1
|
Onyeyilim EL, Ezeokonkwo MA, Ugwu DI, Uzoewulu CP, Eze FU, Okonkwo VI, Eze CC, Ezugwu JA. Carbohydrazide analogues: a review of synthesis and biological activities. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:661-682. [PMID: 34488610 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666210831154935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrazides and their Schiff bases are important class of heterocycles that are not only employed in the area of organic chemistry, but also have tremendous applications in physical and inorganic chemistry. A series of potential bioactive compounds, containing carbohydrazide functionality and their hydrazone derivatives have been synthesized and screened for antibacterial, anticancer, antifungal and anti-inflammatory etc. This brief review discloses some synthetic route to so many reported carbohydrazides, their Schiff bases, their biological activities and their structure activity relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Izuchukwu Ugwu
- Department of pure and Industrial Chemistry University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Nigeria
| | | | - Florence Uchenna Eze
- Department of pure and Industrial Chemistry University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Nigeria
| | - Vivian Ifeoma Okonkwo
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology University of Nigeria, Nsukka University of Nigeria, Nsukka (410001). Nigeria
| | - Cosmas Chinweike Eze
- Natural Science Unit, School of General Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Nigeria
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Perescis MFJ, Flipsen NAR, van Luijtelaar G, van Rijn CM. Altered SWD stopping mechanism in WAG/Rij rats subchronically treated with the cannabinoid agonist R(+)WIN55,212-2. Epilepsy Behav 2020; 102:106722. [PMID: 31855784 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A single injection of the cannabinoid agonist R(+)WIN55,212-2 (WIN) is known to cause an increase of the mean duration of spontaneously occurring spike-and-wave discharges (SWDs) in rats of the WAG/Rij strain, a genetic model for absence epilepsy. The aim of the present study was to establish whether repeated activation of CB1 receptors with WIN leads to tolerance in its effect on SWD parameters, spectral density, and behavior over time. Adult male WAG/Rij rats (n = 16) were treated with WIN (6 mg/kg) or vehicle (olive oil). Injections (s.c.) took place 3 times per week during 2 weeks. Electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings, each lasting 24 h, were made 3 times: immediately before the first injection (baseline), immediately after the first injection (acute treatment), and after 2 weeks of treatment (subchronic treatment). The recordings were analyzed regarding incidence, durations of SWDs, and hazard rates of the durations of SWDs, the latter to describe SWD stopping probabilities. Putative changes in the spectral content of the EEG before and after WIN during active and passive behaviors were additionally investigated. Spike-and-wave discharge incidence was not affected by the acute and subchronic treatments. The mean duration of the SWDs was significantly longer than controls in the acute WIN-treated animals [11.9-s standard error of the mean (SEM): 0.64 compared with 8.4-s SEM: 0.25] as well as in subchronically treated animals (11.5-s SEM: 1.00 compared with 8.4-s SEM: 0.25). Hazard rates were significantly lower for WIN-treated animals at SWD durations in the 5.04-20.16-s range on both occasions. No effects of WIN on the frequency spectrum of the ongoing EEG were found, neither acutely nor after repeated administration. Evidence for tolerance was not found. The results on the mean duration and hazard rates suggest that stimulating the endocannabinoid system affects the SWD stopping mechanism, resulting in more long SWDs. We speculate that this effect is likely to be a direct result of CB1 receptor agonism and a subsequent decrease in the availability of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the reticular thalamic nucleus, which further weakens, in WAG/Rij rats already disturbed, the stopping mechanism of the SWDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin F J Perescis
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Montessorilaan 3, 6525 HR Nijmegen, the Netherlands; HAS University of Applied Sciences, Onderwijsboulevard 221, 5223 DE 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands.
