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Liu L, Tang L, Luo JM, Chen SY, Yi CY, Liu XM, Hu CH. Activation of the PERK-CHOP signaling pathway during endoplasmic reticulum stress contributes to olanzapine-induced dyslipidemia. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024; 45:502-516. [PMID: 37880338 PMCID: PMC10834998 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01180-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Olanzapine (OLZ) is a widely prescribed antipsychotic drug with a relatively ideal effect in the treatment of schizophrenia (SCZ). However, its severe metabolic side effects often deteriorate clinical therapeutic compliance and mental rehabilitation. The peripheral mechanism of OLZ-induced metabolic disorders remains abstruse for its muti-target activities. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is implicated in cellular energy metabolism and the progression of psychiatric disorders. In this study, we investigated the role of ER stress in the development of OLZ-induced dyslipidemia. A cohort of 146 SCZ patients receiving OLZ monotherapy was recruited, and blood samples and clinical data were collected at baseline, and in the 4th week, 12th week, and 24th week of the treatment. This case-control study revealed that OLZ treatment significantly elevated serum levels of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers GRP78, ATF4, and CHOP in SCZ patients with dyslipidemia. In HepG2 cells, treatment with OLZ (25, 50 μM) dose-dependently enhanced hepatic de novo lipogenesis accompanied by SREBPs activation, and simultaneously triggered ER stress. Inhibition of ER stress by tauroursodeoxycholate (TUDCA) and 4-phenyl butyric acid (4-PBA) attenuated OLZ-induced lipid dysregulation in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we demonstrated that activation of PERK-CHOP signaling during ER stress was a major contributor to OLZ-triggered abnormal lipid metabolism in the liver, suggesting that PERK could be a potential target for ameliorating the development of OLZ-mediated lipid dysfunction. Taken together, ER stress inhibitors could be a potentially effective intervention against OLZ-induced dyslipidemia in SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, Chongqing, 400715, China
- School of Mental Health, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China
| | - Lei Tang
- School of Mental Health, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China
- Mental Health Center, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China
| | - Jia-Ming Luo
- School of Mental Health, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China
- Mental Health Center, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China
| | - Si-Yu Chen
- Affiliated Nanchong Psychosomatic Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China
| | - Chun-Yan Yi
- Affiliated Nanchong Psychosomatic Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China
| | - Xue-Mei Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Chang-Hua Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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Han M, Lian J, Su Y, Deng C. Cevimeline co-treatment attenuates olanzapine-induced metabolic disorders via modulating hepatic M3 muscarinic receptor: AMPKα signalling pathway in female rats. J Psychopharmacol 2022; 36:202-213. [PMID: 34694173 DOI: 10.1177/02698811211050549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olanzapine is one of the most commonly used antipsychotic drugs; however, its metabolic disorders are the main obstacle in the clinic. Olanzapine is a potent antagonist of the M3 acetylcholine muscarinic receptor (M3R), while the downregulated hepatic M3R-AMPKα signalling pathway is involved in metabolic disorders. AIM This study investigated the effects of chronic co-treatment with cevimeline (an agonist of M3Rs) in attenuating olanzapine-induced metabolic disorders and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Forty-eight adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were treated orally with olanzapine (2 mg/kg, 3 times/day (t.i.d.)) and/or cevimeline (9 mg/kg, t.i.d.), or control (vehicle) for 9 weeks. RESULTS Cevimeline co-treatment significantly attenuated olanzapine-induced body weight gain and glucolipid metabolic disorders. Importantly, cevimeline co-treatment attenuated olanzapine-induced upregulation of M3Rs, while the co-treatment improved olanzapine-induced downregulation of AMPKα in the liver. Cevimeline co-treatment attenuated olanzapine-induced dyslipidaemia by modulating the hepatic M3R-AMPKα downstream pathways. Cevimeline co-treatment also improved lower activated AKT-GSK3β signalling to reverse impairment of glucose metabolism and insulin resistance caused by chronic olanzapine treatment. CONCLUSION These results not only support the important role of M3R antagonism and its related AMPKα and downstream pathways in antipsychotic-induced metabolic disorders but also indicate that these pathways might be promising targets for pharmacological intervention to control these side effects caused by antipsychotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Han
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,School of Medicine and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Jiamei Lian
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,School of Medicine and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Yueqing Su
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,School of Medicine and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chao Deng
