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Han X, Liu X, Zhao X, Wang X, Sun Y, Qu C, Liang J, Yang B. Dapagliflozin ameliorates sepsis-induced heart injury by inhibiting cardiomyocyte apoptosis and electrical remodeling through the PI3K/Akt pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 955:175930. [PMID: 37479014 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis-induced heart injury is one of the leading causes of circulation disorders worldwide. Dapagliflozin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor mainly used for controlling blood glucose, has been shown to exert a protective effect on cardiomyocytes. However, the protective effect of dapagliflozin against sepsis-induced cardiac injury and the underlying mechanism needs to be studied. AIM This study aims to investigate the effect of dapagliflozin on sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy and the potential mechanisms involved. METHODS The rat model of sepsis was constructed by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide. Echocardiography and electrophysiological studies were performed to detect changes in cardiac function and electrical activity. Cardiac pathological alternation and cardiomyocyte apoptosis were measured by H&E staining, serological analysis, immunohistochemical, immunofluorescence, and TUNEL assays. Western blot and qRT-PCR were performed to elucidate the underlying mechanism of dapagliflozin. Additionally, corresponding experiments in H9c2 cells were performed to further validate the mechanisms in vitro. RESULTS Dapagliflozin improved cardiac dysfunction and reduced the susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmias in sepsis rats by ameliorating cardiac inflammation, suppressing cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and alleviating ventricular electrical remodeling. The PI3K/Akt signaling pathway inhibitor inhibited the anti-apoptotic effect of dapagliflozin, indicating that the protective effect was related to the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. CONCLUSION Dapagliflozin ameliorated sepsis-induced cardiac injury by suppressing electrical remodeling and cardiomyocyte apoptosis, which could be attributed to the PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyu Han
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, PR China.
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, PR China.
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, PR China.
| | - Xiukun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, PR China.
| | - Yazhou Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, PR China.
| | - Chuan Qu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, PR China.
| | - Jinjun Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, PR China.
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, PR China.
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2
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De Bortoli M, Meraviglia V, Mackova K, Frommelt LS, König E, Rainer J, Volani C, Benzoni P, Schlittler M, Cattelan G, Motta BM, Volpato C, Rauhe W, Barbuti A, Zacchigna S, Pramstaller PP, Rossini A. Modeling incomplete penetrance in arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy by human induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:1759-1773. [PMID: 36915380 PMCID: PMC10006475 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) are commonly used to model arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM), a heritable cardiac disease characterized by severe ventricular arrhythmias, fibrofatty myocardial replacement and progressive ventricular dysfunction. Although ACM is inherited as an autosomal dominant disease, incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity are extremely common, resulting in different clinical manifestations. Here, we propose hiPSC-CMs as a powerful in vitro model to study incomplete penetrance in ACM. Six hiPSC lines were generated from blood samples of three ACM patients carrying a heterozygous deletion of exon 4 in the PKP2 gene, two asymptomatic (ASY) carriers of the same mutation and one healthy control (CTR), all belonging to the same family. Whole exome sequencing was performed in all family members and hiPSC-CMs were examined by ddPCR, western blot, Wes™ immunoassay system, patch clamp, immunofluorescence and RNASeq. Our results show molecular and functional differences between ACM and ASY hiPSC-CMs, including a higher amount of mutated PKP2 mRNA, a lower expression of the connexin-43 protein, a lower overall density of sodium current, a higher intracellular lipid accumulation and sarcomere disorganization in ACM compared to ASY hiPSC-CMs. Differentially expressed genes were also found, supporting a predisposition for a fatty phenotype in ACM hiPSC-CMs. These data indicate that hiPSC-CMs are a suitable model to study incomplete penetrance in ACM.
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Key Words
- ABC, active ß-catenin
- ACM, arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy
- ASY, asymptomatic
- Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy
- BBB, bundle-branch block
- CMs, cardiomyocytes
- CTR, control
- Cx43, connexin-43
- DEGs, differentially expressed genes
- GATK, Genome Analysis Toolkit
- Human induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes
- ICD, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
- ID, intercalated disk
- Incomplete penetrance
- LBB, left bundle-branch block
- MRI, magnetic resonance imagingmut, mutated
- NSVT, non-sustained ventricular tachycardia
- RV, right ventricle
- hiPSC, human induced pluripotent stem cell
- wt, wild type
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia De Bortoli
- Institute for Biomedicine (Affiliated to the University of Lübeck), Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Viviana Meraviglia
- Institute for Biomedicine (Affiliated to the University of Lübeck), Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy.,Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2316 Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Katarina Mackova
- Institute for Biomedicine (Affiliated to the University of Lübeck), Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Laura S Frommelt
- Institute for Biomedicine (Affiliated to the University of Lübeck), Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Eva König
- Institute for Biomedicine (Affiliated to the University of Lübeck), Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Johannes Rainer
- Institute for Biomedicine (Affiliated to the University of Lübeck), Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Chiara Volani
- Institute for Biomedicine (Affiliated to the University of Lübeck), Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy.,Universita` degli Studi di Milano, The Cell Physiology MiLab, Department of Biosciences, Milano, Italy
| | - Patrizia Benzoni
- Universita` degli Studi di Milano, The Cell Physiology MiLab, Department of Biosciences, Milano, Italy
| | - Maja Schlittler
- Institute for Biomedicine (Affiliated to the University of Lübeck), Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Giada Cattelan
- Institute for Biomedicine (Affiliated to the University of Lübeck), Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Benedetta M Motta
- Institute for Biomedicine (Affiliated to the University of Lübeck), Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Claudia Volpato
- Institute for Biomedicine (Affiliated to the University of Lübeck), Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Werner Rauhe
- San Maurizio Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Andrea Barbuti
- Universita` degli Studi di Milano, The Cell Physiology MiLab, Department of Biosciences, Milano, Italy
| | - Serena Zacchigna
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cardiovascular Biology Laboratory, Trieste, Italy
| | - Peter P Pramstaller
- Institute for Biomedicine (Affiliated to the University of Lübeck), Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Rossini
- Institute for Biomedicine (Affiliated to the University of Lübeck), Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
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3
