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Nurten A, Gören MZ, Tekin N, Kaşkal M, Enginar N. Assessing effects of tamoxifen on tolerance, dependence, and glutamate and glutamine levels in frontal cortex and hippocampus in chronic morphine treatment. Behav Brain Res 2024; 463:114897. [PMID: 38331101 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Tamoxifen has been shown to reduce glutamate release from presynaptic glutamatergic nerves and reverse tolerance to morphine-induced respiratory depression. Changes in glutamatergic neurotransmission in the central nervous system contribute to morphine tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal. This study, therefore, evaluated effects of tamoxifen on development of analgesic tolerance and dependence, and brain glutamate and glutamine levels in chronic morphine administration. Mice implanted with placebo or morphine pellets were injected with tamoxifen (0.6-2 mg/kg) or vehicle twice daily for 3 days. Nociceptive response was evaluated in the hot plate and tail immersion tests, 4, 48 and 72 h post-implant, and following a challenge dose of morphine (10 mg/kg). Withdrawal signs were determined after naloxone (1 mg/kg) administration. Morphine increased nociceptive threshold which declined over time. At 72 h, acute morphine elicited tolerance to the analgesic effect in the hot plate test in vehicle or tamoxifen administered animals. In the tail immersion test, however, tolerance to morphine analgesia was observed in tamoxifen, but not vehicle, co-administration. Tamoxifen did not reduce withdrawal signs. In contrast to previous reports, glutamate and glutamine levels in the hippocampus and frontal cortex did not change in the morphine-vehicle group. Confirming previous findings, tamoxifen (2 mg/kg) decreased glutamate and glutamine concentrations in the hippocampus in animals with placebo pellets. Both doses of tamoxifen significantly changed glutamate and/or glutamine concentrations in both regions in morphine pellet implanted animals. These results suggest that tamoxifen has no effect on dependence but may facilitate tolerance development to the antinociception, possibly mediated at the spinal level, in chronic morphine administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asiye Nurten
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Yeni Yuzyil University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M Zafer Gören
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nurdan Tekin
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mert Kaşkal
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nurhan Enginar
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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2
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Zheng P, Pan C, Zhou C, Liu B, Wang L, Duan S, Ding Y. Contribution of Nischarin/IRAS in CNS development, injury and diseases. J Adv Res 2023; 54:43-57. [PMID: 36716956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Murine Nischarin and its human homolog IRAS are scaffold proteins highly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). Nischarin was initially discovered as a tumor suppressor protein, and recent studies have also explored its potential value in the CNS. Research on IRAS has largely focused on its effect on opioid dependence. Although the role of Nischarin/IRAS in the physiological function and pathological process of the CNS has gradually attracted attention and the related research results are expected to be applied in clinical practice, there is no systematic review of the role and mechanisms of Nischarin/IRAS in the CNS so far. AIM OF REVIEW This review will systematically analyze the role and mechanism of Nischarin/IRAS in the CNS, and provide necessary references and possible targets for the treatment of neurological diseases, thereby broadening the direction of Nischarin/IRAS research and facilitating clinical translation. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW The pathophysiological processes affected by dysregulation of Nischarin/IRAS expression in the CNS are mainly introduced, including spinal cord injury (SCI), opioid dependence, anxiety, depression, and autism. The molecular mechanisms such as factors regulating Nischarin/IRAS expression and signal transduction pathways regulated by Nischarin/IRAS are systematically summarized. Finally, the clinical application of Nischarin/IRAS has been prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijie Zheng
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Chenshu Pan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Chuntao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, and Department of Orthopaedics of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shiwei Duan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China; Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China.
| | - Yuemin Ding
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China; Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China.
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3
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Fullerton EF, Karom MC, Streicher JM, Young LJ, Murphy AZ. Age-Induced Changes in µ-Opioid Receptor Signaling in the Midbrain Periaqueductal Gray of Male and Female Rats. J Neurosci 2022; 42:6232-6242. [PMID: 35790399 PMCID: PMC9374133 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0355-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioids have decreased analgesic potency (but not efficacy) in aged rodents compared with adults; however, the neural mechanisms underlying this attenuated response are not yet known. The present study investigated the impact of advanced age and biological sex on opioid signaling in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) in the presence of chronic inflammatory pain. Assays measuring µ-opioid receptor (MOR) radioligand binding, GTPγS binding, receptor phosphorylation, cAMP inhibition, and regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS) protein expression were performed on vlPAG tissue from adult (2-3 months) and aged (16-18 months) male and female rats. Persistent inflammatory pain was induced by intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Adult males exhibited the highest MOR binding potential (BP) and highest G-protein activation (activation efficiency ratio) in comparison to aged males and females (adult and aged). No impact of advanced age or sex on MOR phosphorylation state was observed. DAMGO-induced cAMP inhibition was highest in the vlPAG of adult males compared with aged males and females (adult and aged). vlPAG levels of RGS4 and RGS9-2, critical for terminating G-protein signaling, were assessed using RNAscope. Adult rats (both males and females) exhibited lower levels of vlPAG RGS4 and RGS9-2 mRNA expression compared with aged males and females. The observed age-related reductions in vlPAG MOR BP, G-protein activation efficiency, and cAMP inhibition, along with the observed age-related increases in RGS4 and RGS9-2 vlPAG expression, provide potential mechanisms whereby the potency of opioids is decreased in the aged population.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Opioids have decreased analgesic potency (but not efficacy) in aged rodents compared with adults; however, the neural mechanisms underlying this attenuated response are not yet known. In the present study, we observed age-related reductions in ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) µ-opioid receptor (MOR) binding potential (BP), G-protein activation efficiency, and cAMP inhibition, along with the observed age-related increases in regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS)4 and RGS9-2 vlPAG expression, providing potential mechanisms whereby the potency of opioids is decreased in the aged population. These coordinated decreases in opioid receptor signaling may explain the previously reported reduced potency of opioids to produce pain relief in females and aged rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan F Fullerton
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303
| | - Mary C Karom
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303
| | - John M Streicher
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724
| | - Larry J Young
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Anne Z Murphy
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303
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4