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,School of Medicine and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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PCSK9 mediates dyslipidemia induced by olanzapine treatment in schizophrenia patients. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:83-91. [PMID: 35029705 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-06042-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE It is controversial whether dyslipidemia induced by antipsychotics in schizophrenia patients is due to weight gain or direct effects of drug treatment. However, recent evidence showed that olanzapine can cause acute dyslipidemia independent of weight change, and the underlying mechanism remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To study the role of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) in olanzapine-induced dyslipidemia, we analyzed in schizophrenic patients and in experimental models involving mice and cells to understand the mechanism. METHODS Disturbances in lipid homeostasis caused by 8-week olanzapine treatment were prospectively evaluated in first-episode schizophrenic patients. Additionally, mice were administered olanzapine for 5 or 8 weeks to delineate liver actions for PCSK9 contributing to olanzapine-induced dyslipidemia. RESULTS Olanzapine directly affected lipid metabolism, suggesting dyslipidemia is independent of weight gain in schizophrenia patients. Olanzapine administration significantly increased plasma PCSK9, which was positively correlated with the increment in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (r=0.77, p<0.001). Increased expression of PCSK9 in liver tissue of olanzapine-treated mice occurred prior to olanzapine-induced LDL-C abnormality. Hepatic sterol regulatory element binding protein-2 (SREBP-2) protein levels increased in mice treated with olanzapine but largely declined in olanzapine (10μM) treated HepG2 cells, which suggested high concentration of olanzapine-induced PCSK9 increase was not SREBP-2-dependent. However, expressions of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) significantly increased in the higher dose treated groups, which was consistent with PCSK9 increases. Activation of SREBP-1c after high-dose olanzapine treatment promotes PSCK9 expression, and consequently the degradation of low-density lipoprotein receptors results in LDL-C increase. CONCLUSIONS Lipid disturbances caused by olanzapine are independent of weight gain. The study explored the relationship between SREBP-1c and PCSK9 in regulating lipoprotein metabolism after olanzapine treatment in vitro and in vivo. Further exploration of olanzapine-induced PCSK9 regulatory mechanisms may help identify control points for inhibition of olanzapine-mediated dyslipidemia.
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Sylvester E, Yi W, Han M, Deng C. Exercise intervention for preventing risperidone-induced dyslipidemia and gluco-metabolic disorders in female juvenile rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 199:173064. [PMID: 33127383 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.173064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Risperidone use in children and adolescents is associated with the development of metabolic disorders including increased accumulation of body fat, dyslipidemia, and glucose and insulin metabolism dysregulation. As pharmacological interventions are often limited in their ability to treat a range of side-effects, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of daily voluntary exercise intervention to prevent metabolic side-effects induced by risperidone in juveniles. Thirty-two juvenile female Sprague Dawley rats were treated with risperidone (0.9 mg/kg; b.i.d; n = 16) or vehicle (0.3 g cookie dough pellet; n = 16). These rats were then assigned to a sedentary or voluntary exercise intervention (three hours daily access to running wheels) group (n = 8/group) for a period of four weeks. An intra-peritoneal glucose tolerance test was performed after three weeks of risperidone treatment and exercise intervention to assess glucose tolerance. During the exercise intervention, risperidone-treated rats ran significantly less than vehicle-treated rats. Risperidone treatment of sedentary rats resulted in significantly increased white adipose tissue, fasting triglyceride and fasting insulin compared to vehicle-treated sedentary rats. Exercise intervention of risperidone-treated rats prevented significant increases in these metabolic parameters compared to risperidone-treated sedentary rats. These results support voluntary exercise as an effective mitigator of metabolic side-effects associated with risperidone treatment in juvenile rats. Dyslipidemia and dysregulation of glucose and insulin metabolism are significant risk factors for morbidities and mortality later in life, therefore a focus on strategies to mitigate these adverse effects is critical. Our findings support clinical trials in exercise intervention to prevent metabolic disorders associated with antipsychotic medication in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Sylvester
- Antipsychotic Research Laboratory, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; School of Medicine and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Weijie Yi
- Antipsychotic Research Laboratory, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; School of Medicine and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China
| | - Mei Han
- Antipsychotic Research Laboratory, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; School of Medicine and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Chao Deng
