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Sbirkov Y, Schenk T, Kwok C, Stengel S, Brown R, Brown G, Chesler L, Zelent A, Fuchter MJ, Petrie K. Dual inhibition of EZH2 and G9A/GLP histone methyltransferases by HKMTI-1-005 promotes differentiation of acute myeloid leukemia cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1076458. [PMID: 37035245 PMCID: PMC10076884 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1076458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA)-based differentiation therapy of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) represents one of the most clinically effective examples of precision medicine and the first example of targeted oncoprotein degradation. The success of ATRA in APL, however, remains to be translated to non-APL acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We previously showed that aberrant histone modifications, including histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) and lysine 27 (H3K27) methylation, were associated with this lack of response and that epigenetic therapy with small molecule inhibitors of the H3K4 demethylase LSD1/KDM1A could reprogram AML cells to respond to ATRA. Serving as the enzymatic component of Polycomb Repressive Complex 2, EZH2/KMT6A methyltransferase plays a critical role in normal hematopoiesis by affecting the balance between self-renewal and differentiation. The canonical function of EZH2 is methylation of H3K27, although important non-canonical roles have recently been described. EZH2 mutation or deregulated expression has been conclusively demonstrated in the pathogenesis of AML and response to treatment, thus making it an attractive therapeutic target. In this study, we therefore investigated whether inhibition of EZH2 might also improve the response of non-APL AML cells to ATRA-based therapy. We focused on GSK-343, a pyridone-containing S-adenosyl-L-methionine cofactor-competitive EZH2 inhibitor that is representative of its class, and HKMTI-1-005, a substrate-competitive dual inhibitor targeting EZH2 and the closely related G9A/GLP H3K9 methyltransferases. We found that treatment with HKMTI-1-005 phenocopied EZH2 knockdown and was more effective in inducing differentiation than GSK-343, despite the efficacy of GSK-343 in terms of abolishing H3K27 trimethylation. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis revealed that in contrast to treatment with GSK-343, HKMTI-1-005 upregulated the expression of differentiation pathway genes with and without ATRA, while downregulating genes associated with a hematopoietic stem cell phenotype. These results pointed to a non-canonical role for EZH2, which was supported by the finding that EZH2 associates with the master regulator of myeloid differentiation, RARα, in an ATRA-dependent manner that was enhanced by HKMTI-1-005, possibly playing a role in co-regulator complex exchange during transcriptional activation. In summary, our results strongly suggest that addition of HKMTI-1-005 to ATRA is a new therapeutic approach against AML that warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Sbirkov
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Research Institute at Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - T. Schenk
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Clinic of Internal Medicine II, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, CMB, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - C. Kwok
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - S. Stengel
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine IV, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - R. Brown
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - G. Brown
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - L. Chesler
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - A. Zelent
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Science, Magdalenka, Poland
| | - M. J. Fuchter
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - K. Petrie
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Sunderland, Sunderland, United Kingdom
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Padilla A, Manganaro JF, Huesgen L, Roess DA, Brown MA, Crans DC. Targeting Epigenetic Changes Mediated by Members of the SMYD Family of Lysine Methyltransferases. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28042000. [PMID: 36838987 PMCID: PMC9967872 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28042000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms involved in epigenetic changes in gene expression is essential to the clinical management of diseases linked to the SMYD family of lysine methyltransferases. The five known SMYD enzymes catalyze the transfer of donor methyl groups from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to specific lysines on histones and non-histone substrates. SMYDs family members have distinct tissue distributions and tissue-specific functions, including regulation of development, cell differentiation, and embryogenesis. Diseases associated with SMYDs include the repressed transcription of SMYD1 genes needed for the formation of ion channels in the heart leading to heart failure, SMYD2 overexpression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) or p53-related cancers, and poor prognosis associated with SMYD3 overexpression in more than 14 types of cancer including breast cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, and pancreatic cancer. Given the importance of epigenetics in various pathologies, the development of epigenetic inhibitors has attracted considerable attention from the pharmaceutical industry. The pharmacologic development of the inhibitors involves the identification of molecules regulating both functional SMYD SET (Suppressor of variegation, Enhancer of Zeste, Trithorax) and MYND (Myeloid-Nervy-DEAF1) domains, a process facilitated by available X-ray structures for SMYD1, SMYD2, and SMYD3. Important leads for potential pharmaceutical agents have been reported for SMYD2 and SMYD3 enzymes, and six epigenetic inhibitors have been developed for drugs used to treat myelodysplastic syndrome (Vidaza, Dacogen), cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (Zoinza, Isrodax), and peripheral T-cell lymphoma (Beleodag, Epidaza). The recently demonstrated reversal of SMYD histone methylation suggests that reversing the epigenetic effects of SMYDs in cancerous tissues may be a desirable target for pharmacological development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Padilla
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1617, USA
| | - John F. Manganaro
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
| | - Lydia Huesgen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1617, USA
| | - Deborah A. Roess
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1617, USA
| | - Mark A. Brown
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1005, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1678, USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Department of Ethnic Studies, Global Health and Health Disparities, Colorado School of Public Health, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1612, USA
- Correspondence: (M.A.B.); (D.C.C.)
| | - Debbie C. Crans
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1005, USA
- Correspondence: (M.A.B.); (D.C.C.)
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Xu K, Ding J, Zhou L, Li D, Luo J, Wang W, Shang M, Lin B, Zhou L, Zheng S. SMYD2 Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression by Reprogramming Glutamine Metabolism via c-Myc/GLS1 Axis. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010025. [PMID: 36611819 PMCID: PMC9818721 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming, such as alterations in glutamine metabolism or glycolysis, is the hallmark of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the underlying mechanisms are still incompletely elucidated. Previous studies have identified that methyltransferase SET and MYND domain-containing protein 2(SMYD2) is responsible for the pathogenesis of numerous types of cancer. Here, we innovatively uncover how SMYD2 regulates glutamine metabolism in HCC cells and promotes HCC progression. We identified that SMYD2 expression is upregulated in HCC tissues, which correlates with unfavorable clinical outcomes. Our in vitro and in vivo results showed that the depletion of SMYD2 inhibits HCC cell growth. Mechanistically, c-Myc methylation by SMYD2 increases its protein stability through the ubiquitin-proteasome system. We showed SMYD2 depletion destabilized c-Myc protein by increasing the conjugated K48-linked polyubiquitin chain. SMYD2 increased c-Myc expression and further upregulated glutaminase1 (GLS1), a crucial enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glutamine to glutamic acid, in HCC cells. GLS1 plays an important role in SMYD2-mediated HCC progression and glutamine metabolism regulation. The knockdown of SMYD2 inhibited glutamine metabolism in HCC cells and overcame their chemoresistance to sorafenib. Collectively, our findings demonstrated a novel mechanism of how SMYD2 promotes HCC progression by regulating glutamine metabolism through the c-Myc/GLS1signaling, implicating the therapeutic potential of targeting SMYD2 in HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangdi Xu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, NO.79 Qing Chun Road, Hangzhou 310006, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jun Ding
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, NO.79 Qing Chun Road, Hangzhou 310006, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Lingfeng Zhou
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, NO.79 Qing Chun Road, Hangzhou 310006, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Dazhi Li
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, NO.79 Qing Chun Road, Hangzhou 310006, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jia Luo
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, NO.79 Qing Chun Road, Hangzhou 310006, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Wenchao Wang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, NO.79 Qing Chun Road, Hangzhou 310006, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Mingge Shang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, NO.79 Qing Chun Road, Hangzhou 310006, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Bingyi Lin
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, NO.79 Qing Chun Road, Hangzhou 310006, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, NO.79 Qing Chun Road, Hangzhou 310006, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (S.Z.); Tel.: +86-0571-87236466 (L.Z.); +86-0571-87236570 (S.Z.)
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, NO.79 Qing Chun Road, Hangzhou 310006, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (S.Z.); Tel.: +86-0571-87236466 (L.Z.); +86-0571-87236570 (S.Z.)