| | - Nienke A R Flipsen
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Montessorilaan 3, 6525 HR Nijmegen, the Netherlands; HAS University of Applied Sciences, Onderwijsboulevard 221, 5223 DE 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - Gilles van Luijtelaar
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Montessorilaan 3, 6525 HR Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Clementina M van Rijn
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Montessorilaan 3, 6525 HR Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Spinelli F, Capparelli E, Abate C, Colabufo NA, Contino M. Perspectives of Cannabinoid Type 2 Receptor (CB2R) Ligands in Neurodegenerative Disorders: Structure-Affinity Relationship (SAfiR) and Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) Studies. J Med Chem 2017; 60:9913-9931. [PMID: 28608697 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Up-regulation of CB2R on activated microglial cells, the first step in neurodegeneration, has been widely demonstrated, and this finding makes the receptor a promising target in the early diagnosis and treatment of several neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). The development of CB2R PET ligands could help demonstrate the neurodegenerative pathogenesis, thus providing useful tools for characterizing the role of neuroinflammation in the progression of these disorders. CB2R agonists and inverse agonists have emerged as neuroprotective agents, and CB2R agonists have entered several clinical trials. CB2R ligands have therefore received great attention, and different molecular scaffolds have been selected to target CB2R subtypes. This review is focused on structure-activity relationship (SAR) and structure-affinity relationship (SAfiR) studies performed on different scaffolds with the aim to identify the molecular features useful for the design of both therapeutic and diagnostic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Spinelli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro , Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Elena Capparelli
- Biofordrug srl, Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.,Catholic University "Our Lady of Good Counsel", Kompleksi Spitalor Universitar "Zoja e Këshillit të Mirë" , Rr. Dritan Hoxha, Laprakë, 1000, Tirana, Albania
| | - Carmen Abate
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro , Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola A Colabufo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro , Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.,Biofordrug srl, Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Marialessandra Contino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro , Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bergström CAS, Charman WN, Porter CJH. Computational prediction of formulation strategies for beyond-rule-of-5 compounds. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 101:6-21. [PMID: 26928657 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The physicochemical properties of some contemporary drug candidates are moving towards higher molecular weight, and coincidentally also higher lipophilicity in the quest for biological selectivity and specificity. These physicochemical properties move the compounds towards beyond rule-of-5 (B-r-o-5) chemical space and often result in lower water solubility. For such B-r-o-5 compounds non-traditional delivery strategies (i.e. those other than conventional tablet and capsule formulations) typically are required to achieve adequate exposure after oral administration. In this review, we present the current status of computational tools for prediction of intestinal drug absorption, models for prediction of the most suitable formulation strategies for B-r-o-5 compounds and models to obtain an enhanced understanding of the interplay between drug, formulation and physiological environment. In silico models are able to identify the likely molecular basis for low solubility in physiologically relevant fluids such as gastric and intestinal fluids. With this baseline information, a formulation scientist can, at an early stage, evaluate different orally administered, enabling formulation strategies. Recent computational models have emerged that predict glass-forming ability and crystallisation tendency and therefore the potential utility of amorphous solid dispersion formulations. Further, computational models of loading capacity in lipids, and therefore the potential for formulation as a lipid-based formulation, are now available. Whilst such tools are useful for rapid identification of suitable formulation strategies, they do not reveal drug localisation and molecular interaction patterns between drug and excipients. For the latter, Molecular Dynamics simulations provide an insight into the interplay between drug, formulation and intestinal fluid. These different computational approaches are reviewed. Additionally, we analyse the molecular requirements of different targets, since these can provide an early signal that enabling formulation strategies will be required. Based on the analysis we conclude that computational biopharmaceutical profiling can be used to identify where non-conventional gateways, such as prediction of 'formulate-ability' during lead optimisation and early development stages, are important and may ultimately increase the number of orally tractable contemporary targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christel A S Bergström
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Center, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - William N Charman
