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Shim J, Fleisch E, Barata F. Circadian rhythm analysis using wearable-based accelerometry as a digital biomarker of aging and healthspan. NPJ Digit Med 2024; 7:146. [PMID: 38834756 DOI: 10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Recognizing the pivotal role of circadian rhythm in the human aging process and its scalability through wearables, we introduce CosinorAge, a digital biomarker of aging developed from wearable-derived circadian rhythmicity from 80,000 midlife and older adults in the UK and US. A one-year increase in CosinorAge corresponded to 8-12% higher all-cause and cause-specific mortality risks and 3-14% increased prospective incidences of age-related diseases. CosinorAge also captured a non-linear decline in resilience and physical functioning, evidenced by an 8-33% reduction in self-rated health and a 3-23% decline in health-related quality of life score, adjusting for covariates and multiple testing. The associations were robust in sensitivity analyses and external validation using an independent cohort from a disparate geographical region using a different wearable device. Moreover, we illustrated a heterogeneous impact of circadian parameters associated with biological aging, with young (<45 years) and fast agers experiencing a substantially delayed acrophase with a 25-minute difference in peak timing compared to slow agers, diminishing to a 7-minute difference in older adults (>65 years). We demonstrated a significant enhancement in the predictive performance when integrating circadian rhythmicity in the estimation of biological aging over physical activity. Our findings underscore CosinorAge's potential as a scalable, economic, and digital solution for promoting healthy longevity, elucidating the critical and multifaceted circadian rhythmicity in aging processes. Consequently, our research contributes to advancing preventive measures in digital medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjoo Shim
- Centre for Digital Health Interventions, Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Elgar Fleisch
- Centre for Digital Health Interventions, Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Centre for Digital Health Interventions, Institute of Technology Management, University of St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Filipe Barata
- Centre for Digital Health Interventions, Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Touitou Y, Cermakian N, Touitou C. The environment and the internal clocks: The study of their relationships from prehistoric to modern times. Chronobiol Int 2024; 41:859-887. [PMID: 38757600 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2024.2353857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The origin of biological rhythms goes back to the very beginning of life. They are observed in the animal and plant world at all levels of organization, from cells to ecosystems. As early as the 18th century, plant scientists were the first to explain the relationship between flowering cycles and environmental cycles, emphasizing the importance of daily light-dark cycles and the seasons. Our temporal structure is controlled by external and internal rhythmic signals. Light is the main synchronizer of the circadian system, as daily exposure to light entrains our clock over 24 hours, the endogenous period of the circadian system being close to, but not exactly, 24 hours. In 1960, a seminal scientific meeting, the Cold Spring Harbor Symposium on Biological Rhythms, brought together all the biological rhythms scientists of the time, a number of whom are considered the founders of modern chronobiology. All aspects of biological rhythms were addressed, from the properties of circadian rhythms to their practical and ecological aspects. Birth of chronobiology dates from this period, with the definition of its vocabulary and specificities in metabolism, photoperiodism, animal physiology, etc. At around the same time, and right up to the present day, research has focused on melatonin, the circadian neurohormone of the pineal gland, with data on its pattern, metabolism, control by light and clinical applications. However, light has a double face, as it has positive effects as a circadian clock entraining agent, but also deleterious effects, as it can lead to chronodisruption when exposed chronically at night, which can increase the risk of cancer and other diseases. Finally, research over the past few decades has unraveled the anatomical location of circadian clocks and their cellular and molecular mechanisms. This recent research has in turn allowed us to explain how circadian rhythms control physiology and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvan Touitou
- Unité de Chronobiologie, Fondation A. de Rothschild, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Cermakian
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Şentürk E, Yıldız M, Şentürk M, Varol E, Yildirim MS, Yilmaz DA, Atay ME. Investigation of the effect of Ramadan fasting on serum levels of melatonin, cortisol, and serotonin: the case of Turkey. Ir J Med Sci 2024; 193:1073-1077. [PMID: 37737915 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-023-03532-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study is to examine the effects of Ramadan fasting on melatonin, cortisol, and serotonin levels. METHODS In this study, the blood of 19 healthy male individuals between the ages of 26 and 51, registered in Agri (Turkey) Family Health Center and fasting during Ramadan, was studied. The study was carried out in 2021-2022. The SPSS-22 package program was used in the analysis of the data. Wilcoxon analysis was used in the study. RESULTS It was determined that the pre-test-post-test melatonin and cortisol levels of the individuals were not statistically significant (p>0.05). It was determined that the pre-test-post-test serotonin difference of the individuals was statistically significant (p<0.05). CONCLUSION It has been determined that Ramadan fasting increases the serotonin level of individuals but does not change the levels of melatonin and cortisol. It was determined that the level of happiness of individuals increased after Ramadan fasting. Longitudinal studies on the effects of Ramadan fasting are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Şentürk
- Faculty of Medicine, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, Agri, Turkey
| | - Metin Yıldız
- Department of Nursing, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey.
| | - Murat Şentürk
- Faculty of Medicine, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, Agri, Turkey
| | - Ela Varol
- Department of Nursing, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University School of Health, Agri, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Salih Yildirim
- Vocational School of Health Services, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University School of Health, Agri, Turkey
| | | | - Mehmet Emin Atay
- Vocational School of Health Services, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University School of Health, Agri, Turkey
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Meléndez-Fernández OH, Liu JA, Nelson RJ. Circadian Rhythms Disrupted by Light at Night and Mistimed Food Intake Alter Hormonal Rhythms and Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3392. [PMID: 36834801 PMCID: PMC9963929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Availability of artificial light and light-emitting devices have altered human temporal life, allowing 24-hour healthcare, commerce and production, and expanding social life around the clock. However, physiology and behavior that evolved in the context of 24 h solar days are frequently perturbed by exposure to artificial light at night. This is particularly salient in the context of circadian rhythms, the result of endogenous biological clocks with a rhythm of ~24 h. Circadian rhythms govern the temporal features of physiology and behavior, and are set to precisely 24 h primarily by exposure to light during the solar day, though other factors, such as the timing of meals, can also affect circadian rhythms. Circadian rhythms are significantly affected by night shift work because of exposure to nocturnal light, electronic devices, and shifts in the timing of meals. Night shift workers are at increased risk for metabolic disorder, as well as several types of cancer. Others who are exposed to artificial light at night or late mealtimes also show disrupted circadian rhythms and increased metabolic and cardiac disorders. It is imperative to understand how disrupted circadian rhythms alter metabolic function to develop strategies to mitigate their negative effects. In this review, we provide an introduction to circadian rhythms, physiological regulation of homeostasis by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), and SCN-mediated hormones that display circadian rhythms, including melatonin and glucocorticoids. Next, we discuss circadian-gated physiological processes including sleep and food intake, followed by types of disrupted circadian rhythms and how modern lighting disrupts molecular clock rhythms. Lastly, we identify how disruptions to hormones and metabolism can increase susceptibility to metabolic syndrome and risk for cardiovascular diseases, and discuss various strategies to mitigate the harmful consequences associated with disrupted circadian rhythms on human health.