- Antipsychotic Research Laboratory, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; School of Medicine and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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Bagher AM, Young AP, Laprairie RB, Toguri JT, Kelly MEM, Denovan-Wright EM. Heteromer formation between cannabinoid type 1 and dopamine type 2 receptors is altered by combination cannabinoid and antipsychotic treatments. J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:2496-2509. [PMID: 32881145 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cannabinoid type 1 (CB1 ) receptor and the dopamine type 2 (D2 ) receptor are co-localized on medium spiny neuron terminals in the globus pallidus where they modulate neural circuits involved in voluntary movement. Physical interactions between the two receptors have been shown to alter receptor signaling in cell culture. The objectives of the current study were to identify the presence of CB1 /D2 heteromers in the globus pallidus of C57BL/6J male mice, define how CB1 /D2 heteromer levels are altered following treatment with cannabinoids and/or antipsychotics, and determine if fluctuating levels of CB1 /D2 heteromers have functional consequences. Using in situ proximity ligation assays, we observed CB1 /D2 heteromers in the globus pallidus of C57BL/6J mice. The abundance of the heteromers increased following treatment with the nonselective cannabinoid receptor agonist, CP55,940. In contrast, treatment with the typical antipsychotic haloperidol reduced the number of CB1 /D2 heteromers, whereas the atypical antipsychotic olanzapine treatment had no effect. Co-treatment with CP55,940 and haloperidol had similar effects to haloperidol alone, whereas co-treatment with CP55,940 and olanzapine had similar effects to CP55,940. The observed changes were found to have functional consequences as the differential effects of haloperidol and olanzapine also applied to γ-aminobutyric acid release in STHdhQ7/Q7 cells and motor function in C57BL/6J male mice. This work highlights the clinical relevance of co-exposure to cannabinoids and different antipsychotics over acute and prolonged time periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina M Bagher
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Alexander P Young
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Robert B Laprairie
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - James T Toguri
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Melanie E M Kelly
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Liu X, Feng X, Deng C, Liu L, Zeng Y, Hu CH. Brown adipose tissue activity is modulated in olanzapine-treated young rats by simvastatin. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 21:48. [PMID: 32605639 PMCID: PMC7325271 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-020-00427-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prescription of second-generation antipsychotic drugs (SGAs) to childhood/adolescent has exponentially increased in recent years, which was associated with the greater risk of significant weight gain and dyslipidemia. Statin is considered a potential preventive and treatment approach for reducing SGA-induced weight gain and dyslipidemia in schizophrenia patients. However, the effect of statin treatment in children and adolescents with SGA-induced dyslipidemia is not clearly demonstrated. Methods To investigate the efficacy of statin interventions for reversing SGA-induced dyslipidemia, young Sprague Dawley rats were treated orally with either olanzapine (1.0 mg/kg, t.i.d.), simvastatin (3.0 mg/kg, t.i.d.), olanzapine plus simvastatin (O + S), or vehicle (control) for 5 weeks. Results Olanzapine treatment increased weight gain, food intake and feeding efficiency compared to the control, while O + S co-treatment significantly reversed body weight gain but without significant effects on food intake. Moreover, olanzapine treatment induced a slight but significant reduction in body temperature, with a decrease in locomotor activity. Fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides (TG), and total cholesterol (TC) levels were markedly elevated in the olanzapine-only group, whereas O + S co-treatment significantly ameliorated these changes. Pronounced activation of lipogenic gene expression in the liver and down-regulated expression of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) and peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-γ co-activator-1α (PGC-1α) in brown adipose tissue (BAT) was observed in the olanzapine-only group. Interestingly, these protein changes could be reversed by co-treatment with O + B. Conclusions Simvastatin is effective in ameliorating TC and TG elevated by olanzapine. Modulation of BAT activity by statins could be a partial mechanism in reducing metabolic side effects caused by SGAs in child and adolescent patients. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China.,Engineer Research Center of Chongqing Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Xiyu Feng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Chao Deng
- School of Medicine and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Antipsychotic Research Laboratory, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Lu Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China.,North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, PR China
| | - Yanping Zeng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Chang-Hua Hu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China. .,Engineer Research Center of Chongqing Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Chongqing, 400715, PR China.