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Minhas R, Loeffler-Wirth H, Siddiqui YH, Obrębski T, Vashisht S, Abu Nahia K, Paterek A, Brzozowska A, Bugajski L, Piwocka K, Korzh V, Binder H, Winata CL. Transcriptome profile of the sinoatrial ring reveals conserved and novel genetic programs of the zebrafish pacemaker. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:715. [PMID: 34600492 PMCID: PMC8487553 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08016-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sinoatrial Node (SAN) is part of the cardiac conduction system, which controls the rhythmic contraction of the vertebrate heart. The SAN consists of a specialized pacemaker cell population that has the potential to generate electrical impulses. Although the SAN pacemaker has been extensively studied in mammalian and teleost models, including the zebrafish, their molecular nature remains inadequately comprehended. RESULTS To characterize the molecular profile of the zebrafish sinoatrial ring (SAR) and elucidate the mechanism of pacemaker function, we utilized the transgenic line sqet33mi59BEt to isolate cells of the SAR of developing zebrafish embryos and profiled their transcriptome. Our analyses identified novel candidate genes and well-known conserved signaling pathways involved in pacemaker development. We show that, compared to the rest of the heart, the zebrafish SAR overexpresses several mammalian SAN pacemaker signature genes, which include hcn4 as well as those encoding calcium- and potassium-gated channels. Moreover, genes encoding components of the BMP and Wnt signaling pathways, as well as members of the Tbx family, which have previously been implicated in pacemaker development, were also overexpressed in the SAR. Among SAR-overexpressed genes, 24 had human homologues implicated in 104 different ClinVar phenotype entries related to various forms of congenital heart diseases, which suggest the relevance of our transcriptomics resource to studying human heart conditions. Finally, functional analyses of three SAR-overexpressed genes, pard6a, prom2, and atp1a1a.2, uncovered their novel role in heart development and physiology. CONCLUSION Our results established conserved aspects between zebrafish and mammalian pacemaker function and revealed novel factors implicated in maintaining cardiac rhythm. The transcriptome data generated in this study represents a unique and valuable resource for the study of pacemaker function and associated heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashid Minhas
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Henry Loeffler-Wirth
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yusra H Siddiqui
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- School of Human Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, University of Derby, Derby, UK
| | - Tomasz Obrębski
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Shikha Vashisht
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karim Abu Nahia
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alexandra Paterek
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Angelika Brzozowska
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lukasz Bugajski
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Laboratory of Cytometry, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Piwocka
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Laboratory of Cytometry, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Vladimir Korzh
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hans Binder
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cecilia Lanny Winata
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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4
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Xie Y, Wang Y, Zhao L, Wang F, Fang J. Identification of potential biomarkers and immune cell infiltration in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) using bioinformatics strategy. Bioengineered 2021; 12:2890-2905. [PMID: 34227921 PMCID: PMC8806781 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1937906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was considered a fatal disease resulting in high morbidity and mortality; platelet activation or aggregation plays a critical role in participating in the pathogenesis of AMI. The current study aimed to reveal the underlying mechanisms of platelets in the confrontation of AMI and potential biomarkers that separate AMI from other cardiovascular diseases and healthy people with bioinformatic strategies. Immunity analysis revealed that the neutrophil was significantly decreased in patients with SCAD compared with patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) or healthy controls; monocytes and neutrophils showed potential in distinguishing patients with STEMI from patients with SCAD. Six differentially expressed genes (DEGs) showed great performances in differentiating STEMI patients from SCAD patients with AUC greater than 0.9. Correlation analysis showed that these six DEGs were significantly positively correlated with neutrophils; three genes were negatively correlated with monocytes. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) found that module ‘royalblue’ had the highest correlation with STEMI; genes in STEMI-related module were enriched in cell–cell interactions, blood vessels’ biological processes, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway; four genes (FN1, CD34, LPL, and WWTR1) represented the capability of identifying patients with STEMI from healthy controls and patients with SCAD; two genes (ARG1 and NAMPTL) were considered as novel biomarkers for identifying STEMI from SCAD; FN1 represented the potential as a novel biomarker for STEMI. Our findings indicated that the distribution of neutrophils could be considered as a potential molecular trait for separating patients with STEMI from SCAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xie
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Linjun Zhao
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinyan Fang
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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5
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Membrane nanotubes facilitate the propagation of inflammatory injury in the heart upon overactivation of the β-adrenergic receptor. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:958. [PMID: 33161415 PMCID: PMC7648847 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Acute sympathetic stress quickly induces cardiac inflammation and injury, suggesting that pathogenic signals rapidly spread among cardiac cells and that cell-to-cell communication may play an important role in the subsequent cardiac injury. However, the underlying mechanism of this response is unknown. Our previous study demonstrated that acute β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) signaling activates inflammasomes in the heart, which triggers the inflammatory cascade. In the present study, β-AR overactivation induced inflammasome activation in both the cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) of mice hearts following a subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol (ISO, 5 mg/kg body weight), a selective agonist of β-AR. In isolated cardiac cells, ISO treatment only activated the inflammasomes in the cardiomyocytes but not the CFs. These results demonstrated that inflammasome activation was propagated from cardiomyocytes to CFs in the mice hearts. Further investigation revealed that the inflammasomes were activated in the cocultured CFs that connected with cardiomyocytes via membrane nanotubes (MNTs), a novel membrane structure that mediates distant intercellular connections and communication. Disruption of the MNTs with the microfilament polymerization inhibitor cytochalasin D (Cyto D) attenuated the inflammasome activation in the cocultured CFs. In addition, the MNT-mediated inflammasome activation in the CFs was blocked by deficiency of the inflammasome component NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) in the cardiomyocytes, but not NLRP3 deficiency in the CFs. Moreover, ISO induced pyroptosis in the CFs cocultured with cardiomyocytes, and this process was inhibited by disruption of the MNTs with Cyto D or by the NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950 and the caspase-1 inhibitor Z-YVAD-FMK (FMK). Our study revealed that MNTs facilitate the rapid propagation of inflammasome activation among cardiac cells to promote pyroptosis in the early phase of β-adrenergic insult. Therefore, preventing inflammasome transfer is a potential therapeutic strategy to alleviate acute β-AR overactivation-induced cardiac injury.