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Amidi A, Wu LM. Circadian disruption and cancer- and treatment-related symptoms. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1009064. [PMID: 36387255 PMCID: PMC9650229 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1009064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer patients experience a number of co-occurring side- and late-effects due to cancer and its treatment including fatigue, sleep difficulties, depressive symptoms, and cognitive impairment. These symptoms can impair quality of life and may persist long after treatment completion. Furthermore, they may exacerbate each other's intensity and development over time. The co-occurrence and interdependent nature of these symptoms suggests a possible shared underlying mechanism. Thus far, hypothesized mechanisms that have been purported to underlie these symptoms include disruptions to the immune and endocrine systems. Recently circadian rhythm disruption has emerged as a related pathophysiological mechanism underlying cancer- and cancer-treatment related symptoms. Circadian rhythms are endogenous biobehavioral cycles lasting approximately 24 hours in humans and generated by the circadian master clock - the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus. The suprachiasmatic nucleus orchestrates rhythmicity in a wide range of bodily functions including hormone levels, body temperature, immune response, and rest-activity behaviors. In this review, we describe four common approaches to the measurement of circadian rhythms, highlight key research findings on the presence of circadian disruption in cancer patients, and provide a review of the literature on associations between circadian rhythm disruption and cancer- and treatment-related symptoms. Implications for future research and interventions will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Amidi
- Unit for Psycho-Oncology and Health Psychology, Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Sleep and Circadian Psychology Research Group, Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lisa M. Wu
- Unit for Psycho-Oncology and Health Psychology, Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Sleep and Circadian Psychology Research Group, Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
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Legros A, Corbacio M, Villard S, Souques M, Lambrozo J. A Pilot Study Evaluating the Feasibility of Testing for an Acute Impact of Human Exposure to a Power-line Frequency Magnetic Field on Blood Cortisol and Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone. Bioelectromagnetics 2022; 43:399-403. [PMID: 36403265 PMCID: PMC9828214 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have been carried out on the potential effects of an extremely low frequency (ELF-0-300 Hz) magnetic field (MF) on human health. However, there is limited data on the effect of a high exposure level to ELF MFs for a prolonged period. Therefore, the objective of this pilot work was to demonstrate the feasibility of a study evaluating the stress hormone concentrations resulting from a 10-min exposure to a 60 Hz MF of several tens of thousands of µT. In this pilot study, human volunteers were thus exposed for the first time to a 60 Hz, 50 mT MF for a duration of 10 min. Stress hormone levels were measured before (once), during (twice) and after (once) this 10-min exposure period. The small sample size (n = 5) did not allow to conduct standard inferential statistical tests and no conclusion regarding the exposure effects can be drawn. However, this study demonstrates the feasibility of using a simple blood testing material in a protocol testing for the effect of a 10-min exposure to a high MF level in healthy human volunteers. © 2022 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Legros
- Bioelectromagnetics and Human Threshold Research Group, Imaging DepartmentLawson Health Research InstituteOntarioLondonCanada,Departments of Medical Biophysics, Medical Imaging and School of KinesiologyWestern UniversityOntarioLondonCanada,EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Université de MontpellierIMT Mines AlesMontpellierFrance,Division Neuromodulation R&DEuroStimMontpellierFrance
| | - Michael Corbacio
- Bioelectromagnetics and Human Threshold Research Group, Imaging DepartmentLawson Health Research InstituteOntarioLondonCanada
| | - Sébastien Villard
- Bioelectromagnetics and Human Threshold Research Group, Imaging DepartmentLawson Health Research InstituteOntarioLondonCanada,Departments of Medical Biophysics, Medical Imaging and School of KinesiologyWestern UniversityOntarioLondonCanada
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Chan K, Wong FS, Pearson JA. Circadian rhythms and pancreas physiology: A review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:920261. [PMID: 36034454 PMCID: PMC9399605 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.920261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity and metabolic syndrome are becoming more prevalent worldwide and will present an increasingly challenging burden on healthcare systems. These interlinked metabolic abnormalities predispose affected individuals to a plethora of complications and comorbidities. Furthermore, diabetes is estimated by the World Health Organization to have caused 1.5 million deaths in 2019, with this figure projected to rise in coming years. This highlights the need for further research into the management of metabolic diseases and their complications. Studies on circadian rhythms, referring to physiological and behavioral changes which repeat approximately every 24 hours, may provide important insight into managing metabolic disease. Epidemiological studies show that populations who are at risk of circadian disruption such as night shift workers and regular long-haul flyers are also at an elevated risk of metabolic abnormalities such as insulin resistance and obesity. Aberrant expression of circadian genes appears to contribute to the dysregulation of metabolic functions such as insulin secretion, glucose homeostasis and energy expenditure. The potential clinical implications of these findings have been highlighted in animal studies and pilot studies in humans giving rise to the development of circadian interventions strategies including chronotherapy (time-specific therapy), time-restricted feeding, and circadian molecule stabilizers/analogues. Research into these areas will provide insights into the future of circadian medicine in metabolic diseases. In this review, we discuss the physiology of metabolism and the role of circadian timing in regulating these metabolic functions. Also, we review the clinical aspects of circadian physiology and the impact that ongoing and future research may have on the management of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Chan
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - F. Susan Wong
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - James Alexander Pearson
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Ricketts EJ, Joyce DS, Rissman AJ, Burgess HJ, Colwell CS, Lack LC, Gradisar M. Electric lighting, adolescent sleep and circadian outcomes, and recommendations for improving light health. Sleep Med Rev 2022; 64:101667. [PMID: 36064209 PMCID: PMC10693907 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Light is a potent circadian entraining agent. For many people, daily light exposure is fundamentally dysregulated with reduced light during the day and increased light into the late evening. This lighting schedule promotes chronic disruption to circadian physiology resulting in a myriad of impairments. Developmental changes in sleep-wake physiology suggest that such light exposure patterns may be particularly disruptive for adolescents and further compounded by lifestyle factors such as early school start times. This narrative review describes evidence that reduced light exposure during the school day delays the circadian clock, and longer exposure durations to light-emitting electronic devices in the evening suppress melatonin. While home lighting in the evening can suppress melatonin secretion and delay circadian phase, the patterning of light exposure across the day and evening can have moderating effects. Photic countermeasures may be flexibly and scalably implemented to support sleep-wake health; including manipulations of light intensity, spectra, duration and delivery modality across multiple contexts. An integrative approach addressing physiology, attitudes, and behaviors will support optimization of light-driven sleep-wake outcomes in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Ricketts
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Daniel S Joyce
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States; School of Psychology and Wellbeing, The University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD, Australia
| | - Ariel J Rissman
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Helen J Burgess
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Christopher S Colwell
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Leon C Lack
- Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Michael Gradisar
- WINK Sleep Pty Ltd, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Sleep Cycle AB, Gothenburg, Sweden
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9
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Rules of thumb to obtain, isolate, and preserve porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2022; 251:110461. [PMID: 35870231 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
One of the most used biospecimens in immunology are peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). PBMC are particularly useful when evaluating immunity through responses of circulating B- and T-cells, during an infection, or after a vaccination. While several reviews and research papers have been published aiming to point out critical steps when sampling, isolating, and cryopreserving human PBMC -or even analyzing any parameter before sampling that could impair the immune assays' outcomes-, there are almost no publications in swine research dealing with these topics. As it has been demonstrated, several factors, such as stress, circadian rhythmicity, or the anticoagulant used have serious negative impact, not only on the separation performance of PBMC, but also on the ulterior immune assays. The present review aims to discuss studies carried out in humans that could shed some light for swine research. When possible, publications in pigs are also discussed. The main goal of the review is to encourage swine researchers to standardize protocols to obtain, manage and preserve porcine PBMC, as well as to minimize, or at least to consider, the bias that some parameters might induce in their studies before, during and after isolating PBMC.
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Martín-López J, Sedliak M, Valadés D, Muñoz A, Buffet-García J, García-Oviedo R, Rodríguez-Aragón M, Pérez-López A, López-Samanes Á. Impact of time-of-day and chronotype on neuromuscular performance in semi-professional female volleyball players. Chronobiol Int 2022; 39:1006-1014. [PMID: 35473436 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2022.2057322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine if time-of-day could influence physical volleyball performance in females and to explore the relationship between chronotype and volleyball-specific performance. Fifteen young female athletes participated in a randomized counterbalanced trial, performing a neuromuscular test battery in the morning (9:00 h) and the evening (19:00 h) that consisted of volleyball standing spike, straight leg raise, dynamic balance, vertical jump, modified agility T-test and isometric handgrip tests. Chronotype was determined by the morningness-eveningness questionnaire. Compared to the morning, an increased performance was found in the standing spike (4.5%, p = .002, ES = 0.59), straight leg raise test (dominant-limb) (6.5%, p = .012, ES = 0.40), dynamic balance (non-dominant-limb) (5.0%, p = .010, ES = 0.57) and modified T-test (2.1%, p = .049, ES = 0.45) performance in the evening; while no statistical differences were reported in vertical jump tests or isometric handgrip strength. Moreover, no associations were found between chronotype and neuromuscular performance (r = -0.368-0.435, p = .052-0.439). Time-of-day affected spike ball velocity, flexibility in the dominant-limb, dynamic balance in the non-dominant-limb and agility tests. However, no association was reported among these improvements and the chronotype. Therefore, although the chronotype may not play critical role in volleyball-specific performance, evening training/matches schedules could benefit performance in semi-professional female volleyball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Martín-López
- Exercise Physiology Group, School of Sports Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Milan Sedliak
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - David Valadés
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Área de Educación Física y Deportiva, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, España
| | - Alejandro Muñoz
- Exercise Physiology Group, School of Sports Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Buffet-García
- Exercise Physiology Group, School of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo García-Oviedo
- Exercise Physiology Group, School of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Aragón
- Exercise Physiology Group, School of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Pérez-López
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Área de Educación Física y Deportiva, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, España
| | - Álvaro López-Samanes
- Exercise Physiology Group, School of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
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Touitou Y, Selmaoui B, Lambrozo J. Assessment of cortisol secretory pattern in workers chronically exposed to ELF-EMF generated by high voltage transmission lines and substations. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 161:107103. [PMID: 35121496 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of extremely-low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs; 50 Hz) on the secretion of cortisol in 14 men (mean age = 38.0 ± 0.9 years) working in extra-high voltage (EHV) substations. The workers dwelt in houses that were close to substations and high-voltage lines. Thus, they had long histories (1-20 years) of long-yerm exposure to ELF-EMFs. Magnetic field strength was recorded using Emdex dosimeters worn by the volunteers day and night for seven days; the one-week geometric mean ranged from 0.1 to 2.6 μT. Blood samples were taken hourly from 20:00 to 08:00 the next morning. Cortisol concentrations and patterns were compared to age-matched, unexposed control subjects whose exposure level was ten times lower. The comparison of the control group (n = 15) and the groups exposed to fields of 0.1-0.3 μT (n = 5) and > 0.3 μT (n = 9), respectively, revealed a significant effect of field intensity on the cortisol secretory pattern. This study strongly suggests that chronic exposure to ELF-EMFs alters the peak-time serum cortisol levels. Studies are required on the effect of this disruption in high-risk populations such as children, elderly people, and patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvan Touitou
- Unité de Chronobiologie, Fondation Ophtalmologique A. de Rothschild, 75019 Paris, France.