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Epigenetic histone modulations of PPARγ and related pathways contribute to olanzapine-induced metabolic disorders. Pharmacol Res 2020; 155:104703. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Babanejad N, Nabid MR, Farhadian A, Dorkoosh F, Zarrintaj P, Saeb MR, Mozafari M. Sustained delivery of olanzapine from sunflower oil-based polyol-urethane nanoparticles synthesised through a cyclic carbonate ring-opening reaction. IET Nanobiotechnol 2020; 13:703-711. [PMID: 31573539 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2018.5440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The forefront horizon of biomedical investigations in recent decades is parcelling-up and delivery of drugs to achieve controlled/targeted release. In this regard, developing green-based delivery systems for a spatiotemporal controlling therapeutic agent have drawn a lot of attention. A facile route based on cyclic carbonate ring-opening reaction has been utilised to synthesise a bio-based polyol-containing urethane bond [polyol-urethane (POU)] as a nanoparticulate drug delivery system of olanzapine in order to enhance its bioavailability. After characterisation, the nanoparticles were also estimated for in vitro release, toxicity, and pharmacokinetic studies. As olanzapine has shown poor bioavailability and permeability in the brain, the sustained release of olanzapine from the designed carriers could enhance pharmacokinetic effectiveness. POU in the aqueous solution formed micelles with a hydrophobic core and embedded olanzapine under the influence of its hydrophobic nature. Drug release from the nanoparticles (90 ± 0.43 nm in diameter) indicated a specific pattern with initial burst release, and then a sustained release behaviour (82 ± 3% after 168 h), by the Higuchi-based release mechanism. Pharmacokinetics assessments of POU-olanzapine nanoparticles were carried in male Wistar rats through intravenous administration. The obtained results paved a way to introduce the POU as an efficient platform to enhance the bioavailability of olanzapine in therapeutic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Babanejad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Mohammad Reza Nabid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA.
| | - Abdolreza Farhadian
- Department of Polymer, Faculty of Chemistry and Petroleum Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farid Dorkoosh
- Medical Biomaterial Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Payam Zarrintaj
- Color and Polymer Research Center (CPRC), Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Departments of Resin and Additives, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Mozafari
- Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Lian J, Deng C. The dosage-dependent effects of cevimeline in preventing olanzapine-induced metabolic side-effects in female rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 191:172878. [PMID: 32112786 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Olanzapine has been used for the treatment of schizophrenia and other mental disorders. However, it is associated with serious weight gain and other metabolic side-effects. The antagonistic affinity of olanzapine to muscarinic M3 receptors has been evidenced as one of the main contributors for its weight gain and other metabolic side-effects. Therefore, this study investigated whether the co-treatment of cevimeline (a M3 receptor agonist) could prevent the metabolic side-effects associated with olanzapine medication. Female Sprague Dawley rats were treated orally with olanzapine (2 mg/kg, t.i.d.) and/or cevimeline at 3 dosages (3, 6, 9 mg/kg, t.i.d.), or vehicle for two weeks. Weight gain and food/water intake were measured throughout the drug treatment period. Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests and open field tests were conducted. Olanzapine-treated rats demonstrated significantly elevated body weight gain, food intake, feeding efficiency, total white fat mass, liver mass, and plasma triglyceride levels, which could be partly reversed by the co-treatment with cevimeline in a dosage-dependent manner. In general, the body weight gain can only be reversed by the co-treatment of 9 mg/kg cevimeline. The cevimeline co-treatment decreased plasma triglyceride and glucose levels compared with olanzapine only treatment. The results suggested a dosage-dependent effect of cevimeline in ameliorating olanzapine-induced weight gain and metabolic side-effects, which supports further clinical trials using cevimeline to control weight gain and metabolic side-effects caused by antipsychotic medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamei Lian
- Antipsychotic Research Laboratory, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, 2522, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine, and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, NSW, Australia
| | - Chao Deng
- Antipsychotic Research Laboratory, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, 2522, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine, and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, NSW, Australia.
