple spike variants and inhalation of nanobody-containing aerosols neutralize SARS-CoV-2 in cell culture and hamsters. Antiviral Res 2024; 221:105778. [PMID: 38065245 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing threat of COVID-19 has highlighted the need for effective prophylaxis and convenient therapies, especially for outpatient settings. We have previously developed highly potent single-domain (VHH) antibodies, also known as nanobodies, that target the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein and neutralize the Wuhan strain of the virus. In this study, we present a new generation of anti-RBD nanobodies with superior properties. The primary representative of this group, Re32D03, neutralizes Alpha to Delta as well as Omicron BA.2.75; other members neutralize, in addition, Omicron BA.1, BA.2, BA.4/5, and XBB.1. Crystal structures of RBD-nanobody complexes reveal how ACE2-binding is blocked and also explain the nanobodies' tolerance to immune escape mutations. Through the cryo-EM structure of the Ma16B06-BA.1 Spike complex, we demonstrated how a single nanobody molecule can neutralize a trimeric spike. We also describe a method for large-scale production of these nanobodies in Pichia pastoris, and for formulating them into aerosols. Exposing hamsters to these aerosols, before or even 24 h after infection with SARS-CoV-2, significantly reduced virus load, weight loss and pathogenicity. These results show the potential of aerosolized nanobodies for prophylaxis and therapy of coronavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metin Aksu
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Dept. of Cellular Logistics, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Priya Kumar
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Dept. of Molecular Oncology, Justus von Liebig Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Güttler
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Dept. of Cellular Logistics, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Octapharma Biopharmaceuticals GmbH, Im Neuenheimer Feld 590, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Waltraud Taxer
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Dept. of Cellular Logistics, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Gregor
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Dept. of Cellular Logistics, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bianka Mußil
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Dept. of Cellular Logistics, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oleh Rymarenko
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Dept. of Cellular Logistics, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kim M Stegmann
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Dept. of Molecular Oncology, Justus von Liebig Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Antje Dickmanns
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Dept. of Molecular Oncology, Justus von Liebig Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Gerber
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Dept. of Molecular Oncology, Justus von Liebig Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wencke Reineking
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Claudia Schulz
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonosis (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Timo Henneck
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonosis (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ahmed Mohamed
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonosis (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerhard Pohlmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Nikolai-Fuchs Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Mehmet Ramazanoglu
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Nikolai-Fuchs Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Kemal Mese
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Dept. of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Kreuzbergring 57, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Uwe Groß
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Dept. of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Kreuzbergring 57, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tamar Ben-Yedidia
- Scinai Immunotherapeutics Ltd., Jerusalem BioPark, Hadassah Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, 9112001, Israel
| | - Oded Ovadia
- Scinai Immunotherapeutics Ltd., Jerusalem BioPark, Hadassah Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, 9112001, Israel
| | - Dalit Weinstein Fischer
- Scinai Immunotherapeutics Ltd., Jerusalem BioPark, Hadassah Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, 9112001, Israel
| | - Merav Kamensky
- Scinai Immunotherapeutics Ltd., Jerusalem BioPark, Hadassah Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, 9112001, Israel
| | - Amir Reichman
- Scinai Immunotherapeutics Ltd., Jerusalem BioPark, Hadassah Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, 9112001, Israel
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonosis (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthias Dobbelstein
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Dept. of Cellular Logistics, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; University Medical Center Göttingen, Dept. of Molecular Oncology, Justus von Liebig Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Dirk Görlich
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Dept. of Cellular Logistics, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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8
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Sedighikamal H, Sattarzadeh A, Karimi Mostofi R, Dinarvand B, Nazarpour M. High-Titer Recombinant Adenovirus 26 Vector GMP Manufacturing in HEK 293 Cells with a Stirred Single-Use Bioreactor for COVID-19 Vaccination Purposes. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:36720-36728. [PMID: 37841195 PMCID: PMC10568722 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 virus) pandemic has shown the importance of pursuing various vaccine manufacturing strategies. In the present study, the HEK 293 cells were infected with recombinant adenovirus serotype 26 (rAd26), and the effects of critical process parameters (CPPs) including viable cell density (VCD) at infection time (0.5 × 106, 0.8 × 106, 1.4 × 106, 1.8 × 106, and 2.5 × 106 cells/mL), the multiplicity of infection (MOI) = 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15, and two aeration strategies (high-speed agitation with a sparging system and low-speed agitation with an overlay system) were investigated experimentally. The results of small-scale experiments in 2 L shake flasks (SF 2L) demonstrated that the initial VCD and MOI could affect the cell proliferation and viability. The results at these experiments showed that VCD = 1.4 × 106 cells/mL and MOI = 9 yielded TCID50 /mL = 108.9, at 72 h post-infection (hpi), while the virus titer at VCD = 0.5 × 106 and 0.8 × 106 cells/mL was lower compared to that of VCD = 1.4 × 106 cells/mL. Moreover, our findings showed that VCDs > 1.8 × 106 cells/m with MOI = 9 did not have a positive effect on TCID50 /mL and MOI = 3 and 6 were less efficient, whereas MOI > 12 decreased the viability drastically. In the next step, the optimized CPPs in a small scale were exploited in a 200 L single-use bioreactor (SUB), with good manufacturing practice (GMP) conditions, at RPM = 25 with an overlay system, yielding high-titer rAd26 manufacturing, i.e., TCID50/mL = 108.9, at 72 hpi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Sedighikamal
- API
Production Plant, Actoverco Biotech Company, Alborz 331325489, Iran
- Division
of Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11365-11155, Iran
| | | | - Reza Karimi Mostofi
- API
Production Plant, Actoverco Biotech Company, Alborz 331325489, Iran
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran
University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 8741253641, Iran
| | | | - Madineh Nazarpour
- API
Production Plant, Actoverco Biotech Company, Alborz 331325489, Iran
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9
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Dodkins R, Delaney JR, Overton T, Scholle F, Frias-De-Diego A, Crisci E, Huq N, Jordan I, Kimata JT, Findley T, Goldberg IG. A rapid, high-throughput, viral infectivity assay using automated brightfield microscopy with machine learning. SLAS Technol 2023; 28:324-333. [PMID: 37451651 DOI: 10.1016/j.slast.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Infectivity assays are essential for the development of viral vaccines, antiviral therapies, and the manufacture of biologicals. Traditionally, these assays take 2-7 days and require several manual processing steps after infection. We describe an automated viral infectivity assay (AVIATM), using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and high-throughput brightfield microscopy on 96-well plates that can quantify infection phenotypes within hours, before they are manually visible, and without sample preparation. CNN models were trained on HIV, influenza A virus, coronavirus 229E, vaccinia viruses, poliovirus, and adenoviruses, which together span the four major categories of virus (DNA, RNA, enveloped, and non-enveloped). A sigmoidal function, fit between virus dilution curves and CNN predictions, results in sensitivity ranges comparable to or better than conventional plaque or TCID50 assays, and a precision of ∼10%, which is considerably better than conventional infectivity assays. Because this technology is based on sensitizing CNNs to specific phenotypes of infection, it has potential as a rapid, broad-spectrum tool for virus characterization, and potentially identification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tess Overton
- Department of Biological Sciences North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Frank Scholle
- Department of Biological Sciences North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Alba Frias-De-Diego
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Elisa Crisci
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Nafisa Huq
- Melbec Microbiology Ltd, Rossendale, Lancashire, BB4 4QJ, United Kingdom
| | - Ingo Jordan
- ProBioGen AG, Goethestr. 54, 13086 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jason T Kimata
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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10
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Yang Y, Feng X, Pan Y, Wang X, Peng T, Niu C, Qu W, Zou Q, Dong L, Dai X, Li M, Fang X. A culture-free method for rapidly and accurately quantifying active SARS-CoV-2. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:5745-5753. [PMID: 37486370 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04855-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Determining the quantity of active virus is the most important basis to judge the risk of virus infection, which usually relies on the virus median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) assay performed in a biosafety level 3 laboratory within 5-7 days. We have developed a culture-free method for rapid and accurate quantification of active severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by targeting subgenomic RNA (sgRNA) based on reverse transcription digital PCR (RT-dPCR). The dynamic range of quantitative assays for sgRNA-N and sgRNA-E by RT-dPCR was investigated, and the result showed that the limits of detection (LoD) and quantification (LoQ) were 2 copies/reaction and 10 copies/reaction, respectively. The delta strain (NMDC60042793) of SARS-CoV-2 was cultured at an average titer of 106.13 TCID50/mL and used to evaluate the developed quantification method. Copy number concentrations of the cultured SARS-CoV-2 sgRNA and genomic RNA (gRNA) gave excellent linearity (R2 = 0.9999) with SARS-CoV-2 titers in the range from 500 to 105 TCID50/mL. Validation of 63 positive clinical samples further proves that the quantification of sgRNA-N by RT-dPCR is more sensitive for active virus quantitative detection. It is notable that we can infer the active virus titer through quantification of SARS-CoV-2 sgRNA based on the linear relationship in a biosafety level 2 laboratory within 3 h. It can be used to timely and effectively identify infectious patients and reduce unnecessary isolation especially when a large number of COVID-19 infected people impose a burden on medical resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Center for Advanced Measurement of Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
- Shenzhen Institute for Technology Innovation, National Institute of Metrology, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Xiaoli Feng
- Kunming National High-Level Biosafety Research Center for Non-Human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650107, Yunnan, China
| | - Yang Pan
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Center for Advanced Measurement of Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Tao Peng
- Center for Advanced Measurement of Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chunyan Niu
- Center for Advanced Measurement of Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wang Qu
- Shenzhen Institute for Technology Innovation, National Institute of Metrology, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Qingcui Zou
- Shenzhen Institute for Technology Innovation, National Institute of Metrology, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Lianhua Dong
- Center for Advanced Measurement of Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Xinhua Dai
- Center for Advanced Measurement of Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Minghua Li
- Shenzhen Institute for Technology Innovation, National Institute of Metrology, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| | - Xiang Fang
- Center for Advanced Measurement of Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China.