| | - Brahim Selmaoui
- Department of Experimental Toxicology, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France and PériTox Laboratory, UMR-I 01 INERIS, Picardie Jules Verne University, Amiens, France
| | - Jacques Lambrozo
- Unité de Chronobiologie, Fondation Ophtalmologique A. de Rothschild, 75019 Paris, France
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Morikawa T, Fukami T, Gotoh-Saito S, Nakano M, Nakajima M. PPARα regulates the expression of human arylacetamide deacetylase involved in drug hydrolysis and lipid metabolism. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 199:115010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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13
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Cortisol and shiftwork: A scoping review. Sleep Med Rev 2021; 64:101581. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Stern J, Solomon A, Dantanarayana A, Pascoe R, Reynaldi A, Davenport MP, Milush J, Deeks SG, Hartogensis W, Hecht FM, Cockerham L, Roche M, Lewin SR. Cell-associated HIV RNA has a Circadian Cycle in Males Living with HIV on Antiretroviral Therapy. J Infect Dis 2021; 225:1721-1730. [PMID: 34655216 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circadian transcription factors that regulate cell-autonomous circadian clocks can also increase HIV transcription in vitro. We aimed to determine if circadian variation in HIV transcription exists in people living with HIV (PLHIV) on antiretroviral therapy (ART). METHODS We performed a prospective observational study of male PLHIV on ART, sampling blood every four hours for 24 hours. Using qPCR, we quantified expression of circadian associated genes, HIV DNA and cell-associated unspliced (CA-US) RNA in peripheral blood CD4+ T-cells. Plasma sex hormones were quantified alongside plasma and salivary cortisol. The primary outcome was to identify temporal variations in CA-US HIV RNA using a linear mixed effect regression framework and maximum likelihood estimation. RESULTS Salivary and plasma cortisol, and circadian genes including Clock, Bmal1, and Per3 varied with a circadian rhythm. CA-US HIV RNA and the ratio of CA-US HIV RNA-to-DNA in CD4+ T-cells also demonstrated circadian variations, with no variation in HIV DNA. Circulating oestradiol was highly predictive of CA-US HIV RNA variation in vivo. CONCLUSION CA-US HIV RNA in PLHIV on ART varies temporally with a circadian rhythm. These findings have implications for the design of clinical trials and biomarkers to assess HIV cure interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Stern
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ajantha Solomon
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ashanti Dantanarayana
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rachel Pascoe
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Arnold Reynaldi
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Miles P Davenport
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Milush
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Wendy Hartogensis
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Frederick M Hecht
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Leslie Cockerham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Michael Roche
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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15
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Kim BH, Joo Y, Kim MS, Choe HK, Tong Q, Kwon O. Effects of Intermittent Fasting on the Circulating Levels and Circadian Rhythms of Hormones. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2021; 36:745-756. [PMID: 34474513 PMCID: PMC8419605 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2021.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermittent fasting has become an increasingly popular strategy in losing weight and associated reduction in obesity-related medical complications. Overwhelming studies support metabolic improvements from intermittent fasting in blood glucose levels, cardiac and brain function, and other health benefits, in addition to weight loss. However, concerns have also been raised on side effects including muscle loss, ketosis, and electrolyte imbalance. Of particular concern, the effect of intermittent fasting on hormonal circadian rhythms has received little attention. Given the known importance of circadian hormonal changes to normal physiology, potential detrimental effects by dysregulation of hormonal changes deserve careful discussions. In this review, we describe the changes in circadian rhythms of hormones caused by intermittent fasting. We covered major hormones commonly pathophysiologically involved in clinical endocrinology, including insulin, thyroid hormones, and glucocorticoids. Given that intermittent fasting could alter both the level and frequency of hormone secretion, decisions on practicing intermittent fasting should take more considerations on potential detrimental consequences versus beneficial effects pertaining to individual health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hye Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Yena Joo
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Min-Seon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Han Kyoung Choe
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu,
Korea
| | - Qingchun Tong
- Brown Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School of UTHealth, and MD Anderson Cancer Center & UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX,
USA
| | - Obin Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul,
Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
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16
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Melhuish Beaupre LM, Brown GM, Gonçalves VF, Kennedy JL. Melatonin's neuroprotective role in mitochondria and its potential as a biomarker in aging, cognition and psychiatric disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:339. [PMID: 34078880 PMCID: PMC8172874 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01464-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is an ancient molecule that is evident in high concentrations in various tissues throughout the body. It can be separated into two pools; one of which is synthesized by the pineal and can be found in blood, and the second by various tissues and is present in these tissues. Pineal melatonin levels display a circadian rhythm while tissue melatonin does not. For decades now, melatonin has been implicated in promoting and maintaining sleep. More recently, evidence indicates that it also plays an important role in neuroprotection. The beginning of our review will summarize this literature. As an amphiphilic, pleiotropic indoleamine, melatonin has both direct actions and receptor-mediated effects. For example, melatonin has established effects as an antioxidant and free radical scavenger both in vitro and in animal models. This is also evident in melatonin's prominent role in mitochondria, which is reviewed in the next section. Melatonin is synthesized in, taken up by, and concentrated in mitochondria, the powerhouse of the cell. Mitochondria are also the major source of reactive oxygen species as a byproduct of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. The final section of our review summarizes melatonin's potential role in aging and psychiatric disorders. Pineal and tissue melatonin levels both decline with age. Pineal melatonin declines in individuals suffering from psychiatric disorders. Melatonin's ability to act as a neuroprotectant opens new avenues of exploration for the molecule as it may be a potential treatment for cases with neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Melhuish Beaupre
- Molecular Brain Science Research Department, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gregory M Brown
- Molecular Brain Science Research Department, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Vanessa F Gonçalves
- Molecular Brain Science Research Department, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James L Kennedy
- Molecular Brain Science Research Department, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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17
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Lenneis A, Das-Friebel A, Singmann H, Teder-Laving M, Lemola S, Wolke D, Tang NKY, von Mühlenen A, Allik J, Realo A. Intraindividual Variability and Temporal Stability of Mid-Sleep on Free and Workdays. J Biol Rhythms 2021; 36:169-184. [PMID: 33353473 PMCID: PMC8056704 DOI: 10.1177/0748730420974842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
People differ in their sleep timings that are often referred to as a chronotype and can be operationalized as mid-sleep (midpoint between sleep onset and wake-up). The aims of the present studies were to examine intraindividual variability and longer-term temporal stability of mid-sleep on free and workdays, while also considering the effect of age. We used data from a 2-week experience sampling study of British university students (Study 1) and from a panel study of Estonian adults who filled in the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire twice up to 5 years apart (Study 2). Results of Study 1 showed that roughly 50% of the variance in daily mid-sleep scores across the 14-day period was attributed to intraindividual variability as indicated by the intraclass correlation coefficient. However, when the effect of free versus workdays was considered, the intraindividual variability in daily mid-sleep across 2 weeks was 0.71 the size of the interindividual variability. In Study 2, mid-sleep on free and workdays showed good levels of temporal stability-the retest correlations of mid-sleep on free and workdays were 0.66 and 0.58 when measured twice over a period of 0-1 to 5 years. The retest stability of mid-sleep scores on both free and workdays sharply increased from young adulthood and reached their peak when participants were in late 40 to early 50 years of age, indicating that age influences the stability of mid-sleep. Future long-term longitudinal studies are necessary to explore how age-related life circumstances and other possible factors may influence the intraindividual variability and temporal stability of mid-sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Lenneis
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | | | - Henrik Singmann
- Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Sakari Lemola
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Dieter Wolke
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | | | | | - Jüri Allik
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- The Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Anu Realo
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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18
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Jin H, Xie W, Hu P, Tang K, Wang X, Wu Y, He M, Yu D, Li Y. The role of melatonin in sarcopenia: Advances and application prospects. Exp Gerontol 2021; 149:111319. [PMID: 33753178 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is an age-related disease that has gradually become a serious health problem for elderly individuals. It not only greatly increases the risk of falls, weakness, and disability but also reduces the ability of patients to take care of themselves. Sarcopenia can directly affect the quality of life and disease prognosis of elderly individuals. However, drug interventions for this disease are lacking. Melatonin is a biological hormone produced by the body that has good free radical scavenging effects, antioxidant effects and other effects. It was originally used as a sleep aid and is now being used for an increasing number of new indications. Its effect on sarcopenia has also begun to attract attention. It is currently known that it can protect the mitochondria of skeletal muscle cells, maintain the number of muscle fibres, partially reverse the pathological changes of ageing muscle tissue, and increase muscle strength in patients with sarcopenia. A large number of microRNAs are expressed during cell ageing, that in turn provides a biological background to age-related diseases, like sarcopenia. Increasing studies have found an interaction between melatonin and miRNAs, suggesting that melatonin can be used in the treatment of sarcopenia. The increased expression of inflammation-associated miRNA-483 in elderly patients may be the basis for the age-dependent decrease in melatonin secretion,that may play a role in the morbidity of sarcopenia. Melatonin is closely related to sarcopenia. It has a wide range of effects on sarcopenia and has good application prospects for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfu Jin
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Wenqing Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Peiwu Hu
- Department of Scientific Research, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Kun Tang
- Discipline Construction Office, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xiuhua Wang
- Xiang Ya Nursing School, The Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuxiang Wu
- School of Kinesiology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Miao He
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Dengjie Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Yusheng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China.