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6
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Angulo-Urarte A, van der Wal T, Huveneers S. Cell-cell junctions as sensors and transducers of mechanical forces. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183316. [PMID: 32360073 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial and endothelial monolayers are multicellular sheets that form barriers between the 'outside' and 'inside' of tissues. Cell-cell junctions, made by adherens junctions, tight junctions and desmosomes, hold together these monolayers. They form intercellular contacts by binding their receptor counterparts on neighboring cells and anchoring these structures intracellularly to the cytoskeleton. During tissue development, maintenance and pathogenesis, monolayers encounter a range of mechanical forces from the cells themselves and from external systemic forces, such as blood pressure or tissue stiffness. The molecular landscape of cell-cell junctions is diverse, containing transmembrane proteins that form intercellular bonds and a variety of cytoplasmic proteins that remodel the junctional connection to the cytoskeleton. Many junction-associated proteins participate in mechanotransduction cascades to confer mechanical cues into cellular responses that allow monolayers to maintain their structural integrity. We will discuss force-dependent junctional molecular events and their role in cell-cell contact organization and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Angulo-Urarte
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Location AMC, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tanne van der Wal
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Location AMC, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stephan Huveneers
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Location AMC, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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7
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Santos-Lozano A, Valenzuela PL, Llavero F, Lista S, Carrera-Bastos P, Hampel H, Pareja-Galeano H, Gálvez BG, López JA, Vázquez J, Emanuele E, Zugaza JL, Lucia A. Successful aging: insights from proteome analyses of healthy centenarians. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:3502-3515. [PMID: 32100723 PMCID: PMC7066932 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Healthy aging depends on a complex gene-environment network that is ultimately reflected in the expression of different proteins. We aimed to perform a comparative analysis of the plasma proteome of healthy centenarians (n=9, 5 women, age range 100–103 years) with a notably preserved ambulatory capacity (as a paradigm of ‘successful’ aging), and control individuals who died from a major age-related disease before the expected life expectancy (n=9, 5 women, age range: 67–81 years), and while having impaired ambulatory capacity (as a paradigm of ‘unsuccessful’ aging). We found that the expression of 49 proteins and 86 pathways differed between the two groups. Overall, healthy centenarians presented with distinct expression of proteins/pathways that reflect a healthy immune function, including a lower pro-inflammatory status (less ‘inflammaging’ and autoimmunity) and a preserved humoral immune response (increased B cell-mediated immune response). Compared with controls, healthy centenarians also presented with a higher expression of proteins involved in angiogenesis and related to enhanced intercellular junctions, as well as a lower expression of proteins involved in cardiovascular abnormalities. The identification of these proteins/pathways might provide new insights into the biological mechanisms underlying the paradigm of healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Santos-Lozano
- Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre ("imas12"), Madrid, Spain.,i+HeALTH, European University Miguel de Cervantes, Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Llavero
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Simone Lista
- Sorbonne University, GRC no. 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.,Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), Paris, France.,Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease, Department of Neurology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Pedro Carrera-Bastos
- Centre for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University/Region Skane, Skane University Hospital, Malmo, Sweden.,Nutriscience - Education and Consulting, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Harald Hampel
- Sorbonne University, GRC no. 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | - Beatriz G Gálvez
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio López
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,Centro Integrado de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Vázquez
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,Centro Integrado de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - José L Zugaza
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.,Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- i+HeALTH, European University Miguel de Cervantes, Valladolid, Spain.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
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8
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Chin IL, Hool L, Choi YS. A Review of in vitro Platforms for Understanding Cardiomyocyte Mechanobiology. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:133. [PMID: 31231644 PMCID: PMC6560053 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanobiology—a cell's interaction with its physical environment—can influence a myriad of cellular processes including how cells migrate, differentiate and proliferate. In many diseases, remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is observed such as tissue stiffening in rigid scar formation after myocardial infarct. Utilizing knowledge of cell mechanobiology in relation to ECM remodeling during pathogenesis, elucidating the role of the ECM in the progression—and perhaps regression—of disease is a primary focus of the field. Although the importance of mechanical signaling in the cardiac cell is well-appreciated, our understanding of how these signals are sensed and transduced by cardiomyocytes is limited. To overcome this limitation, recently developed tools and resources have provided exciting opportunities to further our understandings by better recapitulating pathological spatiotemporal ECM stiffness changes in an in vitro setting. In this review, we provide an overview of a conventional model of mechanotransduction and present understandings of cardiomyocyte mechanobiology, followed by a review of emerging tools and resources that can be used to expand our knowledge of cardiomyocyte mechanobiology toward more clinically relevant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian L Chin
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Livia Hool
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yu Suk Choi
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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9