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10
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Jiang T, Zhang Y, Bai M, Li P, Wang W, Chen M, Ma Z, Zeng S, Zhou H, Jiang H. Up-regulation of hepatic fatty acid transporters and inhibition/down-regulation of hepatic OCTN2 contribute to olanzapine-induced liver steatosis. Toxicol Lett 2019; 316:183-193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Simvastatin improves olanzapine-induced dyslipidemia in rats through inhibiting hepatic mTOR signaling pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2019; 40:1049-1057. [PMID: 30728467 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-019-0212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Second-generation antipsychotic drug (SGA)-induced metabolic abnormalities, such as dyslipidemia, are a major clinical problem for antipsychotic therapy. Accumulated evidences have shown the efficacy of statins in reducing SGA-induced dyslipidemia, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. In this study, we explored whether mTOR signaling was involved in olanzapine (OLZ)-induced dyslipidemia as well as the lipid-lowering effects of cotreatment of simvastatin (Sim) in rats. Model rats received OLZ (1.0 mg/kg, t.i.d.) for 7 weeks; from the third week a group of model rats were cotreatment of Sim (3.0 mg/kg, t.i.d.) for 5 weeks. We found that OLZ treatment significantly increased the plasma triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) levels, and promoted lipid accumulation in the liver, whereas cotreatment of Sim reversed OLZ-induced dyslipidemia. Hepatic mTORC1 and p-mTORC1 expression was accelerated in the OLZ treatment group, with upregulation of mRNA expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP1c) and its target genes, whereas these alterations were ameliorated by Sim cotreatment. In HepG2 cells, rapamycin (a mTOR inhibitor) significantly reduced the OLZ-stimulated hepatocellular lipid contents and weakened the ability of Sim to lower lipids via a mechanism associated with the upregulation of SREBP1c-mediated de novo lipogenesis. Our data suggest that OLZ induces lipid accumulation in both plasma and liver, and Sim ameliorates OLZ-induced lipid metabolic dysfunction through its effects on mTOR signaling via reducing SREBP1c activation and the downregulation of gene expression involved in lipogenesis. These data provide a new insight into the prevention of metabolic side effects induced by antipsychotic drugs.
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Vantaggiato C, Panzeri E, Citterio A, Orso G, Pozzi M. Antipsychotics Promote Metabolic Disorders Disrupting Cellular Lipid Metabolism and Trafficking. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:189-210. [PMID: 30718115 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Antipsychotics frequently cause obesity and related metabolic disorders that current psychopharmacological/endocrinological theories do not explain consistently. An integrative/alternative theory implies metabolic alterations happening at the cellular level. Many observations in vitro and in vivo, and pivotal observations in humans, point towards chemical properties of antipsychotics, independent of receptor binding characteristics. Being amphiphilic weak bases, antipsychotics can disrupt lysosomal function, affecting cholesterol trafficking; moreover, by chemical mimicry, antipsychotics can inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis. These two molecular adverse effects may trigger a cascade of transcriptional and biochemical events, ultimately reducing available cholesterol while increasing cholesterol precursors and fatty acids. The macroscopic manifestation of these molecular alterations includes decreased high-density lipoprotein and increased very low-density lipoprotein and triglycerides that may translate into obesity and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Vantaggiato
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini (LC), 23842, Italy
| | - Elena Panzeri
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini (LC), 23842, Italy
| | - Andrea Citterio
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini (LC), 23842, Italy
| | - Genny Orso
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova (PD), 35131, Italy
| | - Marco Pozzi
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini (LC), 23842, Italy.