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Lubejko ST, Graham RD, Livrizzi G, Schaefer R, Banghart MR, Creed MC. The role of endogenous opioid neuropeptides in neurostimulation-driven analgesia. Front Syst Neurosci 2022; 16:1044686. [PMID: 36591324 PMCID: PMC9794630 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2022.1044686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the prevalence of chronic pain worldwide, there is an urgent need to improve pain management strategies. While opioid drugs have long been used to treat chronic pain, their use is severely limited by adverse effects and abuse liability. Neurostimulation techniques have emerged as a promising option for chronic pain that is refractory to other treatments. While different neurostimulation strategies have been applied to many neural structures implicated in pain processing, there is variability in efficacy between patients, underscoring the need to optimize neurostimulation techniques for use in pain management. This optimization requires a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying neurostimulation-induced pain relief. Here, we discuss the most commonly used neurostimulation techniques for treating chronic pain. We present evidence that neurostimulation-induced analgesia is in part driven by the release of endogenous opioids and that this endogenous opioid release is a common endpoint between different methods of neurostimulation. Finally, we introduce technological and clinical innovations that are being explored to optimize neurostimulation techniques for the treatment of pain, including multidisciplinary efforts between neuroscience research and clinical treatment that may refine the efficacy of neurostimulation based on its underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan T. Lubejko
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Robert D. Graham
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Center, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Giulia Livrizzi
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Robert Schaefer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Center, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Matthew R. Banghart
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Matthew R. Banghart,
| | - Meaghan C. Creed
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Center, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Meaghan C. Creed,
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5
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Leduc-Pessah H, Xu C, Fan CY, Dalgarno R, Kohro Y, Sparanese S, Burke NN, Jacobson KA, Altier C, Salvemini D, Trang T. Spinal A 3 adenosine receptor activation acutely restores morphine antinociception in opioid tolerant male rats. J Neurosci Res 2021; 100:251-264. [PMID: 34075613 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Opioids are potent analgesics, but their pain-relieving effects diminish with repeated use. The reduction in analgesic potency is a hallmark of opioid analgesic tolerance, which hampers opioid pain therapy. In the central nervous system, opioid analgesia is critically modulated by adenosine, a purine nucleoside implicated in the beneficial and detrimental actions of opioid medications. Here, we focus on the A3 adenosine receptor (A3 AR) in opioid analgesic tolerance. Intrathecal administration of the A3 AR agonist MRS5698 with daily systemic morphine in male rats attenuated the reduction in morphine antinociception over 7 days. In rats with established morphine tolerance, intrathecal MRS5698 partially restored the antinociceptive effects of morphine. However, when MRS5698 was discontinued, these animals displayed a reduced antinociceptive response to morphine. Our results suggest that MRS5698 acutely and transiently potentiates morphine antinociception in tolerant rats. By contrast, in morphine-naïve rats MRS5698 treatment did not impact thermal nociceptive threshold or affect antinociceptive response to a single injection of morphine. Furthermore, we found that morphine-induced adenosine release in cerebrospinal fluid was blunted in tolerant animals, but total spinal A3 AR expression was not affected. Collectively, our findings indicate that spinal A3 AR activation acutely potentiates morphine antinociception in the opioid tolerant state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Leduc-Pessah
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Cynthia Xu
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Churmy Y Fan
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Rebecca Dalgarno
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Yuta Kohro
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sydney Sparanese
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nikita N Burke
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christophe Altier
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Daniela Salvemini
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tuan Trang
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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6
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Pharmacological Chaperones Attenuate the Development of Opioid Tolerance. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207536. [PMID: 33066035 PMCID: PMC7593907 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioids are potent analgesics widely used to control acute and chronic pain, but long-term use induces tolerance that reduces their effectiveness. Opioids such as morphine bind to mu opioid receptors (MORs), and several downstream signaling pathways are capable of inducing tolerance. We previously reported that signaling from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contributed to the development of morphine tolerance. Accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER induced the unfolded protein response (UPR) that causes diverse pathological conditions. We examined the effects of pharmacological chaperones that alleviate ER stress on opioid tolerance development by assessing thermal nociception in mice. Pharmacological chaperones such as tauroursodeoxycholic acid and 4-phenylbutyrate suppressed the development of morphine tolerance and restored analgesia. Chaperones alone did not cause analgesia. Although morphine administration induced analgesia when glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) was in an inactive state due to serine 9 phosphorylation, repeated morphine administration suppressed this phosphorylation event. Co-administration of chaperones maintained the inactive state of GSK3β. These results suggest that ER stress may facilitate morphine tolerance due to intracellular crosstalk between the UPR and MOR signaling. Pharmacological chaperones may be useful in the management of opioid misuse.
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7
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Lamberts JT, Rosenthal LD, Jutkiewicz EM, Traynor JR. Role of the guanine nucleotide binding protein, Gα o, in the development of morphine tolerance and dependence. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:71-82. [PMID: 28971229 PMCID: PMC5819733 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4742-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The use of morphine and other opioids for chronic pain is limited by the development of analgesic tolerance and physical dependence. Morphine produces its effects by activating the μ opioid receptor, which couples to Gαi/o-containing heterotrimeric G proteins. Evidence suggests that the antinociceptive effects of morphine are mediated by Gαo. However, the role of Gαo in the development of morphine tolerance and dependence is unknown. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study is to evaluate the contribution of Gαo to the development of morphine tolerance and dependence in mice. METHODS 129S6 mice lacking one copy of the Gαo gene (Gαo +/-) were administered morphine acutely or chronically. Mice were examined for tolerance to the antinociceptive action of morphine using the 52 °C hot plate as the nociceptive stimulus and for dependence by evaluating the severity of naltrexone-precipitated withdrawal. Wild-type littermates of the Gαo +/- mice were used as controls. Changes in μ receptor number and function were determined in midbrain and hindbrain homogenates using radioligand binding and μ agonist-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding, respectively. RESULTS Following either acute or chronic morphine treatment, all mice developed antinociceptive tolerance and physical dependence, regardless of genotype. With chronic morphine treatment, Gαo +/- mice developed tolerance faster and displayed more severe naltrexone-precipitated withdrawal in some behaviors than did wild-type littermates. Morphine tolerance was not associated with changes in μ receptor number or function in brain homogenates from either wild-type or Gαo +/- mice. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the guanine nucleotide binding protein Gαo offers some protection against the development of morphine tolerance and dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T Lamberts
- Department of Pharmacology and Edward F. Domino Research Center, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., 1301 MSRB III, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5632, USA
- College of Pharmacy, Ferris State University, Big Rapids, MI, 49307, USA
| | - Lisa D Rosenthal
- Department of Pharmacology and Edward F. Domino Research Center, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., 1301 MSRB III, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5632, USA
| | - Emily M Jutkiewicz
- Department of Pharmacology and Edward F. Domino Research Center, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., 1301 MSRB III, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5632, USA
| | - John R Traynor
- Department of Pharmacology and Edward F. Domino Research Center, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., 1301 MSRB III, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5632, USA.
