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Leppänen N, Kaljunen H, Takala E, Kaarijärvi R, Mäkinen PI, Ylä-Herttuala S, Paatero I, Paakinaho V, Ketola K. SIX2 promotes cell plasticity via Wnt/β-catenin signalling in androgen receptor independent prostate cancer. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:5610-5623. [PMID: 38554106 PMCID: PMC11162805 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of androgen receptor (AR) inhibitors in prostate cancer gives rise to increased cellular lineage plasticity resulting in resistance to AR-targeted therapies. In this study, we examined the chromatin landscape of AR-positive prostate cancer cells post-exposure to the AR inhibitor enzalutamide. We identified a novel regulator of cell plasticity, the homeobox transcription factor SIX2, whose motif is enriched in accessible chromatin regions after treatment. Depletion of SIX2 in androgen-independent PC-3 prostate cancer cells induced a switch from a stem-like to an epithelial state, resulting in reduced cancer-related properties such as proliferation, colony formation, and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. These effects were mediated through the downregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway and subsequent reduction of nuclear β-catenin. Collectively, our findings provide compelling evidence that the depletion of SIX2 may represent a promising strategy for overcoming the cell plasticity mechanisms driving antiandrogen resistance in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noora Leppänen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heidi Kaljunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eerika Takala
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Roosa Kaarijärvi
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petri I Mäkinen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Heart Center and Gene Therapy Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ilkka Paatero
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Ville Paakinaho
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kirsi Ketola
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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2
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Perl AJ, Liu H, Hass M, Adhikari N, Chaturvedi P, Hu YC, Jiang R, Liu Y, Kopan R. Reduced Nephron Endowment in Six2-TGCtg Mice Is Due to Six3 Misexpression by Aberrant Enhancer-Promoter Interactions in the Transgene. J Am Soc Nephrol 2024; 35:566-577. [PMID: 38447671 PMCID: PMC11149036 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Key Points Aberrant enhancer–promoter interactions detected by Hi-C drive ectopic expression of Six3 in the Six2TGCtg line. Disruption of Six3 in the Six2TGCtg line restores nephron number, implicating SIX3 interference with SIX2 function in nephron progenitor cell renewal. Background Lifelong kidney function relies on the complement of nephrons generated during mammalian development from a mesenchymal nephron progenitor cell population. Low nephron endowment confers increased susceptibility to CKD. Reduced nephron numbers in the popular Six2TGC transgenic mouse line may be due to disruption of a regulatory gene at the integration site and/or ectopic expression of a gene(s) contained within the transgene. Methods Targeted locus amplification was performed to identify the integration site of the Six2TGC transgene. Genome-wide chromatin conformation capture (Hi-C) datasets were generated from nephron progenitor cells isolated from the Six2TGC +/tg mice, the Cited1 CreERT2/+ control mice, and the Six2TGC +/tg ; Tsc1 +/Flox mice that exhibited restored nephron number compared with Six2TGC +/tg mice. Modified transgenic mice lacking the C-terminal domain of Six3 were used to evaluate the mechanism of nephron number reduction in the Six2TGC +/tg mouse line. Results Targeted locus amplification revealed integration of the Six2TGC transgene within an intron of Cntnap5a on chr1, and Hi-C analysis mapped the precise integration of Six2TGC and Cited1 CreERT2 transgenes to chr1 and chr14, respectively. No changes in topology, accessibility, or expression were observed within the 50-megabase region centered on Cntnap5a in Six2TGC +/tg mice compared with control mice. By contrast, we identified an aberrant regulatory interaction between a Six2 distal enhancer and the Six3 promoter contained within the transgene. Increasing the Six2TGC tg to Six2 locus ratio or removing one Six2 allele in Six2TGC +/tg mice caused severe renal hypoplasia. Furthermore, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats disruption of Six3 within the transgene (Six2TGC ∆Six3CT ) restored nephron endowment to wild-type levels and abolished the stoichiometric effect. Conclusions These findings broadly demonstrate the utility of Hi-C data in mapping transgene integration sites and architecture. Data from genetic and biochemical studies together suggest that in Six2TGC kidneys, SIX3 interferes with SIX2 function in nephron progenitor cell renewal through its C-terminal domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J. Perl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Matthew Hass
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Nirpesh Adhikari
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Praneet Chaturvedi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Yueh-Chiang Hu
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Rulang Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Yaping Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Raphael Kopan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Long HY, Qian ZP, Lan Q, Xu YJ, Da JJ, Yu FX, Zha Y. Human pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney organoids: Current progress and challenges. World J Stem Cells 2024; 16:114-125. [PMID: 38455108 PMCID: PMC10915962 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v16.i2.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived kidney organoids share similarities with the fetal kidney. However, the current hPSC-derived kidney organoids have some limitations, including the inability to perform nephrogenesis and lack of a corticomedullary definition, uniform vascular system, and coordinated exit pathway for urinary filtrate. Therefore, further studies are required to produce hPSC-derived kidney organoids that accurately mimic human kidneys to facilitate research on kidney development, regeneration, disease modeling, and drug screening. In this review, we discussed recent advances in the generation of hPSC-derived kidney organoids, how these organoids contribute to the understanding of human kidney development and research in disease modeling. Additionally, the limitations, future research focus, and applications of hPSC-derived kidney organoids were highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yan Long
- Graduate School, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Zu-Ping Qian
- Graduate School, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Qin Lan
- Graduate School, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Yong-Jie Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550002, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Jing-Jing Da
- Department of Nephrology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550002, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Fu-Xun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Immune Diseases, National Health Commission, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550002, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Yan Zha
- Graduate School, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou Province, China
- Department of Nephrology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550002, Guizhou Province, China.
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4
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Perl AJ, Liu H, Hass M, Adhikari N, Chaturvedi P, Hu YC, Jiang R, Liu Y, Kopan R. Reduced nephron endowment in the common Six2-TGC tg mouse line is due to Six3 misexpression by aberrant enhancer-promoter interactions in the transgene. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.06.561202. [PMID: 37873415 PMCID: PMC10592608 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.06.561202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Lifelong kidney function relies on the complement of nephrons generated during mammalian development from a mesenchymal nephron progenitor cell (NPC) population. Low nephron endowment confers increased susceptibility to chronic kidney disease. We asked whether reduced nephron numbers in the popular Six2TGC transgenic mouse line 1 was due to disruption of a regulatory gene at the integration site or to ectopic expression of a gene(s) contained within the transgene. Targeted locus amplification identified integration of the Six2TGC transgene within an intron of Cntnap5a on chr1. We generated Hi-C datasets from NPCs isolated from the Six2TGC tg/+ mice, the Cited1 CreERT2/+ control mice, and the Six2TGC tg/+ ; Tsc1 +/Flox,2 mice that exhibited restored nephron number compared with Six2TGC tg/+ mice, and mapped the precise integration of Six2TGC and Cited1 CreERT2 transgenes to chr1 and chr14, respectively. No changes in topology, accessibility, or expression were observed within the 50-megabase region centered on Cntnap5a in Six2TGC tg/+ mice compared with control mice. By contrast, we identified an aberrant regulatory interaction between a Six2 distal enhancer and the Six3 promoter contained within the transgene. Increasing the Six2TGC tg to Six2 locus ratio or removing one Six2 allele in Six2TGC tg/+ mice, caused severe renal hypoplasia. Furthermore, CRISPR disruption of Six3 within the transgene ( Six2TGC Δ Six3CT ) restored nephron endowment to wildtype levels and abolished the stoichiometric effect. Data from genetic and biochemical studies together suggest that in Six2TGC, SIX3 interferes with SIX2 function in NPC renewal through its C-terminal domain. Significance Using high-resolution chromatin conformation and accessibility datasets we mapped the integration site of two popular transgenes used in studies of nephron progenitor cells and kidney development. Aberrant enhancer-promoter interactions drive ectopic expression of Six3 in the Six2TGC tg line which was correlated with disruption of nephrogenesis. Disruption of Six3 within the transgene restored nephron numbers to control levels; further genetic and biochemical studies suggest that Six3 interferes with Six2 -mediated regulation of NPC renewal.
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5
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Perl AJ, Schuh MP, Kopan R. Regulation of nephron progenitor cell lifespan and nephron endowment. Nat Rev Nephrol 2022; 18:683-695. [PMID: 36104510 PMCID: PMC11078284 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-022-00620-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Low nephron number - resulting, for example, from prematurity or developmental anomalies - is a risk factor for the development of hypertension, chronic kidney disease and kidney failure. Considerable interest therefore exists in the mechanisms that regulate nephron endowment and contribute to the premature cessation of nephrogenesis following preterm birth. The cessation of nephrogenesis in utero or shortly after birth is synchronized across multiple niches in all mammals, and is coupled with the exhaustion of nephron progenitor cells. Consequently, no nephrons are formed after the cessation of developmental nephrogenesis, and lifelong renal function therefore depends on the complement of nephrons generated during gestation. In humans, a tenfold variation in nephron endowment between individuals contributes to differences in susceptibility to kidney disease; however, the mechanisms underlying this variation are not yet clear. Salient advances in our understanding of environmental inputs, and of intrinsic molecular mechanisms that contribute to the regulation of cessation timing or nephron progenitor cell exhaustion, have the potential to inform interventions to enhance nephron endowment and improve lifelong kidney health for susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J Perl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Meredith P Schuh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Raphael Kopan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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6
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Motojima M, Tanaka M, Kume T. Foxc1 and Foxc2 are indispensable for maintenance of progenitors of nephron and stroma in the developing kidney. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:276938. [PMID: 36073617 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephron development proceeds with reciprocal interactions among three layers: nephron progenitors (NPs), ureteric buds, and stromal progenitors (SPs). We found Foxc1 and Foxc2 (Foxc1/2) expression in NPs and SPs. Systemic deletion of Foxc1/2 two days after the onset of metanephros development (E13.5) resulted in epithelialization of NPs and ectopic formation of renal vesicles. NP-specific deletion did not cause these phenotypes, indicating that Foxc1/2 in other cells (likely in SPs) contributed to the maintenance of NPs. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis revealed NP and SP subpopulations, the border between committed NPs and renewing NPs, and similarity among cortical interstitium and vascular smooth muscle type cells. Integrated analysis of the control and knockout data indicated transformation of some NPs to strange cells expressing markers of vascular endothelium, reduced numbers of self-renewing NP and SP populations, downregulation of crucial genes for kidney development such as Fgf20 and Frem1 in NPs, and Foxd1 and Sall1 in SPs. It also revealed upregulation of genes that were not usually expressed in NPs and SPs. Thus, Foxc1/2 maintains NPs and SPs by regulating the expression of multiple genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Motojima
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tanaka
- Medical Science College Office, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kume
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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7
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Jarmas AE, Brunskill EW, Chaturvedi P, Salomonis N, Kopan R. Progenitor translatome changes coordinated by Tsc1 increase perception of Wnt signals to end nephrogenesis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6332. [PMID: 34732708 PMCID: PMC8566581 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26626-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian nephron endowment is determined by the coordinated cessation of nephrogenesis in independent niches. Here we report that translatome analysis in Tsc1+/- nephron progenitor cells from mice with elevated nephron numbers reveals how differential translation of Wnt antagonists over agonists tips the balance between self-renewal and differentiation. Wnt agonists are poorly translated in young niches, resulting in an environment with low R-spondin and high Fgf20 promoting self-renewal. In older niches we find increased translation of Wnt agonists, including R-spondin and the signalosome-promoting Tmem59, and low Fgf20, promoting differentiation. This suggests that the tipping point for nephron progenitor exit from the niche is controlled by the gradual increase in stability and possibly clustering of Wnt/Fzd complexes in individual cells, enhancing the response to ureteric bud-derived Wnt9b inputs and driving synchronized differentiation. As predicted by these findings, removing one Rspo3 allele in nephron progenitors delays cessation and increases nephron numbers in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison E Jarmas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Eric W Brunskill
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Praneet Chaturvedi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nathan Salomonis
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Raphael Kopan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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8