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19
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Gaspar LS, Hesse J, Yalçin M, Santos B, Carvalhas-Almeida C, Ferreira M, Moita J, Relógio A, Cavadas C, Álvaro AR. Long-term continuous positive airway pressure treatment ameliorates biological clock disruptions in obstructive sleep apnea. EBioMedicine 2021; 65:103248. [PMID: 33647771 PMCID: PMC7920825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a highly prevalent and underdiagnosed sleep disorder. Recent studies suggest that OSA might disrupt the biological clock, potentially causing or worsening OSA-associated comorbidities. However, the effect of OSA treatment on clock disruption is not fully understood. METHODS The impact of OSA and short- (four months) and long-term (two years) OSA treatment, with Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP), on the biological clock was investigated at four time points within 24 h, in OSA patients relative to controls subjects (no OSA) of the same sex and age group, in a case-control study. Plasma melatonin and cortisol, body temperature and the expression levels and rhythmicity of eleven clock genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were assessed. Additional computational tools were used for a detailed data analysis. FINDINGS OSA impacts on clock outputs and on the expression of several clock genes in PBMCs. Neither short- nor long-term treatment fully reverted OSA-induced alterations in the expression of clock genes. However, long-term treatment was able to re-establish levels of plasma melatonin and cortisol and body temperature. Machine learning methods could discriminate controls from untreated OSA patients. Following long-term treatment, the distinction between controls and patients disappeared, suggesting a closer similarity of the phenotypes. INTERPRETATION OSA alters biological clock-related characteristics that differentially respond to short- and long-term CPAP treatment. Long-term CPAP was more efficient in counteracting OSA impact on the clock, but the obtained results suggest that it is not fully effective. A better understanding of the impact of OSA and OSA treatment on the clock may open new avenues to OSA diagnosis, monitoring and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia S Gaspar
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Pólo I, Coimbra 3004-504, Portugal; Centre for Innovation in Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Portugal; PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Janina Hesse
- Institute for Theoretical Biology (ITB), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin 10117, Germany; Molecular Cancer Research Center (MKFZ), Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumour Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin 10117, Germany; Department of Human Medicine, Institute for Systems Medicine and Bioinformatics, MSH Medical School Hamburg-University of Applied Sciences and Medical University, Am Kaiserkai 1, Hamburg 20457, Germany
| | - Müge Yalçin
- Institute for Theoretical Biology (ITB), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin 10117, Germany; Molecular Cancer Research Center (MKFZ), Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumour Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Bárbara Santos
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Pólo I, Coimbra 3004-504, Portugal; Centre for Innovation in Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina Carvalhas-Almeida
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Pólo I, Coimbra 3004-504, Portugal; Centre for Innovation in Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Ferreira
- Sleep Medicine Centre, Coimbra Hospital and University Centre, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joaquim Moita
- Sleep Medicine Centre, Coimbra Hospital and University Centre, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Angela Relógio
- Institute for Theoretical Biology (ITB), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin 10117, Germany; Molecular Cancer Research Center (MKFZ), Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumour Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin 10117, Germany; Department of Human Medicine, Institute for Systems Medicine and Bioinformatics, MSH Medical School Hamburg-University of Applied Sciences and Medical University, Am Kaiserkai 1, Hamburg 20457, Germany.
| | - Cláudia Cavadas
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Pólo I, Coimbra 3004-504, Portugal; Centre for Innovation in Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Ana Rita Álvaro
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Pólo I, Coimbra 3004-504, Portugal; Centre for Innovation in Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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20
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Selmaoui B, Touitou Y. Association Between Mobile Phone Radiation Exposure and the Secretion of Melatonin and Cortisol, Two Markers of the Circadian System: A Review. Bioelectromagnetics 2020; 42:5-17. [PMID: 33238059 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The extremely important use of mobile phones in the world, at all ages of life, including children and adolescents, leads to significant exposure of these populations to electromagnetic waves of radiofrequency. The question, therefore, arises as to whether exposure to these radiofrequencies (RFs) could lead to deleterious effects on the body's biological systems and health. In the current article, we review the effects, in laboratory animals and humans, of exposure to RF on two hormones considered as endocrine markers: melatonin, a neurohormone produced by the pineal gland and cortisol, a glucocorticosteroid synthesized by the adrenal glands. These two hormones are also considered as markers of the circadian system. The literature search was performed using PubMed, Medline, Web of Sciences (ISI Web of Knowledge), Google Scholar, and EMF Portal. From this review on RF effects on cortisol and melatonin, it appears that scientific papers in the literature are conflicting, showing effects, no effects, or inconclusive data. This implies the need for additional research on higher numbers of subjects and with protocols perfectly controlled with follow-up studies to better determine whether the chronic effect of RF on the biological functioning and health of users exists (or not). Bioelectromagnetics. 2021;42:5-17. © 2020 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahim Selmaoui
- Department of Experimental Toxicology, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.,PériTox Laboratory, UMR-I 01 INERIS, Picardie Jules Verne University, Amiens, France
| | - Yvan Touitou
- Fondation Ophtalmologique A. de Rothschild, Unité de Chronobiologie, Paris, France
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21
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Touitou Y, Point S. Effects and mechanisms of action of light-emitting diodes on the human retina and internal clock. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 190:109942. [PMID: 32758719 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
White light-emitting diodes (LEDs) will likely become the most used lighting devices worldwide in the future because of their very low prices over the course of their long lifespans which can be up to several tens of thousands of hours. The expansion of LED use in both urban and domestic lighting has prompted questions regarding their possible health effects, because the light that they provide is potentially high in the harmful blue band (400-500 nm) of the visible light spectrum. Research on the potential effects of LEDs and their blue band on human health has followed three main directions: 1) examining their retinal phototoxicity; 2) examining disruption of the internal clock, i.e., an out-of-sync clock, in shift workers and night workers, including the accompanying health issues, most concerningly an increased relative risk of cancer; and 3) examining risky, inappropriate late-night use of smartphones and consoles among children and adolescents. Here, we document the recognized or potential health issues associated with LED lighting together with their underlying mechanisms of action. There is so far no evidence that LED lighting is deleterious to human retina under normal use. However, exposure to artificial light at night is a new source of pollution because it affects the circadian clock. Blue-rich light, including cold white LEDs, should be considered a new endocrine disruptor, because it affects estrogen secretion and has unhealthful consequences in women, as demonstrated to occur via a complex mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvan Touitou
- Unité de Chronobiologie, Fondation A. de Rothschild, 75019, Paris, France.
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22
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Hou Y, Liu L, Chen X, Li Q, Li J. Association between circadian disruption and diseases: A narrative review. Life Sci 2020; 262:118512. [PMID: 33010281 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms play an important role in a wide range of human physiology and pathology. Individuals increasingly experience situations such as night-shift work schedules, likely leading to circadian disruption. Recent studies have also demonstrated that patients with other diseases often show symptoms of circadian disruption as manifested by the sleep-wake cycle and other biological rhythms. Circadian disruption often results in changes to the phase, period, and amplitude of the sleep-wake cycle, melatonin rhythm, and core body temperature. Several cardiometabolic, psychiatric, and neurodegenerative diseases are closely related to circadian disruption. Several interventions are also available, including phototherapy, exogenous melatonin, and exercise. The cumulative findings suggest that circadian disruption can increase risk for some cardiometabolic diseases. Circadian disruption also acts as a concomitant symptom of several psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. More attention should be paid to evaluating the impact of circadian disruption on these related diseases, as well as the benefits of the mitigation interventions for both circadian disruption and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Hou
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Lumin Liu
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Xiaotong Chen
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Qi Li
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Jing Li
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China.