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Wu L, Huang J, Trivedi P, Sun X, Yu H, He Z, Zhang X. Zinc finger myeloid Nervy DEAF-1 type (ZMYND) domain containing proteins exert molecular interactions to implicate in carcinogenesis. Discov Oncol 2022; 13:139. [PMID: 36520265 PMCID: PMC9755447 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-022-00597-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphogenesis and organogenesis in the low organisms have been found to be modulated by a number of proteins, and one of such factor, deformed epidermal auto-regulatory factor-1 (DEAF-1) has been initially identified in Drosophila. The mammalian homologue of DEAF-1 and structurally related proteins have been identified, and they formed a family with over 20 members. The factors regulate gene expression through association with co-repressors, recognition of genomic marker, to exert histone modification by catalyze addition of some chemical groups to certain amino acid residues on histone and non-histone proteins, and degradation host proteins, so as to regulate cell cycle progression and execution of cell death. The formation of fused genes during chromosomal translocation, exemplified with myeloid transforming gene on chromosome 8 (MTG8)/eight-to-twenty one translocation (ETO) /ZMYND2, MTG receptor 1 (MTGR1)/ZMYND3, MTG on chromosome 16/MTGR2/ZMYND4 and BS69/ZMYND11 contributes to malignant transformation. Other anomaly like copy number variation (CNV) of BS69/ZMYND11 and promoter hyper methylation of BLU/ZMYND10 has been noted in malignancies. It has been reported that when fusing with Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1), the binding of MTG8/ZMYND2 with co-repressors is disturbed, and silencing of BLU/ZMYND10 abrogates its ability to inhibition of cell cycle and promotion of apoptotic death. Further characterization of the implication of ZMYND proteins in carcinogenesis would enhance understanding of the mechanisms of occurrence and early diagnosis of tumors, and effective antitumor efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longji Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Songshan Lake Scientific and Industrial Park, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Chinese-American Tumor Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Modern Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Songshan Lake Scientific and Industrial Park, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Chinese-American Tumor Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Pankaj Trivedi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Xuerong Sun
- Institute of Aging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbing Yu
- Chinese-American Tumor Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei He
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Songshan Lake Scientific and Industrial Park, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Chinese-American Tumor Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangning Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Songshan Lake Scientific and Industrial Park, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
- Chinese-American Tumor Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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Alshammari E, Zhang YX, Yang Z. Mechanistic and functional extrapolation of SET and MYND domain-containing protein 2 to pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:3753-3766. [PMID: 36157542 PMCID: PMC9367238 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i29.3753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal neoplasms worldwide and represents the vast majority of pancreatic cancer cases. Understanding the molecular pathogenesis and the underlying mechanisms involved in the initiation, maintenance, and progression of PDAC is an urgent need, which may lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies against this deadly cancer. Here, we review the role of SET and MYND domain-containing protein 2 (SMYD2) in initiating and maintaining PDAC development through methylating multiple tumor suppressors and oncogenic proteins. Given the broad substrate specificity of SMYD2 and its involvement in diverse oncogenic signaling pathways in many other cancers, the mechanistic extrapolation of SMYD2 from these cancers to PDAC may allow for developing new hypotheses about the mechanisms driving PDAC tumor growth and metastasis, supporting a proposition that targeting SMYD2 could be a powerful strategy for the prevention and treatment of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eid Alshammari
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Ying-Xue Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Zhe Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
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SMYD2 Inhibition Downregulates TMPRSS2 and Decreases SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Human Intestinal and Airway Epithelial Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081262. [PMID: 35455942 PMCID: PMC9033063 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has lasted for more than two years. Despite the presence of very effective vaccines, the number of virus variants that escape neutralizing antibodies is growing. Thus, there is still a need for effective antiviral treatments that target virus replication independently of the circulating variant. Here, we show for the first time that deficiency or pharmacological inhibition of the cellular lysine-methyltransferase SMYD2 decreases TMPRSS2 expression on both mRNA and protein levels. SARS-CoV-2 uses TMPRSS2 for priming its spike protein to infect target cells. Treatment of cultured cells with the SMYD2 inhibitors AZ505 or BAY598 significantly inhibited viral replication. In contrast, treatment of Vero E6 cells, which do not express detectable amounts of TMPRSS2, had no effect on SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, by generating a recombinant reporter virus that expresses the spike protein of the Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2, we demonstrate that BAY598 exhibits similar antiviral activity against this variant of concern. In summary, SMYD2 inhibition downregulates TMPRSS2 and blocks viral replication. Targeting cellular SMYD2 represents a promising tool to curtail SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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SMYD5 acts as a potential biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma. Exp Cell Res 2022; 414:113076. [PMID: 35218722 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Determining the prognosis of patients remains a challenge due to the phenotypic and molecular diversities of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC). We aimed to evaluate the role of SMYD5 in HCC. Wilcoxon signed-rank test and logistic regression analyzed the relationship between clinical pathologic features and SMYD5. We found that increased expression of SMYD5 in HCC was closely associated with high histologic grade, stage, T stage and nodal stage. Kaplan-Meier method, Cox regression, univariate analysis and multivariate analysis detected overall survival of TCGA-HCC patients. It turned out that high expression of SMYD5 predicted a worse prognosis in HCC. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was applied via TCGA data set, which indicated that complement and coagulation cascades, fatty acid metabolism, primary bile acid biosynthesis, drug metabolism cytochrome P450, PPAR signaling pathway and retinol metabolism were differentially enriched in SMYD5 high expression phenotype. Interestingly, we proved that SMYD5 upregulation in HCC cells was induced by promoter hypo-methylation. Moreover, functional experiments demonstrated that SMYD5 silencing abrogated cell proliferation, migration and invasion and enhanced paclitaxel sensitivity in HCC. All findings implied that SMYD5 might be an underlying biomarker for prognosis and treatment of HCC.
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Dhorma LP, Teli MK, Nangunuri BG, Venkanna A, Ragam R, Maturi A, Mirzaei A, Vo DK, Maeng HJ, Kim MH. Positioning of an unprecedented 1,5-oxaza spiroquinone scaffold into SMYD2 inhibitors in epigenetic space. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 227:113880. [PMID: 34656041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lysine methyltransferases are important regulators of epigenetic signaling and are emerging as a novel drug target for drug discovery. This work demonstrates the positioning of novel 1,5-oxaza spiroquinone scaffold into selective SET and MYND domain-containing proteins 2 methyltransferases inhibitors. Selectivity of the scaffold was identified by epigenetic target screening followed by SAR study for the scaffold. The optimization was performed iteratively by two-step optimization consisting of iterative synthesis and computational studies (docking, metadynamics simulations). Computational binding studies guided the important interactions of the spiro[5.5]undeca scaffold in pocket 1 and Lysine channel and suggested extension of tail length for the improvement of potency (IC50: up to 399 nM). The effective performance of cell proliferation assay for chosen compounds (IC50: up to 11.9 nM) led to further evaluation in xenograft assay. The potent compound 24 demonstrated desirable in vivo efficacy with growth inhibition rate of 77.7% (4 fold decrease of tumor weight and 3 fold decrease of tumor volume). Moreover, mirosomal assay and pharmacokinetic profile suggested further developability of this scaffold through the identification of major metabolites (dealkylation at silyl group, reversible hydration product, the absence of toxic quinone fragments) and enough exposure of the testing compound 24 in plasma. Such spiro[5.5]undeca framework or ring system was neither been reported nor suggested as a modulator of methyltransferases. The chemo-centric target positioning and structural novelty can lead to potential pharmacological benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lama Prema Dhorma
- Department of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Mahesh K Teli
- Department of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Bhargav Gupta Nangunuri
- Department of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Arramshetti Venkanna
- Department of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Rao Ragam
- Department of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Arunkranthi Maturi
- Department of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Anvar Mirzaei
- Department of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Dang-Khoa Vo
- Department of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Han-Joo Maeng
- Department of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Mi-Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, South Korea.
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9
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Liu L, Liu F, Guan Y, Zou J, Zhang C, Xiong C, Zhao TC, Bayliss G, Li X, Zhuang S. Critical roles of SMYD2 lysine methyltransferase in mediating renal fibroblast activation and kidney fibrosis. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21715. [PMID: 34143514 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000554rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
SET and MYND domain protein 2 (SMYD2) is a lysine methyltransferase that mediates histone H3 lysine 36 trimethylation (H3K36me3) and acts as a regulator of tumorgenesis and cystic growth. However, its role in renal fibrosis remains unknown. In this study, we found that SMYD2 was highly expressed in the murine kidney of renal fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction, and primarily located in interstitial fibroblasts and renal tubular epithelial cells. Pharmacological inhibition of SMYD2 with AZ505, a highly selective inhibitor of SMYD2, protected against renal fibrosis and inhibited activation/proliferation of renal interstitial fibroblasts and conversion of epithelial cells to a profibrotic phenotype in this model. In cultured renal interstitial fibroblasts, treatment with AZ505 or silencing of SMYD2 by specific siRNA also inhibited serum- or TGF-β1-induced activation and proliferation of renal interstitial fibroblasts. Mechanistic studies showed that SMYD2 inhibition reduced phosphorylation of several profibrotic signaling molecules, including Smad3, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, AKT, signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 and nuclear factor-κB in both injured kidney and cultured renal fibroblasts. AZ505 was also effective in suppressing renal expression of Snail and Twist, two transcriptional factors that mediate renal partial epithelial-mesenchymal transition and fibrosis. Conversely, AZ505 treatment prevented downregulation of Smad7, a renoprotective factor in vivo and in vitro. These results indicate that SMYD2 plays a critical role in mediating conversion of epithelial cells to a profibrotic phenotype, renal fibroblast activation and renal fibrogenesis, and suggest that SMYD2 may be a potential target for the treatment of chronic fibrosis in kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Liu
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Center for Clinical Laboratories, the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingjie Guan
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jianan Zou
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Chunyun Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Chongxiang Xiong
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ting C Zhao
- Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - George Bayliss
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Shougang Zhuang
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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10
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Wang Y, Jin G, Guo Y, Cao Y, Niu S, Fan X, Zhang J. SMYD2 suppresses p53 activity to promote glucose metabolism in cervical cancer. Exp Cell Res 2021; 404:112649. [PMID: 34015314 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reprogrammed energy metabolism, especially the Warburg effect, is emerged as a hallmark of cancer. The protein lysine methyltransferase SMYD2 functions as an oncogene and is implicated in various malignant phenotypes of human cancers. However, the role of SMYD2 in tumor metabolism is still largely unknown. Here, we report that SMYD2 is highly expressed in human cervical cancer and its aberrant expression is linked to a poor prognosis. Bioinformatic analysis revealed a novel link between SMYD2 expression and aerobic glycolysis. Through loss-of-function experiments, we demonstrated that SMYD2 knockdown or inhibition induced a metabolic shift from aerobic glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation, as evidenced by glucose uptake, lactate production, extracellular acidification, and the oxygen consumption rate. In contrast, SMYD2 overexpression promoted glycolytic metabolism in cervical cancer cells. Moreover, SMYD2 was required for tumor growth in cervical cancer and this oncogenic activity was largely glycolysis-dependent. Mechanistically, SMYD2 altered the methylation status of p53 and inhibited its transcriptional activity. Genetic silencing of p53 largely abrogated the effects of SMYD2 in promoting aerobic glycolysis. Taken together, our findings reveal a novel function of SMYD2 in regulating the Warburg effect in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Gynecology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050011, China
| | - Ge Jin
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050011, China
| | - Yunfeng Guo
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050011, China
| | - Yuan Cao
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050011, China
| | - Shuhuai Niu
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050011, China
| | - Xiaomei Fan
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050011, China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050011, China.
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11
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Jacobs NR, Norton PA. Role of chromosome 1q copy number variation in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Hepatol 2021; 13:662-672. [PMID: 34239701 PMCID: PMC8239492 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v13.i6.662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosome 1q often has been observed to be amplified in hepatocellular carcinoma. This review summarizes literature reports of multiple genes that have been proposed as possible 1q amplification drivers. These largely fall within 1q21-1q23. In addition, publicly available copy number alteration data from The Cancer Genome Atlas project were used to identify additional candidate genes involved in carcinogenesis. The most frequent location for gene amplification was 1q22, consistent with the results of the literature search. The genes TPM3 and NUF2 were found to be candidates whose amplification and/or mRNA up-regulation was most highly associated with poorer hepatocellular carcinoma outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan R Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States
| | - Pamela A Norton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States
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12
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Histone H3K4 Methyltransferases as Targets for Drug-Resistant Cancers. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10070581. [PMID: 34201935 PMCID: PMC8301125 DOI: 10.3390/biology10070581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The KMT2 (MLL) family of proteins, including the major histone H3K4 methyltransferase found in mammals, exists as large complexes with common subunit proteins and exhibits enzymatic activity. SMYD, another H3K4 methyltransferase, and SET7/9 proteins catalyze the methylation of several non-histone targets, in addition to histone H3K4 residues. Despite these structural and functional commonalities, H3K4 methyltransferase proteins have specificity for their target genes and play a role in the development of various cancers as well as in drug resistance. In this review, we examine the overall role of histone H3K4 methyltransferase in the development of various cancers and in the progression of drug resistance. Compounds that inhibit protein-protein interactions between KMT2 family proteins and their common subunits or the activity of SMYD and SET7/9 are continuously being developed for the treatment of acute leukemia, triple-negative breast cancer, and castration-resistant prostate cancer. These H3K4 methyltransferase inhibitors, either alone or in combination with other drugs, are expected to play a role in overcoming drug resistance in leukemia and various solid cancers.
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13
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Rubio-Tomás T. The SMYD family proteins in immunology: An update of their obvious and non-obvious relations with the immune system. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07387. [PMID: 34235289 PMCID: PMC8246384 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics is an emerging field, due to its relevance in the regulation of a wide range of biological processes. The Su(Var)3–9, Enhancer-of-zeste and Trithorax (SET) and Myeloid, Nervy, and DEAF-1 (MYND) domain-containing (SMYD) proteins, named SMYD1, SMYD2, SMYD3, SMYD4 and SMYD5, are enzymes that catalyse methylation of histone and non-histone substrates, thereby playing a key role in gene expression regulation in many biological contexts, such as muscle development and physiology, haematopoiesis and many types of cancer. This review focuses on a relatively unexplored aspect of SMYD family members - their relation with immunology. Here, immunology is defined in the broadest sense of the word, including basic research on macrophage function or host immunity against pathogen infection, as well as clinical studies, most of which are centred on blood cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Rubio-Tomás
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013, Herakleion, Crete, Greece.,Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, 16672, Vari, Greece
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14
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Novel structural and functional impact of damaging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on human SMYD2 protein using computational approaches. Meta Gene 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2021.100871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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15
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SMYD2 promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma through RPS7. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:439. [PMID: 33935284 PMCID: PMC8089105 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03720-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The protein methyltransferase SET and MYND domain-containing protein 2 (SMYD2) is a transcriptional regulator that methylates histones and nonhistone proteins. As an oncogene, SMYD2 has been investigated in numerous types of cancer. However, its involvement in lung cancer remains elusive. The prognostic value of SMYD2 expression in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) was determined through bioinformatics analysis, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. The effect of SMYD2 on LUAD cell proliferation and metastasis was explored in vivo and in vitro, and the underlying mechanisms were investigated via RNA-seq, and chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR. SMYD2 expression was significantly upregulated in LUAD cell lines and tissues. High SMYD2 expression was associated with shorter overall and disease-free survival in LUAD patients. Inhibition of SMYD2 with SMYD2 knockdown or AZ505 dramatically inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion ability of GLC-82 and SPC-A1 cells and remarkably reduced tumor growth in mice. Mechanically, SMYD2 may activate the transcription of ribosomal small subunit protein 7 (RPS7) by binding to its promoter. Following overexpression of SMYD2, the proliferation, migration, and invasion of cells increased, which was partially reversed by RPS7. Thus, SMYD2 might modulate tumorigenesis and metastasis mediated by RPS7 LUAD. SMYD2 might be a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in LUAD.
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16
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Kojima M, Sone K, Oda K, Hamamoto R, Kaneko S, Oki S, Kukita A, Kawata A, Honjoh H, Kawata Y, Kashiyama T, Sato M, Taguchi A, Miyamoto Y, Tanikawa M, Tsuruga T, Nagasaka K, Wada-Hiraike O, Osuga Y, Fujii T. The histone methyltransferase SMYD2 is a novel therapeutic target for the induction of apoptosis in ovarian clear cell carcinoma cells. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:153. [PMID: 32934721 PMCID: PMC7471656 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that histone methylation can modulate carcinogenesis and cancer progression. For instance, the histone methyltransferase SET and MYND domain containing 2 (SMYD2) is overexpressed in several types of cancer tissue. The aim of the present study was to determine whether SMYD2 could serve a therapeutic role in ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC). Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR was used to examine SMYD2 expression in 23 clinical OCCC specimens. Moreover, OCCC cell proliferation and cell cycle progression were also examined following small interfering RNA-mediated SMYD2 silencing or treatment with a selective SMYD2 inhibitor. SMYD2 was significantly upregulated in clinical OCCC specimens, compared with normal ovarian tissue. In addition, SMYD2 knockdown decreased cell viability as determined via a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. Moreover, the proportion of cells in the sub-G1 phase increased following SMYD2 knockdown, suggesting increased apoptosis. Treatment with the SMYD2 inhibitor LLY-507 suppressed OCCC cell viability. These results suggested that SMYD2 could promote OCCC viability, and that SMYD2 inhibition induced apoptosis in these cells. Thus, SMYD2 inhibitors may represent a promising molecular targeted approach for OCCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Machiko Kojima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kenbun Sone
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Oda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Ryuji Hamamoto
- Division of Molecular Modification and Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Syuzo Kaneko
- Division of Molecular Modification and Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Shinya Oki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Asako Kukita
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Akira Kawata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Harunori Honjoh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Kawata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kashiyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Masakazu Sato
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Ayumi Taguchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Miyamoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Michihiro Tanikawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Tsuruga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nagasaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
| | - Osamu Wada-Hiraike
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yutaka Osuga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Fujii
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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17
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Characterizing the Role of SMYD2 in Mammalian Embryogenesis-Future Directions. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7020063. [PMID: 32408548 PMCID: PMC7357037 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7020063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The SET and MYND domain-containing (SMYD) family of lysine methyltransferases are essential in several mammalian developmental pathways. Although predominantly expressed in the heart, the role of SMYD2 in heart development has yet to be fully elucidated and has even been shown to be dispensable in a murine Nkx2-5-associated conditional knockout. Additionally, SMYD2 was recently shown to be necessary not only for lymphocyte development but also for the viability of hematopoietic leukemias. Based on the broad expression pattern of SMYD2 in mammalian tissues, it is likely that it plays pivotal roles in a host of additional normal and pathological processes. In this brief review, we consider what is currently known about the normal and pathogenic functions of SMYD2 and propose specific future directions for characterizing its role in embryogenesis.
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18
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Lai Y, Yang Y. SMYD2 facilitates cancer cell malignancy and xenograft tumor development through ERBB2-mediated FUT4 expression in colon cancer. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 477:2149-2159. [PMID: 32342276 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03738-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to assess the expression levels of SMYD2 in human tissue samples and cells of colon cancer, and further explore the potential mechanisms of SMYD2 in colon cancer progression. Quantitative PCR and Immunohistochemical (IHC) assays were performed to detect SMYD2 expression in 76 tissue samples of colon cancer tissues and the corresponding normal tissues. The potential correlations between SMYD2 expression levels and clinical pathological features were assessed. We further detected the effects of SMYD2 on the proliferation, invasion and apoptosis of colon cancer cells and on ERBB2/FUT4 signaling pathway through Brdu assay, transwell assay and flow cytometry assay, respectively. The potential effects of SMYD2 on tumor growth were explored using an animal model. We demonstrated the possible involvement of SMYD2 in the progression of colon cancer. We found the high expression of SMYD2 in human colon cancer tissues and cells, and found the correlations between SMYD2 expression and the clinicopathological features including vascular invasion (P = 0.007*), TNM stage (P = 0.016*) and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.011*), of patients with colon cancer. Our data further confirmed that SMYD2 affects cell proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis of colon cancer cells via the regulation of ERBB2/FUT4 signaling pathway. We also demonstrated SMYD2 contributed to tumor growth of colon cancer cells in vivo. We investigated the potential involvement of SMYD2 in the progression of colon, and therefore confirmed SMYD2 as a possible therapeutic target for colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzong Lai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dongyang People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Jinhua City, 322100, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute, No. 181 Hanyu Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400030, China.
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19
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Brown MA, Edwards MA, Alshiraihi I, Geng H, Dekker JD, Tucker HO. The lysine methyltransferase SMYD2 is required for normal lymphocyte development and survival of hematopoietic leukemias. Genes Immun 2020; 21:119-130. [PMID: 32115575 PMCID: PMC7183909 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-020-0094-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The 5 membered SET and MYND Domain-containing lysine methyltransferase (SMYD) family plays pivotal roles in development and proliferation. Initially characterized within the cardiovascular system, one such member, SMYD2, has been implicated as an oncogene in leukemias deriving from flawed hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) differentiation. We show here that conditional SMYD2 loss disrupts hematopoiesis at and downstream of the HSC via both apoptotic loss and transcriptional deregulation of HSC proliferation and disruption of Wnt-β-Catenin signaling. Yet previously documented SMYD2 cell cycle targets were unscathed. Turning our analysis to human leukemias, we observed that SMYD2 is highly expressed in CML, MLLr-B-ALL, AML, T-ALL and B-ALL leukemias and its levels in B-ALL correlate with poor survival. SMYD2 knockdown results in apoptotic death and loss of anchorage-independent transformation of each of these hematopoietic leukemias. These data provide an underlying mechanism by which SMYD2 acts during normal hematopoiesis and as a proto-oncogene in leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Brown
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.,Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Melissa A Edwards
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5000, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Ilham Alshiraihi
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Huimin Geng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Joseph D Dekker
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5000, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Haley O Tucker
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5000, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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20
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Zhang P, Ruan J, Weng W, Tang Y. Overexpression of SET and MYND domain-containing protein 2 (SMYD2) is associated with poor prognosis in pediatric B lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2019; 61:437-444. [PMID: 31612757 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2019.1675875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - JinFei Ruan
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Wenwen Weng
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yongmin Tang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
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21
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Yi X, Jiang XJ, Fang ZM. Histone methyltransferase SMYD2: ubiquitous regulator of disease. Clin Epigenetics 2019; 11:112. [PMID: 31370883 PMCID: PMC6670139 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-019-0711-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SET (Suppressor of variegation, Enhancer of Zeste, Trithorax) and MYND (Myeloid-Nervy-DEAF1) domain-containing protein 2 (SMYD2) is a protein methyltransferase that methylates histone H3 at lysine 4 (H3K4) or lysine 36 (H3K36) and diverse nonhistone proteins. SMYD2 activity is required for normal organismal development and the regulation of a series of pathophysiological processes. Since aberrant SMYD2 expression and its dysfunction are often closely related to multiple diseases, SMYD2 is a promising candidate for the treatment of these diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. Here, we present an overview of the complex biology of SMYD2 and its family members and their context-dependent nature. Then, we discuss the discovery, structure, inhibitors, roles, and molecular mechanisms of SMYD2 in distinct diseases, with a focus on cardiovascular disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yi
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Xue-Jun Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Ze-Min Fang
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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22
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Dilworth D, Barsyte-Lovejoy D. Targeting protein methylation: from chemical tools to precision medicines. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:2967-2985. [PMID: 31104094 PMCID: PMC11105543 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03147-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The methylation of proteins is integral to the execution of many important biological functions, including cell signalling and transcriptional regulation. Protein methyltransferases (PMTs) are a large class of enzymes that carry out the addition of methyl marks to a broad range of substrates. PMTs are critical for normal cellular physiology and their dysregulation is frequently observed in human disease. As such, PMTs have emerged as promising therapeutic targets with several inhibitors now in clinical trials for oncology indications. The discovery of chemical inhibitors and antagonists of protein methylation signalling has also profoundly impacted our general understanding of PMT biology and pharmacology. In this review, we present general principles for drugging protein methyltransferases or their downstream effectors containing methyl-binding modules, as well as best-in-class examples of the compounds discovered and their impact both at the bench and in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dilworth
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Dalia Barsyte-Lovejoy
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.
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23
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Hay J, Gilroy K, Huser C, Kilbey A, Mcdonald A, MacCallum A, Holroyd A, Cameron E, Neil JC. Collaboration of MYC and RUNX2 in lymphoma simulates T-cell receptor signaling and attenuates p53 pathway activity. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:18332-18345. [PMID: 31257681 PMCID: PMC6772115 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
MYC and RUNX oncogenes each trigger p53‐mediated failsafe responses when overexpressed in vitro and collaborate with p53 deficiency in vivo. However, together they drive rapid onset lymphoma without mutational loss of p53. This phenomenon was investigated further by transcriptomic analysis of premalignant thymus from RUNX2/MYC transgenic mice. The distinctive contributions of MYC and RUNX to transcriptional control were illustrated by differential enrichment of canonical binding sites and gene ontology analyses. Pathway analysis revealed signatures of MYC, CD3, and CD28 regulation indicative of activation and proliferation, but also strong inhibition of cell death pathways. In silico analysis of discordantly expressed genes revealed Tnfsrf8/CD30, Cish, and Il13 among relevant targets for sustained proliferation and survival. Although TP53 mRNA and protein levels were upregulated, its downstream targets in growth suppression and apoptosis were largely unperturbed. Analysis of genes encoding p53 posttranslational modifiers showed significant upregulation of three genes, Smyd2, Set, and Prmt5. Overexpression of SMYD2 was validated in vivo but the functional analysis was constrained by in vitro loss of p53 in RUNX2/MYC lymphoma cell lines. However, an early role is suggested by the ability of SMYD2 to block senescence‐like growth arrest induced by RUNX overexpression in primary fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie Hay
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Gilroy
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Camille Huser
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Kilbey
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alma Mcdonald
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda MacCallum
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ailsa Holroyd
- Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ewan Cameron
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - James C Neil
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Chandramouli B, Melino G, Chillemi G. Smyd2 conformational changes in response to p53 binding: role of the C-terminal domain. Mol Oncol 2019; 13:1450-1461. [PMID: 31069954 PMCID: PMC6547616 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Smyd2 lysine methyltransferase regulates monomethylation of histone and nonhistone lysine residues using S‐adenosylmethionine cofactor as the methyl donor. The nonhistone interactors include several tumorigenic targets, including p53. Understanding this interaction would allow the structural principles that underpin Smyd2‐mediated p53 methylation to be elucidated. Here, we performed μ‐second molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on binary Smyd2‐cofactor and ternary Smyd2‐cofactor‐p53 peptide complexes. We considered both unmethylated and monomethylated p53 peptides (at Lys370 and Lys372). The results indicate that (a) the degree of conformational freedom of the C‐terminal domain of Smyd2 is restricted by the presence of the p53 peptide substrate, (b) the Smyd2 C‐terminal domain shows distinct dynamic properties when interacting with unmethylated and methylated p53 peptides, and (c) Lys372 methylation confines the p53 peptide conformation, with detectable influence on Lys370 accessibility to the cofactor. These MD results are therefore of relevance for studying the biology of p53 in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Italy.,Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Department of Pathology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Giovanni Chillemi
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy.,National Council of Research, CNR, Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, Bari, Italy
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25
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Shang L, Wei M. Inhibition of SMYD2 Sensitized Cisplatin to Resistant Cells in NSCLC Through Activating p53 Pathway. Front Oncol 2019; 9:306. [PMID: 31106145 PMCID: PMC6498871 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein lysine methyltransferase SMYD2 has recently emerged as a new enzyme modulate gene transcription or signaling pathways, and involved into tumor progression. However, the role of SMYD2 in drug resistant is still not known. Here, we found that inhibition of SMYD2 by specific inhibitor could enhance the cell sensitivity to cisplatin (CDDP), but not paclitaxel, NVB, and VCR in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Further study showed that SMYD2 and its substrates were overexpressed in NSCLC resistant cells, and the inhibition of SMYD2 or knockdown by specific siRNA could reverse the cell resistance to cisplatin treatment in NSCLC/CDDP cells. In addition, our data indicated that the inhibition or knockdown SMYD2 inhibit tumor sphere formation and reduce cell migration in NSCLC/CDDP cells, but not in NSCLC parental cells. Mechanistically, inhibition of SMYD2 could enhance p53 pathway activity and induce cell apoptosis through regulating its target genes, including p21, GADD45, and Bax. On the contrary, the sensitivity of cells to cisplatin was decreased after knockdown p53 or in p53 deletion NSCLC cells. The synergistically action was further confirmed by in vivo experiments. Taken together, our results demonstrate SMYD2 is involved into cisplatin resistance through regulating p53 pathway, and might become a promising therapeutic target for cisplatin resistance in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Minjie Wei
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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26
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Ren H, Wang Z, Chen Y, Liu Y, Zhang S, Zhang T, Li Y. SMYD2-OE promotes oxaliplatin resistance in colon cancer through MDR1/P-glycoprotein via MEK/ERK/AP1 pathway. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:2585-2594. [PMID: 31040701 PMCID: PMC6459156 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s186806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background SET and MYND domain-containing protein 2 (SMYD2-OE) plays an important role in cancer development through methylating histone and non-histone proteins. However, little is known about the relevance of SMYD2-OE in colon cancer. Moreover, oxaliplatin (L-OHP) is applied as first line for colon cancer chemotherapy, but drug resistance restricts its efficacy. Unexpectedly, the mechanism of L-OHP resistance in colon cancer remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the relationship of SMYD2-OE expression and L-OHP resistance in colon cancer and further explored the underlying mechanism linking SMYD2-OE, L-OHP resistance, and colon cancer. Materials and methods Expression levels of SMYD2-OE in colon cancer tissues of patients were tested. In vitro and in vivo assays were conducted to explore the function and mechanism of SMYD2-OE in colon cancer sensitivity to L-OHP. Results SMYD2-OE was overexpressed in colon cancer tissues compared with non-neoplastic tissues and associated with poor prognosis of patients with colon cancer after L-OHP-based chemotherapy. Knockdown of SMYD2-OE increased colon cancer sensitivity to L-OHP in vitro and in vivo. However, SMYD2-OE overexpression promoted L-OHP resistance in colon cancer cell in vitro. In addition, SMYD2-OE could upregulate MDR1/P-glycoprotein expression depending on MEK/ERK/AP-1 signaling pathway activity. Conclusion These results imply that SMYD2-OE promotes L-OHP resistance in colon cancer by regulating MDR1/P-glycoprotein through MEK/ERK/AP-1 signaling pathway, providing a potential strategy to sensitize chemotherapy by SMYD2-OE knockdown in colon cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailiang Ren
- Department of General Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu, Chongqing Medical University, Sichuan, P.R. China,
| | - Zheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China,
| | - Yao Chen
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Wuhou District, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Yanjun Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu, Chongqing Medical University, Sichuan, P.R. China,
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu, Chongqing Medical University, Sichuan, P.R. China,
| | - Tongtong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China,
| | - Yuntao Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu, Chongqing Medical University, Sichuan, P.R. China,
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27
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Song J, Liu Y, Chen Q, Yang J, Jiang Z, Zhang H, Liu Z, Jin B. Expression patterns and the prognostic value of the SMYD family members in human breast carcinoma using integrative bioinformatics analysis. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:3851-3861. [PMID: 30930987 PMCID: PMC6425337 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppressor of variegation, Enhancer of Zeste, Trithorax and Myeloid-Nervy-DEAF1 domain-containing (SMYD) proteins are a set of lysine methyltransferases involved in a range of diverse biological functions, including gene expression, and regulation of skeletal and cardiac-muscle development. These proteins may additionally serve roles in a number of different types of cancer. However, the roles of the five SMYD proteins, SMYD 1/2/3/4/5, their expression patterns and prognostic value remain unclear. In the present study, the transcriptional expression levels of the five SMYD proteins were compared with the survival data of patients with breast carcinoma (BC) from the ONCOMINE dataset, Breast Cancer Gene-Expression Miner v4.0, Kaplan-Meier Plotter, The Cancer Genome Atlas and cBioPortal. An increase in the SMYD2/3/5 mRNA expression levels and a decrease in SMYD1/4 mRNA expression levels in BC tissues compared with normal tissues were identified. Increased SMYD3 mRNA and decreased SMYD5 mRNA expression levels were associated with decreased levels of histological differentiation, according to the Scarff-Bloom-Richardson grading system. Kaplan-Meier curves demonstrated that the increased SMYD1/4 and decreased SMYD2/3 mRNA expression levels were associated with good relapse-free survival (RFS) in patients with BC. Furthermore, SMYD2 mRNA expression levels were associated with the RFS of patients with BC with metastatic relapse, and SMYD4 may serve as a tumor suppressor in patients with BC, as patients with increased SMYD4 mRNA expression levels had significantly better RFS compared with decreased SMYD4 mRNA expression levels. The present data suggested that SMYD2 and SMYD3 may be potential biomarkers for diagnosis of BC. Additionally, SMYD2 and SMYD4 may be potential prognostic indicators of patients with BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Song
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250112, P.R. China
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250112, P.R. China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250112, P.R. China
| | - Jinhuan Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250112, P.R. China
| | - Zhengchen Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250112, P.R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250112, P.R. China
| | - Zhaojian Liu
- Institute of Cell Biology, Shandong University School of Basic Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Bin Jin
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250112, P.R. China
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28
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Li J, Tao X, Shen J, Liu L, Zhao Q, Ma Y, Tao Z, Zhang Y, Ding B, Xiao Z. The molecular landscape of histone lysine methyltransferases and demethylases in non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Med Sci 2019; 16:922-930. [PMID: 31341405 PMCID: PMC6643118 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.34322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lung cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors. Histone methylation was reported to regulate the expression of a variety of genes in cancer. However, comprehensive understanding of the expression profiles of histone methyltransferases and demethylases in lung cancer is still lacking. Methods: We analyzed the expression profile of methyltransferases and demethylases in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) using TCGA and cBioportal databases. The mutation, expression level, association with survival and clinical parameters of histone methyltransferases and demethylases were determined. Results: We found overall upregulation of histone regulators in NSCLC. Mutation and copy number alteration of histone methylation related genes both exist in NSCLC. The expression of certain histone methylation related genes were significantly associated with overall survival and clinical attributes. Conclusions: Our result suggests that alteration of histone methylation is strongly involved in NSCLC. Some histone methylation related genes might serve as potential prognosis predictor or therapeutic target for NSCLC. The significance of some histone methylation related genes was contrary to the literature and awaits further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaping Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Yijishan Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001, Anhui, PR China
| | - Xinlu Tao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Yijishan Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001, Anhui, PR China
| | - Jing Shen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China.,South Sichuan Institution for Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Linling Liu
- The People's Hospital of Weiyuan, Neijiang, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Qijie Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China.,South Sichuan Institution for Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yongshun Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China.,South Sichuan Institution for Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Zheng Tao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Yijishan Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001, Anhui, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Yijishan Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001, Anhui, PR China
| | - Boying Ding
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Yijishan Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001, Anhui, PR China
| | - Zhangang Xiao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China.,South Sichuan Institution for Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China
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29
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Small molecule inhibitors and CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis demonstrate that SMYD2 and SMYD3 activity are dispensable for autonomous cancer cell proliferation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197372. [PMID: 29856759 PMCID: PMC5983452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A key challenge in the development of precision medicine is defining the phenotypic consequences of pharmacological modulation of specific target macromolecules. To address this issue, a variety of genetic, molecular and chemical tools can be used. All of these approaches can produce misleading results if the specificity of the tools is not well understood and the proper controls are not performed. In this paper we illustrate these general themes by providing detailed studies of small molecule inhibitors of the enzymatic activity of two members of the SMYD branch of the protein lysine methyltransferases, SMYD2 and SMYD3. We show that tool compounds as well as CRISPR/Cas9 fail to reproduce many of the cell proliferation findings associated with SMYD2 and SMYD3 inhibition previously obtained with RNAi based approaches and with early stage chemical probes.
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30
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Smyd2 is a Myc-regulated gene critical for MLL-AF9 induced leukemogenesis. Oncotarget 2018; 7:66398-66415. [PMID: 27655694 PMCID: PMC5341809 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Smyd2 protein (Set- and Mynd domain containing protein 2) is a methyl-transferase that can modify both histones and cytoplasmic proteins. Smyd2 is over-expressed in several cancer types and was shown to be limiting for tumor development in the pancreas. However, genetic evidence for a role of Smyd2 in other cancers or in mouse development was missing to date. Using germ line-deleted mouse strains, we now show that Smyd2 and the related protein Smyd3 are dispensable for normal development. Ablation of Smyd2 did not affect hematopoiesis, but retarded the development of leukemia promoted by MLL-AF9, a fusion oncogene associated with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in humans. Smyd2-deleted leukemic cells showed a competitive disadvantage relative to wild-type cells, either in vitro or in vivo. The Smyd2 gene was directly activated by the oncogenic transcription factor Myc in either MLL9-AF9-induced leukemias, Myc-induced lymphomas, or fibroblasts. However, unlike leukemias, the development of lymphomas was not dependent upon Smyd2. Our data indicate that Smyd2 has a critical role downstream of Myc in AML.
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Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. Despite significant advances in the early detection and treatment of the disease, the prognosis remains poor, with an overall 5-year survival rate ranging from 15% to 20%. This poor prognosis results largely from early micrometastatic spread of cancer cells to nearby lymph nodes or tissues and partially from early recurrence after curative surgical resection. Recently, precision medicines that target potential oncogenic driver mutations have been approved to treat lung cancer. However, some lung cancer patients do not have targetable mutations, and many patients develop resistance to targeted therapy. Tumor heterogeneity and mutational density are also challenges in treating lung cancer, which underscores the need for developing alternative therapeutic strategies for treating lung cancer. Epigenetic therapy may circumvent the problems of tumor heterogeneity and drug resistance by affecting the expression of several hundred target genes. This review highlights precision medicine using an innovative approach of epigenetic priming prior to conventional standard therapy or targeted cancer therapy in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongho Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Duk-Hwan Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea. .,Samsung Medical Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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32
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Zuo SR, Zuo XC, He Y, Fang WJ, Wang CJ, Zou H, Chen P, Huang LF, Huang LH, Xiang H, Liu SK. Positive Expression of SMYD2 is Associated with Poor Prognosis in Patients with Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Cancer 2018; 9:321-330. [PMID: 29344279 PMCID: PMC5771340 DOI: 10.7150/jca.22218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: SET and MYND domain-containing protein2 (SMYD2), a histone lysine methyltransferases, is a candidate human oncogene in multiple tumors. However, the expression dynamics of SMYD2 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its clinical/prognostic significance are unclear. Methods: The SMYD2 expression profile was examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in HCC tissues and matched adjacent non-tumorous tissues. SMYD2 was silenced in HCC cell lines to determine its role in tumor proliferation and cell cycle progression, and the possible mechanism. Spearman's rank correlation, Kaplan-Meier plots and Cox proportional hazards regression model were used to analyze the data. Results: The SMYD2 expression in HCC tissues were significantly up-regulated at both mRNA and protein levels as compared with the matched adjacent non-tumorous tissues. By IHC, positive expression of SMYD2 was examined in 122/163 (74.85%) of HCC and in 10/59 (16.95%) of tumor-adjacent tissues. Positive expression of SMYD2 was correlated with tumor size, vascular invasion, differentiation and TNM stage (P < 0.05). In univariate survival analysis, a significant association between positive expression of SMYD2 and shortened patients' survival was found (P < 0.05). Importantly, SMYD2 expression together with vascular invasion (P < 0.05) provided significant independent prognostic parameters in multivariate analysis. Functionally, SMYD2 silenced markedly inhibited cell proliferation and cell cycle progression in SMMC-7721 cell. Conclusions: Our findings provide evidences that positive expression of SMYD2 in HCC may be important in the acquisition of an aggressive phenotype, and it is an independent biomarker for poor prognosis of patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Ru Zuo
- Department of Center Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao-Cong Zuo
- Department of Center Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yang He
- Department of Center Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei-Jin Fang
- Department of Center Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chun-Jiang Wang
- Department of Center Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Heng Zou
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Pan Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling-Fei Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhe Jiang Province, Taizhou, China
| | - Li-Hua Huang
- Center for Experimental Medicine Research, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong Xiang
- Center for Experimental Medicine Research, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shi-Kun Liu