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11
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Shurson GC, Urriola PE, Schroeder DC. Biosecurity and Mitigation Strategies to Control Swine Viruses in Feed Ingredients and Complete Feeds. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2375. [PMID: 37508151 PMCID: PMC10376163 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
No system nor standardized analytical procedures at commercial laboratories exist to facilitate and accurately measure potential viable virus contamination in feed ingredients and complete feeds globally. As a result, there is high uncertainty of the extent of swine virus contamination in global feed supply chains. Many knowledge gaps need to be addressed to improve our ability to prevent virus contamination and transmission in swine feed. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge involving: (1) the need for biosecurity protocols to identify production, processing, storage, and transportation conditions that may cause virus contamination of feed ingredients and complete feed; (2) challenges of measuring virus inactivation; (3) virus survival in feed ingredients during transportation and storage; (4) minimum infectious doses; (5) differences between using a food safety objective versus a performance objective as potential approaches for risk assessment in swine feed; (6) swine virus inactivation from thermal and irradiation processes, and chemical mitigants in feed ingredients and complete feed; (7) efficacy of virus decontamination strategies in feed mills; (8) benefits of functional ingredients, nutrients, and commercial feed additives in pig diets during a viral health challenge; and (9) considerations for improved risk assessment models of virus contamination in feed supply chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald C Shurson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Pedro E Urriola
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Declan C Schroeder
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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12
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Lothert K, Bagrin E, Wolff MW. Evaluating Novel Quantification Methods for Infectious Baculoviruses. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040998. [PMID: 37112978 PMCID: PMC10141099 DOI: 10.3390/v15040998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate and rapid quantification of (infectious) virus titers is of paramount importance in the manufacture of viral vectors and vaccines. Reliable quantification data allow efficient process development at a laboratory scale and thorough process monitoring in later production. However, current gold standard applications, such as endpoint dilution assays, are cumbersome and do not provide true process analytical monitoring. Accordingly, flow cytometry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction have attracted increasing interest in recent years, offering various advantages for rapid quantification. Here, we compared different approaches for the assessment of infectious viruses, using a model baculovirus. Firstly, infectivity was estimated by the quantification of viral nucleic acids in infected cells, and secondly, different flow cytometric approaches were investigated regarding analysis times and calibration ranges. The flow cytometry technique included a quantification based on post-infection fluorophore expression and labeling of a viral surface protein using fluorescent antibodies. Additionally, the possibility of viral (m)RNA labeling in infected cells was investigated as a proof of concept. The results confirmed that infectivity assessment based on qPCR is not trivial and requires sophisticated method optimization, whereas staining of viral surface proteins is a fast and feasible approach for enveloped viruses. Finally, labeling of viral (m)RNA in infected cells appears to be a promising opportunity but will require further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keven Lothert
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, Department Life Science Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen (THM), 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Elena Bagrin
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, Department Life Science Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen (THM), 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael W Wolff
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, Department Life Science Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen (THM), 35390 Giessen, Germany
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13
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Sun J, Ma X, Sun L, Zhang Y, Hao C, Wang W. Inhibitory effects and mechanisms of proanthocyanidins against enterovirus 71 infection. Virus Res 2023; 329:199098. [PMID: 36944412 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PC), a natural flavonoid compound, was reported to possess a variety of pharmacological activities such as anti-tumor and anti-viral effects. In this study, the anti-Enterovirus 71 (EV71) activities and mechanisms of PC were investigated both in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that PC possessed anti-EV71 activities in different cell lines with low toxicity. PC can block both the adsorption and entry processes of EV71 via directly binding to virus VP1 protein. PC may competitively interfere with the binding of VP1 to its receptor SCARB2. PC can also regulate three different MAPK signaling pathways to reduce EV71 infection and attenuate virus induced inflammatory responses. Importantly, intramuscular therapy of EV71-infected mice with PC markedly improved their survival and attenuated the severe clinical symptoms. Therefore, the natural compound PC has potential to be developed into a novel anti-EV71 agent targeting viral VP1 protein and MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiqin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, P. R. China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, P. R. China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Lishan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, P. R. China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, P. R. China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Cui Hao
- Medical Research Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, P. R. China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China.
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14
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Yang H, Zhang W, Wang M, Yuan S, Zhang X, Wen F, Guo J, Mei K, Huang S, Li Z. Characterization and pathogenicity evaluation of recombinant novel duck reovirus isolated from Southeast China. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1124999. [PMID: 36998638 PMCID: PMC10043381 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1124999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel duck reovirus (NDRV) emerged in southeast China in 2005. The virus causes severe liver and spleen hemorrhage and necrosis in various duck species, bringing serious harm to waterfowl farming. In this study, three strains of NDRV designated as NDRV-ZSS-FJ20, NDRV-LRS-GD20, and NDRV-FJ19 were isolated from diseased Muscovy ducks in Guangdong and Fujian provinces. Pairwise sequence comparisons revealed that the three strains were closely related to NDRV, with nucleotide sequence identities for 10 genomic fragments ranging between 84.8 and 99.8%. In contrast, the nucleotide sequences of the three strains were only 38.9–80.9% similar to the chicken-origin reovirus and only 37.6–98.9% similar to the classical waterfowl-origin reovirus. Similarly, phylogenetic analysis revealed that the three strains clustered together with NDRV and were significantly different from classical waterfowl-origin reovirus and chicken-origin reovirus. In addition, the analyses showed that the L1 segment of the NDRV-FJ19 strain was a recombinant of 03G and J18 strains. Experimental reproduction of the disease showed that the NDRV-FJ19 strain was pathogenic to both ducks and chickens and could lead to symptoms of hemorrhage and necrosis in the liver and spleen. This was somewhat different from previous reports that NDRV is less pathogenic to chickens. In conclusion, we speculated that the NDRV-FJ19 causing duck liver and spleen necrosis is a new variant of a duck orthoreovirus that is significantly different in pathogenicity from any previously reported waterfowl-origin orthoreovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihu Yang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Wandi Zhang
- Nanyang Vocational College of Agriculture, Nanyang, China
| | - Meihong Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Sheng Yuan
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuelian Zhang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Wen
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinyue Guo
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Kun Mei
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Shujian Huang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Shujian Huang
| | - Zhili Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
- Zhili Li
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15
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Characterization of a Novel Orbivirus from Cattle Reveals Active Circulation of a Previously Unknown and Pathogenic Orbivirus in Ruminants in Kenya. mSphere 2023; 8:e0048822. [PMID: 36794933 PMCID: PMC10117150 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00488-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses are among emerging pathogens of public and veterinary health significance. However, in most of sub-Saharan Africa, their role in the aetiologies of diseases in farm animals is poorly described due to paucity of active surveillance and appropriate diagnosis. Here, we report the discovery of a previously unknown orbivirus in cattle collected in the Kenyan Rift Valley in 2020 and 2021. We isolated the virus in cell culture from the serum of a clinically sick cow aged 2 to 3 years, presenting signs of lethargy. High-throughput sequencing revealed an orbivirus genome architecture with 10 double-stranded RNA segments and a total size of 18,731 bp. The VP1 (Pol) and VP3 (T2) nucleotide sequences of the detected virus, tentatively named Kaptombes virus (KPTV), shared maximum similarities of 77.5% and 80.7% to the mosquito-borne Sathuvachari virus (SVIV) found in some Asian countries, respectively. Screening of 2,039 sera from cattle, goats, and sheep by specific RT-PCR identified KPTV in three additional samples originating from different herds collected in 2020 and 2021. Neutralizing antibodies against KPTV were found in 6% of sera from ruminants (12/200) collected in the region. In vivo experiments with new-born and adult mice induced body tremors, hind limb paralysis, weakness, lethargy, and mortality. Taken together, the data suggest the detection of a potentially disease-causing orbivirus in cattle in Kenya. Its impact on livestock, as well as its potential economic damage, needs to be addressed in future studies using targeted surveillance and diagnostics. IMPORTANCE The genus Orbivirus contains several viruses that cause large outbreaks in wild and domestic animals. However, there is little knowledge on the contribution of orbiviruses to diseases in livestock in Africa. Here, we report the identification of a novel presumably disease-causing orbivirus in cattle, Kenya. The virus, designated Kaptombes virus (KPTV), was initially isolated from a clinically sick cow aged 2 to 3 years, presenting signs of lethargy. The virus was subsequently detected in three additional cows sampled in neighboring locations in the subsequent year. Neutralizing antibodies against KPTV were found in 10% of cattle sera. Infection of new-born and adult mice with KPTV caused severe symptoms and lead to death. Together, these findings indicate the presence of a previously unknown orbivirus in ruminants in Kenya. These data are of relevance as cattle represents an important livestock species in farming industry and often is the main source of livelihoods in rural areas of Africa.
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16
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Gonzalez-Pastor R, Carrera-Pacheco SE, Zúñiga-Miranda J, Rodríguez-Pólit C, Mayorga-Ramos A, Guamán LP, Barba-Ostria C. Current Landscape of Methods to Evaluate Antimicrobial Activity of Natural Extracts. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031068. [PMID: 36770734 PMCID: PMC9920787 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural extracts have been and continue to be used to treat a wide range of medical conditions, from infectious diseases to cancer, based on their convenience and therapeutic potential. Natural products derived from microbes, plants, and animals offer a broad variety of molecules and chemical compounds. Natural products are not only one of the most important sources for innovative drug development for animal and human health, but they are also an inspiration for synthetic biology and chemistry scientists towards the discovery of new bioactive compounds and pharmaceuticals. This is particularly relevant in the current context, where antimicrobial resistance has risen as a global health problem. Thus, efforts are being directed toward studying natural compounds' chemical composition and bioactive potential to generate drugs with better efficacy and lower toxicity than existing molecules. Currently, a wide range of methodologies are used to analyze the in vitro activity of natural extracts to determine their suitability as antimicrobial agents. Despite traditional technologies being the most employed, technological advances have contributed to the implementation of methods able to circumvent issues related to analysis capacity, time, sensitivity, and reproducibility. This review produces an updated analysis of the conventional and current methods to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of natural compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Gonzalez-Pastor
- Biomedical Research Center (CENBIO), Eugenio Espejo School of Health Sciences, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador
| | - Saskya E. Carrera-Pacheco
- Biomedical Research Center (CENBIO), Eugenio Espejo School of Health Sciences, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador
| | - Johana Zúñiga-Miranda
- Biomedical Research Center (CENBIO), Eugenio Espejo School of Health Sciences, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador
| | - Cristina Rodríguez-Pólit
- Biomedical Research Center (CENBIO), Eugenio Espejo School of Health Sciences, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador
| | - Arianna Mayorga-Ramos
- Biomedical Research Center (CENBIO), Eugenio Espejo School of Health Sciences, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador
| | - Linda P. Guamán
- Biomedical Research Center (CENBIO), Eugenio Espejo School of Health Sciences, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador
- Correspondence: (L.P.G.); (C.B.-O.)
| | - Carlos Barba-Ostria
- School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Quito 170901, Ecuador
- Correspondence: (L.P.G.); (C.B.-O.)
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17
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Xu K, Lei W, Kang B, Yang H, Wang Y, Lu Y, Lv L, Sun Y, Zhang J, Wang X, Yang M, Dan M, Wu G. A novel mRNA vaccine, SYS6006, against SARS-CoV-2. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1051576. [PMID: 36685587 PMCID: PMC9849951 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1051576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of vaccines that can efficiently prevent the infection of SARS-CoV-2 is necessary to fight the COVID-19 epidemic. mRNA vaccine has been proven to induce strong humoral and cellular immunity against SARS-CoV-2. Here, we studied the immunogenicity and protection efficacy of a novel mRNA vaccine SYS6006. High expression of mRNA molecules in 293T cells was detected. The initial and boost immunization with a 21-day interval was determined as an optimal strategy for SYS6006. Two rounds of immunization with SYS6006 were able to induce the neutralizing antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 wild-type (WT) strain, and Delta and Omicron BA.2 variants in mice or non-human primates (NHPs). A3rd round of vaccination could further enhance the titers of neutralization against Delta and Omicron variants. In vitro ELISpot assay showed that SYS6006 could induce memory B cell and T cell immunities specifically against SARS-CoV-2 in mice. FACS analysis indicated that SYS6006 successfully induced SARS-CoV-2-specific activation of T follicular helper cell (Tfh) and Th1 cell, and did not induce CD4+Th2 response in NHPs. SYS6006 vaccine could significantly reduce the viral RNA loads and prevent lung lesions in Delta variant infected hACE2 transgenic mice. Therefore, SYS6006 could provide significant immune protection against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wenwen Lei
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Kang
- CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Hanyu Yang
- CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yajuan Wang
- CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yanli Lu
- CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Lu Lv
- CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yufei Sun
- CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Mengjie Yang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Mo Dan
- CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Guizhen Wu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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18
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Gungordu Er S, Tabish TA, Edirisinghe M, Matharu RK. Antiviral properties of porous graphene, graphene oxide and graphene foam ultrafine fibers against Phi6 bacteriophage. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1032899. [PMID: 36507513 PMCID: PMC9730705 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1032899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As the world has experienced in the Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic, viral infections have devastating effects on public health. Personal protective equipment with high antiviral features has become popular among healthcare staff, researchers, immunocompromised people and more to minimize this effect. Graphene and its derivatives have been included in many antimicrobial studies due to their exceptional physicochemical properties. However, scientific studies on antiviral graphene are much more limited than antibacterial and antifungal studies. The aim of this study was to produce nanocomposite fibers with high antiviral properties that can be used for personal protective equipment and biomedical devices. In this work, 10 wt% polycaprolactone-based fibers were prepared with different concentrations (0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 w/w%) of porous graphene, graphene oxide and graphene foam in acetone by using electrospinning. SEM, FTIR and XRD characterizations were applied to understand the structure of fibers and the presence of materials. According to SEM results, the mean diameters of the porous graphene, graphene oxide and graphene foam nanofibers formed were around 390, 470, and 520 nm, respectively. FTIR and XRD characterization results for 2 w/w% concentration nanofibers demonstrated the presence of graphene oxide, porous graphene and graphene foam nanomaterials in the fiber. The antiviral properties of the formed fibers were tested against Pseudomonas phage Phi6. According to the results, concentration-dependent antiviral activity was observed, and the strongest viral inhibition graphene oxide-loaded nanofibers were 33.08 ± 1.21% at the end of 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Gungordu Er
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tanveer A. Tabish
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford Begbroke Science Park, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mohan Edirisinghe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rupy Kaur Matharu
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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19
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Song J, Zhao J, Cai X, Qin S, Chen Z, Huang X, Li R, Wang Y, Wang X. Lianhuaqingwen capsule inhibits non-lethal doses of influenza virus-induced secondary Staphylococcus aureus infection in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 298:115653. [PMID: 35995276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Lianhuaqingwen capsule (LH-C) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), consisting of two prescriptions, Ma-xing-shi-gan-tang (MXSGT) and Yinqiao San. It has been proven to have antiviral, antibacterial, and immunomodulatory effects in recent years. Clinically, it is commonly used in the treatment of respiratory tract infections. AIM OF THE STUDY It was demonstrated in our previous studies that LH-C has an effect of antivirus and inhibits influenza virus-induced bacterial adhesion to respiratory epithelial cells through down-regulation of cell adhesion molecules in vitro. However, LH-C's effect against influenza-induced secondary bacterial infection in animal studies remains unclear. Therefore, in the present study, we established a mouse model of infection with non-lethal doses of influenza virus(H1N1) and secondary infection of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), to investigate the potential effects of LH-C. METHODS Experiments were carried out on BALB/c mice infecting non-lethal doses of H1N1 and non-lethal doses of S. aureus, and the viral, and bacterial doses were determined by observing and recording changes in the body weight, mortality, and pathological changes. Moreover, after LH-C treatment, the survival rate, body weight, lung index, viral titers, bacterial colonies, pathological changes, and the inflammatory cytokines in the mouse model have all been systematically determined. RESULTS In the superinfection models of H1N1 and S. aureus, the mortality rate was 100% in groups of mice infected with 20 PFU/50 μL of H1N1 and 105 CFU/mL of S. aureus, 20 PFU/50 μL of H1N1 and 106 CFU/mL of S. aureus, 4 PFU/50 μL of H1N1 and 106 CFU/mL of S. aureus. The mortality rate was 50% in the group of mice infected with 4 PFU/50 μL of H1N1 and 105 CFU/mL of S. aureus. The mortality rate was 37.5% in the group of mice infected with 20 PFU/50 μL of H1N1 alone and in the group of mice infected with 2 PFU/50 μL of H1N1 and 106 CFU/mL of S. aureus. The mortality rate in the group of mice infected with 2 PFU/50 μL of H1N1 and 106 CFU/mL of S. aureus was 30%. The infected mice of 2 PFU/50 μL of H1N1 and 106 CFU/mL of S. aureus had a weight loss of nearly 10%. About the histopathological changes in the lung tissue of infection mice, severe lung lesions were found in the superinfection models. LH-C improved survival in the superinfected mice, significantly reduced lung index, lowered viral titers and bacterial loads, and alleviated lung damage. It reduced lung inflammation by down-regulating mRNA expression levels of inflammatory mediators like IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-β, MCP-1, and RANTES. CONCLUSIONS We found that superinfection from non-lethal doses of S. aureus following non-lethal doses of H1N1 was equally fatal in mice, confirming the severity of secondary infections. The ability of LH-C to alleviate lung injury resulting from secondary S. aureus infection induced by H1N1 was confirmed. These findings provided a further assessment of LH-C, suggesting that LH-C may have good therapeutic efficacy in influenza secondary bacterial infection disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Song
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuejun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shengle Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zexin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaodong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Runfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yutao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xinhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Institute of Integration of Traditional and Western Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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20
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A Novel Antipathogenic Agent for Nonwoven Fabric. BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS & DEVICES 2022. [PMCID: PMC9299416 DOI: 10.1007/s44174-022-00001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMedical-grade masks and N95 respirators containing non-woven fibers are designed to prevent the spread of airborne diseases. While they effectively trap respiratory droplets and aerosols, they cannot lyse entrapped pathogens. Embedded antimicrobial agents such as silver, copper, zinc, iodine, peptides, quaternary ammonium salts, or nanoparticles have been used to overcome this limitation. However, their effectiveness remains debatable because these materials can be toxins, allergens, irritants, and environmental hazards. Recently, silicon nitride (Si3N4) was found to be a potent antipathogenic compound, and it may be an ideal agent for masks. In powder or solid form, it is highly effective in inactivating bacteria, fungi, and viruses while leaving mammalian tissue unaffected. The purpose of this study was to serially assess the antiviral efficacy of Si3N4 against SARS-CoV-2 using powders, solids, and embedded nonwoven fabrics. Si3N4 powders and solids were prepared using conventional ceramic processing. The “pad-dry-cure” method was used to embed Si3N4 particles into polypropylene fibers. Fabric testing was subsequently conducted using industrial standards—ISO 18184 for antiviral effectiveness, ASTM F2299 and EN 13274-7 for filtration efficiency, EN 14683 for differential pressure drop, and ISO 18562-2 for particle shedding. A modification of ISO 18562-3 was also employed to detect ammonia release from the fabric. Antiviral effectiveness for Si3N4 powders, solids, and embedded fabrics were 99.99% at ≤ 5 min, ~ 93% in 24 h, and 87% to 92% in 120 min, respectively. Results of the standard mask tests were generally within prescribed safety limits. Further process optimization may lead to commercial Si3N4-based masks that not only “catch” but also “kill” pathogenic microbes.