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23
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Ostrin LA, Read SA, Vincent SJ, Collins MJ. Sleep in Myopic and Non-Myopic Children. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:22. [PMID: 32879778 PMCID: PMC7442863 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.9.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To examine differences in sleep between myopic and non-myopic children. Methods Objective measurements of sleep, light exposure, and physical activity were collected from 91 children, aged 10 to 15 years, for two 14-day periods approximately 6 months apart. Sleep parameters were analyzed with respect to refractive error, season, day of the week, age, and sex. Results Myopic children exhibited differences in sleep duration by day of the week (P < 0.001) and season (P = 0.007). Additionally, myopic children exhibited shorter sleep latency than non-myopic children (P = 0.04). For all children, wake time was later (P < 0.001) and sleep duration was longer (P = 0.03) during the cooler season compared with the warmer season. On weekends, children went to bed later (P < 0.001), woke up later (P < 0.001), and had increased sleep duration (P < 0.001) than on weekdays. Younger children exhibited earlier bedtime (P = 0.005) and wake time (P = 0.01) than older children. Time spent outdoors was positively associated with sleep duration (P = 0.03), and daily physical activity was negatively associated with wake time (P < 0.001). Conclusions Myopic children tended to have more variable sleep duration and shorter latency than non-myopic children. Sleep patterns were influenced by season, day of the week, age, time outdoors, and activity. Translational Relevance Myopic children tended to have more variable sleep duration and shorter latency than non-myopic children, which may reflect previously reported differences in environmental and behavioral factors between refractive error groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Ostrin
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Scott A Read
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Vision and Eye Research, Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen J Vincent
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Vision and Eye Research, Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael J Collins
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Vision and Eye Research, Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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24
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Lim GY, Jang TW, Sim CS, Ahn YS, Jeong KS. Comparison of Cortisol level by Shift Cycle in Korean Firefighters. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E4760. [PMID: 32630691 PMCID: PMC7370292 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17134760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
(1) Study Objectives: By investigating the change of cortisol levels during shift cycles among professional firefighters in Korea, this study aims to evaluate the difference between individuals' stress response and the recovery of their circadian rhythm after working night shifts. (2) Methods: A total of 325 shift firefighters, who were working in 3, 6, 9, or 21 day cycles, participated in the study. Their urinary and serum cortisol levels were measured during the day (09-18), during the night (18-09), and every 24 h (09-09) per shift cycle, and adjustments were made for confounding factors. (3) Results: Serum cortisol levels were significantly increased after working during the night or for 24 h compared with that of working throughout the day. However, whether working night or 24 h shifts, the serum cortisol levels were undoubtedly different based on the 3, 6, 9, or 21 day cycles. In all shift cycles, the urinary cortisol level decreased during the night or throughout the 24 h shifts compared with sleeping during this time, but this was considered to be significantly applicable only to those working in 21 day cycles. Additionally, in serial measurements, the recovery of urinary cortisol secretion after a night or 24 h shift was successful for individuals working in 9 day cycles, but the recovery was delayed for those working in 6 or 21 day cycles. (4) Conclusions: After analyzing the urine cortisol levels, the study indicates that only subjects working in 9 day cycles fully recovered their circadian rhythm while those working in 6 day or 21 day cycles did not completely recover. Therefore, it is important to recognize how stressful night shifts can be, and it is crucial to enhance firefighters' current shift cycles in order to allow sufficient recovery of their circadian rhythm as well as the prevention of disrupting their circadian rhythm after working at night. Further research is necessary to take into account the amount of work load, the challenges of being sleep deprived, and the individual's capacity to overcome sleepiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga-Young Lim
- Department of Public Health, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea;
| | - Tae-Won Jang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanynag University, Seoul 04763, Korea;
| | - Chang-Sun Sim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44033, Korea;
| | - Yeon Soon Ahn
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Korea;
| | - Kyoung Sook Jeong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Wonju 26426, Korea
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Kia K, Fitch SM, Newsom SA, Kim JH. Effect of whole-body vibration exposures on physiological stresses: Mining heavy equipment applications. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2020; 85:103065. [PMID: 32174353 PMCID: PMC8117724 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2020.103065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to employ validated biological markers to quantify the physiologic consequences of exposure to whole-body vibration (WBV) and evaluate the relative impact of mining vehicle operator vibration exposure on physiological responses as compared to vertical-axial dominant WBV. In a laboratory-based study with a repeated-measures design, we played actual field-measured floor vibration profiles into a 6-degree-of-freedom motion platform to create different realistic WBV exposures: 1) vertical-dominant vibration collected from long-haul trucks, 2) multi-axial vibration collected from mining heavy equipment vehicles, and 3) no vibration (control condition). Circulating biomarkers of interest were cortisol and catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) to assess physiological stress, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) to test for inflammation, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) to measure oxidative stress, and myoglobin and plasma creatine kinase to assess muscle damage. We collected blood samples at pre-exposure (0 h), during-exposure (2 and 4 h), and 2 h into recovery after the WBV exposure (6 h) in all four exposure conditions. The results showed that a single, 4-h acute exposure to WBV may not be sufficient to induce skeletal muscle damage, inflammation or physiologic stress measurable in the blood. No significant differences were observed between conditions for any of the biomarkers that could be attributed to the exposure contrast between vertical-dominant and multi-axial WBV exposures. These findings further indicate known complications of WBV exposure likely arise secondary to chronic, repeated exposures that give rise to subclinical stresses that were not captured here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiana Kia
- School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Stephanie M Fitch
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Sean A Newsom
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Jeong Ho Kim
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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Abstract
The pineal gland is an endocrine gland whose main function is the biosynthesis and secretion of melatonin, a hormone responsible for regulating circadian rhythms, e.g., the sleep/wake cycle. Due to its exceptionally high vascularization and its location outside the blood–brain barrier, the pineal gland may accumulate significant amounts of calcium and fluoride, making it the most fluoride-saturated organ of the human body. Both the calcification and accumulation of fluoride may result in melatonin deficiency.
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Hambrecht S, Oerke AK, Heistermann M, Dierkes PW. Diurnal variation of salivary cortisol in captive African elephants (Loxodonta africana) under routine management conditions and in relation to a translocation event. Zoo Biol 2020; 39:186-196. [PMID: 32134143 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The present study assessed the diurnal variation in salivary cortisol in captive African elephants during routine management (baseline) and in relation to a potential stressor (translocation) to evaluate to what extent acute stress may affect diurnal cortisol patterns. Under baseline conditions, we collected morning and afternoon saliva samples of 10 animals (three zoos) on different days in two study periods (n = 3-10 per animal, daytime and period). Under stress conditions, we sampled the transported cow (newcomer) and the two cows of the destination zoo before and after the transport in the morning and afternoon (n = 3-9 per animal, daytime and transport phase), as well as after the first introduction of the newcomer to the bull (n = 1 per animal). Cortisol was measured in unextracted samples by enzyme immunoassay. Under baseline conditions, we observed the expected diurnal variation with higher cortisol levels in the morning than in the afternoon. Under stress conditions, neither a significant difference between pre- and posttransport, nor between morning and afternoon levels was found. The percentage difference between morning and afternoon cortisol after the transport, however, was remarkably lower than before the transport in the newcomer potentially indicating a stress response to familiarization. Saliva samples taken immediately after the introduction of the newcomer to the bull revealed a marked cortisol increase. Our findings indicate that stressors may disturb the diurnal cortisol rhythm. Furthermore, provided that samples can be collected promptly, salivary cortisol is a useful minimally invasive measure of physiological stress in the African elephant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Hambrecht
- Bioscience Education and Zoo Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Oerke
- Endocrinology Laboratory, German Primate Centre, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Heistermann
- Endocrinology Laboratory, German Primate Centre, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Paul Wilhelm Dierkes
- Bioscience Education and Zoo Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Postolache TT, Gulati A, Okusaga OO, Stiller JW. An Introduction to Circadian Endocrine Physiology: Implications for Exercise and Sports Performance. ENDOCRINOLOGY OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SPORT 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-33376-8_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Bhake RC, Kluckner V, Stassen H, Russell GM, Leendertz J, Stevens K, Linthorst ACE, Lightman SL. Continuous Free Cortisol Profiles-Circadian Rhythms in Healthy Men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:5935-5947. [PMID: 31355884 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2019-00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The pituitary-adrenal axis had historically been considered a representative model for circadian rhythms. A recently developed portable collection device has provided the opportunity to evaluate free cortisol profiles using the microdialysis approach in individuals free to conduct their day-to-day activities in their own surroundings. METHODS Two separate experiments were conducted in healthy male volunteers. The total and subcutaneous (SC) free cortisol levels were measured at 10-minute intervals for a 24-hour period in one experiment, and the SC free cortisol levels were measured at 20-minute interval for 72 consecutive hours in free-living individuals in the second experiment. RESULTS The characteristic circadian rhythm was evident in both serum total and SC free cortisol, with the lowest levels achieved and maintained in the hours surrounding sleep onset and the peak levels occurring in every individual around waking. In all free-living individuals, the circadian rhythm was consistent across the 72-hour period, despite a wide range of activities. All the participants also showed increased cortisol after the consumption of lunch. The lowest levels during all 24-hour periods were observed during the hours after lights off, at the onset of sleep. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to report up to three consecutive 24-hour measurements of SC free cortisol in healthy individuals. We believe our study is a landmark study that paves the way for ambulatory monitoring of free cortisol profiles continuously for a period of 72 hours in free-living individuals performing their day-to-day activities whether healthy or with diseases involving the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Bhake
- University Hospitals Leicester National Health Service Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - V Kluckner
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - H Stassen
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - G M Russell
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - J Leendertz
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - K Stevens
- Department of Medical Statistics, Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry, and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - A C E Linthorst
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - S L Lightman
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Giannetto C, Fazio F, Alberghina D, Giudice E, Piccione G. Clock Genes Expression in Peripheral Leukocytes and Plasma Melatonin Daily Rhythm in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 84:102856. [PMID: 31864454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.102856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, behavioral and physiological processes display 24-hour rhythms that are regulated by the circadian system. In the present study, we investigated clock gene expression in peripheral leukocytes in horses. For this purpose, 10 Italian Saddle gelding horses (9-11 years old; 475 ± 28 Kg) were housed in individual boxes under natural photoperiod and natural environmental temperature. Blood samples were collected at 4-hour intervals over a 48-hour period. The day before the start of sampling, left jugular furrow of each horse was cannulated for the blood sample collection performed in heparinized tubes, for the assessment of melatonin concentration by means of radioimmunoassay and into PAX gene Blood RNA Tube for the assessment of clock genes by real-time RT-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RTqPCR). Well-established melatonin showed a daily rhythm with nocturnal acrophase (day 1-21:30; day 2-21:40). All genes tested (Bmal1, Cry 1, Per 1, Per 2, and Per 3) except Clock showed daily rhythmicity of their expression in peripheral blood. Oscillations of Bmal1 and Per 2 were correlated with the oscillation of melatonin, which anticipated the acrophase of Bmal1 (day 1-01:29; day 2-01:00) and Per 2 (day 1-01:00; day 2-00:32) of about 3 hours. Our results support the presence of a cyclic transcription of clock genes in peripheral leukocytes in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Giannetto
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Fazio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela Alberghina
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, Messina, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Giudice
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Piccione
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, Messina, Italy.