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Christopher J H Porter
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Nano-Bio Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lazzari P, Distinto R, Manca I, Baillie G, Murineddu G, Pira M, Falzoi M, Sani M, Morales P, Ross R, Zanda M, Jagerovic N, Pinna GA. A critical review of both the synthesis approach and the receptor profile of the 8-chloro-1-(2',4'-dichlorophenyl)-N-piperidin-1-yl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydrobenzo[6,7]cyclohepta[1,2-c]pyrazole-3-carboxamide and analogue derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 121:194-208. [PMID: 27240274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
8-Chloro-1-(2',4'-dichlorophenyl)-N-piperidin-1-yl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydrobenzo[6,7]cyclohepta[1,2-c]pyrazole-3-carboxamide 9a was discovered as potent and selective CB1 antagonist by part of our group few years ago. In particular it was reported to have an affinity towards the CB1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R), expressed as Ki, of 0.00035 nM. Nevertheless significantly divergent data were reported for the same compound from other laboratories. To unequivocally define the receptor profile of 9a, we have critically reviewed both its synthesis approach and binding data. Here we report that, in contrast to our previously reported data, 9a showed a Ki value for CB1R in the order of nanomolar rather than of fentomolar range. The new determined receptor profile of 9a was also ascertained for analogue derivatives 9b-i, as well as for 12. Moreover, the structural features of the synthesized compounds necessary for CB1R were investigated. Amongst the novel series, effects on CB1R intrinsic activity was highlighted due to the substituents at the position 3 of the pyrazole ring of the 1,4,5,6-tetrahydrobenzo[6,7]cyclohepta[1,2-c]pyrazole scaffold. Although the cannabinoid receptor profile of 9a was reviewed in this work, the relevance of this compound in CB1R antagonist based drug discovery is confirmed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Lazzari
- Neuroscienze PharmaNess S.c.a r.l., Edificio 5, Loc. Piscinamanna, 09010, Pula, CA, Italy; Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics, Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK; KemoTech Srl, Edificio 3, Loc. Piscinamanna, 09010 Pula, CA, Italy.
| | - Rita Distinto
- Neuroscienze PharmaNess S.c.a r.l., Edificio 5, Loc. Piscinamanna, 09010, Pula, CA, Italy; Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics, Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Ilaria Manca
- Neuroscienze PharmaNess S.c.a r.l., Edificio 5, Loc. Piscinamanna, 09010, Pula, CA, Italy; Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics, Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Gemma Baillie
- Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics, Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gabriele Murineddu
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Sassari, Via F. Muroni 23/A, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Marilena Pira
- Neuroscienze PharmaNess S.c.a r.l., Edificio 5, Loc. Piscinamanna, 09010, Pula, CA, Italy; Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics, Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Matteo Falzoi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Lab. Genetica, Università di Cagliari, Via T.Fiorelli 1, 09126 Cagliari, CA, Italy
| | - Monica Sani
- KemoTech Srl, Edificio 3, Loc. Piscinamanna, 09010 Pula, CA, Italy; C.N.R. Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Paula Morales
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruth Ross
- Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics, Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matteo Zanda
- Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics, Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK; C.N.R. Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Nadine Jagerovic
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gérard Aimè Pinna
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Sassari, Via F. Muroni 23/A, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nimczick M, Decker M. New Approaches in the Design and Development of Cannabinoid Receptor Ligands: Multifunctional and Bivalent Compounds. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:773-86. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
7
|
|
8
|
Park JY, Shin YG, Kim KW, Kwon YB, Yoon SH. Syntheses of 7-Substituted α-Cyperone Derivatives for Selective Sigma-1 Receptor over Cannabinoid-1 Receptor Binding Affinities. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.11.3499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
9
|
Design, synthesis, binding and docking-based 3D-QSAR studies of 2-pyridylbenzimidazoles--a new family of high affinity CB1 cannabinoid ligands. Molecules 2013; 18:3972-4001. [PMID: 23558540 PMCID: PMC6270614 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18043972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel 2-pyridylbenzimidazole derivatives was rationally designed and synthesized based on our previous studies on benzimidazole 14, a CB1 agonist used as a template for optimization. In the present series, 21 compounds displayed high affinities with Ki values in the nanomolar range. JM-39 (compound 39) was the most active of the series (KiCB1 = 0.53 nM), while compounds 31 and 44 exhibited similar affinities to WIN 55212-2. CoMFA analysis was performed based on the biological data obtained and resulted in a statistically significant CoMFA model with high predictive value (q2 = 0.710, r2 = 0.998, r2pred = 0.823).