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Lian J, Deng C. The effects of antipsychotics on the density of cannabinoid receptors in selected brain regions of male and female adolescent juvenile rats. Psychiatry Res 2018; 266:317-322. [PMID: 29576413 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Antipsychotic drugs have been increasingly prescribed to children and adolescents for treating various mental disorders, such as childhood-onset schizophrenia. The abnormality of endocannabinoid system is involved in the pathophysiology of these disorders in juveniles. This study investigated the effect of antipsychotics on the cannabinoid (CB) receptors in the brain of both male and female juvenile rats. The postnatal rats (PD23±1) were administered aripiprazole (1 mg/kg), olanzapine (1 mg/kg), risperidone (0.3 mg/kg) or vehicle (control) for 3 weeks. Quantitative autoradiography was used to investigate the binding densities of [3H]CP-55940 (an agonist for CB1R and CB2R) and [3H]SR141716A (a selective CB1R antagonist) in the rat brains. Risperidone significantly upregulated the [3H]CP55940 and [3H]SR141716A bindings in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), nucleus accumbens core (NAcC), nucleus accumbens shell (NAcS), cingulate cortex (Cg), and the caudate putamen (CPu) in male rats. Moreover, aripiprazole significantly elevated the [3H]SR141716A binding in the Cg and NAcS of female rats. Furthermore, there is an overall higher [3H]SR141716A binding level in the brain of female rats than male rats. Therefore, treatment with aripiprazole, olanzapine and risperidone could induce differential and gender specific effects on the binding density of cannabinoid receptors in the selected brain regions of childhood/adolescent rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamei Lian
- Antipsychotic Research Laboratory, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Chao Deng
- Antipsychotic Research Laboratory, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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Disrupted sphingolipid metabolism following acute clozapine and olanzapine administration. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:40. [PMID: 29720183 PMCID: PMC5932814 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0437-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Second generation antipsychotics (SGAs) induce glucometabolic side-effects, such as hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, which pose a therapeutic challenge for mental illness. Sphingolipids play a role in glycaemic balance and insulin resistance. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress contributes to impaired insulin signalling and whole-body glucose intolerance. Diabetogenic SGA effects on ER stress and sphingolipids, such as ceramide and sphingomyelin, in peripheral metabolic tissues are unknown. This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of clozapine and olanzapine on ceramide and sphingomyelin levels, and protein expression of key enzymes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism, in the liver and skeletal muscle. Methods Female rats were administered olanzapine (1 mg/kg), clozapine (12 mg/kg), or vehicle (control) and euthanized 1-h later. Ceramide and sphingomyelin levels were examined using electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry. Expression of lipid enzymes (ceramide synthase 2 (CerS2), elongation of very long-chain fatty acid 1 (ELOVL1), fatty acid synthase (FAS) and acetyl CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1)), ER stress markers (inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) and eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF2α) were also examined. Results Clozapine caused robust reductions in hepatic ceramide and sphingolipid levels (p < 0.0001), upregulated CerS2 (p < 0.05) and ELOVL1 (+ 37%) and induced significant hyperglycemia (vs controls). In contrast, olanzapine increased hepatic sphingomyelin levels (p < 0.05 vs controls). SGAs did not alter sphingolipid levels in the muscle. Clozapine increased (+ 52.5%) hepatic eIF2α phosphorylation, demonstrating evidence of activation of the PERK/eIF2α ER stress axis. Hepatic IRE1, FAS and ACC1 were unaltered. Conclusions This study provides the first evidence that diabetogenic SGAs disrupt hepatic sphingolipid homeostasis within 1-h of administration. Sphingolipids may be key candidates in the mechanisms underlying the diabetes side-effects of SGAs; however, further research is required.