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Saucerman JJ, Tan PM, Buchholz KS, McCulloch AD, Omens JH. Mechanical regulation of gene expression in cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts. Nat Rev Cardiol 2019; 16:361-378. [PMID: 30683889 PMCID: PMC6525041 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-019-0155-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The intact heart undergoes complex and multiscale remodelling processes in response to altered mechanical cues. Remodelling of the myocardium is regulated by a combination of myocyte and non-myocyte responses to mechanosensitive pathways, which can alter gene expression and therefore function in these cells. Cellular mechanotransduction and its downstream effects on gene expression are initially compensatory mechanisms during adaptations to the altered mechanical environment, but under prolonged and abnormal loading conditions, they can become maladaptive, leading to impaired function and cardiac pathologies. In this Review, we summarize mechanoregulated pathways in cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts that lead to altered gene expression and cell remodelling under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Developments in systems modelling of the networks that regulate gene expression in response to mechanical stimuli should improve integrative understanding of their roles in vivo and help to discover new combinations of drugs and device therapies targeting mechanosignalling in heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Saucerman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Philip M Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kyle S Buchholz
- Departments of Bioengineering and Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrew D McCulloch
- Departments of Bioengineering and Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Jeffrey H Omens
- Departments of Bioengineering and Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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10
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Mathiesen SB, Lunde M, Aronsen JM, Romaine A, Kaupang A, Martinsen M, de Souza GA, Nyman TA, Sjaastad I, Christensen G, Carlson CR. The cardiac syndecan-4 interactome reveals a role for syndecan-4 in nuclear translocation of muscle LIM protein (MLP). J Biol Chem 2019; 294:8717-8731. [PMID: 30967474 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Costameres are signaling hubs at the sarcolemma and important contact points between the extracellular matrix and cell interior, sensing and transducing biomechanical signals into a cellular response. The transmembrane proteoglycan syndecan-4 localizes to these attachment points and has been shown to be important in the initial stages of cardiac remodeling, but its mechanistic function in the heart remains insufficiently understood. Here, we sought to map the cardiac interactome of syndecan-4 to better understand its function and downstream signaling mechanisms. By combining two different affinity purification methods with MS analysis, we found that the cardiac syndecan-4 interactome consists of 21 novel and 29 previously described interaction partners. Nine of the novel partners were further validated to bind syndecan-4 in HEK293 cells (i.e. CAVIN1/PTRF, CCT5, CDK9, EIF2S1, EIF4B, MPP7, PARVB, PFKM, and RASIP). We also found that 19 of the 50 interactome partners bind differently to syndecan-4 in the left ventricle lysate from aortic-banded heart failure (ABHF) rats compared with SHAM-operated animals. One of these partners was the well-known mechanotransducer muscle LIM protein (MLP), which showed direct and increased binding to syndecan-4 in ABHF. Nuclear translocation is important in MLP-mediated signaling, and we found less MLP in the nuclear-enriched fractions from syndecan-4-/- mouse left ventricles but increased nuclear MLP when syndecan-4 was overexpressed in a cardiomyocyte cell line. In the presence of a cell-permeable syndecan-4-MLP disruptor peptide, the nuclear MLP level was reduced. These findings suggest that syndecan-4 mediates nuclear translocation of MLP in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Bech Mathiesen
- From the Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo
| | - Marianne Lunde
- From the Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo
| | - Jan Magnus Aronsen
- From the Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo.,the Bjørknes College, 0456 Oslo
| | - Andreas Romaine
- From the Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo.,KG Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, and
| | - Anita Kaupang
- From the Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo
| | - Marita Martinsen
- From the Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo
| | - Gustavo Antonio de Souza
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Rikshospitalet Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tuula A Nyman
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Rikshospitalet Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ivar Sjaastad
- From the Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo.,KG Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, and
| | - Geir Christensen
- From the Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo.,KG Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, and
| | - Cathrine Rein Carlson
- From the Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo,
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11
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Nguyen DT, Nagarajan N, Zorlutuna P. Effect of Substrate Stiffness on Mechanical Coupling and Force Propagation at the Infarct Boundary. Biophys J 2018; 115:1966-1980. [PMID: 30473015 PMCID: PMC6303235 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneous intercellular coupling plays a significant role in mechanical and electrical signal transmission in the heart. Although many studies have investigated the electrical signal conduction between myocytes and nonmyocytes within the heart muscle tissue, there are not many that have looked into the mechanical counterpart. This study aims to investigate the effect of substrate stiffness and the presence of cardiac myofibroblasts (CMFs) on mechanical force propagation across cardiomyocytes (CMs) and CMFs in healthy and heart-attack-mimicking matrix stiffness conditions. The contractile forces generated by the CMs and their propagation across the CMFs were measured using a bio-nanoindenter integrated with fluorescence microscopy for fast calcium imaging. Our results showed that softer substrates facilitated stronger and further signal transmission. Interestingly, the presence of the CMFs attenuated the signal propagation in a stiffness-dependent manner. Stiffer substrates with CMFs present attenuated the signal ∼24-32% more compared to soft substrates with CMFs, indicating a synergistic detrimental effect of increased matrix stiffness and increased CMF numbers after myocardial infarction on myocardial function. Furthermore, the beating pattern of the CMF movement at the CM-CMF boundary also depended on the substrate stiffness, thereby influencing the waveform of the propagation of CM-generated contractile forces. We performed computer simulations to further understand the occurrence of different force transmission patterns and showed that cell-matrix focal adhesions assembled at the CM-CMF interfaces, which differs depending on the substrates stiffness, play important roles in determining the efficiency and mechanism of signal transmission. In conclusion, in addition to substrate stiffness, the degree and type of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, affected by the substrate stiffness, influence mechanical signal conduction between myocytes and nonmyocytes in the heart muscle tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dung Trung Nguyen
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Neerajha Nagarajan
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Pinar Zorlutuna
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana; Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana.
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12
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Pluskota E, Bledzka KM, Bialkowska K, Szpak D, Soloviev DA, Jones SV, Verbovetskiy D, Plow EF. Kindlin-2 interacts with endothelial adherens junctions to support vascular barrier integrity. J Physiol 2017; 595:6443-6462. [PMID: 28799653 DOI: 10.1113/jp274380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS A reduction in Kindlin-2 levels in endothelial cells compromises vascular barrier function. Kindlin-2 is a previously unrecognized component of endothelial adherens junctions. By interacting directly and simultaneously with β- or γ-catenin and cortical actin filaments, Kindlin-2 stabilizes adherens junctions. The Kindlin-2 binding sites for β- and γ-catenin reside within its F1 and F3 subdomains. Although Kindlin-2 does not associate directly with tight junctions, its downregulation also destabilizes these junctions. Thus, impairment of both adherens and tight junctions may contribute to enhanced leakiness of vasculature in Kindlin-2+/- mice. ABSTRACT Endothelial cells (EC) establish a physical barrier between the blood and surrounding tissue. Impairment of this barrier can occur during inflammation, ischaemia or sepsis and cause severe organ dysfunction. Kindlin-2, which is primarily recognized as a focal adhesion protein in EC, was not anticipated to have a role in vascular barrier. We tested the role of Kindlin-2 in regulating vascular integrity using several different approaches to decrease Kindlin-2 levels in EC. Reduced levels of Kindlin-2 in Kindlin-2+/- mice aortic endothelial cells (MAECs) from these mice, and human umbilical ECs (HUVEC) treated with Kindlin-2 siRNA showed enhanced basal and platelet-activating factor (PAF) or lipopolysaccharide-stimulated vascular leakage compared to wild-type (WT) counterparts. PAF preferentially disrupted the Kindlin-2+/- MAECs barrier to BSA and dextran and reduced transendothelial resistance compared to WT cells. Kindlin-2 co-localized and co-immunoprecipitated with vascular endothelial cadherin-based complexes, including β- and γ-catenin and actin, components of adherens junctions (AJ). Direct interaction of Kindlin-2 with β- and γ-catenin and actin was demonstrated in co-immunoprecipitation and surface plasmon resonance experiments. In thrombin-stimulated HUVECs, Kindlin-2 and cortical actin dissociated from stable AJs and redistributed to radial actin stress fibres of remodelling focal AJs. The β- and γ-catenin binding site resides within the F1 and F3 subdomains of Kindlin-2 but not the integrin binding site in F3. These results establish a previously unrecognized and vital role of Kindlin-2 with respect to maintaining the vascular barrier by linking Vascuar endothelial cadherin-based complexes to cortical actin and thereby stabilizing AJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Pluskota
- Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH, USA
| | - Kamila M Bledzka
- Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH, USA
| | - Katarzyna Bialkowska
- Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH, USA
| | - Dorota Szpak
- Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH, USA
| | - Dmitry A Soloviev
- Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH, USA
| | - Sidney V Jones
- Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH, USA
| | - Dmitriy Verbovetskiy
- Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH, USA
| | - Edward F Plow
- Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH, USA
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13
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Kaushik G, Leijten J, Khademhosseini A. Concise Review: Organ Engineering: Design, Technology, and Integration. Stem Cells 2017; 35:51-60. [PMID: 27641724 PMCID: PMC6527109 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Engineering complex tissues and whole organs has the potential to dramatically impact translational medicine in several avenues. Organ engineering is a discipline that integrates biological knowledge of embryological development, anatomy, physiology, and cellular interactions with enabling technologies including biocompatible biomaterials and biofabrication platforms such as three-dimensional bioprinting. When engineering complex tissues and organs, core design principles must be taken into account, such as the structure-function relationship, biochemical signaling, mechanics, gradients, and spatial constraints. Technological advances in biomaterials, biofabrication, and biomedical imaging allow for in vitro control of these factors to recreate in vivo phenomena. Finally, organ engineering emerges as an integration of biological design and technical rigor. An overall workflow for organ engineering and guiding technology to advance biology as well as a perspective on necessary future iterations in the field is discussed. Stem Cells 2017;35:51-60.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kaushik
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeroen Leijten
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21569, Saudi Arabia, USA
- Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Gap junction modifiers regulate electrical activities of the sinoatrial node and pulmonary vein: Therapeutic implications in atrial arrhythmogenesis. Int J Cardiol 2016; 221:529-36. [PMID: 27414735 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gap junction (GJ) dysfunctions predispose cardiac tissues to various arrhythmias. Sinoatrial node (SAN) and pulmonary veins (PVs) are closely related atrial dysrhythmia. This study evaluated whether GJ modifications modulate SAN and PVs electrical activities. METHODS Conventional microelectrodes were used to record action potentials in isolated rabbit SAN, PVs, and connected PV-SAN tissue preparations before and after heptanol (GJ inhibitor) and PQ1 (GJ enhancer) administration with and without isoproterenol. A whole-cell patch clamp was used to record the electrical activities before and after heptanol in single SAN and PV cardiomyocytes. RESULTS Heptanol (1, 3, and 10μM) reduced the spontaneous beating rates of isolated SAN preparations but not PVs. Heptanol (10μM) decelerated the SAN leading rhythm in the PV-SAN preparations and induced PV burst firings without (3 of 6, 50%) and with (6 of 6, 100%) isoproterenol (1μM). Heptanol (10μM) also reduced the spontaneous beating rates in single SAN cardiomyocyte, but not PV cardiomyocyte, with a decreased pacemaker current. PQ1 (50 and 500nM) treatment did not change the spontaneous beating rates in isolated SAN and PV preparations. In the connected PV-SAN preparations, PQ1 (500nM) did not induce any PV firing even having additional isoproterenol treatment (1μM). Moreover, PQ1 (500nM) prevented heptanol-induced electrical changes in SAN and PVs preparations. CONCLUSION GJ dysfunction modulates SAN and PV electrical activity, which may contribute to atrial arrhythmogenesis. GJ enhancer has a therapeutic potential in SAN dysfunction and atrial arrhythmogenesis.