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21
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Luan Q, Han Y, Yin Y, Wang J. Genetic diversity and pathogenicity of novel chicken astrovirus in China. Avian Pathol 2022; 51:488-498. [PMID: 35838631 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2102966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractFive novel chicken astrovirus (CAstV) strains, designated ZDF, MHC, WSC, WSW and MHW, were successfully isolated from chickens with gout and were subjected to full genome sequencing characterization and tested for their pathogenic effects on Specific pathogen free (SPF) chicken embryos and chickens. The complete genomes of the 5 isolated strains were approximately 7436 nt to 7511 nt in length. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that strains ZDF and MHC were clustered in a clade with strains isolated in China and that the others were clustered with strains from other countries. Based on the amino acids of ORF2, strains MHW and WSW belonged to subgroup Ai, strain WSC belonged to Bii, and strains ZDF and MHC belonged to Bi. The pathogenicity of strains MHW, MHC and WSC belonging to different subgroups was studied. The results showed that the mortality of the chicken embryos was 100% when infected with any strain more than 103 TCID50, 35% in SPF chickens infected with strain WSC, 25% with MHC and 15% with MHW. The body weights of chickens infected and embryos infected with 0.2 mL 10 TCID50 were significantly reduced after hatching. SPF chickens infected with any of the strains had similar lesions characterized by urate deposits on the epicardium and kidney and necrotic spots on the liver. This study identified the three kinds of genotypic CAstV prevalent in China, with high mortality in embryonated chicken eggs and leading to white chick syndrome, retarded growth and visceral gout in infected chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingdong Luan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University (QAU), Qingdao, 266109, China.,Qingdao Bolong Genetic Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266041, China
| | - Yijun Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University (QAU), Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yanbo Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University (QAU), Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Jianlin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University (QAU), Qingdao, 266109, China
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22
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Bullen CK, Davis SL, Looney MM. Quantification of Infectious SARS-CoV-2 by the 50% Tissue Culture Infectious Dose Endpoint Dilution Assay. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2452:131-146. [PMID: 35554905 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2111-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A number of viral quantification methods are used to measure the concentration of infectious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). While the traditional plaque-based assay allows for direct enumeration of replication competent lytic virions and remains the gold standard for the quantification of infectious virus, the 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) endpoint dilution assay allows for a more rapid, large-scale analysis of experimental samples. In this chapter, we describe a well-established TCID50 assay protocol to measure the SARS-CoV-2 infectious titer in viral stocks, in vitro cell or organoid models, and animal tissue. We also present alternative assays for scoring the cytopathic effect of SARS-CoV-2 in cell culture and comparable methods to calculate the 50% endpoint by serial dilution.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Korin Bullen
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Stephanie L Davis
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Monika M Looney
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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23
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Rapid high-throughput compatible label-free virus particle quantification method based on time-resolved luminescence. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:4509-4518. [PMID: 35581427 PMCID: PMC9113738 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04104-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Viruses play a major role in modern society and create risks from global pandemics and bioterrorism to challenges in agriculture. Virus infectivity assays and genome copy number determination methods are often used to obtain information on virus preparations used in diagnostics and vaccine development. However, these methods do not provide information on virus particle count. Current methods to measure the number of viral particles are often cumbersome and require highly purified virus preparations and expensive instrumentation. To tackle these problems, we developed a simple and cost-effective time-resolved luminescence-based method for virus particle quantification. This mix-and-measure technique is based on the recognition of the virus particles by an external Eu3+-peptide probe, providing results on virus count in minutes. The method enables the detection of non-enveloped and enveloped viruses, having over tenfold higher detectability for enveloped, dynamic range from 5E6 to 3E10 vp/mL, than non-enveloped viruses. Multiple non-enveloped and enveloped viruses were used to demonstrate the functionality and robustness of the Protein-Probe method.
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24
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Lothert K, Eilts F, Wolff MW. Quantification methods for viruses and virus-like particles applied in biopharmaceutical production processes. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:1029-1044. [PMID: 35483057 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2072302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Effective cell-based production processes of virus particles are the foundation for the global availability of classical vaccines, gene therapeutic vectors, and viral oncolytic treatments. Their production is subject to regulatory standards ensuring the safety and efficacy of the pharmaceutical product. Process analytics must be fast and reliable to provide an efficient process development and a robust process control during production. Additionally, for the product release, the drug compound and the contaminants must be quantified by assays specified by regulatory authorities. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes analytical methods suitable for the quantification of viruses or virus-like particles. The different techniques are grouped by the analytical question that may be addressed. Accordingly, methods focus on the infectivity of the drug component on the one hand, and on particle counting and the quantification of viral elements on the other hand. The different techniques are compared regarding their advantages, drawbacks, required assay time, and sample throughput. EXPERT OPINION Among the technologies summarized, a tendency toward fast methods, allowing a high throughput and a wide applicability, can be foreseen. Driving forces for this progress are miniaturization and automation, and the continuous enhancement of process-relevant databases for a successful future process control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keven Lothert
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen (THM), Giessen, Germany
| | - Friederike Eilts
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen (THM), Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael W Wolff
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen (THM), Giessen, Germany.,Branch for Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Giessen, Germany
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25
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Comparative Evaluation of Six SARS-CoV-2 Real-Time RT-PCR Diagnostic Approaches Shows Substantial Genomic Variant–Dependent Intra- and Inter-Test Variability, Poor Interchangeability of Cycle Threshold and Complementary Turn-Around Times. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11040462. [PMID: 35456137 PMCID: PMC9029830 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Several professional societies advise against using real-time Reverse-Transcription PCR (rtRT-PCR) cycle threshold (Ct) values to guide clinical decisions. We comparatively assessed the variability of Ct values generated by six diagnostic approaches by testing serial dilutions of well-characterized isolates of 10 clinically most relevant SARS-CoV-2 genomic variants: Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Eta, Iota, Omicron, A.27, B.1.258.17, and B.1 with D614G mutation. Comparison of three fully automated rtRT-PCR analyzers and a reference manual rtRT-PCR assay using RNA isolated with three different nucleic acid isolation instruments showed substantial inter-variant intra-test and intra-variant inter-test variability. Ct value differences were dependent on both the rtRT-PCR platform and SARS-CoV-2 genomic variant. Differences ranging from 2.0 to 8.4 Ct values were observed when testing equal concentrations of different SARS-CoV-2 variants. Results confirm that Ct values are an unreliable surrogate for viral load and should not be used as a proxy of infectivity and transmissibility, especially when different rtRT-PCR assays are used in parallel and multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants are circulating. A detailed turn-around time (TAT) comparative assessment showed substantially different TATs, but parallel use of different diagnostic approaches was beneficial and complementary, allowing release of results for more than 81% of non-priority samples within 8 h after admission.
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26
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Comparison of Aerosol Stability of Different Variants of Ebola Virus and Marburg Virus and Virulence of Aerosolised Ebola Virus in an Immune-Deficient Mouse. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040780. [PMID: 35458510 PMCID: PMC9030064 DOI: 10.3390/v14040780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
During outbreaks of virus diseases, many variants may appear, some of which may be of concern. Stability in an aerosol of several Ebola virus and Marburg virus variants was investigated. Studies were performed measuring aerosol survival using the Goldberg drum but no significant difference in biological decay rates between variants was observed. In addition, historic data on virulence in a murine model of different Ebola virus variants were compared to newly presented data for Ebola virus Kikwit in the A129 Interferon alpha/beta receptor-deficient mouse model. Ebola virus Kikwit was less virulent than Ebola virus Ecran in our mouse model. The mouse model may be a useful tool for studying differences in virulence associated with different variants whereas aerosol stability studies may not need to be conducted beyond the species level.
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27
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Lee HR, Lee YS, You YS, Huh JY, Kim K, Hong YC, Kim CH. Antimicrobial effects of microwave plasma-activated water with skin protective effect for novel disinfectants in pandemic era. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5968. [PMID: 35396389 PMCID: PMC8992786 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin antiseptics have important implications for public health and medicine. Although conventional antiseptics have considerable antimicrobial activity, skin toxicity and the development of resistance are common problems. Plasma-treated water has sterilization and tissue-regenerative effects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify whether plasma-activated water (PAW) manufactured by our microwave plasma system can be used as a novel antiseptic solution for skin protection. PAW was produced by dissolving reactive nitrogen oxide gas using microwave plasma in deionized water. The antibacterial effects of PAW against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, and Salmonella typhimurium and effective concentrations were investigated by a solid agar plate assay. The factors mediating the effects of PAW were evaluated by the addition of reactive species scavengers. Cytotoxicity and cell viability assays were performed to examine the protective effect of PAW on normal skin cells. PAW exhibited excellent sterilization and no toxicity in normal skin cells. Experiments also confirmed the potential of PAW as a sanitizer for SARS-CoV-2. Our findings support the use of PAW as an effective skin disinfectant with good safety in the current situation of a global pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Ran Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, 22711, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Sang Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, 164 World-Cup Street, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Suk You
- Plarit Co., Ltd., 443 Samnye-ro Samnye-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 565-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Huh
- ICD Co., Ltd., 274 Manse-ro, Daedeok-myeon, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17542, Republic of Korea
| | - Kangil Kim
- Institute of Plasma Technology, Korea Institute of Fusion Energy, 814-2 Ohsikdo-dong, Gunsan, 573-540, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Cheol Hong
- Division of Applied Technology Research, National Fusion Research Institute, 113 Gwahangno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, 164 World-Cup Street, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.