Collapse
|
10
|
Chianese R, Ciaramella V, Scarpa D, Fasano S, Pierantoni R, Meccariello R. Anandamide regulates the expression of GnRH1, GnRH2, and GnRH-Rs in frog testis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 303:E475-87. [PMID: 22669247 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00086.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (either GnRH1 or GnRH2) exerts a local activity in vertebrate testis, including human testis. Relationships between endocannabinoid (eCB) and GnRH systems in gonads have never been elucidated in any species so far. To reveal a cross-talk between eCBs and GnRH at testicular level, we characterized the expression of GnRH (GnRH1 and GnRH2) as well as GnRH receptor (GnRH-R1, -R2, and -R3) mRNA in the testis of the anuran amphibian Rana esculenta during the annual sexual cycle; furthermore, the corresponding transcripts were localized inside the testis by in situ hybridization. The possible endogenous production of the eCB, anandamide (AEA), was investigated in testis by analyzing the expression of its biosynthetic enzyme, Nape-pld. Incubations of testis pieces with AEA were carried out in the postreproductive period (June) and in February, when a new spermatogenetic wave takes place. In June, AEA treatment significantly decreased GnRH1 and GnRH-R2 mRNA, stimulated the transcription of GnRH2 and GnRH-R1, and did not affect GnRH-R3 expression. In February, AEA treatment upregulated GnRH2 and GnRH-R3 mRNA, downregulated GnRH-R2, and did not affect GnRH1 and GnRH-R1 expression. These effects were mediated by type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1) since they were fully counteracted by SR141716A (Rimonabant), a selective CB1 antagonist. In conclusion, eCB system modulates GnRH activity in frog testis during the annual sexual cycle in a stage-dependent fashion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Chianese
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale sez F. Bottazzi, Seconda Università di Napoli, via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Latest advances in novel cannabinoid CB(2) ligands for drug abuse and their therapeutic potential. Future Med Chem 2012; 4:187-204. [PMID: 22300098 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.11.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of cannabinoid (CB) drug research is experiencing a challenge as the CB(1) antagonist Rimonabant, launched in 2006 as an anorectic/anti-obesity drug, was withdrawn from the European market due to the complications of suicide and depression as side effects. There is interest in developing CB(2) drugs without CB(1) psychotropic side effects for drug-abuse treatment and therapeutic medication. The CB(1) receptor was discovered predominantly in the brain, whereas the CB(2) is mainly expressed in peripheral cells and tissues, and is involved in immune signal transduction. Conversely, the CB(2) receptor was recently detected in the CNS, for example, in the microglial cells and the neurons. While the CB(2) neurons activity remains controversial, the CB(2) receptor is an attractive therapeutic target for neuropathic pain, immune system, cancer and osteoporosis without psychoactivity. This review addresses CB drug abuse and therapeutic potential with a focus on the most recent advances on new CB(2) ligands from the literature as well as patents.
Collapse
|
12
|
Pyrazole carbohydrazide derivatives of pharmaceutical interest. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2012; 5:317-24. [PMID: 24281381 PMCID: PMC3763639 DOI: 10.3390/ph5030317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The main purpose of this paper is to provide an insight into the biological activities of pyrazole derivatives which contain the carbohydrazide moiety.