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15
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Mezzano V, Liang Y, Wright AT, Lyon RC, Pfeiffer E, Song MY, Gu Y, Dalton ND, Scheinman M, Peterson KL, Evans SM, Fowler S, Cerrone M, McCulloch AD, Sheikh F. Desmosomal junctions are necessary for adult sinus node function. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 111:274-86. [PMID: 27097650 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Current mechanisms driving cardiac pacemaker function have focused on ion channel and gap junction channel function, which are essential for action potential generation and propagation between pacemaker cells. However, pacemaker cells also harbour desmosomes that structurally anchor pacemaker cells to each other in tissue, but their role in pacemaker function remains unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS To determine the role of desmosomes in pacemaker function, we generated a novel mouse model harbouring cardiac conduction-specific ablation (csKO) of the central desmosomal protein, desmoplakin (DSP) using the Hcn4-Cre-ERT2 mouse line. Hcn4-Cre targets cells of the adult mouse sinoatrial node (SAN) and can ablate DSP expression in the adult DSP csKO SAN resulting in specific loss of desmosomal proteins and structures. Dysregulation of DSP via loss-of-function (adult DSP csKO mice) and mutation (clinical case of a patient harbouring a pathogenic DSP variant) in mice and man, respectively, revealed that desmosomal dysregulation is associated with a primary phenotype of increased sinus pauses/dysfunction in the absence of cardiomyopathy. Underlying defects in beat-to-beat regulation were also observed in DSP csKO mice in vivo and intact atria ex vivo. DSP csKO SAN exhibited migrating lead pacemaker sites associated with connexin 45 loss. In vitro studies exploiting ventricular cardiomyocytes that harbour DSP loss and concurrent early connexin loss phenocopied the loss of beat-to-beat regulation observed in DSP csKO mice and atria, extending the importance of DSP-associated mechanisms in driving beat-to-beat regulation of working cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSION We provide evidence of a mechanism that implicates an essential role for desmosomes in cardiac pacemaker function, which has broad implications in better understanding mechanisms underlying beat-to-beat regulation as well as sinus node disease and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Mezzano
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0613C, USA
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0613C, USA
| | - Adam T Wright
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Robert C Lyon
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0613C, USA
| | - Emily Pfeiffer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Michael Y Song
- Scripps Translational Science Institute, Department of Medicine, Scripps Green Hospital, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yusu Gu
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0613C, USA
| | - Nancy D Dalton
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0613C, USA
| | - Melvin Scheinman
- Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kirk L Peterson
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0613C, USA
| | - Sylvia M Evans
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Steven Fowler
- Cardiovascular Genetics Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Marina Cerrone
- Cardiovascular Genetics Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Andrew D McCulloch
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0613C, USA Department of Bioengineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Farah Sheikh
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0613C, USA
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16
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van Putten S, Shafieyan Y, Hinz B. Mechanical control of cardiac myofibroblasts. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 93:133-42. [PMID: 26620422 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblasts produce and turn over collagenous extracellular matrix as part of the normal adaptive response to increased mechanical load in the heart, e.g. during prolonged exercise. However, chronic overload as a consequence of hypertension or myocardial injury trigger a repair program that culminates in the formation of myofibroblasts. Myofibroblasts are opportunistically activated from various precursor cells that all acquire a phenotype promoting excessive collagen secretion and contraction of the neo-matrix into stiff scar tissue. Stiff fibrotic tissue reduces heart distensibility, impedes pumping and valve function, contributes to diastolic and systolic dysfunction, and affects myocardial electrical transmission, potentially leading to arrhythmia and heart failure. Here, we discuss how mechanical factors, such as matrix stiffness and strain, are feeding back and cooperate with cytokine signals to drive myofibroblast activation. We elaborate on the importance of considering the mechanical boundary conditions in the heart to generate better cell culture models for mechanistic studies of cardiac fibroblast function. Elements of the force transmission and mechanoperception apparatus acting in myofibroblasts are presented as potential therapeutic targets to treat fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander van Putten
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Yousef Shafieyan
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada.