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Skrobarczyk JW, Martin CL, Bhatia SS, Pillai SD, Berghman LR. Electron-Beam Inactivation of Human Rotavirus (HRV) for the Production of Neutralizing Egg Yolk Antibodies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:840077. [PMID: 35359996 PMCID: PMC8964080 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.840077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Electron beam (eBeam) inactivation of pathogens is a commercially proven technology in multiple industries. While commonly used in a variety of decontamination processes, this technology can be considered relatively new to the pharmaceutical industry. Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe gastroenteritis among infants, children, and at-risk adults. Infections are more severe in developing countries where access to health care, clean food, and water is limited. Passive immunization using orally administered egg yolk antibodies (chicken IgY) is proven for prophylaxis and therapy of viral diarrhea, owing to the stability of avian IgY in the harsh gut environment. Since preservation of viral antigenicity is critical for successful antibody production, the aim of this study was to demonstrate the effective use of electron beam irradiation as a method of pathogen inactivation to produce rotavirus-specific neutralizing egg yolk antibodies. White leghorn hens were immunized with the eBeam-inactivated viruses every 2 weeks until serum antibody titers peaked. The relative antigenicity of eBeam-inactivated Wa G1P[8] human rotavirus (HRV) was compared to live virus, thermally, and chemically inactivated virus preparations. Using a sandwich ELISA (with antibodies against recombinant VP8 for capture and detection of HRV), the live virus was as expected, most immunoreactive. The eBeam-inactivated HRV’s antigenicity was better preserved when compared to thermally and chemically inactivated viruses. Additionally, both egg yolk antibodies and serum-derived IgY were effective at neutralizing HRV in vitro. Electron beam inactivation is a suitable method for the inactivation of HRV and other enteric viruses for use in both passive and active immunization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill W. Skrobarczyk
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Cameron L. Martin
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Sohini S. Bhatia
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- National Center for Electron Beam Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Suresh D. Pillai
- National Center for Electron Beam Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Luc R. Berghman
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Luc R. Berghman,
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Bhat T, Cao A, Yin J. Virus-like Particles: Measures and Biological Functions. Viruses 2022; 14:383. [PMID: 35215979 PMCID: PMC8877645 DOI: 10.3390/v14020383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-like particles resemble infectious virus particles in size, shape, and molecular composition; however, they fail to productively infect host cells. Historically, the presence of virus-like particles has been inferred from total particle counts by microscopy, and infectious particle counts or plaque-forming-units (PFUs) by plaque assay; the resulting ratio of particles-to-PFUs is often greater than one, easily 10 or 100, indicating that most particles are non-infectious. Despite their inability to hijack cells for their reproduction, virus-like particles and the defective genomes they carry can exhibit a broad range of behaviors: interference with normal virus growth during co-infections, cell killing, and activation or inhibition of innate immune signaling. In addition, some virus-like particles become productive as their multiplicities of infection increase, a sign of cooperation between particles. Here, we review established and emerging methods to count virus-like particles and characterize their biological functions. We take a critical look at evidence for defective interfering virus genomes in natural and clinical isolates, and we review their potential as antiviral therapeutics. In short, we highlight an urgent need to better understand how virus-like genomes and particles interact with intact functional viruses during co-infection of their hosts, and their impacts on the transmission, severity, and persistence of virus-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John Yin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 330 N. Orchard Street, Madison, WI 53715, USA; (T.B.); (A.C.)
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30
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Shuipys T, Montazeri N. Optimized Protocols for the Propagation and Quantification of Infectious Murine Hepatitis Virus (MHV-A59) Using NCTC Clone 1469 and 929 Cells. Methods Protoc 2022; 5:5. [PMID: 35076547 PMCID: PMC8788426 DOI: 10.3390/mps5010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine hepatitis virus (MHV) is a non-human pathogen betacoronavirus that is evolutionarily and structurally related to the human pathogenic viruses SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. However, unlike the human SARS and MERS viruses, MHV requires a biosafety level 2 laboratory for propagating and safe handling, making it a potentially suitable surrogate virus. Despite this utility, few papers discussed the propagation and quantification of MHV using cell lines readily available in biorepositories making their implementations not easily reproducible. This article provides protocols for propagating and quantifying MHV-A59 using the recommended NCTC clone 1469 and clone 929 cell lines from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). More specifically, the methods detail reviving cells, routine cell passaging, preparing freeze stocks, infection of NCTC clone 1469 with MHV and subsequent harvesting, and plaque assay quantification of MHV using NCTC clone 929 cells. Using these protocols, a BSL-2 laboratory equipped for cell culture work would generate at least 6.0 log plaque-forming units (PFU) per mL of MHV lysate and provide an optimized overlay assay using either methylcellulose or agarose as overlays for the titration of infectious virus particles. The protocols described here are intended to be utilized for persistence and inactivation studies of coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naim Montazeri
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
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31
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Anderson ER, Prince T, Turtle L, Hughes GL, Patterson EI. Methods of SARS-CoV-2 Inactivation. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2452:465-473. [PMID: 35554921 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2111-0_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Inactivation methods allow for hazard group 3 (HG3) pathogens to be disposed of and used safely in downstream experiments and assays to be carried out at lower containment levels. Commonly used viral inactivation methods include heat inactivation, fixation methods, ultraviolet (UV) light and detergent inactivation. Here we describe known methods used to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 for safe downstream biological assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enyia R Anderson
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
- Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Tessa Prince
- NIHR Health Protection Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lance Turtle
- NIHR Health Protection Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Tropical and Infectious Disease Unit, Liverpool University Hospitals Foundation NHS Trust (member of Liverpool Health Partners), Liverpool, UK
| | - Grant L Hughes
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
- Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Edward I Patterson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada.
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Du Q, Huang W, Zhao J, Zeng J, Zhang W, Huang X, Chen R, Jiang H, Xie Y, Wang Y, Zhong N, Wang X, Yang Z. Lianhuaqingwen capsule inhibits influenza-induced bacterial adhesion to respiratory epithelial cells through down-regulation of cell adhesion molecules. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 280:114128. [PMID: 33872750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Influenza virus infection is widely believed to cause mild symptoms, but can lead to high mortality and severe disease complicated by secondary bacterial pneumonia. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been proposed as a promising agent to treat respiratory viral infections. A herbal formula Lianhuaqingwen capsule (LHQW) comprising two prescriptions: Maxing Shigan decoction and Yinqiao San, has been used clinically to treat respiratory infection with immune regulatory effects. However, little is known about the capacity of LHQW against influenza-induced secondary bacterial pneumonia. AIM OF STUDY This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and underlying mechanism of LHQW on influenza A virus A/PR/8/34 (PR8) secondary methicillin-resistant Staphy-lococcus aureus (MRSA) infection. METHODS The anti-adhesion activity of LHQW against PR8-induced MRSA infection was assessed in human lung epithelial (A549) cells and the effect of LHQW on the expression of intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) was detected. Also, the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory cytokines upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation in PR8-infected A549 cells were determined. The body weight change, survivals, viral titers, colonies and the pathological parameters after LHQW treatment in severe pneumonia model have all been systematically determined. RESULTS LHQW significantly reduced the adhesion of MRSA to PR8-infected A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner by suppressing the up-regulation of bacterial receptors. LHQW also markedly declined the overexpression of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α induced by LPS stimulated-A549 cells following influenza virus infection. Furthermore, the abnormal changes of lung index in dual-infection mice were relieved after administered with LHQW in preventive and therapeutic mode, but with no significantly difference (P > 0.05). LHQW could not effectively improve survival rate or prolong the survival time of mice (P > 0.05). LHQW (1000 mg/kg/d) administered prophylactically significantly decreased the lung viral titers (P < 0.05), slightly downregulated IL-6 but TNF-α, IL-1β levels and improved lung pathological inflammation including neutrophil infiltration, necrosis, which is consistent with the expression of inflammatory factors. CONCLUSIONS LHQW inhibited influenza-induced bacterial adhesion by down-regulating the adhesion molecules with the improvement trend on severe pneumonia, indicating that it can be used as an adjuvant medication in severe viral-bacterial pneumonia therapy rather than as a single medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuling Du
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, PR China; Department of Intensive Care Unit, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Wenbo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, PR China
| | - Jin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, PR China
| | - Jun Zeng
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, PR China
| | - Ruifeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, PR China
| | - Haiming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, PR China
| | - Yuqi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, PR China
| | - Yutao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, PR China
| | - Nanshan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, PR China
| | - Xinhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, PR China.
| | - Zifeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, PR China; Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clinical Rapid Diagnosis and Early Warning of Infectious Diseases, KingMed College of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, China.
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Chen D, Wang D, Wei F, Kong Y, Deng J, Lin X, Wu S. Characterization and reverse genetic establishment of cattle derived Akabane virus in China. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:349. [PMID: 34781948 PMCID: PMC8591888 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03054-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Akabane virus (AKAV) is an important insect-borne virus which is widely distributed throughout the world except the Europe and is considered as a great threat to herbivore health. RESULTS An AKAV strain defined as TJ2016 was firstly isolated from the bovine sera in China in 2016. Sequence analysis of the S and M segments suggested that the isolated AKAV strain was closely related to the AKAV strains JaGAr39 and JaLAB39, which belonged to AKAV genogroup II. To further study the pathogenic mechanism of AKAV, the full-length cDNA clone of TJ2016 S, M, and L segment was constructed separately into the TVT7R plasmid at the downsteam of T7 promoter and named as TVT7R-S, TVT7R-M, and TVT7R-L, respectively. The above three plasmids were further transfected into the BSR-T7/5 cells simultaneously with a ratio of 1:1:1 to produce the rescued virus AKAV. Compared with the parental wild type AKAV (wtAKAV), the rescued virus (rAKAV) was proved to be with similar cytopathic effects (CPE), plaque sizes and growth kinetics in BHK-21 cells. CONCLUSION We successfully isolated a AKAV strain TJ2016 from the sera of cattle and established a reverse genetic platform for AKAV genome manipulation. The established reverse genetic system is also a powerful tool for further research on AKAV pathogenesis and even vaccine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjie Chen
- Institute of Animal Inspection and Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Di Wang
- School of Agroforestry and Medicine, Open University of China, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Fang Wei
- Institute of Animal Inspection and Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Yufang Kong
- Institute of Animal Inspection and Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Junhua Deng
- Institute of Animal Inspection and Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Xiangmei Lin
- Institute of Animal Inspection and Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Shaoqiang Wu
- Institute of Animal Inspection and Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China.