Collapse
|
13
|
Velez-Pardo C, Jimenez-Del-Rio M, Lores-Arnaiz S, Bustamante J. Protective Effects of the Synthetic Cannabinoids CP55,940 and JWH-015 on Rat Brain Mitochondria upon Paraquat Exposure. Neurochem Res 2010; 35:1323-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0188-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
14
|
Rozas I. Improving antidepressant drugs: update on recently patented compounds. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2009; 19:827-45. [DOI: 10.1517/13543770902932934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
15
|
Pierantoni R, Cobellis G, Meccariello R, Cacciola G, Chianese R, Chioccarelli T, Fasano S. CB1 activity in male reproduction: mammalian and nonmammalian animal models. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2009; 81:367-87. [PMID: 19647119 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(09)81014-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The importance of the endocannabinoid system (ECBS) and its involvement in several physiological processes is still increasing. Since the isolation of the main active compound of Cannabis sativa, Delta(9)-THC, several lines of research have evidenced the basic roles of this signaling system mainly considering its high conservation during evolution. In this chapter the attention is focussed on the involvement of the ECBS in the control of male reproductive aspects at both central and local levels which are both considered from a comparative point of view.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Pierantoni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Costantinopoli, Napoli, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jimenez-Del-Rio M, Daza-Restrepo A, Velez-Pardo C. The cannabinoid CP55,940 prolongs survival and improves locomotor activity in Drosophila melanogaster against paraquat: implications in Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Res 2008; 61:404-11. [PMID: 18538428 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2008.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Revised: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoids have been shown to function as protective agents via receptor-independent and/or receptor-dependent mechanisms against stressful conditions. However, the neuroprotective mechanism of cannabinoids is far from conclusive. Therefore, the genuine antioxidant impact of cannabinoids in vivo is still uncertain. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that CP55,940, a nonselective CB(1)/CB(2) cannabinoid receptor agonist, significantly protects and rescues Drosophila melanogaster against paraquat (PQ) toxicity via a receptor-independent mechanism. Interestingly, CP55,940 restores the negative geotaxis activity (i.e., climbing capability) of the fly exposed to PQ. Moreover, Drosophila fed with (1-200 microM) SP600125, a specific inhibitor of the stress responsive Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling, and 20 mM PQ increased survival percentage and movement function (i.e., climbing capability) when compared to flies only treated with PQ. Taken together our results suggest that exogenous antioxidant cannabinoids can protect against and rescue from locomotor dysfunction in wild type (Canton-S) Drosophila exposed to stress stimuli. Therefore, cannabinoids may offer promising avenues for the design of molecules to prevent, delay, or ameliorate the treatment of population at high risk of suffering Parkinson disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Jimenez-Del-Rio
- School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Neurosciences Research Program, University of Antioquia, Calle 62 # 52-59, Building 1, Room 412, SIU Medellin, Colombia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Moloney GP, Angus JA, Robertson AD, Stoermer MJ, Robinson M, Lay L, Wright CE, McRae K, Christopoulos A. Synthesis and Cannabinoid Activity of a Variety of 2,3-Substituted 1-Benzo[b]thiophen Derivatives and 2,3-Substituted Benzofuran: Novel Agonists for the CB1 Receptor. Aust J Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1071/ch07412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An exploratory chemical effort has been undertaken to develop a novel series of compounds as selective CB1 agonists. It is hoped that compounds of this type will have clinical utility in pain control and cerebral ischaemia following stroke or traumatic head injury. We report here medicinal chemistry studies directed towards the investigation of several classes of 1-benzo[b]thiophen and benzofuran derivatives as novel CB1 agonists. We have discovered a novel series of compounds, which contain a 1-benzo[b]thiophen or a benzofuran group as the central aromatic group. Our investigation of this series of compounds has enhanced our understanding of the importance of binding sites within the CB1 receptor for favourable CB1 potency. Our understanding of these factors allowed us to modify the structure of a 1-benzothiophen derivative and improve its potency at the CB1 receptor.