- Department of Center Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Carvalho Alves-Silva J, do Amaral Rabello D, Oliveira Bravo M, Lucena-Araujo A, Madureira de Oliveira D, Morato de Oliveira F, Magalhaes Rego E, Pittella-Silva F, Saldanha-Araujo F. Aberrant levels of SUV39H1 and SUV39H2 methyltransferase are associated with genomic instability in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2017; 58:654-661. [PMID: 28833505 DOI: 10.1002/em.22128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal alterations are commonly detected in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and impact disease pathogenesis, prognosis, and progression. Telomerase expression (hTERT), its activity and the telomere length are other important predictors of survival and multiple outcomes in CLL. SUV39H and SUV420H enzymes are histone methyltransferases (HMTases) involved in several cellular processes, including regulation of telomere length, heterochromatin organization, and genome stability. Here, we investigated whether SUV39H1, SUV39H2, SUV420H1, SUV420H2, and hTERT are associated with genomic instability of CLL. SUV39H (1/2), SUV420H (1/2), and hTERT expression was determined in 59 CLL samples by real time PCR. In addition, ZAP-70 protein expression was evaluated by Flow Cytometry and patients' karyotype was defined by Cytogenetic Analysis. Low expression of SUV39H1 was associated with the acquisition of altered and complex karyotypes. Conversely, high expression of SUV39H2 correlated with cytogenetic abnormalities in CLL patients. The pattern of karyotypic alterations differed in samples with detectable or undetectable hTERT expression. Furthermore, hTERT expression in CLL showed a correlation with transcript levels of SUV39H2, which, in part, can explain the association between SUV39H2 expression and cytogenetic abnormalities. Moreover, SUV39H1 correlated with SUV420H1 expression while SUV420H2 was associated with all other investigated HMTases. Our data show that the differential expression of SUV39H1 and SUV39H2 is associated with genomic instability and that the modulation of these HMTases can be an attractive approach to prevent CLL evolution. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 58:654-661, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Carvalho Alves-Silva
- Laboratório de Patologia Molecular do Câncer, Universidade de Brasília, Av. L2 Norte, Brasília, DF, 70.910-900, Brasil
| | - Doralina do Amaral Rabello
- Laboratório de Patologia Molecular do Câncer, Universidade de Brasília, Av. L2 Norte, Brasília, DF, 70.910-900, Brasil
| | - Martha Oliveira Bravo
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Av. L2 Norte, Brasília, DF, 70.910-900, Brasil
| | - Antônio Lucena-Araujo
- Laboratório de Hematologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brasil
| | - Diego Madureira de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Patologia Molecular do Câncer, Universidade de Brasília, Av. L2 Norte, Brasília, DF, 70.910-900, Brasil
| | - Fábio Morato de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Hematologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14.048-900, Brasil
| | - Eduardo Magalhaes Rego
- Laboratório de Hematologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14.048-900, Brasil
| | - Fábio Pittella-Silva
- Laboratório de Patologia Molecular do Câncer, Universidade de Brasília, Av. L2 Norte, Brasília, DF, 70.910-900, Brasil
| | - Felipe Saldanha-Araujo
- Laboratório de Patologia Molecular do Câncer, Universidade de Brasília, Av. L2 Norte, Brasília, DF, 70.910-900, Brasil
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Av. L2 Norte, Brasília, DF, 70.910-900, Brasil
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Zipin-Roitman A, Aqaqe N, Yassin M, Biechonski S, Amar M, van Delft MF, Gan OI, McDermott SP, Buzina A, Ketela T, Shlush L, Xie S, Voisin V, Moffat J, Minden MD, Dick JE, Milyavsky M. SMYD2 lysine methyltransferase regulates leukemia cell growth and regeneration after genotoxic stress. Oncotarget 2017; 8:16712-16727. [PMID: 28187429 PMCID: PMC5369996 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular determinants governing escape of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) cells from DNA damaging therapy remain poorly defined and account for therapy failures. To isolate genes responsible for leukemia cells regeneration following multiple challenges with irradiation we performed a genome-wide shRNA screen. Some of the isolated hits are known players in the DNA damage response (e.g. p53, CHK2), whereas other, e.g. SMYD2 lysine methyltransferase (KMT), remains uncharacterized in the AML context. Here we report that SMYD2 knockdown confers relative resistance to human AML cells against multiple classes of DNA damaging agents. Induction of the transient quiescence state upon SMYD2 downregulation correlated with the resistance. We revealed that diminished SMYD2 expression resulted in the upregulation of the related methyltransferase SET7/9, suggesting compensatory relationships. Indeed, pharmacological targeting of SET7/9 with (R)-PFI2 inhibitor preferentially inhibited the growth of cells expressing low levels of SMYD2. Finally, decreased expression of SMYD2 in AML patients correlated with the reduced sensitivity to therapy and lower probability to achieve complete remission. We propose that the interplay between SMYD2 and SET7/9 levels shifts leukemia cells from growth to quiescence state that is associated with the higher resistance to DNA damaging agents and rationalize SET7/9 pharmacological targeting in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Zipin-Roitman
- Department of Pathology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nasma Aqaqe
- Department of Pathology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Muhammad Yassin
- Department of Pathology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shahar Biechonski
- Department of Pathology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mariam Amar
- Department of Pathology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mark F van Delft
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Olga I Gan
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sean P McDermott
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Leidos Biomedical Research, Washington D.C., USA
| | - Alla Buzina
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomedical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Troy Ketela
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomedical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Liran Shlush
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Stephanie Xie
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Veronique Voisin
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomedical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jason Moffat
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomedical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mark D Minden
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - John E Dick
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael Milyavsky
- Department of Pathology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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35
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Hosseini A, Minucci S. A comprehensive review of lysine-specific demethylase 1 and its roles in cancer. Epigenomics 2017; 9:1123-1142. [PMID: 28699367 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2017-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone methylation plays a key role in the regulation of chromatin structure, and its dynamics regulates important cellular processes. The investigation of the role of alterations in histone methylation in cancer has led to the identification of histone methyltransferases and demethylases as promising novel targets for therapy. Lysine-specific demethylase 1(LSD1, also known as KDM1A) is the first discovered histone lysine demethylase, with the ability to demethylase H3K4me1/2 and H3K9me1/2 at target loci in a context-dependent manner. LSD1 regulates the balance between self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells, and is highly expressed in various cancers, playing an important role in differentiation and self-renewal of tumor cells. In this review, we summarize recent studies about the LSD1, its role in normal and tumor cells, and the potential use of small molecule LSD1 inhibitors in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hosseini
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Saverio Minucci
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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36
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Abstract
![]()
Post-translational
modifications of histones by protein methyltransferases
(PMTs) and histone demethylases (KDMs) play an important role in the
regulation of gene expression and transcription and are implicated
in cancer and many other diseases. Many of these enzymes also target
various nonhistone proteins impacting numerous crucial biological
pathways. Given their key biological functions and implications in
human diseases, there has been a growing interest in assessing these
enzymes as potential therapeutic targets. Consequently, discovering
and developing inhibitors of these enzymes has become a very active
and fast-growing research area over the past decade. In this review,
we cover the discovery, characterization, and biological application
of inhibitors of PMTs and KDMs with emphasis on key advancements in
the field. We also discuss challenges, opportunities, and future directions
in this emerging, exciting research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ümit Kaniskan
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Michael L Martini
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Jian Jin
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, United States
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37
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38
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Carlson SM, Gozani O. Nonhistone Lysine Methylation in the Regulation of Cancer Pathways. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2016; 6:cshperspect.a026435. [PMID: 27580749 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a026435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Proteins are regulated by an incredible array of posttranslational modifications (PTMs). Methylation of lysine residues on histone proteins is a PTM with well-established roles in regulating chromatin and epigenetic processes. The recent discovery that hundreds and likely thousands of nonhistone proteins are also methylated at lysine has opened a tremendous new area of research. Major cellular pathways involved in cancer, such as growth signaling and the DNA damage response, are regulated by lysine methylation. Although the field has developed quickly in recent years many fundamental questions remain to be addressed. We review the history and molecular functions of lysine methylation. We then discuss the enzymes that catalyze methylation of lysine residues, the enzymes that remove lysine methylation, and the cancer pathways known to be regulated by lysine methylation. The rest of the article focuses on two open questions that we suggest as a roadmap for future research. First is understanding the large number of candidate methyltransferase and demethylation enzymes whose enzymatic activity is not yet defined and which are potentially associated with cancer through genetic studies. Second is investigating the biological processes and cancer mechanisms potentially regulated by the multitude of lysine methylation sites that have been recently discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Carlson
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Or Gozani
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- Maysaa Doughan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Nicholas Spellmon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Chunying Li
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zhe Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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40
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Liu Q, Wang MW. Histone lysine methyltransferases as anti-cancer targets for drug discovery. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:1273-1280. [PMID: 27397541 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational epigenetic modification of histones is controlled by a number of histone-modifying enzymes. Such modification regulates the accessibility of DNA and the subsequent expression or silencing of a gene. Human histone methyltransferases (HMTs)constitute a large family that includes histone lysine methyltransferases (HKMTs) and histone/protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs). There is increasing evidence showing a correlation between HKMTs and cancer pathogenesis. Here, we present an overview of representative HKMTs, including their biological and biochemical properties as well as the profiles of small molecule inhibitors for a comprehensive understanding of HKMTs in drug discovery.
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41
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H3K36 methyltransferases as cancer drug targets: rationale and perspectives for inhibitor development. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:1589-607. [PMID: 27548565 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylation at histone 3, lysine 36 (H3K36) is a conserved epigenetic mark regulating gene transcription, alternative splicing and DNA repair. Genes encoding H3K36 methyltransferases (KMTases) are commonly overexpressed, mutated or involved in chromosomal translocations in cancer. Molecular biology studies have demonstrated that H3K36 KMTases regulate oncogenic transcriptional programs. Structural studies of the catalytic SET domain of H3K36 KMTases have revealed intriguing opportunities for design of small molecule inhibitors. Nevertheless, potent inhibitors for most H3K36 KMTases have not yet been developed, underlining the challenges associated with this target class. As we now have strong evidence linking H3K36 KMTases to cancer, drug development efforts are predicted to yield novel compounds in the near future.