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8
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Lutz BM, Nia S, Xiong M, Tao YX, Bekker A. mTOR, a new potential target for chronic pain and opioid-induced tolerance and hyperalgesia. Mol Pain 2015; 11:32. [PMID: 26024835 PMCID: PMC4455918 DOI: 10.1186/s12990-015-0030-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is a major public health problem with limited treatment options. Opioids remain a routine treatment for chronic pain, but extended exposure to opioid therapy can produce opioid tolerance and hyperalgesia. Although the mechanisms underlying chronic pain, opioid-induced tolerance, and opioid-induced hyperalgesia remain to be uncovered, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is involved in these disorders. The mTOR complex 1 and its triggered protein translation are required for the initiation and maintenance of chronic pain (including cancer pain) and opioid-induced tolerance/hyperalgesia. Given that mTOR inhibitors are FDA-approved drugs and an mTOR inhibitor is approved for the treatment of several cancers, these findings suggest that mTOR inhibitors will likely have multiple clinical benefits, including anticancer, antinociception/anti-cancer pain, and antitolerance/hyperalgesia. This paper compares the role of mTOR complex 1 in chronic pain, opioid-induced tolerance, and opioid-induced hyperalgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Marie Lutz
- Rutgers Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Sam Nia
- Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Ming Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Yuan-Xiang Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
| | - Alex Bekker
- Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
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9
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Skrabalova J, Drastichova Z, Novotny J. Morphine as a Potential Oxidative Stress-Causing Agent. MINI-REV ORG CHEM 2013; 10:367-372. [PMID: 24376392 PMCID: PMC3871421 DOI: 10.2174/1570193x113106660031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Morphine exhibits important pharmacological effects for which it has been used in medical practice for quite a long time. However, it has a high addictive potential and can be abused. Long-term use of this drug can be connected with some pathological consequences including neurotoxicity and neuronal dysfunction, hepatotoxicity, kidney dysfunction, oxidative stress and apoptosis. Therefore, most studies examining the impact of morphine have been aimed at determining the effects induced by chronic morphine exposure in the brain, liver, cardiovascular system and macrophages. It appears that different tissues may respond to morphine diversely and are distinctly susceptible to oxidative stress and subsequent oxidative damage of biomolecules. Importantly, production of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species induced by morphine, which have been observed under different experimental conditions, can contribute to some pathological processes, degenerative diseases and organ dysfunctions occurring in morphine abusers or morphine-treated patients. This review attempts to provide insights into the possible relationship between morphine actions and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Skrabalova
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenka Drastichova
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Novotny
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
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10
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Chen M, Zhang X, Xu H, Ma X, Jiang W, Xu T. Inhibitory effect of spinal mGlu(5) receptor antisense oligonucleotide on the up-regulated expression of spinal G protein associated with chronic morphine treatment. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 723:253-8. [PMID: 24296320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Knockdown of spinal metabotropic glutamate 5 (mGlu5) receptor was shown to inhibit the development of intrathecal morphine antinociceptive tolerance. The present work was designed to evaluate the expression of spinal G-protein during morphine tolerance and knockdown of spinal mGlu5 receptor with antisense oligonucleotide (ODN). Rats were treated with saline, morphine, mGlu5 receptor antisense or mismatch ODN intrathecally. Behavioral tests were employed to test the thermal and mechanical pain thresholds. Five days later, rats were scarified and spinal expression of spinal Gαi, Gαo, Gαq and Gβ were detected. Consistent with the previous results, knockdown of spinal mGlu5 receptor could inhibit spinal morphine antinociceptive tolerance in behavioral tests (P<0.05). The mGlu5 receptor antisense ODN produced a significant reduction in mGlu5 receptor protein of about 56.6% compared with the control group (P<0.05). Expression of spinal Gαi, Gαo, Gαq and Gβ were up-regulated while morphine tolerance developed (P<0.05). Antisense ODN of spinal mGlu5 receptor, but not mismatched ODN, reduced the spinal dorsal horn levels of Gαi, Gαo, Gαs, Gαq and Gβ (P<0.05). We conclude that expression of spinal G (αi, αo, αs, αq and β) protein may be up-regulated after chronic morphine treatment which could be attenuated by knockdown of spinal mGlu5 receptor with antisense ODN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moxi Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, 600 Yi Shan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, 600 Yi Shan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, 600 Yi Shan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xiaqing Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, 600 Yi Shan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, 600 Yi Shan Road, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, 600 Yi Shan Road, Shanghai 200233, China.
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11
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Cannabinoid and opioid interactions: implications for opiate dependence and withdrawal. Neuroscience 2013; 248:637-54. [PMID: 23624062 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Withdrawal from opiates, such as heroin or oral narcotics, is characterized by a host of aversive physical and emotional symptoms. High rates of relapse and limited treatment success rates for opiate addiction have prompted a search for new approaches. For many opiate addicts, achieving abstinence may be further complicated by poly-drug use and co-morbid mental disorders. Research over the past decade has shed light on the influence of endocannabinoids (ECs) on the opioid system. Evidence from both animal and clinical studies point toward an interaction between these two systems, and suggest that targeting the EC system may provide novel interventions for managing opiate dependence and withdrawal. This review will summarize the literature surrounding the molecular effects of cannabinoids and opioids on the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system, a key circuit implicated in the negative sequelae of opiate addiction. A consideration of the trends and effects of marijuana use in those seeking treatment to abstain from opiates in the clinical setting will also be presented. In summary, the present review details how cannabinoid-opioid interactions may inform novel interventions in the management of opiate dependence and withdrawal.
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Doll C, Pöll F, Peuker K, Loktev A, Glück L, Schulz S. Deciphering µ-opioid receptor phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in HEK293 cells. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:1259-70. [PMID: 22725608 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02080.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The molecular basis of agonist-selective signalling at the µ-opioid receptor is poorly understood. We have recently shown that full agonists such as [D-Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly-ol]enkephalin (DAMGO) stimulate the phosphorylation of a number of carboxyl-terminal phosphate acceptor sites including threonine 370 (Thr(370)) and serine 375 (Ser(375)), and that is followed by a robust receptor internalization. In contrast, morphine promotes a selective phosphorylation of Ser(375) without causing rapid receptor internalization. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Here, we identify kinases and phosphatases that mediate agonist-dependent phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the µ-opioid receptor using a combination of phosphosite-specific antibodies and siRNA knock-down screening in HEK293 cells. KEY RESULTS We found that DAMGO-driven phosphorylation of Thr(370) and Ser(375) was preferentially catalysed by G-protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) 2 and 3, whereas morphine-driven Ser(375) phosphorylation was preferentially catalysed by GRK5. On the functional level, inhibition of GRK expression resulted in enhanced µ-opioid receptor signalling and reduced receptor internalization. Analysis of GRK5-deficient mice revealed that GRK5 selectively contributes to morphine-induced Ser(375) phosphorylation in brain tissue. We also identified protein phosphatase 1γ as a µ-opioid receptor phosphatase that catalysed Thr(370) and Ser(375) dephosphorylation at or near the plasma membrane within minutes after agonist removal, which in turn facilitates receptor recycling. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Together, the morphine-activated µ-opioid receptor is a good substrate for phosphorylation by GRK5 but a poor substrate for GRK2/3. GRK5 phosphorylates µ-opioid receptors selectively on Ser(375), which is not sufficient to drive significant receptor internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Doll
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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Blum K, Oscar-Berman M, Giordano J, Downs BW, Simpatico T, Han D, Femino J. Neurogenetic Impairments of Brain Reward Circuitry Links to Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS): Potential Nutrigenomic Induced Dopaminergic Activation. JOURNAL OF GENETIC SYNDROMES & GENE THERAPY 2012; 3:1000e115. [PMID: 23264886 PMCID: PMC3525955 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7412.1000e115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Work from our laboratory in both in-patient and outpatient facilities utilizing the Comprehensive Analysis of Reported Drugs (CARD)(™) found a significant lack of compliance to prescribed treatment medications and a lack of abstinence from drugs of abuse during active recovery. This unpublished, ongoing research provides an impetus to develop accurate genetic diagnosis and holistic approaches that will safely activate brain reward circuitry in the mesolimbic dopamine system. This editorial focuses on the neurogenetics of brain reward systems with particular reference to genes related to dopaminergic function. The terminology "Reward Deficiency Syndrome" (RDS), used to describe behaviors found to have an association with gene-based hypodopaminergic function, is a useful concept to help expand our understanding of Substance Use Disorder (SUD), process addictions, and other obsessive, compulsive and impulsive behaviors. This editorial covers the neurological basis of pleasure and the role of natural and unnatural reward in motivating and reinforcing behaviors. Additionally, it briefly describes the concept of natural dopamine D2 receptor agonist therapy coupled with genetic testing of a panel of reward genes, the Genetic Addiction Risk Score (GARS). It serves as a spring-board for this combination of novel approaches to the prevention and treatment of RDS that was developed from fundamental genomic research. We encourage further required studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Blum