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Mackenzie SD, Gifford RM, Boyle LD, Crane MS, Strachan MWJ, Gibb FW. Validated criteria for the interpretation of a single measurement of serum cortisol in the investigation of suspected adrenal insufficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2019; 91:608-615. [PMID: 31380575 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The diagnostic value of a single measurement of serum cortisol as a first step in the investigation of suspected adrenal insufficiency remains unclear. Previously proposed criteria have not been validated, and little is known regarding the performance of the test outwith morning samples in outpatients. We aimed to identify and validate criteria for morning and afternoon serum cortisol which could be used to determine which individuals require dynamic testing, in both outpatient and medical inpatient settings. METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of 2768 patients attending endocrinology clinics and patients admitted to general medical units in two hospitals in Edinburgh, UK. In baseline samples from the short synacthen test, thresholds which identified a subnormal-stimulated serum cortisol (<430 nmol/L using the Abbott Architect assay) with 95% sensitivity were identified. Criteria drawn from data in patients attending outpatient clinics in one hospital were tested in additional outpatient and inpatient validation cohorts. RESULTS A morning (8 am-12 pm) serum cortisol of <275 nmol/L identified subnormal-stimulated cortisol with 96.2% sensitivity. For afternoon (12 pm-6 pm) samples, a cut-off of <250 nmol/L achieved 96.1% sensitivity. Sensitivity was maintained when the criteria were applied to outpatients in the validation cohort for both morning and afternoon samples. For inpatients, the test was sufficiently sensitive in morning samples only. CONCLUSIONS A single measurement of serum cortisol carries the potential to significantly reduce the need for dynamic testing in the investigation of adrenal insufficiency, whether this is taken in morning or afternoon outpatient clinics, or in morning samples from medical inpatients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Mackenzie
- Edinburgh Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Robert M Gifford
- Edinburgh Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Research and Clinical Innovation, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - Luke D Boyle
- Edinburgh Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mike S Crane
- Edinburgh Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark W J Strachan
- Edinburgh Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Fraser W Gibb
- Edinburgh Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Chang WP, Li HB. Differences in workday sleep fragmentation, rest-activity cycle, sleep quality, and activity level among nurses working different shifts. Chronobiol Int 2019; 36:1761-1771. [PMID: 31650865 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2019.1681441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Schedule changes associated with rotating shifts can interfere with the circadian rhythms of nurses and thereby affect their sleep duration, sleep quality, work efficiency, and work performance. The objectives of this study was to investigate differences in workday sleep fragmentation, rest-activity cycle, sleep quality, and activity level among nurses working different shifts. After filling out a basic information questionnaire and completing the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire, participants were asked to wear an actigraph and keep sleep records for seven consecutive days. Data pertaining to wake after sleep onset (WASO), 24-hour autocorrelation coefficient (r24), and daytime activity mean was collected in order to investigate workday sleep fragmentation, rest-activity cycle, and daytime activity level. We obtained complete questionnaires and data from 191 nurses. Day- and evening-shift nurses had more regular workday rest-activity cycles than did night-shift nurses (F = 51.26, p < .001). After controlling for r24 coefficients, we determined that nurses who experienced greater workday sleep fragmentation had higher PSQI scores (β = .18, p = .008). After controlling for WASO times, we determined that nurses who had more regular rest-activity cycles on workdays had lower PSQI scores (β = - .16, p = .036). After controlling for shift type and WASO times, we determined that nurses with higher PSQI scores displayed lower activity levels (β = - .21, p = .015) and those with higher r24 coefficients displayed higher activity levels (β = .18, p = .040) on workdays. We then examined the causal path relationships. Among the shifts, only the day-shift nurses had a higher r24 (β = -.59, p < .001) than did the night-shift nurses; WASO exerted a significant impact on PSQI scores (β = .20, p = .002); r24 had a significant and negative influence on PSQI scores (β = -.38, p < .001), and PSQI scores significantly and negatively influenced workday activity levels (β = -.20, p = .006). This study determined that day- and evening-shift nurses enjoyed more regular and consistent rest-activity cycles than did night-shift nurses; nurses with greater workday sleep fragmentation and/or more irregular rest-activity cycles experienced poorer sleep quality; and nurses suffering from poorer sleep quality displayed lower daytime activity levels on workdays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Pei Chang
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Nursing, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hau-Bin Li
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Wallace J, Selmaoui B. Effect of mobile phone radiofrequency signal on the alpha rhythm of human waking EEG: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 175:274-286. [PMID: 31146099 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In response to the exponential increase in mobile phone use and the resulting increase in exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF), there have been several studies to investigate via electroencephalography (EEG) whether RF-EMF exposure affects brain activity. Data in the literature have shown that exposure to radiofrequency signals modifies the waking EEG with the main effect on the alpha band frequency (8-13 Hz). However, some studies have reported an increase in alpha band power, while others have shown a decrease, and other studies showed no effect on EEG power. Given that changes in the alpha amplitude are associated with attention and some cognitive aspects of human behavior, researchers deemed necessary to look whether alpha rhythm was modulated under RF-EMF exposure. The present review aims at comparing and discussing the main findings obtained so far regarding RF-EMF effects on alpha rhythm of human waking spontaneous EEG, focusing on differences in protocols between studies, which might explain the observed discrepancies and inconclusive results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Wallace
- Experimental Toxicology Unit, National Institute of Industrial Environment and Risks (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; PériTox Laboratory, UMR-I-01, Faculty of Medicine, University of Picardy Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Brahim Selmaoui
- Experimental Toxicology Unit, National Institute of Industrial Environment and Risks (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; PériTox Laboratory, UMR-I-01, Faculty of Medicine, University of Picardy Jules Verne, Amiens, France.
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Nilsson K, Bentsen P, Grahn P, Mygind L. [What is the scientific evidence with regard to the effects of forests, trees on human health and well-being?]. SANTE PUBLIQUE 2019; S1:219-240. [PMID: 31210482 DOI: 10.3917/spub.190.0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
In today's modern society, lifestyle-related diseases play an increasingly important role as the cause of bad health. Staying in and access to environments that contain natural elements such as forests, parks and gardens has been featured because of its potential to stimulating people's health and well-being. An independent research area has developed, which addresses issues that try to explain and document the health effects of access to and activities in nature. To bring together European researchers working with different aspects of the relation between nature and health, COST Action E39 "Forests, Trees, and Human Health and Wellbeing" was established in 2004 and terminated in November 2009. The main results of COST E39 was presented in the book "Forests, Trees and Human Health" published in 2011. This article focuses on three central research questions regarding the relationship between nature and health: (1) Nature's restorative and salutogenic effects on human beings, (2) Health effects of outdoor physical activities, and (3) Therapeutic interventions such as therapy gardens and forest bathing. Based on a systematic review of research carried out in the aftermath of the COST Action the following conclusions are made: (1) There is a remarkable amount of research publications showing a statistical correlation between access to nature and green areas and human physical activity and health. However, there are few studies that really prove a causal relationship, i.e. that access to green areas leads to increased physical activity and better health. (2) The existing research on outdoor activities in natural environments describes a number of positive associations and effects on health, and the evidence for some of these are convincing, albeit there must be reservations for the immediate applicability of the conclusions. (3) A lot of studies also show that nature-based therapeutic interventions work and provide clear positive effects, but there is serious criticism about the quality of the studies. Finally, the authors suggest more emphasis on research regarding the economic benefits of nature's health effects, more research on the effects of nature-based therapeutic interventions, and of broadening the theoretical basis. Furthermore, we foresee a better integration with health policies and practical implementation within urban planning and forest management.