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del Campo A, Bustos C, Mascayano C, Acuña-Castillo C, Troncoso R, Rojo LE. Metabolic Syndrome and Antipsychotics: The Role of Mitochondrial Fission/Fusion Imbalance. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:144. [PMID: 29740394 PMCID: PMC5924798 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) are known to increase cardiovascular risk through several physiological mechanisms, including insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, hyperphagia, and accelerated weight gain. There are limited prophylactic interventions to prevent these side effects of SGAs, in part because the molecular mechanisms underlying SGAs toxicity are not yet completely elucidated. In this perspective article, we introduce an innovative approach to study the metabolic side effects of antipsychotics through the alterations of the mitochondrial dynamics, which leads to an imbalance in mitochondrial fusion/fission ratio and to an inefficient mitochondrial phenotype of muscle cells. We believe that this approach may offer a valuable path to explain SGAs-induced alterations in metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea del Campo
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Ingeniería, Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina Bustos
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Mascayano
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Acuña-Castillo
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Troncoso
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Nutrición y Actividad Física, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leonel E. Rojo
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Leonel E. Rojo,
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Time-dependent changes and potential mechanisms of glucose-lipid metabolic disorders associated with chronic clozapine or olanzapine treatment in rats. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2762. [PMID: 28584269 PMCID: PMC5459828 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02884-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic treatment with second-generation antipsychotic drugs (SGAs) has been associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome. To evaluate the longitudinal changes in glucose-lipid homeostasis after SGA use, we studied the time-dependent effects of olanzapine (OLZ) (3 mg/kg, b.i.d.) or clozapine (CLZ) (20 mg/kg, b.i.d.) treatment on metabolic profiles for 9 weeks in rats. Although only OLZ significantly increased body weight in rats, both OLZ and CLZ elevated blood lipid levels. Chronic OLZ treatment induced significant weight gain leading to a higher fasting insulin level and impaired glucose tolerance, whereas CLZ lowered fasting insulin levels and impaired glucose tolerance independent of weight gain. Treatment with both drugs deranged AKT/GSK phosphorylation and up-regulated muscarinic M3 receptors in the rats’ livers. Consistent with an elevation in lipid levels, both OLZ and CLZ significantly increased the protein levels of nuclear sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) in the liver, which was associated with improvement in hepatic histamine H1R. However, enhanced carbohydrate response element binding protein (ChREBP) signalling was observed in only CLZ-treated rats. These results suggest that SGA-induced glucose-lipid metabolic disturbances could be independent of weight gain, possibly through activation of SREBP/ChREBP in the liver.
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Stefanidis A, Watt MJ, Cowley MA, Oldfield BJ. Prevention of the adverse effects of olanzapine on lipid metabolism with the antiepileptic zonisamide. Neuropharmacology 2017; 123:55-66. [PMID: 28400260 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atypical antipsychotic drugs, particularly olanzapine, represent a mainstay in the treatment of psychoses; however, their use is commonly associated with weight gain and diabetes. The aim of this study was to determine whether combined administration of olanzapine and zonisamide can be used to prevent olanzapine-induced metabolic disturbances. METHODS AND RESULTS These experiments involved female Sprague Dawley rats (n = 6-8/group) that were administered olanzapine, either acutely (6 mg/kg, s. c) or via continuous osmotic minipump infusion (6 mg/kg/day for 6 or 14 days), in combination with zonisamide (26 mg/kg/day,i.p.). Continuous infusion of olanzapine induced accumulation of adipose tissue and an associated reduction in stimulated lipolysis and reduced protein expression of CGI-58, a critical co-activator of ATGL. Olanzapine treatment caused a preferential shift toward carbohydrate oxidation (or reduced fat oxidation), elevated blood triglycerides and a reduction in locomotor activity. Olanzapine had a direct effect on glucose regulation, causing rapid hyperglycemia, and a reduction in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Continuous administration of olanzapine caused significant hyperinsulinemia and a significant reduction in insulin sensitivity. Zonisamide did not affect the impact of olanzapine on glucose homeostasis. On the other hand, co-administration of olanzapine with zonisamide completely ameliorated olanzapine-mediated shifts in lipid metabolism resulting in a normalization of olanzapine-induced weight gain. CONCLUSION These data collectively show an impact of olanzapine on body weight and lipid metabolism, which is ameliorated by co-administration with zonisamide. These findings suggest that a combined olanzapine and zonisamide approach might reduce weight gain, but will not provide protection against olanzapine-induced glucose intolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Stefanidis
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia, Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University.