- Department of Psychiatry & McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
- G & G Holistic Addiction Treatment Center, North Miami Beach, FL, USA
- Dominion Diagnostics, Inc. North Kingstown, Rhode Island, USA
- Path Foundation NY, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Addiction Research a & Therapy, Malibu Beach Recovery Center, Malibu Beach, CA, USA
- Department of Nutrigenomics, LifeGen, Inc., Austin, TX, USA
- Institute of Integrative Omics & Applied Biotechnology, Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - M Oscar-Berman
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, and Boston VA Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Giordano
- G & G Holistic Addiction Treatment Center, North Miami Beach, FL, USA
| | - BW Downs
- Department of Nutrigenomics, LifeGen, Inc., Austin, TX, USA
| | - T Simpatico
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - D Han
- Department of Management Science and Statistics, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - John Femino
- Meadows Edge Treatment Center, North Kingstown, RI, USA
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Drastichova Z, Skrabalova J, Jedelsky P, Neckar J, Kolar F, Novotny J. Global changes in the rat heart proteome induced by prolonged morphine treatment and withdrawal. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47167. [PMID: 23056601 PMCID: PMC3467212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphine belongs among the most commonly used opioids in medical practice due to its strong analgesic effects. However, sustained administration of morphine leads to the development of tolerance and dependence and may cause long-lasting alterations in nervous tissue. Although proteomic approaches enabled to reveal changes in multiple gene expression in the brain as a consequence of morphine treatment, there is lack of information about the effect of this drug on heart tissue. Here we studied the effect of 10-day morphine exposure and subsequent drug withdrawal (3 or 6 days) on the rat heart proteome. Using the iTRAQ technique, we identified 541 proteins in the cytosol, 595 proteins in the plasma membrane-enriched fraction and 538 proteins in the mitochondria-enriched fraction derived from the left ventricles. Altogether, the expression levels of 237 proteins were altered by morphine treatment or withdrawal. The majority of changes (58 proteins) occurred in the cytosol after a 3-day abstinence period. Significant alterations were found in the expression of heat shock proteins (HSP27, α-B crystallin, HSP70, HSP10 and HSP60), whose levels were markedly up-regulated after morphine treatment or withdrawal. Besides that morphine exposure up-regulated MAPK p38 (isoform CRA_b) which is a well-known up-stream mediator of phosphorylation and activation of HSP27 and α-B crystallin. Whereas there were no alterations in the levels of proteins involved in oxidative stress, several changes were determined in the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins. These data provide a complex view on quantitative changes in the cardiac proteome induced by morphine treatment or withdrawal and demonstrate great sensitivity of this organ to morphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenka Drastichova
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Skrabalova
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Jedelsky
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Neckar
- Department of Developmental Cardiology, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Kolar
- Department of Developmental Cardiology, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Novotny
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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15
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Absence of μ opioid receptor mRNA expression in astrocytes and microglia of rat spinal cord. Neuroreport 2012; 23:378-84. [PMID: 22362187 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e3283522e1b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cumulating evidence has demonstrated that μ opioid receptor (MOR) agonists promote spinal glial activation, lead to synthesis and release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and contribute to opioid-induced hyperalgesia and development of opioid tolerance and dependence. However, whether these MOR agonists directly or indirectly act on spinal cord astrocytes and microglial cells in vivo is unclear. In the present study, by combining the techniques of in-situ hybridization of MOR mRNA with immunohistochemistry of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP; an astrocyte marker) and Iba1 (a microglial marker), we examined expression and distribution of GFAP, Iba1, and MOR mRNA in the spinal cord of rats under chronic morphine tolerance conditions. Intrathecal injections of morphine twice daily for 7 days reduced morphine analgesic effect and increased both GFAP and Iba1 immunostaining densities in the spinal cord. Surprisingly, neither GFAP nor Iba1 colocalized with MOR mRNA in spinal cord cells. Our findings indicate that MOR expression is absent from spinal cord astrocytes and microglia, suggesting that these cell types are indirectly activated by MOR agonists under chronic opioid tolerance conditions.
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Regan PM, Dave RS, Datta PK, Khalili K. Epigenetics of µ-opioid receptors: intersection with HIV-1 infection of the central nervous system. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:2832-41. [PMID: 22034138 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The abuse of intravenous drugs, such as heroin, has become a major public health concern due to the increased risk of HIV-1 infection. Opioids such as heroin were originally identified and subsequently abused for their analgesic effects. However, many investigations have found additional effects of opioids, including regulation of the immune system. As such, chronic opioid abuse has been shown to promote HIV-1 pathogenesis and facilitate HIV-1-associated neurocognitive dysfunction. Clinical opioids, such as morphine and methadone, as well as illicit opioids, such as heroin, exert their effects primarily through interactions with the µ-opioid receptor (MOR). However, the mechanisms by which opioids enhance neurocognitive dysfunction through MOR-mediated signaling pathways are not completely understood. New findings in the regulation of MOR expression, particularly epigenetic and transcriptional regulation as well as alternative splicing, sheds new insights into possible mechanisms of HIV-1 and opiate synergy. In this review, we identify mechanisms regulating MOR expression and propose novel mechanisms by which opioids and HIV-1 may modulate this regulation. Additionally, we suggest that differential regulation of newly identified MOR isoforms by opioids and HIV-1 has functional consequence in enhancing HIV-1 neurocognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Regan
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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17
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Corli O, Montanari M, Deandrea S, Greco MT, Villani W, Apolone G. An Exploratory Analysis on the Effectiveness of Four Strong Opioids in Patients with Cancer Pain. PAIN MEDICINE 2012; 13:897-907. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2012.01408.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Antiarrhythmic effect of prolonged morphine exposure is accompanied by altered myocardial adenylyl cyclase signaling in rats. Pharmacol Rep 2012; 64:351-9. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(12)70775-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Opioid Receptor Trafficking and Signaling: What Happens After Opioid Receptor Activation? Cell Mol Neurobiol 2011; 32:167-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-011-9755-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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20
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Robinson MJF, Armson M, Franklin KBJ. The effect of propranolol and midazolam on the reconsolidation of a morphine place preference in chronically treated rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2011; 5:42. [PMID: 21866225 PMCID: PMC3149442 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A stable memory can be disrupted if amnestic treatment is applied in conjunction with memory reactivation. Recent findings in the conditioned place preference (CPP) model suggest that blocking reconsolidation attenuates the ability of environmental cues to induce craving and relapse in drug addicts, but the impact of prior physical dependence has not been described. We examined the effect of post-reactivation amnestic treatment on reconsolidation of a CPP for morphine, in animals naïve to morphine, under chronic morphine experience or abstinent. Chronic morphine experience was induced by escalating doses of morphine from 10 mg/kg/day (s.c.), and maintained on 30 mg/kg/day during the course of conditioning and reactivation procedures, or conditioning alone. Naïve and morphine-experienced animals were trained in a three-compartment apparatus by four morphine (5 mg/kg, s.c.) and four saline experiences paired with either of two large conditioning compartments. The memory was then reactivated by a CPP test, and immediately afterward animals received an injection of the beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol (10 mg/kg, s.c.), the GABAa agonist midazolam (1 mg/kg, i.p.), or saline. Morphine-naïve rats received only a single reconsolidation-blocking treatment (Experiment 1), while chronic morphine rats were given eight reactivation sessions each followed by amnestic treatment, either before (Experiment 2) or after 10 days of withdrawal (Experiment 3). Propranolol and midazolam disrupted reconsolidation in morphine-naïve rats, but failed to disrupt the CPP when rats were trained under chronic morphine treatment, even if they were recovered from chronic opiate exposure before reactivation. In fact, propranolol increased the preference for the drug-paired context in animals trained while maintained on chronic morphine. Midazolam had little effect. Morphine experience may produce neurochemical changes which alter memory storage processes and reduce the impact of amnestic treatments on reconsolidation.