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42
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Eggert E, Hillig RC, Koehr S, Stöckigt D, Weiske J, Barak N, Mowat J, Brumby T, Christ CD, Ter Laak A, Lang T, Fernandez-Montalvan AE, Badock V, Weinmann H, Hartung IV, Barsyte-Lovejoy D, Szewczyk M, Kennedy S, Li F, Vedadi M, Brown PJ, Santhakumar V, Arrowsmith CH, Stellfeld T, Stresemann C. Discovery and Characterization of a Highly Potent and Selective Aminopyrazoline-Based in Vivo Probe (BAY-598) for the Protein Lysine Methyltransferase SMYD2. J Med Chem 2016; 59:4578-600. [PMID: 27075367 PMCID: PMC4917279 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Protein
lysine methyltransferases have recently emerged as a new target class
for the development of inhibitors that modulate gene transcription
or signaling pathways. SET and MYND domain containing protein 2 (SMYD2)
is a catalytic SET domain containing methyltransferase reported to
monomethylate lysine residues on histone and nonhistone proteins.
Although several studies have uncovered an important role of SMYD2
in promoting cancer by protein methylation, the biology of SMYD2 is
far from being fully understood. Utilization of highly potent and
selective chemical probes for target validation has emerged as a concept
which circumvents possible limitations of knockdown experiments and,
in particular, could result in an improved exploration of drug targets
with a complex underlying biology. Here, we report the development
of a potent, selective, and cell-active, substrate-competitive inhibitor
of SMYD2, which is the first reported inhibitor suitable for in vivo
target validation studies in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Eggert
- Drug Discovery, BAYER Pharma AG , Muellerstrasse 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roman C Hillig
- Drug Discovery, BAYER Pharma AG , Muellerstrasse 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Silke Koehr
- Drug Discovery, BAYER Pharma AG , Muellerstrasse 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Detlef Stöckigt
- Drug Discovery, BAYER Pharma AG , Muellerstrasse 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Weiske
- Drug Discovery, BAYER Pharma AG , Muellerstrasse 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Naomi Barak
- Drug Discovery, BAYER Pharma AG , Muellerstrasse 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeffrey Mowat
- Drug Discovery, BAYER Pharma AG , Muellerstrasse 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Brumby
- Drug Discovery, BAYER Pharma AG , Muellerstrasse 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Clara D Christ
- Drug Discovery, BAYER Pharma AG , Muellerstrasse 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonius Ter Laak
- Drug Discovery, BAYER Pharma AG , Muellerstrasse 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tina Lang
- Drug Discovery, BAYER Pharma AG , Muellerstrasse 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Volker Badock
- Drug Discovery, BAYER Pharma AG , Muellerstrasse 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hilmar Weinmann
- Drug Discovery, BAYER Pharma AG , Muellerstrasse 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingo V Hartung
- Drug Discovery, BAYER Pharma AG , Muellerstrasse 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dalia Barsyte-Lovejoy
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Magdalena Szewczyk
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Steven Kennedy
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Fengling Li
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Masoud Vedadi
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Peter J Brown
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | | | - Cheryl H Arrowsmith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Timo Stellfeld
- Drug Discovery, BAYER Pharma AG , Muellerstrasse 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carlo Stresemann
- Drug Discovery, BAYER Pharma AG , Muellerstrasse 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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43
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Reynoird N, Mazur PK, Stellfeld T, Flores NM, Lofgren SM, Carlson SM, Brambilla E, Hainaut P, Kaznowska EB, Arrowsmith CH, Khatri P, Stresemann C, Gozani O, Sage J. Coordination of stress signals by the lysine methyltransferase SMYD2 promotes pancreatic cancer. Genes Dev 2016; 30:772-85. [PMID: 26988419 PMCID: PMC4826394 DOI: 10.1101/gad.275529.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Here, Reynoird et al. identify the protein lysine methyltransferase SMYD2 as a key regulator of pancreatic cancer. They demonstrate that SMYD2 levels are increased in PDAC, genetic and pharmacological inhibition of SMYD2 restricts PDAC growth, and the stress response kinase MAPKAPK3 (MK3) is a substrate of SMYD2 in PDAC cells. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal form of cancer with few therapeutic options. We found that levels of the lysine methyltransferase SMYD2 (SET and MYND domain 2) are elevated in PDAC and that genetic and pharmacological inhibition of SMYD2 restricts PDAC growth. We further identified the stress response kinase MAPKAPK3 (MK3) as a new physiologic substrate of SMYD2 in PDAC cells. Inhibition of MAPKAPK3 impedes PDAC growth, identifying a potential new kinase target in PDAC. Finally, we show that inhibition of SMYD2 cooperates with standard chemotherapy to treat PDAC cells and tumors. These findings uncover a pivotal role for SMYD2 in promoting pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Reynoird
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Institut Albert Bonniot, U1209, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR5309, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Grenoble-Alpes, F-38700 Grenoble, France
| | - Pawel K Mazur
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Timo Stellfeld
- Global Drug Discovery, Bayer Pharma AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Natasha M Flores
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Shane M Lofgren
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Scott M Carlson
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Elisabeth Brambilla
- Institut Albert Bonniot, U1209, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR5309, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Grenoble-Alpes, F-38700 Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre Hainaut
- Institut Albert Bonniot, U1209, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR5309, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Grenoble-Alpes, F-38700 Grenoble, France
| | - Ewa B Kaznowska
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszów, 35959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Cheryl H Arrowsmith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Purvesh Khatri
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | | | - Or Gozani
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Julien Sage
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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44
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Residual expression of SMYD2 and SMYD3 is associated with the acquisition of complex karyotype in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:9473-81. [PMID: 26790435 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-4846-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
SET and MYND domain containing 2 (SMYD2) and the SET and MYND domain containing 3 (SMYD3) are the most studied and well-characterized members of SMYD family. It has been demonstrated that their altered expression is associated with the progression of several solid tumors. Nevertheless, whether these methyltransferases exert any impact in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) remains unknown. Here, we investigated the gene expression profile of SMYD2 and SMYD3 in 59 samples of CLL and 10 normal B cells. The obtained results were associated with white blood cells (WBC) and platelet counts, ZAP-70 protein expression, and cytogenetic analysis. We found that SMYD2 and SMYD3 are overexpressed in CLL patients and, interestingly, patients with residual expression of both genes presented a high WBC count and complex karyotype. Furthermore, a strong correlation between SMYD2 and SMYD3 gene expression was unveiled. Our data demonstrate the association of a residual expression of SMYD2 and SMYD3 with CLL progression indicators and suggests both genes are regulated by a common transcriptional control in this type of cancer. These results may provide the basis for the development of new therapeutic strategies to prevent CLL progression.
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45
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Transformer2 proteins protect breast cancer cells from accumulating replication stress by ensuring productive splicing of checkpoint kinase 1. Front Chem Sci Eng 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-015-1540-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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46
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Sweis RF, Wang Z, Algire M, Arrowsmith CH, Brown PJ, Chiang GG, Guo J, Jakob CG, Kennedy S, Li F, Maag D, Shaw B, Soni NB, Vedadi M, Pappano WN. Discovery of A-893, A New Cell-Active Benzoxazinone Inhibitor of Lysine Methyltransferase SMYD2. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:695-700. [PMID: 26101576 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A lack of useful small molecule tools has precluded thorough interrogation of the biological function of SMYD2, a lysine methyltransferase with known tumor-suppressor substrates. Systematic exploration of the structure-activity relationships of a previously known benzoxazinone compound led to the synthesis of A-893, a potent and selective SMYD2 inhibitor (IC50: 2.8 nM). A cocrystal structure reveals the origin of enhanced potency, and effective suppression of p53K370 methylation is observed in a lung carcinoma (A549) cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramzi F. Sweis
- Discovery
Research, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North
Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Zhi Wang
- Discovery
Research, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North
Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Mikkel Algire
- Discovery
Research, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North
Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Cheryl H. Arrowsmith
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
- Ontario
Cancer Institute and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G
2M9, Canada
| | - Peter J. Brown
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Gary G. Chiang
- Discovery
Research, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North
Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Jun Guo
- Discovery
Research, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North
Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Clarissa G. Jakob
- Discovery
Research, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North
Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Steven Kennedy
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Fengling Li
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - David Maag
- Discovery
Research, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North
Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Bailin Shaw
- Discovery
Research, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North
Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Nirupama B. Soni
- Discovery
Research, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North
Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Masoud Vedadi
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - William N. Pappano
- Discovery
Research, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North
Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
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47
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Nguyen H, Allali-Hassani A, Antonysamy S, Chang S, Chen LH, Curtis C, Emtage S, Fan L, Gheyi T, Li F, Liu S, Martin JR, Mendel D, Olsen JB, Pelletier L, Shatseva T, Wu S, Zhang FF, Arrowsmith CH, Brown PJ, Campbell RM, Garcia BA, Barsyte-Lovejoy D, Mader M, Vedadi M. LLY-507, a Cell-active, Potent, and Selective Inhibitor of Protein-lysine Methyltransferase SMYD2. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:13641-53. [PMID: 25825497 PMCID: PMC4447944 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.626861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SMYD2 is a lysine methyltransferase that catalyzes the monomethylation of several protein substrates including p53. SMYD2 is overexpressed in a significant percentage of esophageal squamous primary carcinomas, and that overexpression correlates with poor patient survival. However, the mechanism(s) by which SMYD2 promotes oncogenesis is not understood. A small molecule probe for SMYD2 would allow for the pharmacological dissection of this biology. In this report, we disclose LLY-507, a cell-active, potent small molecule inhibitor of SMYD2. LLY-507 is >100-fold selective for SMYD2 over a broad range of methyltransferase and non-methyltransferase targets. A 1.63-Å resolution crystal structure of SMYD2 in complex with LLY-507 shows the inhibitor binding in the substrate peptide binding pocket. LLY-507 is active in cells as measured by reduction of SMYD2-induced monomethylation of p53 Lys370 at submicromolar concentrations. We used LLY-507 to further test other potential roles of SMYD2. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics showed that cellular global histone methylation levels were not significantly affected by SMYD2 inhibition with LLY-507, and subcellular fractionation studies indicate that SMYD2 is primarily cytoplasmic, suggesting that SMYD2 targets a very small subset of histones at specific chromatin loci and/or non-histone substrates. Breast and liver cancers were identified through in silico data mining as tumor types that display amplification and/or overexpression of SMYD2. LLY-507 inhibited the proliferation of several esophageal, liver, and breast cancer cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. These findings suggest that LLY-507 serves as a valuable chemical probe to aid in the dissection of SMYD2 function in cancer and other biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Nguyen