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Matharu RK, Cheong YK, Ren G, Edirisinghe M, Ciric L. Exploiting the antiviral potential of intermetallic nanoparticles. EMERGENT MATERIALS 2021; 5:1251-1260. [PMID: 34778706 PMCID: PMC8577177 DOI: 10.1007/s42247-021-00306-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Viral pandemic outbreaks cause a significant burden on global health as well as healthcare expenditure. The use of antiviral agents not only reduces the spread of viral pathogens but also diminishes the likelihood of them causing infection. The antiviral properties of novel copper-silver and copper-zinc intermetallic nanoparticles against Escherichia coli bacteriophage MS2 (RNA virus) and Escherichia coli bacteriophage T4 (DNA virus) are presented. The intermetallic nanoparticles were spherical in shape and were between 90 and 120 nm. Antiviral activity was assessed at concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 2.0 wt/v% for 3 and 24 h using DNA and RNA virus model organisms. Both types of nanoparticles demonstrated strong potency towards RNA viruses (> 89% viral reduction), whilst copper-silver nanoparticles were slightly more toxic towards DNA viruses when compared to copper-zinc nanoparticles. Both nanoparticles were then incorporated into polymeric fibres (carrier) to investigate their antiviral effectiveness when composited into polymeric matrices. Fibres containing copper-silver nanoparticles exhibited favourable antiviral properties, with a viral reduction of 75% after 3 h of exposure. The excellent antiviral properties of the intermetallic nanoparticles reported in this study against both types of viruses together with their unique material properties can make them significant alternatives to conventional antiviral therapies and decontamination agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupy Kaur Matharu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE UK
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Yuen-Ki Cheong
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, AL10 9AB UK
| | - Guogang Ren
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, AL10 9AB UK
| | - Mohan Edirisinghe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE UK
| | - Lena Ciric
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
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Geldert A, Su A, Roberts AW, Golovkine G, Grist SM, Stanley SA, Herr AE. Mapping of UV-C dose and SARS-CoV-2 viral inactivation across N95 respirators during decontamination. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20341. [PMID: 34645859 PMCID: PMC8514565 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98121-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During public health crises like the COVID-19 pandemic, ultraviolet-C (UV-C) decontamination of N95 respirators for emergency reuse has been implemented to mitigate shortages. Pathogen photoinactivation efficacy depends critically on UV-C dose, which is distance- and angle-dependent and thus varies substantially across N95 surfaces within a decontamination system. Due to nonuniform and system-dependent UV-C dose distributions, characterizing UV-C dose and resulting pathogen inactivation with sufficient spatial resolution on-N95 is key to designing and validating UV-C decontamination protocols. However, robust quantification of UV-C dose across N95 facepieces presents challenges, as few UV-C measurement tools have sufficient (1) small, flexible form factor, and (2) angular response. To address this gap, we combine optical modeling and quantitative photochromic indicator (PCI) dosimetry with viral inactivation assays to generate high-resolution maps of "on-N95" UV-C dose and concomitant SARS-CoV-2 viral inactivation across N95 facepieces within a commercial decontamination chamber. Using modeling to rapidly identify on-N95 locations of interest, in-situ measurements report a 17.4 ± 5.0-fold dose difference across N95 facepieces in the chamber, yielding 2.9 ± 0.2-log variation in SARS-CoV-2 inactivation. UV-C dose at several on-N95 locations was lower than the lowest-dose locations on the chamber floor, highlighting the importance of on-N95 dose validation. Overall, we integrate optical simulation with in-situ PCI dosimetry to relate UV-C dose and viral inactivation at specific on-N95 locations, establishing a versatile approach to characterize UV-C photoinactivation of pathogens contaminating complex substrates such as N95s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha Geldert
- The UC Berkeley - UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, 308B Stanley Hall, Mailcode 1762, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Alison Su
- The UC Berkeley - UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, 308B Stanley Hall, Mailcode 1762, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Allison W Roberts
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Guillaume Golovkine
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Samantha M Grist
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sarah A Stanley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Amy E Herr
- The UC Berkeley - UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, 308B Stanley Hall, Mailcode 1762, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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Ye M, Keicher M, Gentschev I, Szalay AA. Efficient Selection of Recombinant Fluorescent Vaccinia Virus Strains and Rapid Virus Titer Determination by Using a Multi-Well Plate Imaging System. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9081032. [PMID: 34440236 PMCID: PMC8393244 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9081032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineered vaccinia virus (VACV) strains are used extensively as vectors for the development of novel cancer vaccines and cancer therapeutics. In this study, we describe for the first time a high-throughput approach for both fluorescent rVACV generation and rapid viral titer measurement with the multi-well plate imaging system, IncuCyte®S3. The isolation of a single, well-defined plaque is critical for the generation of novel recombinant vaccinia virus (rVACV) strains. Unfortunately, current methods of rVACV engineering via plaque isolation are time-consuming and laborious. Here, we present a modified fluorescent viral plaque screening and selection strategy that allows one to generally obtain novel fluorescent rVACV strains in six days, with a minimum of just four days. The standard plaque assay requires chemicals for fixing and staining cells. Manual plaque counting based on visual inspection of the cell culture plates is time-consuming. Here, we developed a fluorescence-based plaque assay for quantifying the vaccinia virus that does not require a cell staining step. This approach is less toxic to researchers and is reproducible; it is thus an improvement over the traditional assay. Lastly, plaque counting by virtue of a fluorescence-based image is very convenient, as it can be performed directly on the computer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Ye
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Therapy Research Center (CTRC), Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg 1, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany; (M.K.); (I.G.)
- Correspondence: (M.Y.); (A.A.S.); Tel.:+49-931-3189187 (M.Y.); +49-931-3184410 (A.A.S.)
| | - Markus Keicher
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Therapy Research Center (CTRC), Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg 1, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany; (M.K.); (I.G.)
| | - Ivaylo Gentschev
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Therapy Research Center (CTRC), Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg 1, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany; (M.K.); (I.G.)
| | - Aladar A. Szalay
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Therapy Research Center (CTRC), Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg 1, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany; (M.K.); (I.G.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rebecca & John Moores Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Pathology, Center of Immune Technologies, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Correspondence: (M.Y.); (A.A.S.); Tel.:+49-931-3189187 (M.Y.); +49-931-3184410 (A.A.S.)
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Zou X, Wu J, Gu J, Shen L, Mao L. DNA aptamer against EV-A71 VP1 protein: selection and application. Virol J 2021; 18:164. [PMID: 34384436 PMCID: PMC8359077 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01631-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) is a highly infectious pathogen associated with hand, foot and mouth disease, herpangina, and various neurological complications, so it is important for the early detection and treatment of EV-A71. An aptamer is a nucleotide sequence that screened in vitro by the technology named systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment technology (SELEX). Similar to antibodies, aptamers can bind to the targets with high specificity and affinity. Besides, emerging aptamers have many advantages comparing with antibodies, such as ease of synthesis and modification, having a wide variety of target materials, low manufacturing cost and easy flexibility in amending. Therefore, aptamers are promising in virus detection and anti-virus therapy. METHODS Aptamers were selected by SELEX. Specificity, affinity and second structure were used to characterize the selected aptamers. Chemiluminescence was adopted to build an aptamer-based detection method for EV-A71. Cytopathogenic effects trial, the level of intracellular EV-A71 RNA and protein expression were used to evaluate the antiviral effect of the selected aptamers. RESULTS Three DNA aptamers with high specificity and affinity for EV-A71structual protein VP1 were screened out. A rapid chemiluminutesescence aptamer biosensor for EV-A71 detection was designed out. The selected aptamers could inhibit the RNA replication and protein expression of EV-A71 in RD cells and ameliorate the cytopathogenic effects. CONCLUSIONS The aptamers against EV-A71 have the potentiality to be applied as attractive candidates used for EV-A71 detection and treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Zou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou City, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiaqi Gu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Laboratory, Zhenjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lingxiang Mao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Poormohammadi A, Bashirian S, Rahmani AR, Azarian G, Mehri F. Are photocatalytic processes effective for removal of airborne viruses from indoor air? A narrative review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:43007-43020. [PMID: 34128162 PMCID: PMC8203310 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14836-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A wide variety of methods have been applied in indoor air to reduce the microbial load and reduce the transmission rate of acute respiratory diseases to personnel in healthcare sittings. In recent months, with the occurrence of COVID-19 pandemic, the role of portable ventilation systems in reducing the load of virus in indoor air has received much attention. The present study delineates a comprehensive up-to-date overview of the available photocatalysis technologies that have been applied for inactivating and removing airborne viruses. The detection methods for identifying viral particles in air and the main mechanisms involving in virus inactivation during photocatalysis are described and discussed. The photocatalytic processes could effectively decrease the load of viruses in indoor air. However, a constant viral model may not be generalizable to other airborne viruses. In photocatalytic processes, temperature and humidity play a distinct role in the inactivation of viruses through changing photocatalytic rate. The main mechanisms for inactivation of airborne viruses in the photocatalytic processes included chemical oxidation by the reactive oxygen species (ROS), the toxicity of metal ions released from metal-containing photocatalysts, and morphological damage of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Poormohammadi
- Center of Excellence for Occupational Health, Research Center for Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Saeid Bashirian
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Health Sciences & Technology Research Institute, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Rahmani
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ghasem Azarian
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Freshteh Mehri
- Nutrition Health Research Center, Health Sciences & Technology Research Institute, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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Dallner M, Harlow J, Nasheri N. Human Coronaviruses Do Not Transfer Efficiently between Surfaces in the Absence of Organic Materials. Viruses 2021; 13:1352. [PMID: 34372557 PMCID: PMC8310000 DOI: 10.3390/v13071352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, are known to spread mainly via close contact and respiratory droplets. However, other potential means of transmission may be present. Fomite-mediated transmission occurs when viruses are deposited onto a surface and then transfer to a subsequent individual. Surfaces can become contaminated directly from respiratory droplets or from a contaminated hand. Due to mask mandates in many countries around the world, the former is less likely. Hands can become contaminated if respiratory droplets are deposited on them (i.e., coughing or sneezing) or through contact with fecal material where human coronaviruses (HCoVs) can be shed. The focus of this paper is on whether human coronaviruses can transfer efficiently from contaminated hands to food or food contact surfaces. The surfaces chosen were: stainless steel, plastic, cucumber and apple. Transfer was first tested with cellular maintenance media and three viruses: two human coronaviruses, 229E and OC43, and murine norovirus-1, as a surrogate for human norovirus. There was no transfer for either of the human coronaviruses to any of the surfaces. Murine norovirus-1 did transfer to stainless steel, cucumber and apple, with transfer efficiencies of 9.19%, 5.95% and 0.329%, respectively. Human coronavirus OC43 transfer was then tested in the presence of fecal material, and transfer was observed for stainless steel (0.52%), cucumber (19.82%) and apple (15.51%) but not plastic. This study indicates that human coronaviruses do not transfer effectively from contaminated hands to contact surfaces without the presence of fecal material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Dallner
- National Food Virology Reference Centre, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada; (M.D.); (J.H.)