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21
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Dobashi T, Tanabe S, Jin H, Mimura N, Yamamoto T, Nishino T, Aoe T. BiP, an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone, modulates the development of morphine antinociceptive tolerance. J Cell Mol Med 2011; 14:2816-26. [PMID: 19818092 PMCID: PMC3822731 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00932.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphine is a potent analgesic, but the molecular mechanism for tolerance formation after repeated use is not fully understood. Binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone that is central to ER function. We examined knock-in mice expressing a mutant BiP with the retrieval sequence deleted in order to elucidate physiological processes that are sensitive to BiP functions. We tested the thermal antinociceptive effect of morphine in heterozygous mutant BiP mice in a hot plate test. Paw withdrawal latencies before and after a single administration of morphine were not significantly different between the wild-type and mutant BiP mice. Repeated morphine administration caused the development of morphine tolerance in the wild-type mice. The activation of glycogen synthase kinase 3b (GSK-3b) was associated with morphine tolerance, because an inhibitor of GSK-3β prevented it. On the other hand, the mutant BiP mice showed less morphine tolerance, and the activation of GSK-3b was suppressed in their brain. These results suggest that BiP may play an important role in the development of morphine tolerance. Furthermore, we found that a chemical chaperone which improves ER protein folding capacity also attenuated the development of morphine tolerance in wild-type mice, suggesting a possible clinical application of chemical chaperones in preventing morphine tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamae Dobashi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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22
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Peart JN, Hoe LES, Gross GJ, Headrick JP. Sustained ligand-activated preconditioning via δ-opioid receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 336:274-81. [PMID: 20947639 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.172593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously described novel cardioprotection in response to sustained morphine exposure, efficacious in young to aged myocardium and mechanistically distinct from conventional opioid or preconditioning (PC) responses. We further investigate opioid-dependent sustained ligand-activated preconditioning (SLP), assessing duration of protection, opioid receptor involvement, additivity with conventional responses, and signaling underlying preischemic induction of the phenotype. Male C57BL/6 mice were treated with morphine (75-mg subcutaneous pellet) for 5 days followed by morphine-free periods (0, 3, 5, or 7 days) before ex vivo assessment of myocardial tolerance to 25-min ischemia/45-min reperfusion. SLP substantially reduced infarction (by ∼50%) and postischemic contractile dysfunction (eliminating contracture, doubling force development). Cardioprotection persisted for 5 to 7 days after treatment. SLP was induced specifically by δ-receptor and not κ- or μ-opioid receptor agonism, was eliminated by δ-receptor and nonselective antagonism, and was additive with adenosinergic but not acute morphine- or PC-triggered protection. Cotreatment during preischemic morphine exposure with the phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitor wortmannin, but not the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor myristoylated PKI-(14-22)-amide, prevented induction of SLP. This was consistent with shifts in total and phospho-Akt during the induction period. In summary, data reveal that SLP triggers sustained protection from ischemia for up to 7 days after stimulus, is δ-opioid receptor mediated, is induced in a PI3K-dependent/PKA-independent manner, and augments adenosinergic protection. Mechanisms underlying SLP may be useful targets for manipulation of ischemic tolerance in young or aged myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason N Peart
- Heart Foundation Research Centre, Griffith University, Southport, Australia.
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23
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Maguma H, Thayne K, Taylor DA. Characteristics of tolerance in the guinea pig ileum produced by chronic in vivo exposure to opioid versus cannabinoid agonists. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:522-32. [PMID: 20478271 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have compared the nature of tolerance that develops following chronic opioid treatment with that which develops after chronic cannabinoid exposure in the same tissue and species. The degree and character of tolerance induced by 7 twice daily injections of morphine or 5 daily injections of the cannabinoid receptor agonist, WIN-55,212-2, was examined by comparing the ability of DAMGO, 2-chloroadenosine (CADO) and WIN-55,212-2 to inhibit neurogenic contractions of the longitudinal muscle/myenteric plexus preparation (LM/MP) and the ability of nicotine to elicit contractions in the LM/MP. Chronic morphine treatment resulted in subsensitivity to all inhibitory agonists (rightward shift in IC(50) values of 4-5-fold) and an increased responsiveness to the excitatory effect of nicotine while chronic WIN-55,212-2 exposure resulted in subsensitivity only to WIN-55,212-2 and a reduction in maximum response to both WIN-55,212-2 and DAMGO but no change in responsiveness to CADO. Chronic WIN-55,212-2 treatment significantly reduced CB(1) but not MOR receptor protein abundance while chronic morphine treatment did not change either. Assessment of the distribution of MOR and CB(1) receptors in myenteric neurons revealed distinct individual receptor expression as well as co-localization which was unaffected by either cannabinoid or opioid treatment. Thus, in contrast to the heterologous tolerance that develops after opioid treatment, tolerance in the LM/MP following chronic in vivo WIN-55,212-2 exposure appears to be homologous in character and is accompanied by a selective decrease in CB(1) receptor protein abundance. The data suggest that the cellular basis of tolerance differs between the two systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hercules Maguma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States
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Kersanté F, Moulédous L, Zajac JM, Mollereau C. Modulation by neuropeptide FF of the interaction of mu-opioid (MOP) receptor with G-proteins. Neurochem Int 2010; 56:768-73. [PMID: 20211672 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The Neuropeptide FF (NPFF) system is known to modulate the effects of opioids in vivo and in vitro. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of NPFF agonists on the coupling of the Mu-opioid (MOP) receptor to G-proteins in a model of SH-SY5Y cells transfected with NPFF(2) receptor, in which the neuronal anti-opioid activity of NPFF was previously reproduced. Activation of G-proteins was monitored by [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding assay and analysis of G-protein subunits associated with MOP receptors was performed by Western blotting after immunoprecipitation of the receptor. The results demonstrate that concentrations of NPFF agonists that produce a cellular anti-opioid effect, did not affect the ability of the opioid agonist DAMGO to activate G-proteins. However, at saturating concentration of agonist or when expression of receptor was high, opioid and NPFF agonists did not stimulate [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding in an additive manner, indicating that both receptors share a common fraction of a G-protein pool. In addition, stimulation of NPFF receptors in living cells modified the G-protein environment of MOP receptor by favoring its interaction with alpha(s), alpha(i2) and beta subunits. This change in G-protein coupling to MOP receptor might participate in the mechanism by which NPFF agonists reduce the inhibitory activity of opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavie Kersanté