Collapse
|
18
|
Nojiri Y, Ishiwata K, Qinggeletu, Tobiishi S, Sasada T, Yamamoto F, Mukai T, Maeda M. Radiosynthesis and Biodistribution in Mice of a 18F-Labeled Analog of O-1302 for Use in Cerebral CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor Imaging. Biol Pharm Bull 2008; 31:1274-8. [PMID: 18520068 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.31.1274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Nojiri
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Kiichi Ishiwata
- Positron Medical Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology
| | - Qinggeletu
- Positron Medical Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology
| | | | - Toru Sasada
- Positron Medical Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology
| | | | - Takahiro Mukai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Minoru Maeda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cano C, Goya P, Paez JA, Girón R, Sánchez E, Martín MI. Discovery of 1,1-dioxo-1,2,6-thiadiazine-5-carboxamide derivatives as cannabinoid-like molecules with agonist and antagonist activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:7480-93. [PMID: 17870539 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Revised: 06/08/2007] [Accepted: 07/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of new 2-substituted 1,1-dioxo-1,2,6-thiadiazine-5-carboxylate derivatives have been prepared from monosubstituted sulfamides in order to obtain N-substituted 1,1-dioxo-1,2,6-thiadiazine-5-carboxamides as novel cannabinoid derivatives, analogues of Rimonabant (SR141716A). Their potential functional activity on cannabinoid receptors has been evaluated in vitro and in vivo in mice, showing that two compounds (37 and 39) behave as cannabinoid agonists in vitro. Their potency is lower than that of the reference compound, WIN 55,212-2, but their efficacy is similar to that of this cannabinoid agonist, although no in vivo activity is observed. Another derivative (38) behaves as a cannabinoid antagonist both in vitro and in vivo, being its efficacy and potency similar to that of the well-known antagonist SR141716A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Cano
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Pagé D, Yang H, Brown W, Walpole C, Fleurent M, Fyfe M, Gaudreault F, St-Onge S. New 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-b]indole derivatives as selective CB2 receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:6183-7. [PMID: 17884494 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Revised: 09/04/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The preparation and evaluation of a novel class of CB2 agonists based on a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-b]indole moiety are reported. They showed binding affinities up to 4.2 nM toward CB2 with sub-nanomolar EC(50) values. They also showed moderate to good (>350-fold) selectivity over the CB1 receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pagé
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, AstraZeneca R&D Montreal, St-Laurent, Quebec, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Affiliation(s)
- Lumír O Hanus
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, 12065, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120,
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Dziadulewicz EK, Bevan SJ, Brain CT, Coote PR, Culshaw AJ, Davis AJ, Edwards LJ, Fisher AJ, Fox AJ, Gentry C, Groarke A, Hart TW, Huber W, James IF, Kesingland A, La Vecchia L, Loong Y, Lyothier I, McNair K, O'Farrell C, Peacock M, Portmann R, Schopfer U, Yaqoob M, Zadrobilek J. Naphthalen-1-yl-(4-pentyloxynaphthalen-1-yl)methanone: a potent, orally bioavailable human CB1/CB2 dual agonist with antihyperalgesic properties and restricted central nervous system penetration. J Med Chem 2007; 50:3851-6. [PMID: 17630726 DOI: 10.1021/jm070317a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Selective activation of peripheral cannabinoid CB1 receptors has the potential to become a valuable therapy for chronic pain conditions as long as central nervous system effects are attenuated. A new class of cannabinoid ligands was rationally designed from known aminoalkylindole agonists and showed good binding and functional activities at human CB1 and CB2 receptors. This has led to the discovery of a novel CB1/CB2 dual agonist, naphthalen-1-yl-(4-pentyloxynaphthalen-1-yl)methanone (13), which displays good oral bioavailability, potent antihyperalgesic activity in animal models, and limited brain penetration.