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Ryan AR, England AR, Chaney CP, Cowdin MA, Hiltabidle M, Daniel E, Gupta AK, Oxburgh L, Carroll TJ, Cleaver O. Vascular deficiencies in renal organoids and ex vivo kidney organogenesis. Dev Biol 2021; 477:98-116. [PMID: 34000274 PMCID: PMC8382085 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end stage renal disease (ESRD) are increasingly frequent and devastating conditions that have driven a surge in the need for kidney transplantation. A stark shortage of organs has fueled interest in generating viable replacement tissues ex vivo for transplantation. One promising approach has been self-organizing organoids, which mimic developmental processes and yield multicellular, organ-specific tissues. However, a recognized roadblock to this approach is that many organoid cell types fail to acquire full maturity and function. Here, we comprehensively assess the vasculature in two distinct kidney organoid models as well as in explanted embryonic kidneys. Using a variety of methods, we show that while organoids can develop a wide range of kidney cell types, as previously shown, endothelial cells (ECs) initially arise but then rapidly regress over time in culture. Vasculature of cultured embryonic kidneys exhibit similar regression. By contrast, engraftment of kidney organoids under the kidney capsule results in the formation of a stable, perfused vasculature that integrates into the organoid. This work demonstrates that kidney organoids offer a promising model system to define the complexities of vascular-nephron interactions, but the establishment and maintenance of a vascular network present unique challenges when grown ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne R Ryan
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Alicia R England
- Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Christopher P Chaney
- Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Mitzy A Cowdin
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Max Hiltabidle
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Edward Daniel
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Thomas J Carroll
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ondine Cleaver
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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9
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Puelles VG, Combes AN, Bertram JF. Clearly imaging and quantifying the kidney in 3D. Kidney Int 2021; 100:780-786. [PMID: 34089762 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
For decades, measurements of kidney microanatomy using 2-dimensional sections has provided us with a detailed knowledge of kidney morphology under physiological and pathological conditions. However, the rapid development of tissue clearing methods in recent years, in combination with the development of novel 3-dimensional imaging modalities have provided new insights into kidney structure and function. This review article describes a range of novel insights into kidney development and disease obtained recently using these new methodological approaches. For example, in the developing kidney these approaches have provided new understandings of ureteric branching morphogenesis, nephron progenitor cell proliferation and commitment, interactions between ureteric tip cells and nephron progenitor cells, and the establishment of nephron segmentation. In whole adult mouse kidneys, tissue clearing combined with light sheet microscopy can image and quantify the total number of glomeruli, a major breakthrough in the field. Similar approaches have provided new insights into the structure of the renal vasculature and innervation, tubulointerstitial remodeling, podocyte loss and hypertrophy, cyst formation, the evolution of cellular crescents, and the structure of the glomerular filtration barrier. Many more advances in the understanding of kidney biology and pathology can be expected as additional clearing and imaging techniques are developed and adopted by more investigators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor G Puelles
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, and Stem Cells and Development Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alexander N Combes
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, and Stem Cells and Development Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John F Bertram
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, and Stem Cells and Development Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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10
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Rogg M, Maier JI, Dotzauer R, Artelt N, Kretz O, Helmstädter M, Abed A, Sammarco A, Sigle A, Sellung D, Dinse P, Reiche K, Yasuda-Yamahara M, Biniossek ML, Walz G, Werner M, Endlich N, Schilling O, Huber TB, Schell C. SRGAP1 Controls Small Rho GTPases To Regulate Podocyte Foot Process Maintenance. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:563-579. [PMID: 33514561 PMCID: PMC7920176 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020081126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research demonstrated that small Rho GTPases, modulators of the actin cytoskeleton, are drivers of podocyte foot-process effacement in glomerular diseases, such as FSGS. However, a comprehensive understanding of the regulatory networks of small Rho GTPases in podocytes is lacking. METHODS We conducted an analysis of podocyte transcriptome and proteome datasets for Rho GTPases; mapped in vivo, podocyte-specific Rho GTPase affinity networks; and examined conditional knockout mice and murine disease models targeting Srgap1. To evaluate podocyte foot-process morphology, we used super-resolution microscopy and electron microscopy; in situ proximity ligation assays were used to determine the subcellular localization of the small GTPase-activating protein SRGAP1. We performed functional analysis of CRISPR/Cas9-generated SRGAP1 knockout podocytes in two-dimensional and three-dimensional cultures and quantitative interaction proteomics. RESULTS We demonstrated SRGAP1 localization to podocyte foot processes in vivo and to cellular protrusions in vitro. Srgap1fl/fl*Six2Cre but not Srgap1fl/fl*hNPHS2Cre knockout mice developed an FSGS-like phenotype at adulthood. Podocyte-specific deletion of Srgap1 by hNPHS2Cre resulted in increased susceptibility to doxorubicin-induced nephropathy. Detailed analysis demonstrated significant effacement of podocyte foot processes. Furthermore, SRGAP1-knockout podocytes showed excessive protrusion formation and disinhibition of the small Rho GTPase machinery in vitro. Evaluation of a SRGAP1-dependent interactome revealed the involvement of SRGAP1 with protrusive and contractile actin networks. Analysis of glomerular biopsy specimens translated these findings toward human disease by displaying a pronounced redistribution of SRGAP1 in FSGS. CONCLUSIONS SRGAP1, a podocyte-specific RhoGAP, controls podocyte foot-process architecture by limiting the activity of protrusive, branched actin networks. Therefore, elucidating the complex regulatory small Rho GTPase affinity network points to novel targets for potentially precise intervention in glomerular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Rogg
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jasmin I. Maier
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Dotzauer
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Artelt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Oliver Kretz
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Helmstädter
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ahmed Abed
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alena Sammarco
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - August Sigle
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Sellung
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,Department of Neurology, Heimer Institute for Muscle Research, University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Patrick Dinse
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Karoline Reiche
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mako Yasuda-Yamahara
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Martin L. Biniossek
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerd Walz
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Werner
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Endlich
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Oliver Schilling
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias B. Huber
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Schell
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,Berta-Ottenstein Program, Medical Faculty, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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11
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Li H, Hohenstein P, Kuure S. Embryonic Kidney Development, Stem Cells and the Origin of Wilms Tumor. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020318. [PMID: 33672414 PMCID: PMC7926385 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult mammalian kidney is a poorly regenerating organ that lacks the stem cells that could replenish functional homeostasis similarly to, e.g., skin or the hematopoietic system. Unlike a mature kidney, the embryonic kidney hosts at least three types of lineage-specific stem cells that give rise to (a) a ureter and collecting duct system, (b) nephrons, and (c) mesangial cells together with connective tissue of the stroma. Extensive interest has been raised towards these embryonic progenitor cells, which are normally lost before birth in humans but remain part of the undifferentiated nephrogenic rests in the pediatric renal cancer Wilms tumor. Here, we discuss the current understanding of kidney-specific embryonic progenitor regulation in the innate environment of the developing kidney and the types of disruptions in their balanced regulation that lead to the formation of Wilms tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Peter Hohenstein
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Satu Kuure
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland;
- GM-Unit, Laboratory Animal Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-2941-59395
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12
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Li B, Zhu C, Dong L, Qin J, Xiang W, Davidson AJ, Feng S, Wang Y, Shen X, Weng C, Wang C, Zhu T, Teng L, Wang J, Englert C, Chen J, Jiang H. ADAM10 mediates ectopic proximal tubule development and renal fibrosis through Notch signalling. J Pathol 2020; 252:274-289. [PMID: 32715474 PMCID: PMC7702158 DOI: 10.1002/path.5517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Disturbed intrauterine development increases the risk of renal disease. Various studies have reported that Notch signalling plays a significant role in kidney development and kidney diseases. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain 10 (ADAM10), an upstream protease of the Notch pathway, is also reportedly involved in renal fibrosis. However, how ADAM10 interacts with the Notch pathway and causes renal fibrosis is not fully understood. In this study, using a prenatal chlorpyrifos (CPF) exposure mouse model, we investigated the role of the ADAM10/Notch axis in kidney development and fibrosis. We found that prenatal CPF‐exposure mice presented overexpression of Adam10, Notch1 and Notch2, and led to premature depletion of Six2+ nephron progenitors and ectopic formation of proximal tubules (PTs) in the embryonic kidney. These abnormal phenotypic changes persisted in mature kidneys due to the continuous activation of ADAM10/Notch and showed aggravated renal fibrosis in adults. Finally, both ADAM10 and NOTCH2 expression were positively correlated with the degree of renal interstitial fibrosis in IgA nephropathy patients, and increased ADAM10 expression was negatively correlated with decreased kidney function evaluated by serum creatinine, cystatin C, and estimated glomerular filtration rate. Regression analysis also indicated that ADAM10 expression was an independent risk factor for fibrosis in IgAN. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjue Li
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Nephropathy, Hangzhou, PR China.,Kidney Disease Immunology Laboratory, The Third-Grade Laboratory, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Hangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Multiple Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Hangzhou, PR China.,Institute of Nephropathy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Chaohong Zhu
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Nephropathy, Hangzhou, PR China.,Kidney Disease Immunology Laboratory, The Third-Grade Laboratory, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Hangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Multiple Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Hangzhou, PR China.,Institute of Nephropathy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Lihua Dong
- Molecular Genetics Lab, Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Jing Qin
- School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Wenyu Xiang
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Nephropathy, Hangzhou, PR China.,Kidney Disease Immunology Laboratory, The Third-Grade Laboratory, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Hangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Multiple Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Hangzhou, PR China.,Institute of Nephropathy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Alan J Davidson
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Shi Feng
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Nephropathy, Hangzhou, PR China.,Kidney Disease Immunology Laboratory, The Third-Grade Laboratory, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Hangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Multiple Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Hangzhou, PR China.,Institute of Nephropathy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yucheng Wang
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Nephropathy, Hangzhou, PR China.,Kidney Disease Immunology Laboratory, The Third-Grade Laboratory, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Hangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Multiple Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Hangzhou, PR China.,Institute of Nephropathy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiujin Shen
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Nephropathy, Hangzhou, PR China.,Kidney Disease Immunology Laboratory, The Third-Grade Laboratory, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Hangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Multiple Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Hangzhou, PR China.,Institute of Nephropathy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Chunhua Weng
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Nephropathy, Hangzhou, PR China.,Kidney Disease Immunology Laboratory, The Third-Grade Laboratory, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Hangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Multiple Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Hangzhou, PR China.,Institute of Nephropathy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Cuili Wang
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Nephropathy, Hangzhou, PR China.,Kidney Disease Immunology Laboratory, The Third-Grade Laboratory, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Hangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Multiple Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Hangzhou, PR China.,Institute of Nephropathy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Nephropathy, Hangzhou, PR China.,Kidney Disease Immunology Laboratory, The Third-Grade Laboratory, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Hangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Multiple Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Hangzhou, PR China.,Institute of Nephropathy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Lisha Teng
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Nephropathy, Hangzhou, PR China.,Kidney Disease Immunology Laboratory, The Third-Grade Laboratory, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Hangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Multiple Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Hangzhou, PR China.,Institute of Nephropathy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Junwen Wang
- Department of Health Sciences Research and Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.,College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Christoph Englert
- Molecular Genetics Lab, Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Jianghua Chen
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Nephropathy, Hangzhou, PR China.,Kidney Disease Immunology Laboratory, The Third-Grade Laboratory, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Hangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Multiple Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Hangzhou, PR China.,Institute of Nephropathy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Nephropathy, Hangzhou, PR China.,Kidney Disease Immunology Laboratory, The Third-Grade Laboratory, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Hangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Multiple Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Hangzhou, PR China.,Institute of Nephropathy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
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13
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Li C, Liu H, Hu YC, Lan Y, Jiang R. Generation and characterization of Six2 conditional mice. Genesis 2020; 58:e23365. [PMID: 32277572 PMCID: PMC7363584 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Heterozygous deletion of Six2, which encodes a member of sine oculis homeobox family transcription factors, has recently been associated with the frontonasal dysplasia syndrome FND4. Previous studies showed that Six2 is expressed in multiple tissues during craniofacial development in mice, including embryonic head mesoderm, postmigratory frontonasal neural crest cells, and epithelial and mesenchymal cells of the developing palate and nasal structures. Whereas Six2 -/- mice exhibited cranial base defects but did not recapitulate frontonasal phenotypes of FND4 patients, Six1 -/- Six2 -/- double mutant mice showed severe craniofacial defects including midline facial clefting. The complex phenotypes of FND4 patients and of Six1 -/- Six2 -/- mutant mice indicate that Six2 plays crucial roles in distinct cell types at multiple stages of craniofacial morphogenesis. Here we report generation of mice carrying insertions of a pair of loxP sites flanking exon-1 of the Six2 gene (Six2 f allele) using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing. We show that the Six2 f allele functions normally and is effectively inactivated by Cre-mediated recombination in vivo. Furthermore, we show that Six2 f/f ;Wnt1-Cre mice recapitulated cranial base defects but not neonatal lethality of Six2 -/- mice. These results indicate that Six2 f/f mice enable systematic investigation of cell type- and stage-specific Six2 function in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaochang Li
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Han Liu
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Yueh-Chiang Hu
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Yu Lan
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Rulang Jiang
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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14
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Wood-Bradley RJ, Henry SL, Barrand S, Giot A, Eipper L, Bertram JF, Cullen-McEwen LA, Armitage JA. Analysis of structure and gene expression in developing kidneys of male and female rats exposed to low protein diets in utero. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2020; 303:2657-2667. [PMID: 32567250 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A maternal low protein (LP) diet in rodents often results in low nephron endowment and renal pathophysiology in adult life, with outcomes often differing between male and female offspring. Precisely how a maternal LP diet results in low nephron endowment is unknown. We conducted morphological and molecular studies of branching morphogenesis and nephrogenesis to identify mechanisms and timepoints that might give rise to low nephron endowment. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a normal protein (19.4% protein, NP) or LP (9% protein) diet for 3 weeks prior to mating and throughout gestation. Embryonic day 14.25 (E14.25) kidneys from males and females were either cultured for 2 days after which branching morphogenesis was quantified, or frozen for gene expression analysis. Real-time PCR was used to quantify expression of key nephrogenesis and branching morphogenesis genes at E14.25 and 17.25. At E17.25, nephron number was determined in fixed tissue. There was no effect of either maternal diet or sex on branching morphogenesis. Nephron number at E17.25 was 14% lower in male and female LP offspring than in NP controls. At E14.25 expression levels of genes involved in branching morphogenesis (Gfrα1, Bmp4, Gdnf) and nephrogenesis (Hnf4a, Pax2, Wnt4) were similar in the dietary groups, but significant differences between sexes were identified. At E17.25, expression of Gfrα1, Gdnf, Bmp4, Pax2 and Six2 was lower in LP offspring than NP offspring, in both male and female offspring. These findings provide new insights into how a LP diet leads to low nephron endowment and renal sexual dimorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Wood-Bradley
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, and Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah L Henry
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, and Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sanna Barrand
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anais Giot
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Luke Eipper
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, and Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John F Bertram
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, and Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Luise A Cullen-McEwen
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, and Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - James A Armitage
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, and Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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15
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Little MH, Quinlan C. Advances in our understanding of genetic kidney disease using kidney organoids. Pediatr Nephrol 2020; 35:915-926. [PMID: 31065797 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-019-04259-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A significant proportion of kidney disease presenting in childhood is likely genetic in origin with a growing number of genes implicated in its development. However, many children may have changes in previously undescribed or unrecognised genes. The recent development of methods for generating human kidney organoids from human pluripotent stem cells has the potential to substantially change the rate of diagnosis and the development of new treatments for some forms of genetic kidney disease. In this review, we discuss how accurately a kidney organoid models the human kidney, identifying the strengths and weaknesses of these potentially patient-derived models of renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H Little
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd., Parkville, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Catherine Quinlan
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd., Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Rd., Parkville, VIC, Australia
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16
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The FGF, TGFβ and WNT axis Modulate Self-renewal of Human SIX2 + Urine Derived Renal Progenitor Cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:739. [PMID: 31959818 PMCID: PMC6970988 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57723-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human urine is a non-invasive source of renal stem cells with regeneration potential. Urine-derived renal progenitor cells were isolated from 10 individuals of both genders and distinct ages. These renal progenitors express pluripotency-associated proteins- TRA-1-60, TRA-1-81, SSEA4, C-KIT and CD133, as well as the renal stem cell markers -SIX2, CITED1, WT1, CD24 and CD106. The transcriptomes of all SIX2+ renal progenitors clustered together, and distinct from the human kidney biopsy-derived epithelial proximal cells (hREPCs). Stimulation of the urine-derived renal progenitor cells (UdRPCs) with the GSK3β-inhibitor (CHIR99021) induced differentiation. Transcriptome and KEGG pathway analysis revealed upregulation of WNT-associated genes- AXIN2, JUN and NKD1. Protein interaction network identified JUN- a downstream target of the WNT pathway in association with STAT3, ATF2 and MAPK1 as a putative negative regulator of self-renewal. Furthermore, like pluripotent stem cells, self-renewal is maintained by FGF2-driven TGFβ-SMAD2/3 pathway. The urine-derived renal progenitor cells and the data presented should lay the foundation for studying nephrogenesis in human.
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17
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Cheng N, Li H, Han Y, Sun S. Transcription factor Six2 induces a stem cell-like phenotype in renal cell carcinoma cells. FEBS Open Bio 2019; 9:1808-1816. [PMID: 31420918 PMCID: PMC6768107 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for 2-3% of adult malignant tumors, and the incidence of RCC worldwide has increased by about 2% over the past two decades. The homeobox protein Six2 has been shown to promote the stemness of breast cancer cells and play a role in kidney development, but its involvement in RCC progression has not previously been investigated. Here, we found that six2 expression was significantly increased in RCC tissues and negatively correlated with the overall survival of patients with RCC. In addition, six2 expression exhibited a remarkably higher level relative to that in normal renal cells. Functional experiments showed that six2 knockdown attenuated the stemness of RCC cells, which was evident by decreased spheroid formation ability and stemness marker (sox2 and nanog) expression. Mechanistic studies indicated that Six2 directly bound to the enhancer of sox2, promoting sox2 expression and downstream effector expression of nanog. Furthermore, overexpression of sox2 rescued the inhibitory effects of six2 on the stemness of RCC cells. Notably, six2 expression is positively correlated with sox2 and nanog expression in RCC tissues. Collectively, our results point toward a six2/sox2 axis responsible for RCC cell stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Cheng
- PediatricsShandong Provincial Qianfoshan HospitalJinanShandongChina
| | - Hongjuan Li
- PediatricsShandong Provincial Qianfoshan HospitalJinanShandongChina
| | - Yan Han
- PediatricsShandong Provincial Qianfoshan HospitalJinanShandongChina
| | - Shuzhen Sun
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Rheumatism and ImmunologyShandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong UniversityJinanChina
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18
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Combes AN, Phipson B, Lawlor KT, Dorison A, Patrick R, Zappia L, Harvey RP, Oshlack A, Little MH. Single cell analysis of the developing mouse kidney provides deeper insight into marker gene expression and ligand-receptor crosstalk. Development 2019; 146:dev.178673. [PMID: 31118232 DOI: 10.1242/dev.178673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the generation of kidney organoids and the culture of primary nephron progenitors from mouse and human have been based on knowledge of the molecular basis of kidney development in mice. Although gene expression during kidney development has been intensely investigated, single cell profiling provides new opportunities to further subsect component cell types and the signalling networks at play. Here, we describe the generation and analysis of 6732 single cell transcriptomes from the fetal mouse kidney [embryonic day (E)18.5] and 7853 sorted nephron progenitor cells (E14.5). These datasets provide improved resolution of cell types and specific markers, including subdivision of the renal stroma and heterogeneity within the nephron progenitor population. Ligand-receptor interaction and pathway analysis reveals novel crosstalk between cellular compartments and associates new pathways with differentiation of nephron and ureteric epithelium cell types. We identify transcriptional congruence between the distal nephron and ureteric epithelium, showing that most markers previously used to identify ureteric epithelium are not specific. Together, this work improves our understanding of metanephric kidney development and provides a template to guide the regeneration of renal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Combes
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia .,Cell Biology, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Belinda Phipson
- Cell Biology, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Kynan T Lawlor
- Cell Biology, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Aude Dorison
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Ralph Patrick
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2033, Australia
| | - Luke Zappia
- Cell Biology, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Richard P Harvey
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2033, Australia.,School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Alicia Oshlack
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Melissa H Little
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia .,Cell Biology, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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19
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Wu Y, Song T, Liu M, He Q, Chen L, Liu Y, Ni D, Liu J, Hu Y, Gu Y, Li Q, Zhou Q, Xie Y. PPARG Negatively Modulates Six2 in Tumor Formation of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. DNA Cell Biol 2019; 38:700-707. [PMID: 31090452 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2018.4549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial research has revealed that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARG) plays a critical role in glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism, and recent studies have shown different effects in the progression of different tumors. However, the role of PPARG and its target gene in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) are incompletely understood. Clinical data revealed abnormal glucolipid metabolism in primary ccRCC samples. In addition, transcriptional profiling indicated that PPARG expression was positively correlated, whereas Six2 expression was negatively correlated with the overall survival of ccRCC patients. Staining showed that PPARG was mainly expressed in tumor cell cytoplasm, and Six2 was localized to the nuclei. In a ccRCC cell line, PPARG activation promoted cell apoptosis, inhibited cell migration and proliferation, and reduced Six2 expression. Mechanistically, overexpressing Six2 downregulated E-cadherin expression and cell apoptosis, but PPARG activation reversed those effects. Taken together, PPARG promotes apoptosis and suppresses the migration and proliferation of ccRCC cells by inhibiting Six2. These findings reveal that the PPARG/Six2 axis acts as a central pathobiological mediator of ccRCC formation and as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of patients with ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Wu
- 1 The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tao Song
- 2 Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingwei Liu
- 1 The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingling He
- 1 The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Chen
- 1 The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yamin Liu
- 1 The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dongsheng Ni
- 1 The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianing Liu
- 1 The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanxia Hu
- 1 The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuping Gu
- 1 The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qianyin Li
- 1 The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- 1 The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yajun Xie
- 1 The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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20
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Zheng L, Guo Q, Xiang C, Liu S, Jiang Y, Gao L, Ni H, Wang T, Zhao Q, Liu H, Xing Y, Wang Y, Li X, Xi T. Transcriptional factor six2 promotes the competitive endogenous RNA network between CYP4Z1 and pseudogene CYP4Z2P responsible for maintaining the stemness of breast cancer cells. J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:23. [PMID: 30832689 PMCID: PMC6399913 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0697-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The expression of CYP4Z1 and the pseudogene CYP4Z2P has been shown to be specifically increased in breast cancer by our group and others. Additionally, we previously revealed the roles of the competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network mediated by these genes (ceRNET_CC) in breast cancer angiogenesis, apoptosis, and tamoxifen resistance. However, the roles of ceRNET_CC in regulating the stemness of breast cancer cells and the mechanisms through which ceRNET_CC is regulated remain unclear. Methods Transcriptional factor six2, CYP4Z1-3′UTR, and CYP4Z2P-3′UTR were stably overexpressed or knocked down in breast cancer cells via lentivirus infection. ChIP-sequencing and RNA-sequencing analysis were performed to reveal the mechanism through which ceRNET_CC is regulated and the transcriptome change mediated by ceRNET_CC. Clinical samples were used to validate the correlation between six2 and ceRNET_CC. Finally, the effects of the six2/ceRNET_CC axis on the stemness of breast cancer cells and chemotherapy sensitivity were evaluated by in vitro and in vivo experiments. Results We revealed that ceRNET_CC promoted the stemness of breast cancer cells. Mechanistically, six2 activated ceRNET_CC by directly binding to their promoters, thus activating the downstream PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 pathways. Finally, we demonstrated that the six2/ceRNET_CC axis was involved in chemoresistance. Conclusions Our results uncover the mechanism through which ceRNET_CC is regulated, identify novel roles for the six2/ceRNET_CC axis in regulating the stemness of breast cancer cells, and propose the possibility of targeting the six2/ceRNET_CC axis to inhibit breast cancer stem cell (CSC) traits. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13045-019-0697-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lufeng Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qianqian Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Chenxi Xiang
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shijia Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yuzhang Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huai An First People's Hospital, Huai An, 223300, China
| | - Lanlan Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Haiwei Ni
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qiong Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Hai Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yingying Xing
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yaohui Wang
- Department of Pathology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiaoman Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Tao Xi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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21
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Hochane M, van den Berg PR, Fan X, Bérenger-Currias N, Adegeest E, Bialecka M, Nieveen M, Menschaart M, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM, Semrau S. Single-cell transcriptomics reveals gene expression dynamics of human fetal kidney development. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000152. [PMID: 30789893 PMCID: PMC6400406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The current understanding of mammalian kidney development is largely based on mouse models. Recent landmark studies revealed pervasive differences in renal embryogenesis between mouse and human. The scarcity of detailed gene expression data in humans therefore hampers a thorough understanding of human kidney development and the possible developmental origin of kidney diseases. In this paper, we present a single-cell transcriptomics study of the human fetal kidney. We identified 22 cell types and a host of marker genes. Comparison of samples from different developmental ages revealed continuous gene expression changes in podocytes. To demonstrate the usefulness of our data set, we explored the heterogeneity of the nephrogenic niche, localized podocyte precursors, and confirmed disease-associated marker genes. With close to 18,000 renal cells from five different developmental ages, this study provides a rich resource for the elucidation of human kidney development, easily accessible through an interactive web application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazène Hochane
- Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Xueying Fan
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Esmée Adegeest
- Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Monika Bialecka
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike Nieveen
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Susana M. Chuva de Sousa Lopes
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefan Semrau
- Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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22
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Wanner N, Vornweg J, Combes A, Wilson S, Plappert J, Rafflenbeul G, Puelles VG, Rahman RU, Liwinski T, Lindner S, Grahammer F, Kretz O, Wlodek ME, Romano T, Moritz KM, Boerries M, Busch H, Bonn S, Little MH, Bechtel-Walz W, Huber TB. DNA Methyltransferase 1 Controls Nephron Progenitor Cell Renewal and Differentiation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 30:63-78. [PMID: 30518531 PMCID: PMC6317605 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2018070736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nephron number is a major determinant of long-term renal function and cardiovascular risk. Observational studies suggest that maternal nutritional and metabolic factors during gestation contribute to the high variability of nephron endowment. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms have been unclear. METHODS We used mouse models, including DNA methyltransferase (Dnmt1, Dnmt3a, and Dnmt3b) knockout mice, optical projection tomography, three-dimensional reconstructions of the nephrogenic niche, and transcriptome and DNA methylation analysis to characterize the role of DNA methylation for kidney development. RESULTS We demonstrate that DNA hypomethylation is a key feature of nutritional kidney growth restriction in vitro and in vivo, and that DNA methyltransferases Dnmt1 and Dnmt3a are highly enriched in the nephrogenic zone of the developing kidneys. Deletion of Dnmt1 in nephron progenitor cells (in contrast to deletion of Dnmt3a or Dnm3b) mimics nutritional models of kidney growth restriction and results in a substantial reduction of nephron number as well as renal hypoplasia at birth. In Dnmt1-deficient mice, optical projection tomography and three-dimensional reconstructions uncovered a significant reduction of stem cell niches and progenitor cells. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that global DNA hypomethylation interferes in the progenitor cell regulatory network, leading to downregulation of genes crucial for initiation of nephrogenesis, Wt1 and its target Wnt4. Derepression of germline genes, protocadherins, Rhox genes, and endogenous retroviral elements resulted in the upregulation of IFN targets and inhibitors of cell cycle progression. CONCLUSIONS These findings establish DNA methylation as a key regulatory event of prenatal renal programming, which possibly represents a fundamental link between maternal nutritional factors during gestation and reduced nephron number.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Vornweg
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine IV, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and
- Faculty of Biology
| | - Alexander Combes
- Anatomy and Neuroscience
- Cell Biology Theme, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Julia Plappert
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine IV, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and
| | - Gesa Rafflenbeul
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine IV, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and
| | | | - Raza-Ur Rahman
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, and
| | - Timur Liwinski
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, and
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Saskia Lindner
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine IV, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and
| | | | - Oliver Kretz
- III. Department of Medicine
- Department of Neuroanatomy, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Tania Romano
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karen M Moritz
- Child Health Research Centre and School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Melanie Boerries
- German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research
| | - Hauke Busch
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, Lübeck, Germany; and
| | - Stefan Bonn
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research
- Laboratory of Computational Systems Biology, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Melissa H Little
- Cell Biology Theme, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Wibke Bechtel-Walz
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine IV, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and
| | - Tobias B Huber
- III. Department of Medicine,
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine IV, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS) and Center for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), and
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Departments of
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23
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Ihermann-Hella A, Hirashima T, Kupari J, Kurtzeborn K, Li H, Kwon HN, Cebrian C, Soofi A, Dapkunas A, Miinalainen I, Dressler GR, Matsuda M, Kuure S. Dynamic MAPK/ERK Activity Sustains Nephron Progenitors through Niche Regulation and Primes Precursors for Differentiation. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 11:912-928. [PMID: 30220628 PMCID: PMC6178244 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vivo niche and basic cellular properties of nephron progenitors are poorly described. Here we studied the cellular organization and function of the MAPK/ERK pathway in nephron progenitors. Live-imaging of ERK activity by a Förster resonance energy transfer biosensor revealed a dynamic activation pattern in progenitors, whereas differentiating precursors exhibited sustained activity. Genetic experiments demonstrate that MAPK/ERK activity controls the thickness, coherence, and integrity of the nephron progenitor niche. Molecularly, MAPK/ERK activity regulates niche organization and communication with extracellular matrix through PAX2 and ITGA8, and is needed for CITED1 expression denoting undifferentiated status. MAPK/ERK activation in nephron precursors propels differentiation by priming cells for distal and proximal fates induced by the Wnt and Notch pathways. Thus, our results demonstrate a mechanism through which MAPK/ERK activity controls both progenitor maintenance and differentiation by regulating a distinct set of targets, which maintain the biomechanical milieu of tissue-residing progenitors and prime precursors for nephrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tsuyoshi Hirashima
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine & Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Jussi Kupari
- HiLIFE and Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | | | - Hao Li
- HiLIFE and Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Hyuk Nam Kwon
- HiLIFE and Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Cristina Cebrian
- Developmental Biology Division, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Abdul Soofi
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Arvydas Dapkunas
- Medicum and Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility/HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Ilkka Miinalainen
- Department of Pathology (Biocenter Oulu), University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland
| | - Gregory R Dressler
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Michiyuki Matsuda
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine & Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Satu Kuure
- HiLIFE and Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland; GM-Unit, LAC/ HiLIFE, and Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland.
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24
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Facultative dosage compensation of developmental genes on autosomes in Drosophila and mouse embryonic stem cells. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3626. [PMID: 30194291 PMCID: PMC6128902 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05642-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency and aneuploidy are two phenomena, where gene dosage alterations cause severe defects ultimately resulting in developmental failures and disease. One remarkable exception is the X chromosome, where copy number differences between sexes are buffered by dosage compensation systems. In Drosophila, the Male-Specific Lethal complex (MSLc) mediates upregulation of the single male X chromosome. The evolutionary origin and conservation of this process orchestrated by MSL2, the only male-specific protein within the fly MSLc, have remained unclear. Here, we report that MSL2, in addition to regulating the X chromosome, targets autosomal genes involved in patterning and morphogenesis. Precise regulation of these genes by MSL2 is required for proper development. This set of dosage-sensitive genes maintains such regulation during evolution, as MSL2 binds and similarly regulates mouse orthologues via Histone H4 lysine 16 acetylation. We propose that this gene-by-gene dosage compensation mechanism was co-opted during evolution for chromosome-wide regulation of the Drosophila male X. In Drosophila the Male-Specific Lethal complex (MSLc) mediates upregulation of the single male X chromosome. Here the authors provide evidence that MSL2 also targets autosomal genes required for proper development and that MSL2 binds and similarly regulates mouse orthologues.
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25
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Rahman MS, Spitzhorn LS, Wruck W, Hagenbeck C, Balan P, Graffmann N, Bohndorf M, Ncube A, Guillot PV, Fehm T, Adjaye J. The presence of human mesenchymal stem cells of renal origin in amniotic fluid increases with gestational time. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:113. [PMID: 29695308 PMCID: PMC5918774 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0864-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Established therapies for managing kidney dysfunction such as kidney dialysis and transplantation are limited due to the shortage of compatible donated organs and high costs. Stem cell-based therapies are currently under investigation as an alternative treatment option. As amniotic fluid is composed of fetal urine harboring mesenchymal stem cells (AF-MSCs), we hypothesized that third-trimester amniotic fluid could be a novel source of renal progenitor and differentiated cells. Methods Human third-trimester amniotic fluid cells (AFCs) were isolated and cultured in distinct media. These cells were characterized as renal progenitor cells with respect to cell morphology, cell surface marker expression, transcriptome and differentiation into chondrocytes, osteoblasts and adipocytes. To test for renal function, a comparative albumin endocytosis assay was performed using AF-MSCs and commercially available renal cells derived from kidney biopsies. Comparative transcriptome analyses of first, second and third trimester-derived AF-MSCs were conducted to monitor expression of renal-related genes. Results Regardless of the media used, AFCs showed expression of pluripotency-associated markers such as SSEA4, TRA-1-60, TRA-1-81 and C-Kit. They also express the mesenchymal marker Vimentin. Immunophenotyping confirmed that third-trimester AFCs are bona fide MSCs. AF-MSCs expressed the master renal progenitor markers SIX2 and CITED1, in addition to typical renal proteins such as PODXL, LHX1, BRN1 and PAX8. Albumin endocytosis assays demonstrated the functionality of AF-MSCs as renal cells. Additionally, upregulated expression of BMP7 and downregulation of WT1, CD133, SIX2 and C-Kit were observed upon activation of WNT signaling by treatment with the GSK-3 inhibitor CHIR99201. Transcriptome analysis and semiquantitative PCR revealed increasing expression levels of renal-specific genes (e.g., SALL1, HNF4B, SIX2) with gestational time. Moreover, AF-MSCs shared more genes with human kidney cells than with native MSCs and gene ontology terms revealed involvement of biological processes associated with kidney morphogenesis. Conclusions Third-trimester amniotic fluid contains AF-MSCs of renal origin and this novel source of kidney progenitors may have enormous future potentials for disease modeling, renal repair and drug screening. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-018-0864-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shaifur Rahman
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lucas-Sebastian Spitzhorn
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wasco Wruck
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Carsten Hagenbeck
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Percy Balan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nina Graffmann
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martina Bohndorf
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Audrey Ncube
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Pascale V Guillot
- Institute for Women's Health, Maternal and Fetal Medicine Department, University College London, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Tanja Fehm
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - James Adjaye
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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