- CNRS/IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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Li P, Maguma HT, Thayne K, Davis B, Taylor DA. Correlation of the time course of development and decay of tolerance to morphine with alterations in sodium pump protein isoform abundance. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 79:1015-24. [PMID: 19896926 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Since the heterologous tolerance that develops after chronic morphine administration has been proposed to be an adaptive process, it follows that the time course of the change in the cellular components should coincide with the time course of the altered responsiveness. This study correlated the time course over which heterologous tolerance develops with changes in the abundance of selected proteins in the guinea-pig longitudinal muscle/myenteric plexus (LM/MP) preparation. Tissues were obtained at various times following a single surgical implantation procedure and heterologous tolerance confirmed by a significant reduction in the sensitivity of the LM/MP to inhibition of neurogenic twitches by morphine, DAMGO, and 2-CADO. Tolerance developed with a delayed onset (significant 2-5-fold reduction in sensitivity by day 4 after pellet implantation) that reached a maximum by 7 days (4-8-fold reduction in responsiveness) that was maintained through 14 days with normal sensitivity spontaneously returning by 21 days post-implantation. Dot blot analysis was used to examine the abundance of the alpha(1) and alpha(3) subunit isoforms of the Na(+)/K(+) ATPase and beta-actin over the same time course. The results showed significant decreases in abundance of the alpha(3) subunit at 4, 7, and 10 days following pellet implantation but no change in beta-actin or the alpha(1) subunit at any time period. These data support the idea that heterologous tolerance following chronic morphine exposure results from a cellular adaptive change that may involve a change in the abundance of the alpha(3) subunit isoform of the Na(+)/K(+) ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, The Brody Medical Sciences Building, 600 Moye Boulevard, Greenville, NC 27834, United States
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Scavone JL, Van Bockstaele EJ. Mu-opioid receptor redistribution in the locus coeruleus upon precipitation of withdrawal in opiate-dependent rats. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009; 292:401-11. [PMID: 19248160 DOI: 10.1002/ar.20860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Administration of mu-opioid receptor (MOR) agonists is known to produce adaptive changes within noradrenergic neurons of the rat locus coeruleus (LC). Alterations in the subcellular distribution of MOR have been shown to occur in the LC in response to full agonists and endogenous peptides; however, there is considerable debate in the literature whether trafficking of MOR occurs after chronic exposure to the partial-agonist morphine. In the present study, we examined adaptations in MOR after chronic opioid exposure using immunofluorescence and electron microscopy (EM), using receptor internalization as a functional endpoint. MOR trafficking in LC neurons was characterized in morphine-dependent rats that were given naltrexone at a dose known to precipitate withdrawal. After chronic morphine exposure, a subtle redistribution of MOR immunoreactivity from the membrane to the cytosol was detected within dendrites of LC neurons. Interestingly, an acute injection of naltrexone in rats exposed to chronic morphine produced a robust internalization of MOR, whereas administration of naltrexone failed to do so in naïve animals. These findings provide anatomical evidence for modified regulation of MOR trafficking after chronic morphine treatment in brain noradrenergic neurons. Adaptations in the MOR signaling pathways that regulate internalization may occur as a consequence of chronic treatment and precipitation of withdrawal. Mechanisms underlying this effect might include differential MOR regulation in the LC, or downstream effects of withdrawal-induced enkephalin (ENK) release from afferents to the LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian L Scavone
- Department of Neurosurgery, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylania, USA
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Peniston JH, Gould E. Oxymorphone extended release for the treatment of chronic low back pain: a retrospective pooled analysis of enriched-enrollment clinical trial data stratified according to age, sex, and prior opioid use. Clin Ther 2009; 31:347-59. [PMID: 19302907 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2009.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study assessed the potential effects of age, sex, and prior opioid use on the response to oxymorphone extended release (ER) in patients with moderate to severe chronic low back pain. METHODS Combined data from 2 placebo-controlled clinical trials with an enriched-enrollment, randomized-withdrawal design were analyzed. In patients aged > or =18 years with chronic low back pain, the dose of oxymorphone ER was titrated to a stable, tolerable, effective dose. Patients who completed titration were randomly assigned to a 12-week double-blind study period with oxymorphone ER or placebo. Oxymorphone immediate release 5 mg was permitted q4-6h, as needed for rescue medication or withdrawal symptoms, for 4 days after randomization and restricted to 10 mg/d thereafter. Pain intensity (100-mm visual analog scale [VAS]; 0 = no pain to 100 = worst pain imaginable) and time to study discontinuation due to lack of efficacy were compared with stratification by age (<65 vs > or =65 years), sex, and prior opioid use. Adverse events were categorized by severity and relation to study medication. RESULTS Of 575 patients, 348 completed titration and 347 entered the double-blind study phase. There were no significant between-group differences in demographic variables, except that the mean age in the oxymorphone ER group was significantly higher (P = 0.04), and the proportion of men was significantly lower (P = 0.01). There was no significant age difference between the oxymorphone ER and placebo groups stratified by age (<65 vs > or =65 years). Fewer patients aged > or =65 years versus <65 years completed titration (45.0% [36/80] vs 63.0% [312/495]; P = 0.002). The least-squares mean (SEM) differences in VAS pain scores between the oxymorphone ER (n = 174) and placebo (n = 169) groups were significant at each postbaseline assessment (P < 0.001) and at study completion (12.3 [2.8] mm; P < 0.001) and was not significantly affected by age, sex, or prior opioid use. Age and sex had no significant influence on adverse events or discontinuations due to lack of efficacy. More discontinuations due to lack of efficacy occurred among patients in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 5.01; P < 0.001) and among opioid-experienced patients. The latter effect was limited to opioid-experienced patients who received placebo. The rates of discontinuation due to lack of efficacy were similar between oxymorphone ER-treated opioid-naive and opioid-experienced patients (11.4% vs 11.6%). The proportion of patients who experienced opioid-related adverse events was significantly greater in the oxymorphone ER group compared with the placebo group (25.7% vs 16.3%; P = 0.03). The most frequent treatment-emergent adverse events in the oxymorphone ER group were nausea (8.0%), constipation (6.3%), vomiting (4.6%), and diarrhea (4.0%); in the placebo group were nausea (5.8%), diarrhea (4.7%), and increased sweating (2.3%). CONCLUSION In the enriched population of patients who successfully titrated to oxymorphone ER, oxymorphone ER was effective and generally well tolerated, independent of patients' age, sex, or previous opioid use.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Peniston
- Feasterville Family Health Care Center, Feasterville, Pennsylvania 19053, USA.
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Peart JN, Headrick JP. Sustained cardioprotection: exploring unconventional modalities. Vascul Pharmacol 2008; 49:63-70. [PMID: 18675381 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2008.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2008] [Revised: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Since Murry et al. [Murry, C.E., Jennings, R.B., Reimer, K.A., 1986. Preconditioning with ischemia: a delay of lethal cell injury in ischemic myocardium. Circulation. 74, 1124-36.] initially reported on the powerful protective effects of ischemic preconditioning (PC), a plethora of experimental investigations have identified varied preconditioning protocols or mimetics to achieve cardioprotection. These stimuli predominantly act via archetypal mediators identified in associated signalling studies (including PI3-K, Akt, PKC, mitochondrial K(ATP) channels). Despite an intense research effort over the last 20 years, there remains a paucity of evidence that this protective paradigm is clinically exploitable. This may arise due to a number of drawbacks to conventional protection, including effects of age, disease, and interactions with other pharmacological agents. This encourages investigation of alternate strategies that trigger protection via unconventional signalling (distinct from conventional PC) and/or mediate sustained shifts in ischemic tolerance in hearts of varying age and disease status. This review considers briefly drawbacks to conventional PC, and focuses on alternate strategies for generating prolonged states of cardiac protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason N Peart
- Heart Foundation Research Centre, Griffith University, Australia.