- From the Departments of Oncology Discovery, Structural Biology, Tailored Therapeutics, and Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285,
| | - Abdellah Allali-Hassani
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, MaRS South Tower, 7th floor, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Stephen Antonysamy
- From the Departments of Oncology Discovery, Structural Biology, Tailored Therapeutics, and Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Shawn Chang
- From the Departments of Oncology Discovery, Structural Biology, Tailored Therapeutics, and Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Lisa Hong Chen
- From the Departments of Oncology Discovery, Structural Biology, Tailored Therapeutics, and Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Carmen Curtis
- From the Departments of Oncology Discovery, Structural Biology, Tailored Therapeutics, and Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Spencer Emtage
- From the Departments of Oncology Discovery, Structural Biology, Tailored Therapeutics, and Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Li Fan
- From the Departments of Oncology Discovery, Structural Biology, Tailored Therapeutics, and Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Tarun Gheyi
- From the Departments of Oncology Discovery, Structural Biology, Tailored Therapeutics, and Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Fengling Li
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, MaRS South Tower, 7th floor, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Shichong Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Joseph R Martin
- From the Departments of Oncology Discovery, Structural Biology, Tailored Therapeutics, and Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - David Mendel
- From the Departments of Oncology Discovery, Structural Biology, Tailored Therapeutics, and Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Jonathan B Olsen
- From the Departments of Oncology Discovery, Structural Biology, Tailored Therapeutics, and Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Laura Pelletier
- From the Departments of Oncology Discovery, Structural Biology, Tailored Therapeutics, and Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Tatiana Shatseva
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, MaRS South Tower, 7th floor, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Song Wu
- From the Departments of Oncology Discovery, Structural Biology, Tailored Therapeutics, and Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Feiyu Fred Zhang
- From the Departments of Oncology Discovery, Structural Biology, Tailored Therapeutics, and Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Cheryl H Arrowsmith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, MaRS South Tower, 7th floor, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto and Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 101 College Street, MaRS South Tower, Suite 707, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, and
| | - Peter J Brown
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, MaRS South Tower, 7th floor, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Robert M Campbell
- From the Departments of Oncology Discovery, Structural Biology, Tailored Therapeutics, and Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Benjamin A Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Dalia Barsyte-Lovejoy
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, MaRS South Tower, 7th floor, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Mary Mader
- From the Departments of Oncology Discovery, Structural Biology, Tailored Therapeutics, and Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Masoud Vedadi
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, MaRS South Tower, 7th floor, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
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48
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Spellmon N, Holcomb J, Trescott L, Sirinupong N, Yang Z. Structure and function of SET and MYND domain-containing proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:1406-28. [PMID: 25580534 PMCID: PMC4307310 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16011406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
SET (Suppressor of variegation, Enhancer of Zeste, Trithorax) and MYND (Myeloid-Nervy-DEAF1) domain-containing proteins (SMYD) have been found to methylate a variety of histone and non-histone targets which contribute to their various roles in cell regulation including chromatin remodeling, transcription, signal transduction, and cell cycle control. During early development, SMYD proteins are believed to act as an epigenetic regulator for myogenesis and cardiomyocyte differentiation as they are abundantly expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscle. SMYD proteins are also of therapeutic interest due to the growing list of carcinomas and cardiovascular diseases linked to SMYD overexpression or dysfunction making them a putative target for drug intervention. This review will examine the biological relevance and gather all of the current structural data of SMYD proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Spellmon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Joshua Holcomb
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Laura Trescott
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Nualpun Sirinupong
- Nutraceuticals and Functional Food Research and Development Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
| | - Zhe Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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49
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Fan JD, Lei PJ, Zheng JY, Wang X, Li S, Liu H, He YL, Wang ZN, Wei G, Zhang X, Li LY, Wu M. The selective activation of p53 target genes regulated by SMYD2 in BIX-01294 induced autophagy-related cell death. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116782. [PMID: 25562686 PMCID: PMC4285553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription regulation emerged to be one of the key mechanisms in regulating autophagy. Inhibitors of H3K9 methylation activates the expression of LC3B, as well as other autophagy-related genes, and promotes autophagy process. However, the detailed mechanisms of autophagy regulated by nuclear factors remain elusive. In this study, we performed a drug screen of SMYD2-/- cells and discovered that SMYD2 deficiency enhanced the cell death induced by BIX01294, an inhibitor of histone H3K9 methylation. BIX-01294 induces accumulation of LC3 II and autophagy-related cell death, but not caspase-dependent apoptosis. We profiled the global gene expression pattern after treatment with BIX-01294, in comparison with rapamycin. BIX-01294 selectively activates the downstream genes of p53 signaling, such as p21 and DOR, but not PUMA, a typical p53 target gene inducing apoptosis. BIX-01294 also induces other autophagy-related genes, such as ATG4A and ATG9A. SMYD2 is a methyltransferase for p53 and regulates its transcription activity. Its deficiency enhances the BIX-01294-induced autophagy-related cell death through transcriptionally promoting the expression of p53 target genes. Taken together, our data suggest BIX-01294 induces autophagy-related cell death and selectively activates p53 target genes, which is repressed by SMYD2 methyltransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Dong Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Pin-Ji Lei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Jun-Yi Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Shangze Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Yi-Lei He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Zhao-Ning Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Gang Wei
- CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Lian-Yun Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
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50
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Pires-Luís AS, Vieira-Coimbra M, Vieira FQ, Costa-Pinheiro P, Silva-Santos R, Dias PC, Antunes L, Lobo F, Oliveira J, Gonçalves CS, Costa BM, Henrique R, Jerónimo C. Expression of histone methyltransferases as novel biomarkers for renal cell tumor diagnosis and prognostication. Epigenetics 2015; 10:1033-43. [PMID: 26488939 PMCID: PMC4844211 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2015.1103578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell tumors (RCTs) are the most lethal of the common urological cancers. The widespread use of imaging entailed an increased detection of small renal masses, emphasizing the need for accurate distinction between benign and malignant RCTs, which is critical for adequate therapeutic management. Histone methylation has been implicated in renal tumorigenesis, but its potential clinical value as RCT biomarker remains mostly unexplored. Hence, the main goal of this study was to identify differentially expressed histone methyltransferases (HMTs) and histone demethylases (HDMs) that might prove useful for RCT diagnosis and prognostication, emphasizing the discrimination between oncocytoma (a benign tumor) and renal cell carcinoma (RCC), especially the chromophobe subtype (chRCC). We found that the expression levels of 3 genes--SMYD2, SETD3, and NO66--was significantly altered in a set of RCTs, which was further validated in a large independent cohort. Higher expression levels were found in RCTs compared to normal renal tissues (RNTs) and in chRCCs comparatively to oncocytomas. SMYD2 and SETD3 mRNA levels correlated with protein expression assessed by immunohistochemistry. SMYD2 transcript levels discriminated RCTs from RNT, with 82.1% sensitivity and 100% specificity [area under curve (AUC) = 0.959], and distinguished chRCCs from oncocytomas, with 71.0% sensitivity and 73.3% specificity (AUC = 0.784). Low expression levels of SMYD2, SETD3, and NO66 were significantly associated with shorter disease-specific and disease-free survival, especially in patients with non-organ confined tumors. We conclude that expression of selected HMTs and HDMs might constitute novel biomarkers to assist in RCT diagnosis and assessment of tumor aggressiveness.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/pathology
- Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/genetics
- Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/metabolism
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Dioxygenases
- Early Detection of Cancer
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Histone Demethylases/genetics
- Histone Demethylases/metabolism
- Histone Methyltransferases
- Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase/genetics
- Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase/metabolism
- Humans
- Kidney Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Kidney Neoplasms/enzymology
- Kidney Neoplasms/genetics
- Kidney Neoplasms/pathology
- Prognosis
- Survival Analysis
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sílvia Pires-Luís
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group – Research Center; Portuguese Oncology Institute – Porto; Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology; Portuguese Oncology Institute – Porto; Porto, Portugal
| | - Márcia Vieira-Coimbra
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group – Research Center; Portuguese Oncology Institute – Porto; Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology; Portuguese Oncology Institute – Porto; Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipa Quintela Vieira
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group – Research Center; Portuguese Oncology Institute – Porto; Porto, Portugal
- School of Allied Health Sciences (ESTSP); Polytechnic of Porto; Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Costa-Pinheiro
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group – Research Center; Portuguese Oncology Institute – Porto; Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Silva-Santos
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group – Research Center; Portuguese Oncology Institute – Porto; Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula C Dias
- Department of Pathology; Portuguese Oncology Institute – Porto; Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Antunes
- Department of Epidemiology; Portuguese Oncology Institute – Porto; Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisco Lobo
- Department of Urology; Portuguese Oncology Institute – Porto; Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Oliveira
- Department of Urology; Portuguese Oncology Institute – Porto; Porto, Portugal
| | - Céline S Gonçalves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS); School of Health Sciences; University of Minho; Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's – PT Government Associate Laboratory; University of Minho; Braga/Guimarães; Portugal
| | - Bruno M Costa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS); School of Health Sciences; University of Minho; Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's – PT Government Associate Laboratory; University of Minho; Braga/Guimarães; Portugal
| | - Rui Henrique
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group – Research Center; Portuguese Oncology Institute – Porto; Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology; Portuguese Oncology Institute – Porto; Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS) – University of Porto; Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group – Research Center; Portuguese Oncology Institute – Porto; Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS) – University of Porto; Porto, Portugal
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