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Wassmer T, Refinetti R. Individual Daily and Seasonal Activity Patterns in Fox Squirrels (Sciurus niger) Quantified by Temperature-Sensitive Data Loggers. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Salivary levels of alpha-amylase are associated with neurobehavioral alertness during extended wakefulness, but not simulated night-shift work. Physiol Behav 2019; 204:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Haraguchi A, Komada Y, Inoue Y, Shibata S. Correlation among clock gene expression rhythms, sleep quality, and meal conditions in delayed sleep-wake phase disorder and night eating syndrome. Chronobiol Int 2019; 36:770-783. [DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2019.1585366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Haraguchi
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Komada
- Department of Somnology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
- Liberal Arts, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Inoue
- Department of Somnology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Shibata
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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Baschieri F, Cortelli P. Circadian rhythms of cardiovascular autonomic function: Physiology and clinical implications in neurodegenerative diseases. Auton Neurosci 2019; 217:91-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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39
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Andrianome S, Yahia-Cherif L, Selmaoui B. Effect of short exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on saliva biomarkers: a study on the electrohypersensitive individuals. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 95:788-792. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1569776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Soafara Andrianome
- Department of Experimental Toxicology, Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques, (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
- Laboratoire PériTox UMR-I 01, UFR de Médecine, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Lydia Yahia-Cherif
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière (CRICM) et Centre de Neuroimagerie de Recherche (CENIR), Paris, France
| | - Brahim Selmaoui
- Department of Experimental Toxicology, Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques, (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
- Laboratoire PériTox UMR-I 01, UFR de Médecine, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
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40
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Rist B, Pearce AJ. Tiered Levels of Resting Cortisol in an Athletic Population. A Potential Role for Interpretation in Biopsychosocial Assessment? J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2019; 4:jfmk4010008. [PMID: 33467323 PMCID: PMC7739432 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk4010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cortisol is a steroid hormone that follows a distinct diurnal timeline; however, while healthy ranges exist, it not been determined whether or why individuals differ on baseline cortisol levels. The aim of this study was to test the anecdotal evidence of different levels of responders by classifying these levels in resting cortisol, and to correlate individual cortisol responses to psychological traits. METHODS Twenty-two male athletes (mean age 22.5 ± 4.34 years) provided two saliva samples at the same time each day over three days in week one of their pre-season to determine individual baseline salivary cortisol levels. Participants also completed self-report psychological traits measures for correlation to cortisol levels. RESULTS Three levels of cortisol in responders were clearly identified (F2,19 = 69.00, p < 0.001). Pearson's correlation coefficient showed that there was no significant relationship between baseline cortisol levels and psychological traits (optimism, r = 0.23, p = 0.29; stress, r = 0.05 p = 0.82; decision making, r = 0.19 p = 0.38). CONCLUSIONS This novel study identified that within an overall healthy range, individual athletes will likely fall into either a low, average or high band of baseline cortisol. However individual responses did not correlate to self-report psychological traits. Caution is required if sports science staff wish to use cortisol to measure psychological stress.
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Figueiro MG, Sahin L, Roohan C, Kalsher M, Plitnick B, Rea MS. Effects of red light on sleep inertia. Nat Sci Sleep 2019; 11:45-57. [PMID: 31118850 PMCID: PMC6506010 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s195563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Sleep inertia, broadly defined as decrements in performance and lowering of alertness following waking, lasts for durations ranging between 1 min and 3 hrs. This study investigated whether, compared to a dim light condition (the control), exposure to long-wavelength (red) light delivered to closed eyelids during sleep (red light mask) and to eyes open upon waking (red light goggles) reduced sleep inertia. Methods: Thirty participants (18 females, 12 males; mean age=30.4 years [SD 13.7]) completed this crossover, within-subjects, counterbalanced design study. Self-reported measures of sleepiness and objective measures of auditory performance and cortisol levels were collected on 3 Friday nights over the course of 3 consecutive weeks. Results: Performance improved significantly during the 30-min data collection period in all experimental conditions. Subjective sleepiness also decreased significantly with time awake in all experimental conditions. As hypothesized, performance of some tasks was significantly better in the red light mask condition than in the dim light condition. Performance scores in the red light goggles condition improved significantly after a few minutes of wearing the light goggles. Discussion: The results show that saturated red light delivered through closed eyelids at levels that do not suppress melatonin can be used to mitigate sleep inertia upon waking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana G Figueiro
- Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Levent Sahin
- Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Charles Roohan
- Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Michael Kalsher
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Barbara Plitnick
- Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Mark S Rea
- Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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Theiler-Schwetz V, Zaufel A, Schlager H, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Fickert P, Zollner G. Bile acids and glucocorticoid metabolism in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:243-251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Bettio L, Thacker JS, Hutton C, Christie BR. Modulation of synaptic plasticity by exercise. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 147:295-322. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Yamanaka Y, Motoshima H, Uchida K. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis differentially responses to morning and evening psychological stress in healthy subjects. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 2018; 39:41-47. [PMID: 30480877 PMCID: PMC7292277 DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis responds to changing environmental demands including psychological stressors. The aim of the present study was to assess whether the time of day effects on the acute response of HPA axis activity to acute psychological stress. Method We studied 27 healthy young subjects. The subjects were participated two experiments as follows. In the first experiment, subjects were instructed to keep their regular sleep schedule for 2 weeks which were measured by using a wrist‐worn activity monitor. Afterward, to evaluate a diurnal rhythm of salivary cortisol, eight saliva samples were collected during waking period every 2 hours from when the subjects woke up. In the second experiment, the subjects were randomly assigned to two groups. The Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) was performed either in the morning (n = 14) or in the evening (n = 13). We measured diurnal rhythm of salivary cortisol and stress response of salivary cortisol and heart rate by the TSST. Morning and evening tests were started at 2 hours and 10 hours after woke up, respectively. Results All subjects showed a normal diurnal rhythm of salivary cortisol concentration, with a peak in the morning immediately after awaking and a minimum in the evening. The salivary cortisol response after the TSST was significantly increased from the prestress level in the morning but not in the evening. Conclusion The HPA response to acute psychological stress was more pronounced in the morning than in the evening, correlating with the circadian regulation of cortisol synthesis. The aim of the present study was to examine whether the HPA axis differentially responses to morning and evening psychological stressor in healthy subjects. Here, we could demonstrate that the HPA axis activity response to acute psychological stressor is higher in the morning than in the evening, relating with circadian rhythm of salivary cortisol concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Yamanaka
- Laboratory of Life & Health Sciences, Graduate School of Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Research and Education Center for Brain Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Kenji Uchida
- Research Center, Yotsuba Milk Products Co., Ltd, Kitahiroshima, Japan
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Fekedulegn D, Innes K, Andrew ME, Tinney-Zara C, Charles LE, Allison P, Violanti JM, Knox SS. Sleep quality and the cortisol awakening response (CAR) among law enforcement officers: The moderating role of leisure time physical activity. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 95:158-169. [PMID: 29864672 PMCID: PMC6401560 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to investigate the role of leisure time physical activity (LTPA) on the association between sleep quality and the cortisol awakening response (CAR) in people with an occupation that exposes them to high levels of stress. METHODS Participants were 275 police officers (age = 42 years ± 8.3, 27% women) enrolled in the Buffalo Cardio-Metabolic Occupational Police Stress (BCOPS) study (conducted between 2004 and 2009). Officers provided four salivary cortisol samples (on awakening and 15, 30, and 45 min after awakening). Hours of leisure time physical activity were assessed using the Seven-Day Physical Activity Recall questionnaire. Sleep quality (good/poor) was evaluated using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scale. Analysis of covariance and repeated measures models were used to examine the association of sleep quality to the two aspects of CAR: cortisol levels (total area under the curve (AUCG), mean, and peak cortisol) and cortisol profiles (the overall pattern in cortisol level during the 45 min period following awakening, the increase in cortisol from baseline to average of post awakening values (mean increase), and area under the curve with respect to increase (AUCI)). Analyses were stratified by participant level of reported LTPA (sufficiently vs. insufficiently active, defined as ≥ 150 vs. < 150 min/week of moderate intensity activity, respectively). Since cortisol activity is known to be influenced by gender, we conducted additional analyses also stratified by gender. RESULTS Overall, results demonstrated that LTPA significantly moderated the association of sleep quality with CAR. Among participants who were sufficiently active, CAR did not differ by sleep quality. However, in those who were insufficiently active during their leisure time, poor sleep quality was associated with a significantly reduced level of total awakening cortisol secretion (AUCG (a.u.) = 777.4 ± 56 vs. 606.5 ± 45, p = 0.02; mean cortisol (nmol/l) = 16.7 ± 1.2 vs. 13.3 ± 0.9, p = 0.03; peak cortisol (nmol/l) = 24.0 ± 1.8 vs. 18.9 ± 1.5, p = 0.03 for good vs. poor sleep quality, respectively). The normal rise in cortisol after awakening was also significantly lower in inactive officers with poor sleep quality than in those with good sleep quality (mean increase (nmol/l) = 6.7 ± 1.5 vs. 2.3 ± 1.2, p = 0.03; AUCI (a.u.) = 249.3 ± 55 vs. 83.3 ± 44, p = 0.02 for those with good vs. poor sleep quality, respectively). While findings for male officers were consistent with the overall results, CAR did not differ by sleep quality in female officers regardless of LTPA level. CONCLUSION Findings of this study suggest that poor sleep quality is associated with diminished awakening cortisol levels and dysregulated cortisol patterns over time, but only among officers who were inactive or insufficiently active during their leisure time. In contrast, sleep quality was not associated with any measures of CAR in officers who reported sufficient activity, suggesting a potential protective effect of LTPA. In analyses stratified by gender, findings for male officers were similar to those in the pooled sample, although we found no evidence for a modifying effect of LTPA in women. Future longitudinal studies in a larger population are needed to confirm these findings and further elucidate the relationships between LTPA, sleep quality, and cortisol response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desta Fekedulegn
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA.
