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Wang J, Liu S, Sun L, Kong Z, Chai J, Wen J, Tian X, Chen N, Xu C. Association of attenuated leptin signaling pathways with impaired cardiac function under prolonged high-altitude hypoxia. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10206. [PMID: 38702334 PMCID: PMC11068766 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59559-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular function and adipose metabolism were markedly influenced under high altitudes. However, the interplay between adipokines and heart under hypoxia remains to be elucidated. We aim to explore alterations of adipokines and underlying mechanisms in regulating cardiac function under high altitudes. We investigated the cardiopulmonary function and five adipokines in Antarctic expeditioners at Kunlun Station (4,087 m) for 20 days and established rats exposed to hypobaric hypoxia (5,000 m), simulating Kunlun Station. Antarctic expeditioners exhibited elevated heart rate, blood pressure, systemic vascular resistance, and decreased cardiac pumping function. Plasma creatine phosphokinase-MB (CK-MB) and platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (sPecam-1) increased, and leptin, resistin, and lipocalin-2 decreased. Plasma leptin significantly correlated with altered cardiac function indicators. Additionally, hypoxic rats manifested impaired left ventricular systolic and diastolic function, elevated plasma CK-MB and sPecam-1, and decreased plasma leptin. Chronic hypoxia for 14 days led to increased myocyte hypertrophy, fibrosis, apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction, coupled with reduced protein levels of leptin signaling pathways in myocardial tissues. Cardiac transcriptome analysis revealed leptin was associated with downregulated genes involved in rhythm, Na+/K+ transport, and cell skeleton. In conclusion, chronic hypoxia significantly reduced leptin signaling pathways in cardiac tissues along with significant pathological changes, thus highlighting the pivotal role of leptin in regulation of cardiac function under high altitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Shiying Liu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Lihong Sun
- Center for Experimental Animal Research, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Zhanping Kong
- Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, 810000, Qinghai, China
| | - Jiamin Chai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Jigang Wen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Xuan Tian
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Nan Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Chengli Xu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
- Center of Environmental and Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100005, China.
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Chen H, Liu L, Li M, Zhu D, Tian G. Epicardial Adipose Tissue-Derived Leptin Promotes Myocardial Injury in Metabolic Syndrome Rats Through PKC/NADPH Oxidase/ROS Pathway. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e029415. [PMID: 37489731 PMCID: PMC10492984 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.029415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Background The epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is abnormally accumulated with dysfunctional secretion of adipokines, closely relating to cardiac dysfunction. The current study was designed to identify the effects of EAT-derived leptin on the myocardium of MetS rats and explore the potential molecular mechanisms. Methods and Results A MetS rat model was established in 8-week-old Wistar rats by a 12-week high-fat diet. MetS rats exhibited increased leptin secretion from EAT, cardiac hypertrophy, and diastolic dysfunction with preserved systolic function. The myocardium of MetS rats had abnormal structure, increased oxidative stress injury, and higher inflammatory factor levels, especially the subepicardial myocardium, which was correlated with the EAT-derived leptin level but not the serum leptin. The EAT was separated from each group of rats to prepare EAT-conditioned medium. H9C2 rat cardiomyoblasts were treated with EAT-conditioned medium or leptin, plus various inhibitors. EAT-derived leptin from MetS rats promoted mitochondrial oxidative stress and dysfunction, induced mitochondrial pathway apoptosis, and inhibited cell viability in H9C2 cardiomyoblasts via the protein kinase C/reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase/reactive oxygen species (PKC/NADPH oxidase/ROS) pathway. EAT-derived leptin from MetS rats stimulated inflammation in H9C2 cardiomyocytes by promoting activator protein 1 nuclear translocation via the PKC/NADPH oxidase/ROS pathway. Leptin promoted the interaction between p-p47phox and gp91phox in H9C2 cardiomyocytes via protein kinase C, activating nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, increasing reactive oxygen species generation, and inhibiting cell viability. Conclusions EAT-derived leptin induces MetS-related myocardial injury through the following 2 cooperative ways via PKC/NADPH oxidase/ROS pathway: (1) inducing mitochondrial pathway apoptosis by promoting mitochondrial oxidative stress and dysfunction; and (2) stimulating inflammation by promoting activator protein 1 nuclear translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Heart Center of Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Central China Fuwai HospitalCentral China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiao Tong UniversityXi’anShaanxiChina
| | - Min Li
- Department of CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiao Tong UniversityXi’anShaanxiChina
| | - Danjun Zhu
- Department of CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiao Tong UniversityXi’anShaanxiChina
| | - Gang Tian
- Department of CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiao Tong UniversityXi’anShaanxiChina
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Skrypnik D, Skrypnik K, Suliburska J, Bogdański P. Leptin-VEGF crosstalk in excess body mass and related disorders: A systematic review. Obes Rev 2023:e13575. [PMID: 37230803 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
By 2030, it is expected that a billion people will have suffer from obesity. Adipose tissue synthesizes leptin, an adipokine that affects cardiovascular risk. Leptin intensifies the synthesis of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Our study reviews recent reports on leptin-VEGF crosstalk in obesity and related disorders. PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched. One hundred and one articles involving human, animal, and in vitro research were included. In vitro studies show the crucial role of interaction between endothelial cells and adipocytes and hypoxia as a factor that intensifies leptin's effects on VEGF. