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Xiong H, Ma F, Tang D, Liu D. Measures for preventing norovirus outbreaks on campus in economically underdeveloped areas and countries: evidence from rural areas in Western China. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1406133. [PMID: 38894991 PMCID: PMC11183813 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1406133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The outbreak of norovirus represents a significant public health emergency within densely populated, impoverished, and underdeveloped areas and countries. Our objective is to conduct an epidemiology study of a norovirus outbreak that occurred in a kindergarten located in rural western China. We aim to raise awareness and garner increased attention towards the prevention and control of norovirus, particularly in economically underdeveloped regions. Methods Retrospective on-site epidemiological investigation results, including data on school layout, case symptoms, onset time, disposal methods and sample testing results, questionnaire surveys, and case-control study were conducted in a kindergarten to analyze the underlying causes of the norovirus outbreak. Results A total of 15 cases were identified, with an attack rate of 44.12% (15/34). Among them, 10 cases were diagnosed through laboratory tests, and 5 cases were diagnosed clinically. Vomiting (100%, 15/15) and diarrhea (93.33%, 14/15) were the most common symptoms in the outbreak. Case control study revealed that cases who had close contact (<1 m) with the patient's vomitus (OR = 5.500) and those who had close contact with similar patients (OR = 8.000) had significantly higher ORs compared to the control participants. The current study demonstrated that improper handling of vomitus is positively associated with norovirus outbreak. The absence of standardized disinfection protocols heightens the risk of norovirus outbreaks. Conclusion To our knowledge, this study represents the first investigation into a norovirus outbreak in rural areas of western China. We aspire that amidst rapid economic development, a greater emphasis will be placed on the prevention and control of infectious diseases in economically underdeveloped areas and countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huali Xiong
- Department of Public Health, Health Commission of Rongchang District, Chongqing, China
- Center for Mental Health of Rongchang District, Chongqing, China
| | - Fengxun Ma
- Department of Public Health, The People's Hospital of Rongchang District, Chongqing, China
| | - Dayi Tang
- First Clinical College, Mudanjiang Medical College, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Daiqiang Liu
- Department of Hospital Information, The People's Hospital of Rongchang District, Chongqing, China
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Haque W, Talha M, Rahman S, Hasan M, Alam S, Hassan Z, Moni S, Khan SH, Hossain ME, Faruque ASG, Hasan SMT, Khan SH, Ahmed T, Zaman K, Rahman M. Rotavirus trends and distribution of genotypes before and during COVID-19 pandemic era: Bangladesh, 2017-2021. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29681. [PMID: 38773815 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Rotavirus gastroenteritis is accountable for an estimated 128 500 deaths among children younger than 5 years worldwide, and the majority occur in low-income countries. Although the clinical trials of rotavirus vaccines in Bangladesh revealed a significant reduction of severe rotavirus disease by around 50%, the vaccines are not yet included in the routine immunization program. The present study was designed to provide data on rotavirus diarrhea with clinical profiles and genotypes before (2017-2019) and during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020-2021). Fecal samples were collected from 2% of the diarrheal patients at icddr,b Dhaka hospital of all ages between January 2017 and December 2021 and were tested for VP6 rotavirus antigen using ELISA. The clinical manifestations such as fever, duration of diarrhea and hospitalization, number of stools, and dehydration and so on were collected from the surveillance database (n = 3127). Of the positive samples, 10% were randomly selected for genotyping using Sanger sequencing method. A total of 12 705 fecal samples were screened for rotavirus A antigen by enzyme immunoassay. Overall, 3369 (27%) were rotavirus antigen-positive, of whom children <2 years had the highest prevalence (88.6%). The risk of rotavirus A infection was 4.2 times higher in winter than in summer. Overall, G3P[8] was the most prominent genotype (45.3%), followed by G1P[8] (32.1%), G9P[8] (6.8%), and G2P[4] (6.1%). The other unusual combinations, such as G1P[4], G1P[6], G2P[6], G3P[4], G3P[6], and G9P[6], were also present. Genetic analysis on Bangladeshi strains revealed that the selection pressure (dN/dS) was estimated as <1. The number of hospital visits showed a 37% drop during the COVID-19 pandemic relative to the years before the pandemic. Conversely, there was a notable increase in the rate of rotavirus positivity during the pandemic (34%, p < 0.00) compared to the period before COVID-19 (23%). Among the various clinical symptoms, only the occurrence of watery stool significantly increased during the pandemic. The G2P[4] strain showed a sudden rise (19%) in 2020, which then declined in 2021. In the same year, G1P[8] was more prevalent than G3P[8] (40% vs. 38%, respectively). The remaining genotypes were negligible and did not exhibit much fluctuation. This study reveals that the rotavirus burden remained high during the COVID-19 prepandemic and pandemic in Bangladesh. Considering the lack of antigenic variations between the circulating and vaccine-targeted strains, integrating the vaccine into the national immunization program could reduce the prevalence of the disease, the number of hospitalizations, and the severity of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warda Haque
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Talha
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sezanur Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mehedi Hasan
- Department of Microbiology, Jagannath University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shaheen Alam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Zahid Hassan
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jagannath University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sayra Moni
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sadia H Khan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad E Hossain
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abu S G Faruque
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - S M Tafsir Hasan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Soroar H Khan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Khalequz Zaman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mustafizur Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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3
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Maldonado-Barrueco A, García-Rodríguez J, Ruiz-Carrascoso G. Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic on Prevalence and Incidence of Bacterial Gastroenteritis in Spain, 2019-2022. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2024; 21:279-287. [PMID: 38271584 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) against SARS-CoV-2 on bacterial gastroenteritis illnesses (BGIs), including Campylobacter spp., Aeromonas spp., Salmonella spp., Shigella spp./enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC), and Yersinia enterocolitica, in outpatients, inpatients, and emergency departments (ED). Data of patients from a health care area in Madrid (Spain) with diarrhea and positive-real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were collected. The periods analyzed were prepandemic (P0, April 1, 2019 to March 31, 2020), first (P1, April 1, 2020 to March 31, 2021), and second (P2, April 1, 2021 to March 31, 2022) pandemic years. We compared the prevalence, median age, patient profile, and absolute incidence (AI) per 100,000 population during the study periods using Fisher's test (p < 0.05). One thousand eighty-one (13.9%, [95% confidence interval, CI: 13.1-14.6]) of the 7793 patients tested during P0, 777 (13.3%, [95% CI: 12.4-14.2]) of the 5850 tested during P1, and 945 (12.4%, [95% CI: 11.7-13.2]) of the 7606 patients tested were positive for some BGIs. The global prevalence showed a decreasing trend that was statistically significant in P2. During P1, there was an increase in BGIs in the ED with a decrease of median age (p > 0.05). However, during P2, the prevalence for outpatients increased (p < 0.05). The individual prevalence analysis over the three periods remained homogeneous for most of the BGIs (p > 0.05). The AI of most BGIs showed a decreasing trend at P1 and P2 with respect to P0 (p > 0.05). However, Shigella spp./EIEC was the only BGI with a decrease in prevalence, and AI showed statistically significant variation in P1 and P2 (p < 0.05). The prevalence and AI for BGIs mostly showed a slight decrease during the first 2 pandemic years compared with the prepandemic may be explained by the greater impact of foodborne transmission on BGIs. The significant decrease in Shigella spp./EIEC illnesses could explain the mainly person-to-person transmission and the reduction of bacterial load in fomites for NPIs. This retrospective study was approved by the Ethics Committee with the code: HULP PI-5700.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julio García-Rodríguez
- Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
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Lin X, Xu M, Zhao Y, Ji F, Liu Y, Wang S, Chen M, Zhang W, Tao Z, Xu A. Environmental Surveillance of Human Astroviruses in Jinan City of China, 2020-2021. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2024; 16:50-57. [PMID: 38212480 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-023-09576-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Human astroviruses (HAstVs) are a significant etiological agent of acute gastroenteritis in children. In order to investigate the circulation of HAstVs during the COVID-19 pandemic, a 2-year environmental surveillance was conducted in Jinan between 2020 and 2021. A total of 24 sewage samples were collected and concentrated. Real-time PCR indicated a positive rate of 83.3%, 79.2% (19/24), and 62.5% for classic, MLB, and VA types of HAstV in sewage samples, respectively, with genomic copies ranging from 6.4 × 103 to 3.7 × 107, 3.2 × 104 to 2.2 × 106, and 1.2 × 104 to 1.6 × 107 l-1. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis on complete ORF2 amplicons from each sewage concentrate revealed the presence of 11 HAstV types, including HAstV-1, -2, -4, -5, MLB1, and VA1 to VA6, as well as non-human animal astroviruses. The most abundant HAstV types were HAstV-1, -4, and -5, which accounted for 70.3%, 12.6%, and 9.1% of total HAstV reads, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the sequences obtained in this study were segregated into multiple transmission lineages, yet exhibited less genetic divergence among themselves than with foreign strains. These findings provide insight into the genotype diversity and genetic characterization of HAstVs during the COVID-19 pandemic, and highlight the effectiveness of utilizing NGS approaches to investigate sewage HAstVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Lin
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Mingyi Xu
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Jinan, 250062, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- School of Public Health, Shandong University Cheeloo College of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Feng Ji
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Suting Wang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Meng Chen
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Wenqiang Zhang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Zexin Tao
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Aiqiang Xu
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, China.
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Parrón I, Carol M, Bes N, Izquierdo C, Godoy P, Barrabeig I, Sala MR, Minguell S, Ferras J, Rius C, Martínez AI, Domínguez À. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks in Catalonia (Spain). Epidemiol Infect 2023; 152:e10. [PMID: 38073577 PMCID: PMC10804134 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268823001851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
We carried out a retrospective study of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) outbreaks reported between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2021 in Catalonia (Spain) to compare the incidence from 2015 to 2019 with that observed from 2020 to 2021. We observed a higher incidence rate of outbreaks during the prepandemic period (16.89 outbreaks/1,000,000 person-years) than during the pandemic period (6.96 outbreaks/1,000,000 person-years) (rate ratio (RR) 0.41; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.34 to 0.51). According to the aetiology of the outbreak, those of viral aetiology decreased from 7.82 to 3.38 outbreaks/1,000,000 person-years (RR 2.31; 95% CI 1.72 to 3.12), and those of bacterial aetiology decreased from 5.01 to 2.78 outbreaks/1,000,000 person-years (RR 1.80; 95% CI 1.29 to 2.52). There was a great reduction in AGE outbreaks in Catalonia. This reduction may have been due to the effect of the nonpharmaceutical measures applied to reduce the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), but the collapse of the healthcare system and epidemiological surveillance services may also have had a strong influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignasi Parrón
- Agència de Salut Pública de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mònica Carol
- Agència de Salut Pública de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Bes
- Agència de Salut Pública de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Pere Godoy
- Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida, Spain
- Grup d’Epidemiologia Aplicada, Institut de Recerca Biomédica (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Barrabeig
- Agència de Salut Pública de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Rosa Sala
- Agència de Salut Pública de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Cristina Rius
- CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Àngela Domínguez
- Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
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Ji JS, Xia Y, Liu L, Zhou W, Chen R, Dong G, Hu Q, Jiang J, Kan H, Li T, Li Y, Liu Q, Liu Y, Long Y, Lv Y, Ma J, Ma Y, Pelin K, Shi X, Tong S, Xie Y, Xu L, Yuan C, Zeng H, Zhao B, Zheng G, Liang W, Chan M, Huang C. China's public health initiatives for climate change adaptation. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. WESTERN PACIFIC 2023; 40:100965. [PMID: 38116500 PMCID: PMC10730322 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
China's health gains over the past decades face potential reversals if climate change adaptation is not prioritized. China's temperature rise surpasses the global average due to urban heat islands and ecological changes, and demands urgent actions to safeguard public health. Effective adaptation need to consider China's urbanization trends, underlying non-communicable diseases, an aging population, and future pandemic threats. Climate change adaptation initiatives and strategies include urban green space, healthy indoor environments, spatial planning for cities, advance location-specific early warning systems for extreme weather events, and a holistic approach for linking carbon neutrality to health co-benefits. Innovation and technology uptake is a crucial opportunity. China's successful climate adaptation can foster international collaboration regionally and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S. Ji
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjie Xia
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Linxin Liu
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiju Zhou
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Renjie Chen
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National School of Public Health, Health Commission Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanghui Dong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Hu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National School of Public Health, Health Commission Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Li
- Public Meteorological Service Centre, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Qiyong Liu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases at China, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yanxiang Liu
- Public Meteorological Service Centre, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Long
- School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuebin Lv
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Ma
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Ma
- School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Kinay Pelin
- School of Climate Change and Adaptation, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Xiaoming Shi
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shilu Tong
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- School of Public Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Yang Xie
- School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Changzheng Yuan
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huatang Zeng
- Shenzhen Health Development Research and Data Management Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangjie Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wannian Liang
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Margaret Chan
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Cunrui Huang
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Kabue JP, Khumela R, Meader E, Baroni de Moraes MT, Traore AN, Potgieter N. Norovirus-Associated Gastroenteritis Vesikari Score and Pre-Existing Salivary IgA in Young Children from Rural South Africa. Viruses 2023; 15:2185. [PMID: 38005863 PMCID: PMC10674611 DOI: 10.3390/v15112185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of viral gastroenteritis, mostly affecting young children worldwide. However, limited data are available to determine the severity of norovirus-associated AGE (acute gastroenteritis) and to correlate it with the NoV-specific IgA antibodies' level. Between October 2019 and September 2021, two hundred stool samples were randomly collected from symptomatic cases for the vesikari score and NoV-specific IgA assessment in young children from rural South Africa. Additionally, one hundred saliva specimens were concomitantly sampled within the same cohort to evaluate the NoV-specific salivary IgA levels. In addition, 50 paired saliva and stool samples were simultaneously collected from asymptomatic children to serve as controls. NoV strains in stool samples were detected using real-time RT-PCR, amplified, and genotyped with RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing. ELISA using NoV VLP (virus-like particles) GII.4 as antigens was performed on the saliva specimens. Dehydrated children were predominantly those with NoV infections (65/74, 88%; p < 0.0001). NoV-positive infections were significantly associated with the severe diarrhea cases having a high vesikari score (55%, 33/60) when compared to the non-severe diarrheal score (29.3%, 41/140; p < 0.0308). NoV of the GII genogroup was mainly detected in severe diarrhea cases (50.9%, 30/59; p = 0.0036). The geometric means of the NoV-specific IgA level were higher in the asymptomatic NoV-infected group (0.286) as compared to the symptomatic group (0.174). This finding suggests that mucosal immunity may not protect the children from the NoV infection. However, the findings indicated the contribution of the pre-existing NoV-specific IgA immune response in reducing the severity of diarrheal disease. A high vesikari score of AGE associated with the NoV GII genogroup circulating in the study area underscores the need for an appropriate treatment of AGE based on the severity level of NoV-associated clinical symptoms in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Kabue
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; (R.K.); (A.N.T.); (N.P.)
| | - Ronewa Khumela
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; (R.K.); (A.N.T.); (N.P.)
| | - Emma Meader
- Clinical Microbiology, Pathology Department, East Kent Hospitals University NHS Foundation Trust, Ashford TN24 OLZ, UK;
| | - Marcia Terezinha Baroni de Moraes
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Avenida Brazil, 4365-Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Afsatou Ndama Traore
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; (R.K.); (A.N.T.); (N.P.)
| | - Natasha Potgieter
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; (R.K.); (A.N.T.); (N.P.)
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Wang H, Churqui MP, Tunovic T, Enache L, Johansson A, Lindh M, Lagging M, Nyström K, Norder H. Measures against COVID-19 affected the spread of human enteric viruses in a Swedish community, as found when monitoring wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 895:165012. [PMID: 37353026 PMCID: PMC10284612 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
The quantification of viral genomes in wastewater reflects the prevalence of viral infections within the community. Knowledge of how the spread of common enteric viruses in the community was affected by the Swedish COVID-19 interventions is limited. To investigate this, the weekly wastewater samples collected for monitoring SARS-CoV-2 throughout the COVID-19 pandemic at the Rya sewage treatment plant in Gothenburg were also analyzed for adenovirus, norovirus GII, astrovirus, and rotavirus. The amount of each viral genome was quantified by real-time-qPCR and compared with the quantity of these viral genomes in wastewater from 2017. The results showed that the winter seasonality of norovirus GII and rotavirus in wastewater observed in 2017 was interrupted shortly after the introduction of the COVID-19 interventions, and they remained at low level throughout the pandemic. The circulation pattern of astrovirus and adenovirus was less affected. When the COVID-19 restrictions were lifted in 2022, a dramatic increase was observed in the amount of norovirus GII, rotavirus, and adenovirus genomes in wastewater. The changes in abundance and seasonality of some viruses identified through wastewater monitoring were consistent with changes in the number of patients diagnosed with these viruses. These findings suggest that moderate intervention to prevent COVID-19 significantly reduced the spread of some enteric viruses in the community. The results show that wastewater monitoring is a valuable tool for detecting the spread and outbreaks of viral infections that may cause gastroenteritis also when people do not seek medical help, such as during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Marianela Patzi Churqui
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Timur Tunovic
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Magnus Lindh
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin Lagging
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Nyström
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Heléne Norder
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Fukuda Y, Togashi A, Hirakawa S, Yamamoto M, Fukumura S, Nawa T, Honjo S, Kunizaki J, Nishino K, Tanaka T, Kizawa T, Yamamoto D, Takeuchi R, Sasaoka Y, Kikuchi M, Ito T, Nagai K, Asakura H, Kudou K, Yoshida M, Nishida T, Tsugawa T. Changing Patterns of Infectious Diseases Among Hospitalized Children in Hokkaido, Japan, in the Post-COVID-19 Era, July 2019 to June 2022. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2023; 42:766-773. [PMID: 37257096 PMCID: PMC10627402 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many reports have reported a reduction in respiratory infectious diseases and infectious gastroenteritis immediately after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, but data continuing into 2022 are very limited. We sought to understand the current situation of various infectious diseases among children in Japan as of July 2022 to improve public health in the post-COVID-19 era. METHODS We collected data on children hospitalized with infectious diseases in 18 hospitals in Japan from July 2019 to June 2022. RESULTS In total, 3417 patients were hospitalized during the study period. Respiratory syncytial virus decreased drastically after COVID-19 spread in early 2020, and few patients were hospitalized for it from April 2020 to March 2021. However, an unexpected out-of-season re-emergence of respiratory syncytial virus was observed in August 2021 (50 patients per week), particularly prominent among older children 3-6 years old. A large epidemic of delayed norovirus gastroenteritis was observed in April 2021, suggesting that the nonpharmaceutical interventions for COVID-19 are less effective against norovirus. However, influenza, human metapneumovirus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae , and rotavirus gastroenteritis were rarely seen for more than 2 years. CONCLUSIONS The incidence patterns of various infectious diseases in Japan have changed markedly since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic to the present. The epidemic pattern in the post-COVID-19 era is unpredictable and will require continued careful surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Fukuda
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Japan Red Cross Urakawa Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Atsuo Togashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hirakawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaki Yamamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shinobu Fukumura
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nawa
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Hokkaido Medical Center for Child Health and Rehabilitation, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Saho Honjo
- Department of Pediatrics, Iwamizawa Municipal General Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Jun Kunizaki
- Department of Pediatrics, NTT EC Sapporo Medical Center, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kouhei Nishino
- Department of Pediatrics, Otaru Kyokai Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Toju Tanaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido Medical Center, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Kizawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Japan Community Health care Organization Sapporo Hokushin Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Dai Yamamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Kushiro City General Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ryoh Takeuchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Nemuro City Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yuta Sasaoka
- Department of Pediatrics, Hakodate Municipal Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kikuchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Sunagawa City Medical Center, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takuro Ito
- Department of Pediatrics, Steel Memorial Muroran Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kazushige Nagai
- Department of Pediatrics, Takikawa Municipal Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Asakura
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido Esashi Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Katsumasa Kudou
- Department of Pediatrics, Tomakomai City Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masaki Yoshida
- Department of Pediatrics, Yakumo General Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nishida
- Department of Pediatrics, Rumoi City Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tsugawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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10
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Zhu Z, Feng Y, Gu L, Guan X, Liu N, Zhu X, Gu H, Cai J, Li X. Spatio-temporal pattern and associate factors of intestinal infectious diseases in Zhejiang Province, China, 2008-2021: a Bayesian modeling study. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1652. [PMID: 37644452 PMCID: PMC10464402 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16552-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite significant progress in sanitation status and public health awareness, intestinal infectious diseases (IID) have caused a serious disease burden in China. Little was known about the spatio-temporal pattern of IID at the county level in Zhejiang. Therefore, a spatio-temporal modelling study to identify high-risk regions of IID incidence and potential risk factors was conducted. METHODS Reported cases of notifiable IID from 2008 to 2021 were obtained from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. Moran's I index and the local indicators of spatial association (LISA) were calculated using Geoda software to identify the spatial autocorrelation and high-risk areas of IID incidence. Bayesian hierarchical model was used to explore socioeconomic and climate factors affecting IID incidence inequities from spatial and temporal perspectives. RESULTS From 2008 to 2021, a total of 101 cholera, 55,298 bacterial dysentery, 131 amoebic dysentery, 5297 typhoid, 2102 paratyphoid, 27,947 HEV, 1,695,925 hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), and 1,505,797 other infectious diarrhea (OID) cases were reported in Zhejiang Province. The hot spots for bacterial dysentery, OID, and HEV incidence were found mainly in Hangzhou, while high-high cluster regions for incidence of enteric fever and HFMD were mainly located in Ningbo. The Bayesian model showed that Areas with a high proportion of males had a lower risk of BD and enteric fever. People under the age of 18 may have a higher risk of IID. High urbanization rate was a protective factor against HFMD (RR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.88, 0.94), but was a risk factor for HEV (RR = 1.06, 95% CI: 1.01-1.10). BD risk (RR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.10-1.18) and enteric fever risk (RR = 1.18, 95% CI:1.10-1.27) seemed higher in areas with high GDP per capita. The greater the population density, the higher the risk of BD (RR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.23-1.36), enteric fever (RR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.00-1.25), and HEV (RR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.09-1.21). Among climate variables, higher temperature was associated with a higher risk of BD (RR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.23-1.41), enteric fever (RR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.33-1.50), and HFMD (RR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.08-1.38), and with lower risk of HEV (RR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.78-0.89). Precipitation was positively correlated with enteric fever (RR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.00-1.08), HFMD (RR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.00-1.06), and HEV (RR = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.03-1.08). Higher HFMD risk was also associated with increasing relative humidity (RR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.16-1.24) and lower wind velocity (RR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.84-0.92). CONCLUSIONS There was significant spatial clustering of IID incidence in Zhejiang Province from 2008 to 2021. Spatio-temporal patterns of IID risk could be largely explained by socioeconomic and meteorological factors. Preventive measures and enhanced monitoring should be taken in some high-risk counties in Hangzhou city and Ningbo city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Zhu
- Department of Big Data in Health Science, and Center for Clinical Big Data and Statistics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yan Feng
- Department of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Lanfang Gu
- Department of Big Data in Health Science, and Center for Clinical Big Data and Statistics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xifei Guan
- Department of Big Data in Health Science, and Center for Clinical Big Data and Statistics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Nawen Liu
- Department of Big Data in Health Science, and Center for Clinical Big Data and Statistics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhu
- Department of Big Data in Health Science, and Center for Clinical Big Data and Statistics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hua Gu
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China
| | - Jian Cai
- Department of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310051, China.
| | - Xiuyang Li
- Department of Big Data in Health Science, and Center for Clinical Big Data and Statistics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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11
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Love NK, Douglas A, Gharbia S, Hughes H, Morbey R, Oliver I, Smith GE, Elliot AJ. Understanding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic response on GI infection surveillance trends in England, January 2020-April 2022. Epidemiol Infect 2023; 151:e147. [PMID: 37622322 PMCID: PMC10540168 DOI: 10.1017/s095026882300136x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Stepwise non-pharmaceutical interventions and health system changes implemented as part of the COVID-19 response have had implications on the incidence, diagnosis, and reporting of other communicable diseases. Here, we established the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak response on gastrointestinal (GI) infection trends using routinely collected surveillance data from six national English laboratory, outbreak, and syndromic surveillance systems using key dates of governmental policy to assign phases for comparison between pandemic and historic data. Following decreases across all indicators during the first lockdown (March-May 2020), bacterial and parasitic pathogens associated with foodborne or environmental transmission routes recovered rapidly between June and September 2020, while those associated with travel and/or person-to-person transmission remained lower than expected for 2021. High out-of-season norovirus activity was observed with the easing of lockdown measures between June and October 2021, with this trend reflected in laboratory and outbreak systems and syndromic surveillance indicators. Above expected increases in emergency department (ED) attendances may have reflected changes in health-seeking behaviour and provision. Differential reductions across specific GI pathogens are indicative of the underlying routes of transmission. These results provide further insight into the drivers for transmission, which can help inform control measures for GI infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola K. Love
- North East Field Services, Health Protection Operations, UK Health Security Agency, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Amy Douglas
- Gastrointestinal Infections and Food Safety (One Health) Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Saheer Gharbia
- Gastrointestinal Infections and Food Safety (One Health) Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Helen Hughes
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Real-time Syndromic Surveillance Team, Field Service, Health Protection Operations, UK Health Security Agency, Birmingham, UK
- Farr Institute@HeRC, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Roger Morbey
- Real-time Syndromic Surveillance Team, Field Service, Health Protection Operations, UK Health Security Agency, Birmingham, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Emergency Preparedness and Response, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Isabel Oliver
- Science Group, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gillian E. Smith
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Real-time Syndromic Surveillance Team, Field Service, Health Protection Operations, UK Health Security Agency, Birmingham, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Emergency Preparedness and Response, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Alex J. Elliot
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Real-time Syndromic Surveillance Team, Field Service, Health Protection Operations, UK Health Security Agency, Birmingham, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Emergency Preparedness and Response, King’s College London, London, UK
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12
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Bulterys PL, Leung NY, Saleem A, Budvytiene I, Pinsky BA, Banaei N. Postpandemic Effects of COVID-19 Shelter-in-Place Orders on the Gastrointestinal Pathogen Landscape. J Clin Microbiol 2023; 61:e0038523. [PMID: 37466426 PMCID: PMC10446857 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00385-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Philip L. Bulterys
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Nicole Y. Leung
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Atif Saleem
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Indre Budvytiene
- Clinical Virology Laboratory, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Benjamin A. Pinsky
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Clinical Virology Laboratory, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Niaz Banaei
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, USA
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13
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Jiao Y, Han T, Qi X, Gao Y, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Li B, Zhang Z, Du J, Sun L. Human rotavirus strains circulating among children in the capital of China (2018-2022)_ predominance of G9P[8] and emergence ofG8P[8]. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18236. [PMID: 37554825 PMCID: PMC10404872 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to update the genetic diversity of Rotavirus (RV) infections in children under five years old in Beijing, China. METHODS A 5-year active hospital-based surveillance for sporadic acute gastroenteritis (AGE) from January 2018 to December 2022 in the capital of China was performed. A total of 748 fecal samples from AGE patients were collected for followed by RV antigen detection by ELSIA, RNA detection by reverse transcription PCR, G/P genotyping and phylogenetic analyzing. RESULTS RV antigen was detected in 11.0% of the collected samples, with 54 samples confirmed to be RV RNA positive. G9 and G8 genotypes were identified in 43 (79.6%) and 7 (13.0%) samples, respectively, all of which were allocated to P[8]. The predominant G/P combination was G9P[8] (79.6%), following by G8P[8] (13.0%), G4P[8] (5.6%) and G3P[8] (1.9%). A significant change in G/P-type distribution was observed, with the G9P[8] being predominant from 2018 to 2021, followed by the emergence of an uncommon G8P[8] genotype, which was first reported in 2021 and became predominant in 2022. Blast analysis showed that one G1 isolate had a high similarity of 99.66% on nucleotide acid with RotaTeq vaccine strain with only one amino acid difference L150V. Additionally, one P[8] isolate was clustered into a branch together with RotaTeq vaccine strain G6P[8]. CONCLUSIONS The study reveals that G8P[8] has become the predominant genotype in pediatric outpatients in China for the first time, indicating a significant change in the composition of RV genetic diversity. The importance of RVA genotyping in surveillance is emphasized, as it provides the basis for new vaccine application and future vaccine efficacy evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiao
- Beijing Chaoyang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Taoli Han
- Beijing Chaoyang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xiao Qi
- Beijing Chaoyang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Beijing Chaoyang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jianhong Zhao
- Beijing Chaoyang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Beijing Chaoyang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Beibei Li
- Beijing Chaoyang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Beijing Chaoyang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jialiang Du
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Lingli Sun
- Beijing Chaoyang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
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14
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Gómez-Pérez GP, de Groot R, Abajobir AA, Wainaina CW, Rinke de Wit TF, Sidze E, Pradhan M, Janssens W. Reduced incidence of respiratory, gastrointestinal and malaria infections among children during the COVID-19 pandemic in Western Kenya: An analysis of facility-based and weekly diaries data. J Glob Health 2023; 13:06024. [PMID: 37448326 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.13.06024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemics can cause significant disruptions of essential health care services. This was evident in West-Africa during the 2014-2016 Ebola outbreak, raising concerns that COVID-19 would have similar devastating consequences for the continent. Indeed, official facility-based records show a reduction in health care visits after the onset of COVID-19 in Kenya. Our question is whether this observed reduction was caused by lower access to health care or by reduced incidence of communicable diseases resulting from reduced mobility and social contacts. Methods We analysed monthly facility-based data from 2018 to 2020, and weekly health diaries data digitally collected by trained fieldworkers between February and November 2020 from 342 households, including 1974 individuals, in Kisumu and Kakamega Counties, Kenya. Diaries data was collected as part of an ongoing longitudinal study of a digital health insurance scheme (Kakamega), and universal health coverage implementation (Kisumu). We assessed the weekly incidence of self-reported medical symptoms, formal and informal health-seeking behaviour, and foregone care in the diaries and compared it with facility-based records. Linear probability regressions with household fixed-effects were performed to compare the weekly incidence of health outcomes before and after COVID-19. Results Facility-based data showed a decrease in health care utilization for respiratory infections, enteric illnesses, and malaria, after start of COVID-19 measures in Kenya in March 2020. The weekly diaries confirmed this decrease in respiratory and enteric symptoms, and malaria / fever, mainly in the paediatric population. In terms of health care seeking behaviour, our diaries data find a temporary shift in consultations from health care centres to pharmacists / chemists / medicine vendors for a few weeks during the pandemic, but no increase in foregone care. According to the diaries, for adults the incidence of communicable diseases/symptoms rebounded after COVID-19 mobility restrictions were lifted, while for children the effects persisted. Conclusions COVID-19-related containment measures in Western Kenya were accompanied by a decline in respiratory infections, enteric illnesses, and malaria / fever mainly in children. Data from a population-based survey and facility-based records aligned regarding this finding despite the temporary shift to non-facility-based consultations and confirmed that the drop in utilization of health care services was not due to decreased accessibility, but rather to a lower incidence of these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria P Gómez-Pérez
- Amsterdam Institute of Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- PharmAccess Foundation, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Richard de Groot
- Amsterdam Institute of Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Caroline W Wainaina
- African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya
- Universiteit Utrecht, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tobias F Rinke de Wit
- Amsterdam Institute of Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- PharmAccess Foundation, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Estelle Sidze
- African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Menno Pradhan
- Amsterdam Institute of Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Universiteit van Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wendy Janssens
- Amsterdam Institute of Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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15
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Li J, Wang B, He X, Li Z, Sun L, Li W, Bai G. Epidemiological characteristics of norovirus infection in pediatric patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28874. [PMID: 37322803 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To assess the epidemiological characteristics of norovirus infection. We included 5564 patients under the age of 18 years who visited the hospital in which the study took place from December 2020 to November 2022 with a primary diagnosis of acute diarrhea. Clinical information was extracted from the electronic health record system. We calculated the prevalence of norovirus infection by age, gender, season, year, and type of patients. A nonlinear association between age and prevalence rates was assessed using a restricted cubic spline regression model. A total of 5564 patients completed the test for human norovirus, among whom 1442 (25.9%) tested positive. The prevalence of norovirus infection was significantly lower in 2022 than in 2021 (35.9% vs. 53.7%, p < 0.001), and the highest prevalence was observed in winter (35.1%) and then followed by autumn (27.5%). Regarding the age pattern, the highest rate was seen in children aged 1-3 years (37.5%). Children at age 1.5 years may have the highest risk of having norovirus infection (Pnonlinear < 0.001). The prevalence of norovirus infection of norovirus during the COVID-19 pandemic was similar to that before the pandemic shown in literatures. A relatively high rate was observed in cool seasons and in younger children (i.e., 1-3 years).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Binghan Wang
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu He
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ziqiao Li
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lidan Sun
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guannan Bai
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
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16
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de Nies L, Galata V, Martin-Gallausiaux C, Despotovic M, Busi SB, Snoeck CJ, Delacour L, Budagavi DP, Laczny CC, Habier J, Lupu PC, Halder R, Fritz JV, Marques T, Sandt E, O'Sullivan MP, Ghosh S, Satagopam V, Krüger R, Fagherazzi G, Ollert M, Hefeng FQ, May P, Wilmes P. Altered infective competence of the human gut microbiome in COVID-19. MICROBIOME 2023; 11:46. [PMID: 36894986 PMCID: PMC9995755 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01472-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infections with SARS-CoV-2 have a pronounced impact on the gastrointestinal tract and its resident microbiome. Clear differences between severe cases of infection and healthy individuals have been reported, including the loss of commensal taxa. We aimed to understand if microbiome alterations including functional shifts are unique to severe cases or a common effect of COVID-19. We used high-resolution systematic multi-omic analyses to profile the gut microbiome in asymptomatic-to-moderate COVID-19 individuals compared to a control group. RESULTS We found a striking increase in the overall abundance and expression of both virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance genes in COVID-19. Importantly, these genes are encoded and expressed by commensal taxa from families such as Acidaminococcaceae and Erysipelatoclostridiaceae, which we found to be enriched in COVID-19-positive individuals. We also found an enrichment in the expression of a betaherpesvirus and rotavirus C genes in COVID-19-positive individuals compared to healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses identified an altered and increased infective competence of the gut microbiome in COVID-19 patients. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura de Nies
- Systems Ecology Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Valentina Galata
- Systems Ecology Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Camille Martin-Gallausiaux
- Systems Ecology Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Milena Despotovic
- Systems Ecology Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Susheel Bhanu Busi
- Systems Ecology Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Chantal J Snoeck
- Clinical and Applied Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Lea Delacour
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, LCSB Operations, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Deepthi Poornima Budagavi
- Systems Ecology Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Cédric Christian Laczny
- Systems Ecology Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Janine Habier
- Systems Ecology Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Paula-Cristina Lupu
- Systems Ecology Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Rashi Halder
- Scientific Central Services, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Joëlle V Fritz
- Transversal Translation Medicine, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Taina Marques
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Estelle Sandt
- Translational Medicine Operations Hub, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Marc Paul O'Sullivan
- Translational Medicine Operations Hub, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Soumyabrata Ghosh
- Bioinformatics Core, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Venkata Satagopam
- Bioinformatics Core, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Rejko Krüger
- Transversal Translation Medicine, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Guy Fagherazzi
- Deep Digital Phenotyping Research Unit, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Markus Ollert
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Centre, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Feng Q Hefeng
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Patrick May
- Bioinformatics Core, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Paul Wilmes
- Systems Ecology Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, 6, Avenue du Swing, L-4367, Belvaux, Luxembourg.
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17
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Dougherty B, Forrest RO, Smith CR, Morton V, Sherk LM, Avery B, Kearney A, Christianson S, Nadon C, Thomas MK. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Reported Incidence of Select Bacterial Enteric Diseases in Canada, 2020. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2023; 20:81-89. [PMID: 36893331 PMCID: PMC9997028 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2022.0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on reported cases and clusters of select enteric diseases in Canada, for the period of March 2020 to December 2020. Weekly counts of laboratory confirmed cases of Salmonella, Shigella, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), and Listeria monocytogenes were obtained from laboratory surveillance data. These data were supplemented with epidemiological information on the suspected source of illness, collected for cases identified within whole genome sequencing clusters. Incidence rate ratios were calculated for each pathogen. All data were compared with a prepandemic reference period. Decreases in the number of reported cases in 2020 compared with the previous 5-year period were noted for Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli O157, and non-O157 STEC. Reported number of cases for L. monocytogenes in 2020 remained similar to those of the previous 5-year period. There was a considerable decline (59.9%) in the number of cases associated with international travel compared with a 10% decline in the number of domestic cases. Comparison of reported incidence rates of clustered versus sporadic cases for each pathogen showed little variation. This study represents the first formal assessment of the impact of COVID-19 on reported enteric diseases in Canada. Reported case counts across several pathogens saw notable declines in 2020 compared with prepandemic levels, with restrictions on international travel playing a key role. Additional research is needed to understand how limitations on social gatherings, lock downs, and other public health measures have impacted enteric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Dougherty
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Centre for Food-Borne, Environmental & Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Food-Borne Disease and Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Division, Guelph, Canada
| | - Russell O Forrest
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Centre for Food-Borne, Environmental & Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Outbreak Management Division, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Courtney R Smith
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Centre for Food-Borne, Environmental & Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Outbreak Management Division, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Vanessa Morton
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Centre for Food-Borne, Environmental & Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Outbreak Management Division, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Lauren M Sherk
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Centre for Food-Borne, Environmental & Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Food-Borne Disease and Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Division, Guelph, Canada
| | - Brent Avery
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Centre for Food-Borne, Environmental & Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Food-Borne Disease and Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Division, Guelph, Canada
| | - Ashley Kearney
- Public Health Agency of Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory, Division of Enteric Diseases, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Sara Christianson
- Public Health Agency of Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory, Division of Enteric Diseases, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Celine Nadon
- Public Health Agency of Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory, Division of Enteric Diseases, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - M Kate Thomas
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Centre for Food-Borne, Environmental & Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Food-Borne Disease and Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Division, Guelph, Canada
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18
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Salvo M, Azambuya J, Baccardatz N, Moriondo A, Blanco R, Martinez M, Direnna M, Bertolini G, Gamazo P, Colina R, Alvareda E, Victoria M. One-Year Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 and Rotavirus in Water Matrices from a Hot Spring Area. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2022; 14:401-409. [PMID: 36181654 PMCID: PMC9525940 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-022-09537-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is still impacting not only on human health but also all economic activities, especially in those related to tourism. In this study, in order to characterize the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in a hot spring park in Uruguay, swimming pools water, wastewater, and surface water from this area were analyzed by quantitative PCR. Wastewater from Salto city located next to the hydrothermal spring area was also evaluated as well as the presence of Rotavirus (RV). Overall, SARS-CoV-2 was detected in 13% (13/102) of the analyzed samples. Moreover, this virus was not detected in any of the samples from the swimming pools water and was present in 18% (3/17) of wastewater samples from the hotels area showing the same trend between the titer of SARS-CoV-2 and the number of infected people in Salto city. SARS-CoV-2 was also detected in wastewater samples (32% (11/34)) from Salto city, detecting the first positive sample when 105 persons were positive for SARS-CoV-2. Rotavirus was detected only in 10% (2/24) of the wastewater samples analyzed in months when partial lockdown measures were taken, however, this virus was detected in nearly all wastewater samples analyzed when social distancing measures and partial lockdown were relaxed. Wastewater results confirmed the advantages of using the detection and quantification of viruses in this matrix in order to evaluate the presence of these viruses in the population, highlighting the usefulness of this approach to define and apply social distancing. This study suggests that waters from swimming pools are not a source of infection for SARS-CoV-2, although more studies are needed including infectivity assays in order to confirm this statement.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Salvo
- Water Department, Centro Universitario Regional Litoral Norte, Universidad de La República, Rivera 1350, 50000, Salto, CP, Uruguay
| | - J Azambuya
- Administración de Las Obras Sanitarias del Estado, Salto, Uruguay
| | - N Baccardatz
- Administración de Las Obras Sanitarias del Estado, Salto, Uruguay
| | - A Moriondo
- Ministry of Public Health, Salto, Uruguay
| | - R Blanco
- Ministry of Public Health, Salto, Uruguay
| | | | - M Direnna
- Intendencia de Salto, Salto, Uruguay
| | | | - P Gamazo
- Water Department, Centro Universitario Regional Litoral Norte, Universidad de La República, Rivera 1350, 50000, Salto, CP, Uruguay
| | - R Colina
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Centro Universitario Regional Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Rivera 1350, 50000, Salto, CP, Uruguay
| | - E Alvareda
- Water Department, Centro Universitario Regional Litoral Norte, Universidad de La República, Rivera 1350, 50000, Salto, CP, Uruguay.
| | - M Victoria
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Centro Universitario Regional Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Rivera 1350, 50000, Salto, CP, Uruguay.
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19
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Zhang H, Shen L, Sun M, Zhao C, Li Q, Yang Z, Liu J, Liu K, Xiao B. Spatiotemporal impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions against COVID-19 on the incidence of infectious diarrhea in Xi'an, China. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1011592. [PMID: 36518571 PMCID: PMC9742410 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1011592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) against COVID-19 may prevent the spread of other infectious diseases. Our purpose was to assess the effects of NPIs against COVID-19 on infectious diarrhea in Xi'an, China. Methods Based on the surveillance data of infectious diarrhea, and the different periods of emergence responses for COVID-19 in Xi'an from 2011 to 2021, we applied Bayesian structural time series model and interrupted time series model to evaluate the effects of NPIs against COVID-19 on the epidemiological characteristics and the causative pathogens of infectious diarrhea. Findings A total of 102,051 cases of infectious diarrhea were reported in Xi'an from 2011 to 2021. The Bayesian structural time series model results demonstrated that the cases of infectious diarrhea during the emergency response period was 40.38% lower than predicted, corresponding to 3,211 fewer cases, during the COVID-19 epidemic period of 2020-2021. The reduction exhibited significant variations in the demography, temporal and geographical distribution. The decline in incidence was especially evident in children under 5-years-old, with decreases of 34.09% in 2020 and 33.99% in 2021, relative to the 2017-2019 average. Meanwhile, the incidence decreased more significantly in industrial areas. Interpretation NPIs against COVID-19 were associated with short- and long-term reductions in the incidence of infectious diarrhea, and this effect exhibited significant variations in epidemiological characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Prevention of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Shen
- School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Minghao Sun
- School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenxi Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Prevention of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zurong Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jifeng Liu
- Department of Prevention of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China,Kun Liu
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China,*Correspondence: Bo Xiao
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20
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Ge Y, Wang K, Liu J, Xu L. Analysis of the epidemiological characteristics between 2004 and 2017 and prediction of the changing pattern of other infectious diarrhea (OID) under COVID-19 in China. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31090. [PMID: 36281122 PMCID: PMC9592137 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The study describes epidemiological features and transmission of other infectious diarrhea (OID) before and during the epidemic of COVID-19 in China, which lays a foundation for OID prevention and control. Incidence rate and mortality data of OID containing detailed epidemiological information such as date, age and region from 2004 to 2017, and total OID case number from 2018 to 2020 were obtained from the Data Center of China's Public Health Science and the National Bureau of Statistics' statistical yearbook. The Joinpoint regression model and Z test was used to analyze, while R language and ArcGIS 10.5 for drawing. The autoregressive integrated moving average model was used to predict the influence of COVID-19 on OID. The OID incidence rate increased from 31.69/10 million in 2004 to 92.42/10 million in 2017, and the mortality rate decreased from 1.82/10,000 to 0.14/10,000. The male to female incidence ratio was 1.39:1 (P < .001). The patients' age showed a decreased trend with age (P < .001). The scattered children devoted the most OID incidence rate. The bimodal distribution of OID incidence was summer peak in northern China, 2 apparent peaks in central and eastern, and winter peak in southern. The autoregressive integrated moving average model predicted 1,406,557 in 2020, comparing the actual OID cases in 2020 to 1,062,277. Affected by the epidemic control measures of COVID-19, the number of OID cases declined by 32.4% (Absolute percentage error = 32.4%). The OID incidence rate in China continuously increased and showed a bimodal distribution in summer and winter with inconspicuous regional characteristics, gender and age susceptibility differences, and occupational differences. Meanwhile, COVID-19 significantly reduced OID incidence in 2020. The discoveries might bring a beneficial effect on OID prevention and control policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Ge
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong University Center for Health Economics Experiment and Public Policy Research, Jinan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Research, The PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lingzhong Xu
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong University Center for Health Economics Experiment and Public Policy Research, Jinan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- * Correspondence: Lingzhong Xu, Center for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road 44#, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China (e-mail: )
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21
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Akut Viral Gastroenteritli Çocuklarda COVID-19 Pandemisi Öncesi ve Sırasında Rotavirüs ve Enterik Adenovirüs Sıklığının Araştırılması. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.16899/jcm.1146516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Rotavirus and enteric adenovirus are common causes of acute gastroenteritis in children worldwide. With the emergence of COVID-19 pandemic, measures for pandemic management have also affected frequency of other viral agents. The aim of this study was to investigate changing antigen positivity pattern of rotavirus and enteric adenovirus before and during pandemic and to determine its distribution according to age groups, gender and season of admittance.