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17
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Sharma P, Abbasi C, Lazic S, Teng ACT, Wang D, Dubois N, Ignatchenko V, Wong V, Liu J, Araki T, Tiburcy M, Ackerley C, Zimmermann WH, Hamilton R, Sun Y, Liu PP, Keller G, Stagljar I, Scott IC, Kislinger T, Gramolini AO. Evolutionarily conserved intercalated disc protein Tmem65 regulates cardiac conduction and connexin 43 function. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8391. [PMID: 26403541 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane proteins are crucial to heart function and development. Here we combine cationic silica-bead coating with shotgun proteomics to enrich for and identify plasma membrane-associated proteins from primary mouse neonatal and human fetal ventricular cardiomyocytes. We identify Tmem65 as a cardiac-enriched, intercalated disc protein that increases during development in both mouse and human hearts. Functional analysis of Tmem65 both in vitro using lentiviral shRNA-mediated knockdown in mouse cardiomyocytes and in vivo using morpholino-based knockdown in zebrafish show marked alterations in gap junction function and cardiac morphology. Molecular analyses suggest that Tmem65 interaction with connexin 43 (Cx43) is required for correct localization of Cx43 to the intercalated disc, since Tmem65 deletion results in marked internalization of Cx43, a shorter half-life through increased degradation, and loss of Cx43 function. Our data demonstrate that the membrane protein Tmem65 is an intercalated disc protein that interacts with and functionally regulates ventricular Cx43.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Sharma
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Cynthia Abbasi
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Savo Lazic
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Allen C T Teng
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Dingyan Wang
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Nicole Dubois
- McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Vladimir Ignatchenko
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Victoria Wong
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Donnelly Centre,, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E1
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Advanced Micro and Nanosystems Laboratory, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Toshiyuki Araki
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Malte Tiburcy
- Institute of Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen and DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research) partner site Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Cameron Ackerley
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Wolfram H Zimmermann
- Institute of Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen and DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research) partner site Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Robert Hamilton
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8.,Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Advanced Micro and Nanosystems Laboratory, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Peter P Liu
- Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Gordon Keller
- McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Igor Stagljar
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Donnelly Centre,, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E1
| | - Ian C Scott
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8.,The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8.,Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Thomas Kislinger
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9
| | - Anthony O Gramolini
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7.,Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
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18
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Lyon RC, Zanella F, Omens JH, Sheikh F. Mechanotransduction in cardiac hypertrophy and failure. Circ Res 2015; 116:1462-1476. [PMID: 25858069 PMCID: PMC4394185 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.304937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac muscle cells have an intrinsic ability to sense and respond to mechanical load through a process known as mechanotransduction. In the heart, this process involves the conversion of mechanical stimuli into biochemical events that induce changes in myocardial structure and function. Mechanotransduction and its downstream effects function initially as adaptive responses that serve as compensatory mechanisms during adaptation to the initial load. However, under prolonged and abnormal loading conditions, the remodeling processes can become maladaptive, leading to altered physiological function and the development of pathological cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Although the mechanisms underlying mechanotransduction are far from being fully elucidated, human and mouse genetic studies have highlighted various cytoskeletal and sarcolemmal structures in cardiac myocytes as the likely candidates for load transducers, based on their link to signaling molecules and architectural components important in disease pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize recent developments that have uncovered specific protein complexes linked to mechanotransduction and mechanotransmission within the sarcomere, the intercalated disc, and at the sarcolemma. The protein structures acting as mechanotransducers are the first step in the process that drives physiological and pathological cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling, as well as the transition to heart failure, and may provide better insights into mechanisms driving mechanotransduction-based diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C. Lyon
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Fabian Zanella
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jeffrey H. Omens
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Farah Sheikh
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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19
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Dvir H, Zlochiver S. Interbeat interval modulation in the sinoatrial node as a result of membrane current stochasticity-a theoretical and numerical study. Biophys J 2015; 108:1281-92. [PMID: 25762340 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A single isolated sinoatrial pacemaker cell presents intrinsic interbeat interval (IBI) variability that is believed to result from the stochastic characteristics of the opening and closing processes of membrane ion channels. To our knowledge, a novel mathematical framework was developed in this work to address the effect of current fluctuations on the IBIs of sinoatrial pacemaker cells. Using statistical modeling and employing the Fokker-Planck formalism, our mathematical analysis suggests that increased stochastic current fluctuation variance linearly increases the slope of phase-4 depolarization, hence the rate of activations. Single-cell and two-dimensional computerized numerical modeling of the sinoatrial node was conducted to validate the theoretical predictions using established ionic kinetics of the rabbit pacemaker and atrial cells. Our models also provide, to our knowledge, a novel complementary or alternative explanation to recent experimental observations showing a strong reduction in the mean IBI of Cx30 deficient mice in comparison to wild-types, not fully explicable by the effects of intercellular decoupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hila Dvir
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Sharon Zlochiver
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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20
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Lyon RC, Mezzano V, Wright AT, Pfeiffer E, Chuang J, Banares K, Castaneda A, Ouyang K, Cui L, Contu R, Gu Y, Evans SM, Omens JH, Peterson KL, McCulloch AD, Sheikh F. Connexin defects underlie arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in a novel mouse model. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:1134-50. [PMID: 24108106 PMCID: PMC3919010 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) termed a 'disease of the desmosome' is an inherited cardiomyopathy that recently underwent reclassification owing to the identification of left-dominant and biventricular disease forms. Homozygous loss-of-function mutations in the desmosomal component, desmoplakin, are found in patients exhibiting a biventricular form of ARVC; however, no models recapitulate the postnatal hallmarks of the disease as seen in these patients. To gain insights into the homozygous loss-of-function effects of desmoplakin in the heart, we generated cardiomyocyte-specific desmoplakin-deficient mice (DSP-cKO) using ventricular myosin light chain-2-Cre mice. Homozygous DSP-cKO mice are viable but display early ultrastructural defects in desmosomal integrity leading to a cardiomyopathy reminiscent of a biventricular form of ARVC, which includes cell death and fibro-fatty replacement within the ventricle leading to biventricular dysfunction, failure and premature death. DSP-cKO mice also exhibited ventricular arrhythmias that are exacerbated with exercise and catecholamine stimulation. Furthermore, DSP-cKO hearts exhibited right ventricular conduction defects associated with loss of connexin 40 expression and electrical wavefront propagation defects associated with loss of connexin 43 expression. Dose-dependent assessment of the effects of loss of desmoplakin in neonatal ventricular cardiomyocytes revealed primary loss of connexin 43 levels, phosphorylation and function independent of the molecular dissociation of the mechanical junction complex and fibro-fatty manifestation associated with ARVC, suggesting a role for desmoplakin as a primary stabilizer of connexin integrity. In summary, we provide evidence for a novel mouse model, which is reminiscent of the postnatal onset of ARVC while highlighting mechanisms underlying a biventricular form of human ARVC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Li Cui