Collapse
|
23
|
Fowler CJ. The pharmacology of the cannabinoid system--a question of efficacy and selectivity. Mol Neurobiol 2007; 36:15-25. [PMID: 17952646 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-007-0001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2006] [Accepted: 01/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Our knowledge of the function of the cannabinoid system in the body has been aided by the availability of pharmacological agents that affect its function. This has been achieved by the design of agents that either directly interact with the receptor (agonists and antagonist/inverse agonists) and agents that indirectly modulate the receptor output by changing the levels of the endogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids). In this review, examples of the most commonly used receptor agonists, antagonists/inverse agonists, and indirectly acting agents (anandamide uptake inhibitors, fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors, monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitors) are given, with particular focus upon their selectivity and, in the case of the directly acting compounds, efficacy. Finally, the links between the endocannabinoid and cyclooxygenase pathways are explored, in particular, with respect to agents whose primary function is to inhibit cyclooxygenase activity, but which also interact with the endocannabinoid system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Fowler
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Durdagi S, Kapou A, Kourouli T, Andreou T, Nikas SP, Nahmias VR, Papahatjis DP, Papadopoulos MG, Mavromoustakos T. The Application of 3D-QSAR Studies for Novel Cannabinoid Ligands Substituted at the C1‘ Position of the Alkyl Side Chain on the Structural Requirements for Binding to Cannabinoid Receptors CB1 and CB2. J Med Chem 2007; 50:2875-85. [PMID: 17521177 DOI: 10.1021/jm0610705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A set of 30 novel Delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol analogues were subjected to three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship studies using the comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) approaches. Using a combination of molecular modeling techniques and NMR spectroscopy, the putative bioactive conformation of the most potent cannabinoid (CB) ligand in the training set was determined. This conformer was used as the template and CB1 and CB2 pharmacophore models were developed. These models were fitted with experimental binding data and gave high correlation coefficients. Contour maps of the CB1 and CB2 models of CoMFA and CoMSIA approaches show that steric effects dominantly determine the binding affinities. The CoMFA and CoMSIA analyses based on the binding affinity data of CB ligands at the CB1 and CB2 receptors allowed us to deduce the possible optimal binding positions. This information can be used for the design of new CB analogues with enhanced activity and other tailored properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serdar Durdagi
- Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas. Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Chlorinated N-Alkyl-3- and -5-(2-hydroxyphenyl)pyrazoles as CB 1 Cannabinoid Ligands. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-007-0676-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
26
|
Bellina F, Cauteruccio S, Rossi R. Synthesis and biological activity of vicinal diaryl-substituted 1H-imidazoles. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.02.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
27
|
Fowler CJ. The cannabinoid system and its pharmacological manipulation--a review, with emphasis upon the uptake and hydrolysis of anandamide. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2007; 20:549-62. [PMID: 17109648 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2006.00442.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although cannabis has been used both recreationally and for medicinal purposes since ancient times, it was not until the 1990s that the receptors responsible for many of the actions of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, the main psychoactive ingredient of cannabis, were cloned. Since then, our knowledge of the endogenous cannabinoid system, its physiology, pharmacology and therapeutic potential have expanded enormously. In the present review, the cannabinoid system is described, with particular emphasis on the mechanisms of removal and metabolism of the endocannabinoid signalling molecule anandamide. The current literature shows that cells can accumulate anandamide, and that this process can be disrupted pharmacologically, but that the nature of the mechanism(s) involved remains a matter of some debate. The main enzyme for the hydrolysis of anandamide, fatty acid amide hydrolase, is well characterized, and molecules selectively inhibiting this enzyme have potential therapeutic utility in a number of areas, in particular for the treatment of pain conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Fowler