Material and Method: Test results of 14670 stool samples of pediatric patients with gastroenteritis between January 2019-June 2021 were evaluated retrospectively. Rotavirus and enteric adenovirus antigens were detected by immunochromatography.
Results: The positivity rates of rotavirus and enteric adenovirus antigen were 9.5% and 1.6%, respectively, before pandemic. A statistically significant decrease was detected for positivity rates of both these viruses during pandemic. Rotavirus antigen positivity significantly increased in 0-2 age group during pandemic (72.9%) compared to pre-pandemic period (70.4%) and significantly decreased from 4.1% to 3.5% in age group of 8-14 during pandemic. Distribution of adenovirus antigen positivity according to age groups did not differ significantly. There was no significant association between period and gender in terms of positivity rates. In pre-pandemic winter, rotavirus and adenovirus positivity rates were found to be significantly higher than in other seasons whereas during pandemic, positivity rates significantly increased in spring and summer.
Conclusion: Frequencies of rotavirus and enteric adenovirus have shown a significant decrease during pandemic. Infection control measures have play an important role in reducing incidence of enteric viruses as well as SARS-CoV-2.
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22
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Kambhampati AK, Wikswo ME, Barclay L, Vinjé J, Mirza SA, Rei E, Sabina B, Beggs J, Riner DK, Cebelinski E, Saupe A, Bartling A, Loeck BK, Chase N, Houston J, Brandt E, Salehi E, DeBess E, Tsaknaridis L, Goodwin G, Mohamed H, Golwalkar M, Thomas L, Donnelly MK, Greene H, Davis T, Roberts L, Christensen R, Peterson M. Notes from the Field: Norovirus Outbreaks Reported Through NoroSTAT — 12 States, August 2012–July 2022. MMWR. MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2022; 71:1222-1224. [PMID: 36136940 PMCID: PMC9531565 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7138a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anita K. Kambhampati
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Mary E. Wikswo
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Leslie Barclay
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Jan Vinjé
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Sara A. Mirza
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
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23
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Mirabelli C, Wobus CE. Enteric viruses: A new route of infection via kissing? Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:1187-1189. [PMID: 36108606 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Enteric virus transmission has traditionally been described as fecal-oral, which has shaped recommendations to limit virus spread. Recently, Ghosh et al. demonstrate that enteric viruses are also able to replicate in the salivary glands (SGs) of infected hosts and are shed in saliva, proposing an oral-oral transmission route by these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Mirabelli
- Institute for Virology and Cell Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Christiane E Wobus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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24
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Lewnard JA, Mahmud A, Narayan T, Wahl B, Selvavinayagam TS, Mohan B C, Laxminarayan R. All-cause mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic in Chennai, India: an observational study. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 22:463-472. [PMID: 34953536 PMCID: PMC8694707 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00746-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND India has been severely affected by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. However, due to shortcomings in disease surveillance, the burden of mortality associated with COVID-19 remains poorly understood. We aimed to assess changes in mortality during the pandemic in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, using data on all-cause mortality within the district. METHODS For this observational study, we analysed comprehensive death registrations in Chennai, from Jan 1, 2016, to June 30, 2021. We estimated expected mortality without the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic by fitting models to observed mortality time series during the pre-pandemic period, with stratification by age and sex. Additionally, we considered three periods of interest: the first 4 weeks of India's first lockdown (March 24 to April 20, 2020), the 4-month period including the first wave of the pandemic in Chennai (May 1 to Aug 31, 2020), and the 4-month period including the second wave of the pandemic in Chennai (March 1 to June 30, 2021). We computed the difference between observed and expected mortality from March 1, 2020, to June 30, 2021, and compared pandemic-associated mortality across socioeconomically distinct communities (measured with use of 2011 census of India data) with regression analyses. FINDINGS Between March 1, 2020, and June 30, 2021, 87 870 deaths were registered in areas of Chennai district represented by the 2011 census, exceeding expected deaths by 25 990 (95% uncertainty interval 25 640-26 360) or 5·18 (5·11-5·25) excess deaths per 1000 people. Stratified by age, excess deaths numbered 21·02 (20·54-21·49) excess deaths per 1000 people for individuals aged 60-69 years, 39·74 (38·73-40·69) for those aged 70-79 years, and 96·90 (93·35-100·16) for those aged 80 years or older. Neighbourhoods with lower socioeconomic status had 0·7% to 2·8% increases in pandemic-associated mortality per 1 SD increase in each measure of community disadvantage, due largely to a disproportionate increase in mortality within these neighbourhoods during the second wave. Conversely, differences in excess mortality across communities were not clearly associated with socioeconomic status measures during the first wave. For each increase by 1 SD in measures of community disadvantage, neighbourhoods had 3·6% to 8·6% lower pandemic-associated mortality during the first 4 weeks of India's country-wide lockdown, before widespread SARS-CoV-2 circulation was underway in Chennai. The greatest reductions in mortality during this early lockdown period were observed among men aged 20-29 years, with 58% (54-62) fewer deaths than expected from pre-pandemic trends. INTERPRETATION Mortality in Chennai increased substantially but heterogeneously during the COVID-19 pandemic, with the greatest burden concentrated in disadvantaged communities. Reported COVID-19 deaths greatly underestimated pandemic-associated mortality. FUNDING National Institute of General Medical Sciences, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, National Science Foundation. TRANSLATION For the Hindi translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Lewnard
- Division of Epidemiology and Division of Infectious Diseases & Vaccinology, School of Public Health, and Center for Computational Biology, College of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Ayesha Mahmud
- Department of Demography, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Tejas Narayan
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brian Wahl
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Ramanan Laxminarayan
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy, New Delhi, India; High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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25
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Shen L, Sun M, Song S, Hu Q, Wang N, Ou G, Guo Z, Jing D, Shao Z, Bai Y, Liu K. The impact of anti‐COVID‐19 non‐pharmaceutical interventions on hand, foot, and mouth disease—a spatiotemporal perspective in Xi'an, northwestern China. J Med Virol 2022; 94:3121-3132. [PMID: 35277880 PMCID: PMC9088661 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence has shown that anti‐COVID‐19 nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) can support prevention and control of various infectious diseases, including intestinal diseases. However, most studies focused on the short‐term mitigating impact and neglected the dynamic impact over time. This study is aimed to investigate the dynamic impact of anti‐COVID‐19 NPIs on hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) over time in Xi'an City, northwestern China. Based on the surveillance data of HFMD, meteorological and web search data, Bayesian Structural Time Series model and interrupted time series analysis were performed to quantitatively measure the impact of NPIs in sequent phases with different intensities and to predict the counterfactual number of HFMD cases. From 2013 to 2021, a total number of 172,898 HFMD cases were reported in Xi'an. In 2020, there appeared a significant decrease in HFMD incidence (−94.52%, 95% CI: −97.54% to −81.95%) in the first half of the year and the peak period shifted from June to October by a small margin of 6.74% compared to the previous years of 2013 to 2019. In 2021, the seasonality of HFMD incidence gradually returned to the bimodal temporal variation pattern with a significant average decline of 61.09%. In particular, the impact of NPIs on HFMD was more evident among young children (0–3 years), and the HFMD incidence reported in industrial areas had an unexpected increase of 51.71% in 2020 autumn and winter. Results suggested that both direct and indirect NPIs should be implemented as effective public health measures to reduce infectious disease and improve surveillance strategies, and HFMD incidence in Xi'an experienced a significant rebound to the previous seasonality after a prominent decline influenced by the anti‐COVID‐19 NPIs. HFMD transmission changed during the COVID‐19 pandemic; The impact of anti‐COVID‐19 NPIs on HFMD varied between different populations; The responsive NPIs indeed affected the HFMD incidence at different stages with potential long‐term impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shen