| | - Matthew J Watt
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia, Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University
| | - Michael A Cowley
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia, Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University
| | - Brian J Oldfield
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia, Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University
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Li Y, Zhao X, Feng X, Liu X, Deng C, Hu CH. Berberine Alleviates Olanzapine-Induced Adipogenesis via the AMPKα-SREBP Pathway in 3T3-L1 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1865. [PMID: 27834848 PMCID: PMC5133865 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effects of berberine (BBR) on olanzapine (OLZ)-induced adipogenesis in a well-replicated 3T3-L1 cell model. Oil-Red-O (ORO) staining showed that BBR significantly decreased OLZ-induced adipogenesis. Co-treatment with OLZ and BBR decreased the accumulation of triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) by 55.58% ± 3.65% and 49.84% ± 8.31%, respectively, in 3T3-L1 adipocytes accompanied by reduced expression of Sterol regulatory element binding proteins 1 (SREBP1), fatty acid synthase (FAS), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), SREBP2, low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), and hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) genes compared with OLZ alone. Consistently, the co-treatment downregulated protein levels of SREBP1, SREBP2, and LDLR by 57.71% ± 9.42%, 73.05% ± 11.82%, and 59.46% ± 9.91%, respectively. In addition, co-treatment reversed the phosphorylation level of AMP-activated protein kinase-α (AMPKα), which was reduced by OLZ, determined via the ratio of pAMPKα:AMPKα (94.1%) compared with OLZ alone. The results showed that BBR may prevent lipid metabolism disorders caused by OLZ by reversing the degree of SREBP pathway upregulated and the phosphorylation of AMPKα downregulated. Collectively, these results indicated that BBR could be used as a potential adjuvant to prevent dyslipidemia and obesity caused by the use of second-generation antipsychotic medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
- Engineer Research Center of Chongqing Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Xiaomin Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
- Engineer Research Center of Chongqing Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Xiyu Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
- Engineer Research Center of Chongqing Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Xuemei Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
- Engineer Research Center of Chongqing Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Chao Deng
- Antipsychotic Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, NSW, Australia.
| | - Chang-Hua Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
- Engineer Research Center of Chongqing Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Synthesis, characterization and in vivo drug delivery study of a biodegradable nano-structured molecularly imprinted polymer based on cross-linker of fructose. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Chen L, Zhang YH, Zou Q, Chu C, Ji Z. Analysis of the chemical toxicity effects using the enrichment of Gene Ontology terms and KEGG pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:2619-26. [PMID: 27208425 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemical toxicity is one of the major barriers for designing and detecting new chemical entities during drug discovery. Unexpected toxicity of an approved drug may lead to withdrawal from the market and significant loss of the associated costs. Better understanding of the mechanisms underlying various toxicity effects can help eliminate unqualified candidate drugs in early stages, allowing researchers to focus their attention on other more viable candidates. METHODS In this study, we aimed to understand the mechanisms underlying several toxicity effects using Gene Ontology (GO) terms and KEGG pathways. GO term and KEGG pathway enrichment theories were adopted to encode each chemical, and the minimum redundancy maximum relevance (mRMR) was used to analyze the GO terms and the KEGG pathways. Based on the feature list obtained by the mRMR method, the most related GO terms and KEGG pathways were extracted. RESULTS Some important GO terms and KEGG pathways were uncovered, which were concluded to be significant for determining chemical toxicity effects. CONCLUSIONS Several GO terms and KEGG pathways are highly related to all investigated toxicity effects, while some are specific to a certain toxicity effect. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The findings in this study have the potential to further our understanding of different chemical toxicity mechanisms and to assist scientists in developing new chemical toxicity prediction algorithms. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "System Genetics" Guest Editor: Dr. Yudong Cai and Dr. Tao Huang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu-Hang Zhang
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Quan Zou
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chen Chu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiliang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China.
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Liu X, Lian J, Hu CH, Deng C. Betahistine co-treatment ameliorates dyslipidemia induced by chronic olanzapine treatment in rats through modulation of hepatic AMPKα-SREBP-1 and PPARα-dependent pathways. Pharmacol Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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