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, SE901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tobiishi S, Sasada T, Nojiri Y, Yamamoto F, Mukai T, Ishiwata K, Maeda M. Methoxy- and Fluorine-Substituted Analogs of O-1302: Synthesis and in Vitro Binding Affinity for the CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2007; 55:1213-7. [PMID: 17666847 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.55.1213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Methoxy and fluorine analogs substituted on the terminal carbon of the pentyl chain of N-(piperidinyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-5-(4-pentylphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (O-1302) were synthesized in a multi-step process from 5-phenyl-1-pentanol, which was based on the 1,5-diarylpyrazole core template of N-(piperidinyl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (SR141716) through condensation of the respective amine with pyrazole carboxylic acid, in order to develop tracers for medical imaging. Their potency for inhibiting the binding of the CB1 antagonist [(3)H]SR141716 was evaluated with the aim of developing positron emission tomography (PET) ligands for the cerebral cannabinoid CB1 receptor. These analogs bearing a piperidinyl carboxamide at the C(3) of the pyrazole ring exhibited affinities comparable to those of the CB1 reference antagonist SR141716, which warrants further investigation using the radiolabeled form for biological imaging studies. A morpholine ring substituted at the C(3) of the pyrazole ring resulted in a reduction of the CB1 affinity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Tobiishi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Thomas BF, Zhang Y, Brackeen M, Page KM, Mascarella SW, Seltzman HH. Conformational characteristics of the interaction of SR141716A with the CB1 cannabinoid receptor as determined through the use of conformationally constrained analogs. AAPS JOURNAL 2006; 8:E665-71. [PMID: 17233530 PMCID: PMC2751363 DOI: 10.1208/aapsj080476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interest in cannabinoid pharmacology increased dramatically upon the identification of the first cannabinoid receptor (CB1) in 1998 and continues to expand as additional endocannabinoids and cannabinoid receptors are discovered. Using CB1 receptor (CB1R) systems, medicinal chemistry programs began screening libraries searching for cannabinoid ligands, ultimately leading to the discovery of the first potent cannabinoid receptor antagonist, SR141716A (Rimonabant). Its demonstrated efficacy in treating obesity and facilitating smoking cessation, among other impressive pharmacological activities, has furthered the interest in cannabinoid receptor antagonists as therapeutics, such that the number of patents and publications covering this class of compounds continues to grow at an impressive rate. At this time, medicinal chemistry approaches including combinatorial chemistry, conformational constraint, and scaffold hopping are continuing to generate a large number of cannabinoid antagonists. These molecules provide an opportunity to gain insight into the 3-dimensional structure-activity relationships that appear crucial for CB1R-ligand interaction. In particular, studies in which conformational constraints have been imposed on the various pyrazole ring substituents of SR141716A provide a direct opportunity to characterize changes in conformation/conformational freedom within a single class of compounds. While relatively few conformationally constrained molecules have been synthesized to date, the structure-activity information is often more readily interpreted than in studies where entire substituents are replaced. Thus, it is the focus of this mini-review to examine the structural properties of SR141716A, and to use conformationally constrained molecules to illustrate the importance of conformation and conformational freedom to CB1R affinity, selectivity, and efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian F Thomas
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Di Marzo V. A brief history of cannabinoid and endocannabinoid pharmacology as inspired by the work of British scientists. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2006; 27:134-40. [PMID: 16476494 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2006.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2005] [Revised: 10/19/2005] [Accepted: 01/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
British scientists have played a leading role in the long history of cannabinoid and endocannabinoid research. Such research has progressed from the first crucial evaluation of the medicinal properties of Cannabis sativa in the Western world to pioneering studies of the chemical constituents of this plant, the development of in vitro biological assays to study cannabinoids, the identification of the mechanism of action of cannabinoids, the discovery of endocannabinoids and the assessment of their therapeutic implications. Stemming from the many innovative ideas and achievements of these researchers, I provide a personal view of where these studies have led us thus far and where they are likely to take us in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio Olivetti, Fabbr. 70, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA) Italy.
| |
Collapse
|