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Cooper ZD, Truong YNT, Shi YG, Woods JH. Morphine deprivation increases self-administration of the fast- and short-acting mu-opioid receptor agonist remifentanil in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 326:920-9. [PMID: 18515643 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.139196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Opiate dependence and withdrawal have long been hypothesized to enhance the reinforcing effects of opiates; however, opiate agonist self-administration in these states has yet to be systematically assessed. To address this issue, the reinforcing property of the short-acting mu-opioid agonist, remifentanil, was assessed in morphine-dependent (MD), morphine-dependent and -withdrawn (MW), and nondependent, control (C) rats. Dependence was established by twice daily administration of increasing doses of morphine for 4 days (10, 20, 30, and 40 mg/kg s.c.) and then maintained with a daily injection of the large dose. Morphine deprivation-induced withdrawal (defined by weight loss and hyperalgesia) was apparent 24, but not 12, h after morphine treatment. Remifentanil self-administration (0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2, or 6.4 mug/kg/infusion) was assessed over 20 successive, daily, 1-h sessions, either 12 or 24 h after the maintenance dose of morphine. Compared with the control group, the MD group demonstrated suppressed remifentanil self-administration, whereas the MW group exhibited enhanced responding for every dose of remifentanil. The increased responding observed in the MW group compared with the control and MD groups resulted in an upward shift in the remifentanil dose-response curve, an effect that was expressed only after repeated exposure to the contingency, demonstrating that morphine withdrawal ultimately enhances the reinforcing effects of remifentanil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziva D Cooper
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
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Largent-Milnes TM, Guo W, Wang HY, Burns LH, Vanderah TW. Oxycodone plus ultra-low-dose naltrexone attenuates neuropathic pain and associated mu-opioid receptor-Gs coupling. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2008; 9:700-13. [PMID: 18468954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2008.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Revised: 02/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Both peripheral nerve injury and chronic opioid treatment can result in hyperalgesia associated with enhanced excitatory neurotransmission at the level of the spinal cord. Chronic opioid administration leads to a shift in mu-opioid receptor (MOR)-G protein coupling from G(i/o) to G(s) that can be prevented by cotreatment with an ultra-low-dose opioid antagonist. In this study, using lumbar spinal cord tissue from rats with L(5)/L(6) spinal nerve ligation (SNL), we demonstrated that SNL injury induces MOR linkage to G(s) in the damaged (ipsilateral) spinal dorsal horn. This MOR-G(s) coupling occurred without changing G(i/o) coupling levels and without changing the expression of MOR or Galpha proteins. Repeated administration of oxycodone alone or in combination with ultra-low-dose naltrexone (NTX) was assessed on the SNL-induced MOR-G(s) coupling as well as on neuropathic pain behavior. Repeated spinal oxycodone exacerbated the SNL-induced MOR-G(s) coupling, whereas ultra-low-dose NTX cotreatment slightly but significantly attenuated this G(s) coupling. Either spinal or oral administration of oxycodone plus ultra-low-dose NTX markedly enhanced the reductions in allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia produced by oxycodone alone and minimized tolerance to these effects. The MOR-G(s) coupling observed in response to SNL may in part contribute to the excitatory neurotransmission in spinal dorsal horn in neuropathic pain states. The antihyperalgesic and antiallodynic effects of oxycodone plus ultra-low-dose NTX (Oxytrex, Pain Therapeutics, Inc., San Mateo, CA) suggest a promising new treatment for neuropathic pain. PERSPECTIVE The current study investigates whether Oxytrex (oxycodone with an ultra-low dose of naltrexone) alleviates mechanical and thermal hypersensitivities in an animal model of neuropathic pain over a period of 7 days, given locally or systemically. In this report, we first describe an injury-induced shift in mu-opioid receptor coupling from G(i/o) to G(s), suggesting why a mu-opioid agonist may have reduced efficacy in the nerve-injured state. These data present a novel approach to neuropathic pain therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tally M Largent-Milnes
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA
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Gintzler AR, Chakrabarti S. The Ambiguities of Opioid Tolerance Mechanisms: Barriers to Pain Therapeutics or New Pain Therapeutic Possibilities: Fig. 1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 325:709-13. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.135533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Abstract
This paper is the 29th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system, now spanning 30 years of research. It summarizes papers published during 2006 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurological disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration and thermoregulation (Section 16); and immunological responses (Section 17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, CUNY, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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Mechanisms of opioid tolerance: emerging evidence and therapeutic implications. Can J Anaesth 2007; 54:969-76. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03016630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Shy M, Chakrabarti S, Gintzler AR. Plasticity of adenylyl cyclase-related signaling sequelae after long-term morphine treatment. Mol Pharmacol 2007; 73:868-79. [PMID: 18045853 DOI: 10.1124/mol.107.042184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptations to long-term morphine treatment resulting in tolerance are protective by counteracting the consequences of sustained opioid receptor activation. Consequently, the manifestation of specific adenylyl cyclase (AC)-related neurochemical sequelae of long-term morphine treatment should depend on the consequences of short-term mu-opioid receptor (MOR) activation. We tested this by comparing complementary chemical sequelae of long-term morphine treatment among cells in which short-term MOR activation inhibited instead of stimulated AC activity. Short-term activation of MOR in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably transfected with MOR (MOR-CHO) inhibits AC activity. Long-term morphine treatment of these cells increased AC and Gbeta phosphorylation, membrane protein kinase Cgamma (PKCgamma) translocation, and MOR G(s) association. All converge, shifting the consequences of short-term MOR activation from Galpha(i)/Galpha(o) inhibitory to AC stimulatory signaling. In contrast, overexpression of the Gbetagamma-stimulated AC isoform AC2 (which converted MOR-coupled inhibition to stimulation of AC) eliminated or reversed these adaptations to long-term morphine treatment; it negated the increase in Gbeta phosphorylation and PKCgamma translocation while reversing the increase in AC phosphorylation and MOR G(s) association. These adaptations greatly attenuated MOR-coupled stimulation of AC activity. Altered overexpression of AC protein per se was not a confounding factor because MOR-CHO overexpressing AC1, which is inhibited by short-term MOR activation, manifested adaptations to long-term morphine treatment qualitatively identical with those of MOR-CHO. These results reveal that adaptations elicited by long-term morphine treatment depend on the effects of short-term MOR activation. This dynamic and pliable nature of tolerance mechanisms could represent a new paradigm for pharmacotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Shy
- Department of Biochemistry, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