| | - Kim Innes
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Michael E Andrew
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Cathy Tinney-Zara
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Luenda E Charles
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Penelope Allison
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - John M Violanti
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Sarah S Knox
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Behringer V, Deimel C, Hohmann G, Negrey J, Schaebs FS, Deschner T. Applications for non-invasive thyroid hormone measurements in mammalian ecology, growth, and maintenance. Horm Behav 2018; 105:66-85. [PMID: 30063897 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) play a pivotal role in the regulation of metabolic activity throughout all life stages. Cross-talk with other hormone systems permits THs to coordinate metabolic changes as well as modifications in growth and maintenance in response to changing environmental conditions. The scope of this review is to explain the relevant basics of TH endocrinology, highlight pertinent topics that have been investigated so far, and offer guidance on measuring THs in non-invasively collected matrices. The first part of the review provides an overview of TH biochemistry, which is necessary to understand and interpret the findings of existing studies and to apply non-invasive TH monitoring. The second part focuses on the role of THs in mammalian ecology, and the third part highlights the role of THs in growth and maintenance. The fourth part deals with the advantages and difficulties of measuring THs in non-invasively collected samples. This review concludes with a summary that considers future directions in the study of THs.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Behringer
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - C Deimel
- Department of Anthropology, Indiana University Bloomington, 701 E Kirkwood Ave, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - G Hohmann
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - J Negrey
- Department of Anthropology, Boston University, 232 Bay State Road, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - F S Schaebs
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - T Deschner
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Manigault AW, Woody A, Zoccola PM, Dickerson SS. Trait mindfulness predicts the presence but not the magnitude of cortisol responses to acute stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 90:29-34. [PMID: 29425788 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mindfulness, or the practice of observing present moment experiences with acceptance, is thought to improve health at least partially by limiting hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis over-responsiveness during episodes of acute stress. However, models of allostatic load suggest that HPA axis under-responsiveness can also be detrimental to health, and the relationship between mindfulness and cortisol under-responsiveness has yet to be examined. The present study therefore aimed to address this knowledge gap, and to revisit the relationship between mindfulness and acute cortisol response magnitude while excluding (or statistically controlling for) individuals displaying HPA axis under-responsiveness. METHODS Participants (124 healthy undergraduate students) were subjected to a stressful speech task, and completed a trait mindfulness questionnaire. Salivary cortisol was collected 0, +15, +25, +40, and +55 min post-stressor onset. RESULTS Greater trait mindfulness was associated with greater odds of displaying a cortisol response relative to none, but was unrelated to the magnitude of cortisol responses among those who displayed an acute response. CONCLUSIONS In the present sample, trait mindfulness was associated with cortisol responses, but this was driven by the fact that subjects low in mindfulness were more likely to be non-responders. Contrasting the effects of mindfulness on the presence (i.e., present vs. absent) and the degree (i.e., magnitude) of acute stress responses may therefore be warranted in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex Woody
- Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, United States; Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, United States
| | - Peggy M Zoccola
- Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, United States.
| | - Sally S Dickerson
- Department of Psychology, Pace University, New York City, United States
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Pierre K, Rao RT, Hartmanshenn C, Androulakis IP. Modeling the Influence of Seasonal Differences in the HPA Axis on Synchronization of the Circadian Clock and Cell Cycle. Endocrinology 2018; 159:1808-1826. [PMID: 29444258 PMCID: PMC6044315 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-03226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Synchronization of biological functions to environmental signals enables organisms to anticipate and appropriately respond to daily external fluctuations and is critical to the maintenance of homeostasis. Misalignment of circadian rhythms with environmental cues is associated with adverse health outcomes. Cortisol, the downstream effector of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activity, facilitates synchronization of peripheral biological processes to the environment. Cortisol levels exhibit substantial seasonal rhythmicity, with peak levels occurring during the short-photoperiod winter months and reduced levels occurring in the long-photoperiod summer season. Seasonal changes in cortisol secretion could therefore alter its entraining capabilities, resulting in a season-dependent modification in the alignment of biological activities with the environment. We develop a mathematical model to investigate the influence of photoperiod-induced seasonal differences in the circadian rhythmicity of the HPA axis on the synchronization of the peripheral circadian clock and cell cycle in a heterogeneous cell population. Model simulations predict that the high-amplitude cortisol rhythms in winter result in the greatest entrainment of peripheral oscillators. Furthermore, simulations predict a circadian gating of the cell cycle with respect to the expression of peripheral clock genes. Seasonal differences in cortisol rhythmicity are also predicted to influence mitotic synchrony, with a high-amplitude winter rhythm resulting in the greatest synchrony and a shift in timing of the cell cycle phases, relative to summer. Our results highlight the primary interactions among the HPA axis, the peripheral circadian clock, and the cell cycle and thereby provide an improved understanding of the implications of circadian misalignment on the synchronization of peripheral regulatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamau Pierre
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Rohit T Rao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Clara Hartmanshenn
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Ioannis P Androulakis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
- Correspondence: Ioannis P. Androulakis, PhD, Biomedical Engineering Department, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854. E-mail:
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate associations between shiftwork and diurnal salivary cortisol among 319 police officers (77.7% men). METHODS Information on shiftwork was obtained from the City of Buffalo, NY electronic payroll records. Saliva was collected using Salivettes at seven time points and analyzed for free cortisol concentrations (nmol/L) using a chemiluminescence immunoassay. Mean slopes and areas under the curve were compared across shift schedule using analysis of variance (ANOVA)/analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). RESULTS Officers working primarily on the night shift had a significantly shallower slope. Mean slope (nmol/L/minutes) of the cortisol curve varied significantly across shifts (day: -0.00332 ± 0.00017, afternoon: -0.00313 ± 0.00018, night: -0.00257 ± 0.0002); adjusted P = 0.023. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that night shiftwork is a workplace factor that may alter the response of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis to the circadian cues responsible for the pattern of the diurnal cortisol curve.
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Rao RT, Pierre KK, Schlesinger N, Androulakis IP. The Potential of Circadian Realignment in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 2017; 44:177-191. [PMID: 28605351 DOI: 10.1615/critrevbiomedeng.2016018812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this short review, we discuss evidence supporting the modulation of peripheral circadian systems as a therapeutic strategy for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We first review the role of proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress, two of the primary mediators of chronic inflammation in RA, and their regulation by circadian clock machinery. We further highlight the role of environmental and metabolic signals in regulating the central and peripheral circadian clocks, with an emphasis on seasonal variations in photoperiod and rhythmic metabolic input, respectively. Finally, we hypothesize that the entrainment and realignment of peripheral clock rhythms have the ability to modulate these mediators, improving clinical outcomes in RA patients. Our discussion emphasizes the use of light therapy and time-restricted feeding for entraining peripheral clocks either via the entrainment of the central circadian clock in suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) or directly by uncoupling the peripheral circadian clocks from SCN. In doing so, we highlight the use of nonpharmacologic interventions as a potential strategy for improving clinical outcomes in chronic inflammatory conditions such as RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit T Rao
- Chemical & Biochemical Engineering Department, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Kamau K Pierre
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Naomi Schlesinger
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Ioannis P Androulakis
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Department, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey; Biomedical Engineering Department, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey; Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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