- Department of Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | | | - Sylvia M. Evans
- Department of Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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21
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Pan JB, Ji N, Pan W, Hong R, Wang H, Ji ZL. High-throughput identification of off-targets for the mechanistic study of severe adverse drug reactions induced by analgesics. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 274:24-34. [PMID: 24176876 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Drugs may induce adverse drug reactions (ADRs) when they unexpectedly bind to proteins other than their therapeutic targets. Identification of these undesired protein binding partners, called off-targets, can facilitate toxicity assessment in the early stages of drug development. In this study, a computational framework was introduced for the exploration of idiosyncratic mechanisms underlying analgesic-induced severe adverse drug reactions (SADRs). The putative analgesic-target interactions were predicted by performing reverse docking of analgesics or their active metabolites against human/mammal protein structures in a high-throughput manner. Subsequently, bioinformatics analyses were undertaken to identify ADR-associated proteins (ADRAPs) and pathways. Using the pathways and ADRAPs that this analysis identified, the mechanisms of SADRs such as cardiac disorders were explored. For instance, 53 putative ADRAPs and 24 pathways were linked with cardiac disorders, of which 10 ADRAPs were confirmed by previous experiments. Moreover, it was inferred that pathways such as base excision repair, glycolysis/glyconeogenesis, ErbB signaling, calcium signaling, and phosphatidyl inositol signaling likely play pivotal roles in drug-induced cardiac disorders. In conclusion, our framework offers an opportunity to globally understand SADRs at the molecular level, which has been difficult to realize through experiments. It also provides some valuable clues for drug repurposing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Bo Pan
- Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China
| | - Nan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Stress Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, PR China
| | - Wen Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Stress Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, PR China
| | - Ru Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Stress Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, PR China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China
| | - Zhi-Liang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Stress Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, PR China; Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China.
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22
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Kline CF, Mohler PJ. Evolving form to fit function: cardiomyocyte intercalated disc and transverse-tubule membranes. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2013; 72:121-58. [PMID: 24210429 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-417027-8.00004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The vertebrate cardiac myocyte has evolved a highly organized cellular membrane architecture and cell-cell contacts in order to effectively transmit precisely timed and homogeneous depolarizing waves without failure (>2 billion times/human life span). Two unique specialized membrane domains, the intercalated disc and the transverse tubule (T-tubule), function to ensure the rapid and coordinated propagation of the action potential throughout the heart. Based on their critical roles in structure, signaling, and electric inter- and intracellular communication, it is not surprising that dysfunction in these membrane structures is associated with aberrant vertebrate physiology, resulting in potentially fatal congenital and acquired disease. This chapter will review the fundamental components of cardiomyocyte intercalated disc and transverse-tubule membranes with a focus on linking dysfunction in these membranes with human cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal F Kline
- The Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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23
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Calvet CM, Melo TG, Garzoni LR, Oliveira FOR, Neto DTS, N S L M, Meirelles L, Pereira MCS. Current understanding of the Trypanosoma cruzi-cardiomyocyte interaction. Front Immunol 2012; 3:327. [PMID: 23115558 PMCID: PMC3483718 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease, exhibits multiple strategies to ensure its establishment and persistence in the host. Although this parasite has the ability to infect different organs, heart impairment is the most frequent clinical manifestation of the disease. Advances in knowledge of T. cruzi-cardiomyocyte interactions have contributed to a better understanding of the biological events involved in the pathogenesis of Chagas disease. This brief review focuses on the current understanding of molecules involved in T. cruzi-cardiomyocyte recognition, the mechanism of invasion, and on the effect of intracellular development of T. cruzi on the structural organization and molecular response of the target cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M Calvet
- Laboratório de Ultra-estrutura Celular, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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24
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Rickelt S, Pieperhoff S. Mutations with pathogenic potential in proteins located in or at the composite junctions of the intercalated disk connecting mammalian cardiomyocytes: a reference thesaurus for arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathies and for Naxos and Carvajal diseases. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 348:325-33. [PMID: 22450909 PMCID: PMC3349860 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1365-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, an avalanche of findings and reports has correlated arrhythmogenic ventricular cardiomyopathies (ARVC) and Naxos and Carvajal diseases with certain mutations in protein constituents of the special junctions connecting the polar regions (intercalated disks) of mature mammalian cardiomyocytes. These molecules, apparently together with some specific cytoskeletal proteins, are components of (or interact with) composite junctions. Composite junctions contain the amalgamated fusion products of the molecules that, in other cell types and tissues, occur in distinct separate junctions, i.e. desmosomes and adherens junctions. As the pertinent literature is still in an expanding phase and is obviously becoming important for various groups of researchers in basic cell and molecular biology, developmental biology, histology, physiology, cardiology, pathology and genetics, the relevant references so far recognized have been collected and are presented here in the following order: desmocollin-2 (Dsc2, DSC2), desmoglein-2 (Dsg2, DSG2), desmoplakin (DP, DSP), plakoglobin (PG, JUP), plakophilin-2 (Pkp2, PKP2) and some non-desmosomal proteins such as transmembrane protein 43 (TMEM43), ryanodine receptor 2 (RYR2), desmin, lamins A and C, striatin, titin and transforming growth factor-β3 (TGFβ3), followed by a collection of animal models and of reviews, commentaries, collections and comparative studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Rickelt
- Helmholtz Group for Cell Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, Building TP4, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Progen Biotechnik, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Pieperhoff
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, EH164TJ Edinburgh, Scotland UK
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