- School of Remote Sensing and Information EngineeringWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Minghao Sun
- School of Remote Sensing and Information EngineeringWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Shuxuan Song
- Department of EpidemiologyMinistry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Air Force Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Qingwu Hu
- School of Remote Sensing and Information EngineeringWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Nuoya Wang
- School of Remote Sensing and Information EngineeringWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Guangyu Ou
- School of Remote Sensing and Information EngineeringWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Zhaohui Guo
- School of Remote Sensing and Information EngineeringWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Du Jing
- School of Resource and Environmental ScienceWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Zhongjun Shao
- Department of EpidemiologyMinistry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Air Force Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Yao Bai
- Department of Infectious Disease Control and PreventionXi'an Center for Disease Prevention and ControlXi'anChina
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of EpidemiologyMinistry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Air Force Medical UniversityXi'anChina
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26
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Burnett E, Parashar UD, Winn A, Tate JE. Trends in rotavirus laboratory detections and internet search volume before and after rotavirus vaccine introduction and in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic-- United States 2000-2021. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:967-974. [PMID: 35184198 PMCID: PMC9383438 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Since rotavirus vaccines became available in the United States in 2006, there have been reductions in rotavirus hospitalizations, changes in seasonality, and the emergence of a biennial trend of rotavirus activity. Reductions in other pathogens have been associated with COVID-19 mitigation measures. We assessed ongoing rotavirus disease trends during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods
We report a 3-week moving average of the number of rotavirus tests, positive tests, and the percent positivity from laboratories reporting to the National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System (NREVSS) from July 2000-June 2021. To complement NREVSS data, we analyzed Google internet search interest in “rotavirus” from July 2004 to June 2021.
Results
Declines in rotavirus activity following vaccine introduction and the biennial trend are evident through the 2018-2019 surveillance year. In 2019-2021, rotavirus test positivity was below the historic ranges during the months of typically high rotavirus activity and precipitous declines were noted in March 2020.
Conclusions
In the 15 years since rotavirus vaccine was introduced, the number of laboratory-detected rotavirus infections has been consistently lower than during the pre-vaccine era. During the COVID-19 pandemic, rotavirus activity was suppressed. There may be many rotavirus susceptible children during the 2021-2022 rotavirus season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Burnett
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Umesh D Parashar
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amber Winn
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jacqueline E Tate
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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27
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Chan MCW. Return of Norovirus and Rotavirus Activity in Winter 2020‒21 in City with Strict COVID-19 Control Strategy, Hong Kong, China. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:713-716. [PMID: 35049493 PMCID: PMC8888229 DOI: 10.3201/eid2803.212117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid decrease in viral gastroenteritis during winter 2019-20 and a return of norovirus and rotavirus activity during winter 2020-21 were observed while multiple nonpharmaceutical interventions for coronavirus disease were in effect in Hong Kong. The initial collateral benefit of coronavirus disease countermeasures that reduced the viral gastroenteritis burden is not sustainable.
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28
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Ghaznavi C, Sakamoto H, Kawashima T, Horiuchi S, Ishikane M, Abe SK, Yoneoka D, Eguchi A, Tanoue Y, Hashizume M, Nomura S. Decreased incidence followed by comeback of pediatric infections during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan. World J Pediatr 2022; 18:564-567. [PMID: 35641696 PMCID: PMC9154026 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-022-00575-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cyrus Ghaznavi
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan. .,Medical Education Program, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Saint Louis, USA.
| | - Haruka Sakamoto
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan ,Tokyo Foundation for Policy Research, Tokyo, Japan ,grid.410818.40000 0001 0720 6587Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kawashima
- grid.26091.3c0000 0004 1936 9959Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582 Japan ,grid.32197.3e0000 0001 2179 2105Department of Mathematical and Computing Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayaka Horiuchi
- grid.267500.60000 0001 0291 3581Center for Birth Cohort Studies, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ishikane
- grid.45203.300000 0004 0489 0290Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sarah Krull Abe
- grid.272242.30000 0001 2168 5385Division of Prevention, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yoneoka
- grid.26091.3c0000 0004 1936 9959Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582 Japan ,grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan ,Tokyo Foundation for Policy Research, Tokyo, Japan ,grid.410795.e0000 0001 2220 1880Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akifumi Eguchi
- grid.136304.30000 0004 0370 1101Department of Sustainable Health Science, Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuta Tanoue
- grid.5290.e0000 0004 1936 9975Institute for Business and Finance, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hashizume
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuhei Nomura
- grid.26091.3c0000 0004 1936 9959Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582 Japan ,grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan ,Tokyo Foundation for Policy Research, Tokyo, Japan
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29
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I'm dreaming of a COVID-free Christmas. Biotechniques 2021; 71:573-576. [PMID: 34854696 PMCID: PMC8662319 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2021-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BioTechniques Editors explore the evolution of point-of-care testing over the past 2 years, inside and outside of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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30
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Lennon RP. Detailed analysis of enteric pathogen incidence associated with COVID-19 mitigation behaviors informs upcoming clinical and policy decision making. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. WESTERN PACIFIC 2021; 16:100285. [PMID: 34568855 PMCID: PMC8450282 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert P. Lennon
- Associate Professor and Director of Resident Scholarly Activity, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, 17033
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