| | - Jennifer Harlow
- National Food Virology Reference Centre, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada; (M.D.); (J.H.)
| | - Neda Nasheri
- National Food Virology Reference Centre, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada; (M.D.); (J.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
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Di Battista A, Nicolaides C, Georgiou O. Modelling disease transmission from touchscreen user interfaces. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:210625. [PMID: 34350020 PMCID: PMC8316822 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The extensive use of touchscreens for all manner of human-computer interactions has made them plausible instruments of touch-mediated disease transmission. To that end, we employ stochastic simulations to model human-fomite interaction with a distinct focus on touchscreen interfaces. The timings and frequency of interactions from within a closed population of infectious and susceptible individuals was modelled using a queuing network. A pseudo-reproductive number R was used to compare outcomes under various parameter conditions. We then apply the simulation to a specific real-world scenario; namely that of airport self-check-in and baggage drop. A counterintuitive result was that R decreased with increased touch rates required for touchscreen interaction. Additionally, as one of few parameters to be controlled, the rate of cleaning/disinfecting screens plays an essential role in mitigating R, though alternative technological strategies could prove more effective. The simulation model developed provides a foundation for future advances in more sophisticated fomite disease-transmission modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christos Nicolaides
- School of Economics and Management, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Nireas Research Center, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Initiative on the Digital Economy, MIT Sloan School of Management, Cambridge MA, USA
| | - Orestis Georgiou
- Ultraleap Ltd, Bristol, UK
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Shurson GC, Palowski A, van de Ligt JLG, Schroeder DC, Balestreri C, Urriola PE, Sampedro F. New perspectives for evaluating relative risks of African swine fever virus contamination in global feed ingredient supply chains. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:31-56. [PMID: 34076354 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
There are no published reports indicating that the African swine fever virus (ASFV) has been detected in feed ingredients or complete feed. This is primarily because there are only a few laboratories in the world that have the biosecurity and analytical capabilities of detecting ASFV in feed. Several in vitro studies have been conducted to evaluate ASFV concentration, viability and inactivation when ASFV was added to various feed ingredients and complete feed. These inoculation studies have shown that some feed matrices support virus survival longer than others and the reasons for this are unknown. Current analytical methodologies have significant limitations in sensitivity, repeatability, ability to detect viable virus particles and association with infectivity. As a result, interpretation of findings using various measures may lead to misleading conclusions. Because of analytical and technical challenges, as well as the lack of ASFV contamination data in feed supply chains, quantitative risk assessments have not been conducted. A few qualitative risk assessments have been conducted, but they have not considered differences in potential scenarios for ASFV contamination between various types of feed ingredient supply chains. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to provide a more holistic understanding of the relative potential risks of ASFV contamination in various global feed ingredient supply chains and provide recommendations for addressing the challenges identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald C Shurson
- Department of Animal Science, College of Food Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Amanda Palowski
- Department of Animal Science, College of Food Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jennifer L G van de Ligt
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Declan C Schroeder
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Cecilia Balestreri
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Pedro E Urriola
- Department of Animal Science, College of Food Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Fernando Sampedro
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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42
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Functionally active cyclin-dependent kinase 9 is essential for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus subgenomic RNA synthesis. Mol Immunol 2021; 135:351-364. [PMID: 33990004 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) is a key regulator of RNA-polymerase II and a candidate therapeutic target for various virus infections such as respiratory syncytial virus, herpes simplex virus, human adenovirus, human cytomegalovirus, hepatitis virus B, and human papillomavirus. We employed CDK9-IN-1, a selective CDK9 inhibitor, to investigate the role of CDK9 in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection. CDK9-IN-1 dose-dependently reduced PRRSV replication without cytotoxicity in the infected cells. The antiviral activity of CDK9-IN-1 was further confirmed by evaluating the effects of lentivirus-mediated CDK9 knockdown or CDK9 overexpression on PRRSV infection. Briefly, the depletion of CDK9 significantly inhibited viral replication, while the overexpression of CDK9 promoted viral replication. PRRSV infection also enhanced the nuclear export of CDK9 without affecting CDK9 protein expression. Viral replication cycle analyses further revealed that functionally active CDK9 in the cytosol advanced viral subgenomic RNA synthesis. Collectively, our data illustrated that CDK9 was a new host factor that was involved in PRRSV subgenomic RNA synthesis, and CDK9 inhibitor, CDK9-IN-1 was a promising antiviral candidate for PRRSV infection.
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43
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Strobl F, Duerkop M, Palmberger D, Striedner G. High shear resistance of insect cells: the basis for substantial improvements in cell culture process design. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9413. [PMID: 33941799 PMCID: PMC8093278 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88813-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicellular organisms cultivated in continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTRs) are more sensitive to environmental conditions in the suspension culture than microbial cells. The hypothesis, that stirring induced shear stress is the main problem, persists, although it has been shown that these cells are not so sensitive to shear. As these results are largely based on Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell experiments the question remains if similar behavior is valid for insect cells with a higher specific oxygen demand. The requirement of higher oxygen transfer rates is associated with higher shear forces in the process. Consequently, we focused on the shear resistance of insect cells, using CHO cells as reference system. We applied a microfluidic device that allowed defined variations in shear rates. Both cell lines displayed high resistance to shear rates up to 8.73 × 105 s−1. Based on these results we used microbial CSTRs, operated at high revolution speeds and low aeration rates and found no negative impact on cell viability. Further, this cultivation approach led to substantially reduced gas flow rates, gas bubble and foam formation, while addition of pure oxygen was no longer necessary. Therefore, this study contributes to the development of more robust insect cell culture processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Duerkop
- Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Novasign GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Gerald Striedner
- ACIB GmbH, Vienna, Austria. .,Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria. .,Novasign GmbH, Vienna, Austria.