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Barnes TA, McDonald J, Rowbotham DJ, Duarte TL, Lambert DG. Effects of receptor density on Nociceptin/OrphaninFQ peptide receptor desensitisation: studies using the ecdysone inducible expression system. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2007; 376:217-25. [PMID: 17899014 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-007-0189-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 09/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Pretreatment of the G-protein coupled nociceptin receptor (NOP) with nociceptin/orphaninFQ (N/OFQ) produces desensitisation. The influences of receptor expression and genomic effects are largely unknown. We have used an ecdysone-inducible NOP expression system in a CHO line (CHO INDhNOP) to examine the effects of N/OFQ pretreatment upon receptor density, GTPgamma[35S] binding, cAMP formation and NOP-mRNA. CHO(INDhNOP) induced with 5 and 10 microM PonasteroneA (PonA) for 20 h produced NOP densities (Bmax) of 194 and 473 fmol. mg(-1) protein, respectively. This was accompanied by decreased NOP mRNA. The lower Bmax is typical of the central nervous system. Pretreatment with 1 microM N/OFQ significantly (p < 0.05) reduced Bmax at 5 and 10 microM PonA to 100 and 196 fmol. mg(-1) protein, respectively. There was no change in binding affinity. Along with the reduction in Bmax), potency and efficacy for N/OFQ-stimulated GTPgamma[35S] binding were also reduced (5 microM PonA: pEC50-control = 8.55 +/- 0.06, pretreated = 7.88 +/- 0.07; Emax-control = 3.52 +/- 0.43, pretreated = 2.48 +/- 0.10; 10 microM PonA: pEC50-control = 8.41 +/- 0.18, pretreated = 7.76 +/- 0.03; Emax-control = 5.07 +/- 0.17, pretreated = 3.38 +/- 0.19). For inhibition of cAMP formation, there was a reduction in potency (5 microM PonA: pEC50-control = 9.78 +/- 0.08, pretreated = 8.92 +/- 0.13; 10 microM PonA: pEC50-control = 9.99 +/- 0.07, pretreated = 9.04 +/- 0.14), but there was no reduction in efficacy. In addition, there were 39 and 31% reductions in NOP mRNA at 5 and 10 microM PonA, respectively, but these measurements were made following concurrent N/OFQ challenge and PonA induction. In CHO INDhNOP, we have shown a reduction in cell surface receptor numbers and a reduction in functional coupling after N/OFQ pretreatment. This was observed at pseudo-physiological and supraphysiological receptor densities. Moreover, we also report a reduction in NOP mRNA, but further studies are needed which include 'pulsing' PonA and desensitizing following wash-out.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Barnes
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (Pharmacology and Therapeutics Group), Division of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Management, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK
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Martini L, Whistler JL. The role of mu opioid receptor desensitization and endocytosis in morphine tolerance and dependence. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2007; 17:556-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2007.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 10/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Marczak ED, Jinsmaa Y, Li T, Bryant SD, Tsuda Y, Okada Y, Lazarus LH. [N-allyl-Dmt1]-endomorphins are micro-opioid receptor antagonists lacking inverse agonist properties. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 323:374-80. [PMID: 17626793 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.125807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
[N-allyl-Dmt1]-endomorphin-1 and -2 ([N-allyl-Dmt1]-EM-1 and -2) are new selective micro-opioid receptor antagonists obtained by N-alkylation with an allyl group on the amino terminus of 2',6'-dimethyl-L-tyrosine (Dmt) derivatives. To further characterize properties of these compounds, their intrinsic activities were assessed by functional guanosine 5'-O-(3-[35S]thiotriphosphate) binding assays and forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation in cell membranes obtained from vehicle, morphine, and ethanol-treated SK-N-SH cells and brain membranes isolated from naive and morphine-dependent mice; their mode of action was compared with naloxone or naltrexone, which both are standard nonspecific opioid-receptor antagonists. [N-allyl-Dmt1]-EM-1 and -2 were neutral antagonists under all of the experimental conditions examined, in contrast to naloxone and naltrexone, which behave as neutral antagonists only in membranes from vehicle-treated cells and mice but act as inverse agonists in membranes from morphine- and ethanol-treated cells as well as morphine-treated mice. Both endomorphin analogs inhibited the naloxone- and naltrexone-elicited withdrawal syndromes from acute morphine dependence in mice. This suggests their potential therapeutic application in the treatment of drug addiction and alcohol abuse without the adverse effects observed with inverse agonist alkaloid-derived compounds that produce severe withdrawal symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa D Marczak
- Medicinal Chemistry Group, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, MD C304, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Chakrabarti S, Gintzler AR. Phosphorylation of Galphas influences its association with the micro-opioid receptor and is modulated by long-term morphine exposure. Mol Pharmacol 2007; 72:753-60. [PMID: 17576791 DOI: 10.1124/mol.107.036145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent biochemical demonstration of the association of the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) with Galpha(s) that increases after long-term morphine treatment (Mol Brain Res 135:217-224, 2005) provides a new imperative for studying MOR-Galpha(s) interactions and the mechanisms that modulate it. A persisting challenge is to elucidate those neurochemical parameters modulated by long-term morphine treatment that facilitate MOR-Galpha(s) association. This study demonstrates that 1) Galpha(s) exists as a phosphoprotein, 2) the stoichiometry of Galpha(s) phosphorylation decreases after long-term morphine treatment, and 3) in vitro dephosphorylation of Galpha(s) increases its association with MOR. Furthermore, our data suggest that increased association of Galpha(s) with protein phosphatase 2A is functionally linked to the long-term morphine treatment-induced reduction in Galpha(s) phosphorylation. These findings are observed in MOR-Chinese hamster ovary and F11 cells as well as spinal cord, indicating that they are not idiosyncratic to the particular cell line used or a "culture" phenomenon and generalize to complex neural tissue. Taken together, these results indicate that the phosphorylation state of Galpha(s) is a critical determinant of its interaction with MOR. Long-term morphine treatment decreases Galpha(s) phosphorylation, which is a key mechanism underlying the previously demonstrated increased association of MOR and Galpha(s) in opioid tolerant tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumita Chakrabarti
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
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Javan M, Kazemi B, Ahmadiani A, Motamedi F. Dexamethasone mimics the inhibitory effect of chronic pain on the development of tolerance to morphine analgesia and compensates for morphine induced changes in G proteins gene expression. Brain Res 2006; 1104:73-9. [PMID: 16828064 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.05.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2005] [Revised: 05/17/2006] [Accepted: 05/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It is previously reported that the HPA axis plays role in the inhibitory effect of pain on tolerance development to analgesic effect of opioids. The present study was designed to investigate whether the chronic co-administration of dexamethasone as a glucocorticoid is also able to prevent or reverse analgesic tolerance to morphine and to compare the expression of G(alphai/o) and G(beta) subunits of G proteins in the context of chronic dexamethasone, development of morphine tolerance and their combination. Analgesic tolerance to morphine was induced by chronic intraperitoneally (i.p.) administration of morphine 20 mg/kg to male Wistar rats weighing 200-240 g within 4 consecutive days and analgesia was assessed using tail-flick test. Chronic dexamethasone was applied using 4 daily i.p. injections. Lumbar spinal tissues were assayed for the expression of G(alphai/o) and G(beta) proteins using "semiquantitative PCR" normalized to beta-actin gene expression. Results showed that chronic administration of dexamethasone could reduce and reverse the development of tolerance in rats that received chronic i.p. injections of morphine. Chronic administration of dexamethasone significantly increased the expression of G(alphai/o), while chronic administration of morphine did not change its expression. The expression of G(beta), however, was increased after the chronic administration of morphine, but did not change after the administration of chronic dexamethasone. None of these increases were observed when morphine and dexamethasone were co-administered. We conclude that the development of tolerance to analgesic effect of morphine could be prevented and reversed by dexamethasone co-administration. The increase in G(alphai/o) genes expression produced by chronic dexamethasone may facilitate the opioid signaling pathway and compensate for morphine-induced tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Javan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres Univ., Tehran, Iran
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