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44
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Castaño N, Cordts SC, Kurosu Jalil M, Zhang KS, Koppaka S, Bick AD, Paul R, Tang SKY. Fomite Transmission, Physicochemical Origin of Virus-Surface Interactions, and Disinfection Strategies for Enveloped Viruses with Applications to SARS-CoV-2. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:6509-6527. [PMID: 33748563 PMCID: PMC7944398 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c06335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Inanimate objects or surfaces contaminated with infectious agents, referred to as fomites, play an important role in the spread of viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. The long persistence of viruses (hours to days) on surfaces calls for an urgent need for effective surface disinfection strategies to intercept virus transmission and the spread of diseases. Elucidating the physicochemical processes and surface science underlying the adsorption and transfer of virus between surfaces, as well as their inactivation, is important for understanding how diseases are transmitted and for developing effective intervention strategies. This review summarizes the current knowledge and underlying physicochemical processes of virus transmission, in particular via fomites, and common disinfection approaches. Gaps in knowledge and the areas in need of further research are also identified. The review focuses on SARS-CoV-2, but discussion of related viruses is included to provide a more comprehensive review given that much remains unknown about SARS-CoV-2. Our aim is that this review will provide a broad survey of the issues involved in fomite transmission and intervention to a wide range of readers to better enable them to take on the open research challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Castaño
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Seth C. Cordts
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Myra Kurosu Jalil
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Kevin S. Zhang
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Saisneha Koppaka
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Alison D. Bick
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Rajorshi Paul
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sindy K. Y. Tang
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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45
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Bonelli F, Blocki FA, Bunnell T, Chu E, De La O A, Grenache DG, Marzucchi G, Montomoli E, Okoye L, Pallavicini L, Streva VA, Torelli A, Wagner A, Zanin D, Zierold C, Wassenberg JJ. Evaluation of the automated LIAISON ® SARS-CoV-2 TrimericS IgG assay for the detection of circulating antibodies. Clin Chem Lab Med 2021; 59:1463-1467. [PMID: 33711225 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2021-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES COVID-19 has brought about tests from many manufacturers. While molecular and rapid antigen tests are targeted for early diagnosis, immunoassays have a larger role in epidemiological studies, understanding longitudinal immunity, and in vaccine development and response. METHODS The performance of the LIAISON® SARS-CoV-2 TrimericS IgG assay was evaluated against the Beckman ACCESS SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay in New Mexico, and against the Siemens ADVIA Centaur COV2G assay in New York. Discordant samples were parsed using a microneutralization assay. RESULTS A SARS-CoV-2 antibody positivity rate of 23.8% was observed in the samples tested in New York (September 2020), while in the same month the positivity rate was 1.5% in New Mexico. Positive and negative agreement were 67.6% (95% CI 49.5-82.6%) and 99.8% (95% CI 99.5-99.9%), respectively, with the Beckman test, and 98.0% (95% CI 95.7-99.3%) and 94.8% (95% CI 93.4-96.0%), respectively, with the Siemens test. Receiver operating characteristic analysis for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies discloses an AUC, area under the curve, of 0.996 (95% CI 0.992-0.999) for the LIAISON® SARS-CoV-2 TrimericS IgG assay. The criterion associated to the Youden Index was determined to be >12.9 kAU/L with a sensitivity of 99.44% and a specificity of 99.82%. CONCLUSIONS The LIAISON® SARS-CoV-2 TrimericS IgG assay is highly sensitive and specific. The balance of these parameters, without emphasis on high specificity alone, is particularly important when applied to high prevalence populations, where a highly sensitive assay will result in reporting a lower number of false negative subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Edward Chu
- Sherman Abrams Laboratory, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Emanuele Montomoli
- Vismederi Srl, Siena, Italy.,Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Lilian Okoye
- TriCore Reference Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | | | | | - Aaron Wagner
- TriCore Reference Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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46
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Schuit M, Dunning R, Freeburger D, Miller D, Hooper I, Faisca L, Wahl V, Dabisch P. The use of an Ebola virus reporter cell line in a semi-automated microtitration assay. J Virol Methods 2021; 292:114116. [PMID: 33689788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A variety of methods have been developed for quantification of infectious Ebola virus in clinical or laboratory samples, but existing methods often require extensive operator involvement, manual assay scoring, or the use of custom reagents. In this study, we utilize a recently developed Ebola-specific reporter cell line that expresses ZsGreen in response to Ebola virus infection, in conjunction with semi-automated processing and quantification techniques, to develop an unbiased, high-throughput microtitration assay for quantification of infectious Ebola virus in vitro. This assay was found to have equivalent sensitivity to a standardized plaque assay for quantifying viral titers. However, the new assay could be implemented with fewer reagents and processing steps, reduced subjectivity, and higher throughput. This assay may be useful for a variety of applications, particularly studies that require the detection or quantification of infectious Ebola virus in large numbers of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schuit
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Operated by BNBI for the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate, Frederick, MD, USA; School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA.
| | - Rebecca Dunning
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Operated by BNBI for the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Denise Freeburger
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Operated by BNBI for the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - David Miller
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Operated by BNBI for the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Idris Hooper
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Operated by BNBI for the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Luis Faisca
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Operated by BNBI for the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Victoria Wahl
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Operated by BNBI for the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Paul Dabisch
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Operated by BNBI for the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate, Frederick, MD, USA; School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
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47
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Mahmoudinobar F, Britton D, Montclare JK. Protein-based lateral flow assays for COVID-19 detection. Protein Eng Des Sel 2021; 34:gzab010. [PMID: 33991088 PMCID: PMC8194834 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzab010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To combat the enduring and dangerous spread of COVID-19, many innovations to rapid diagnostics have been developed based on proteinprotein interactions of the SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins to increase testing accessibility. These antigen tests have most prominently been developed using the lateral flow assay (LFA) test platform which has the benefit of administration at point-of-care, delivering quick results, lower cost, and does not require skilled personnel. However, they have gained criticism for an inferior sensitivity. In the last year, much attention has been given to creating a rapid LFA test for detection of COVID-19 antigens that can address its high limit of detection while retaining the advantages of rapid antibodyantigen interaction. In this review, a summary of these proteinprotein interactions as well as the challenges, benefits, and recent improvements to protein based LFA for detection of COVID-19 are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farbod Mahmoudinobar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - Dustin Britton
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - Jin Kim Montclare
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
- Department of Chemistry New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
- Department of Biomaterials New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
- Department of Radiology New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
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48
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Amarilla AA, Modhiran N, Setoh YX, Peng NYG, Sng JDJ, Liang B, McMillan CLD, Freney ME, Cheung STM, Chappell KJ, Khromykh AA, Young PR, Watterson D. An Optimized High-Throughput Immuno-Plaque Assay for SARS-CoV-2. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:625136. [PMID: 33643253 PMCID: PMC7906992 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.625136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been identified as the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 and is capable of human-to-human transmission and rapid global spread. The rapid emergence and global spread of SARS-CoV-2 has encouraged the establishment of a rapid, sensitive, and reliable viral detection and quantification methodology. Here, we present an alternative assay, termed immuno-plaque assay (iPA), which utilizes a combination of plaque assay and immunofluorescence techniques. We have extensively optimized the conditions for SARS-CoV-2 infection and demonstrated the great flexibility of iPA detection using several antibodies and dual-probing with two distinct epitope-specific antibodies. In addition, we showed that iPA could be utilized for ultra-high-throughput viral titration and neutralization assay within 24 h and is amenable to a 384-well format. These advantages will significantly accelerate SARS-CoV-2 research outcomes during this pandemic period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto A Amarilla
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Naphak Modhiran
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,The Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Yin Xiang Setoh
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Nias Y G Peng
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Julian D J Sng
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Benjamin Liang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Christopher L D McMillan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Morgan E Freney
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Stacey T M Cheung
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Keith J Chappell
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,The Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Alexander A Khromykh
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul R Young
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,The Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Daniel Watterson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,The Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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49
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Keiser PT, Anantpadma M, Staples H, Carrion R, Davey RA. Automation of Infectious Focus Assay for Determination of Filovirus Titers and Direct Comparison to Plaque and TCID 50 Assays. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9010156. [PMID: 33445537 PMCID: PMC7826780 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ongoing efforts to develop effective therapies against filoviruses rely, to different extents, on quantifying the amount of viable virus in samples by plaque, TCID50, and focus assays. Unfortunately, these techniques have inherent variance, and laboratory-specific preferences make direct comparison of data difficult. Additionally, human errors such as operator errors and subjective bias can further compound the differences in outcomes. To overcome these biases, we developed a computer-based automated image-processing method for a focus assay based on the open-source CellProfiler software platform, which enables high-throughput screening of many treatment samples at one time. We compared virus titers calculated using this platform to plaque and TCID50 assays using common stocks of virus for 3 major Filovirus species, Zaire ebolavirus, Sudan ebolavirus, and Marburg marburgvirus with each assay performed by multiple operators on multiple days. We show that plaque assays give comparable findings that differ by less than 3-fold. Focus-forming unit (FFU) and TCID50 assays differ by 10-fold or less from the plaque assays due a higher (FFU) and lower (TCID50) sensitivity. However, reproducibility and accuracy of each assay differs significantly with Neutral Red Agarose Overlay plaque assays and TCID50 with the lowest reproducibility due to subjective analysis and operator error. Both crystal violet methylcellulose overlay plaque assay and focus assays perform best for accuracy and the focus assay performs best for speed and throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T. Keiser
- Department of Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Disease Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (P.T.K.); (M.A.)
- Disease Intervention & Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA; (H.S.); (R.C.)
| | - Manu Anantpadma
- Department of Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Disease Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (P.T.K.); (M.A.)
- Disease Intervention & Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA; (H.S.); (R.C.)
| | - Hilary Staples
- Disease Intervention & Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA; (H.S.); (R.C.)
| | - Ricardo Carrion
- Disease Intervention & Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA; (H.S.); (R.C.)
| | - Robert A. Davey
- Department of Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Disease Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (P.T.K.); (M.A.)
- Disease Intervention & Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA; (H.S.); (R.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-617-358-9166
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50
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Gu J, Wu J, Fang D, Qiu Y, Zou X, Jia X, Yin Y, Shen L, Mao L. Exosomes cloak the virion to transmit Enterovirus 71 non-lytically. Virulence 2021; 11:32-38. [PMID: 31885311 PMCID: PMC6961726 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2019.1705022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a non-enveloped virus and it can be released from host cells through a traditional cytolytic manner. Now, we showed EV71 could be spread non-lytically between cells during early viral infection. In order to explain this phenomenon, we separated supernatant fluids of rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells cultures infected with EV71 by isopycnic gradient centrifugation. Two populations of virus particles were morphology indistinguishable by transmission electron microscope (TEM). It showed that some EV71 particles were wrapped inside extracellular vesicles which were verified to be exosomes by immunoassay and morphologic analysis. In addition, exosomes containing viral RNA were shed in plasma of EV71-infected encephalitis in children. Our findings indicate that the “non-enveloped” EV71 virions could be wrapped within exosomes which promote their spread in the absence of cell lysis. Abbreviation: EV71: enterovirus 71; EXO: exosome; RD: rhabdomyosarcoma; TEM: transmission electron microscope; HFMD: hand, foot, and mouth disease; HIV: immunodeficiency virus; HCV: hepatitis C virus; HTLV: Human T-cell lymphotropic virus; HAV: hepatitis A virus; MOI: multiplicity of infection; EVs: extracellular vesicles; VP1: viral capsid protein 1; NTA: nanoparticle tracking analysis; CNS: central nervous system
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Gu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Daihua Fang
- Clinical Laboratory, Xuzhou children's hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinran Zou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaonan Jia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yiqian Yin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Li Shen
- Clinical Laboratory, Zhenjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lingxiang Mao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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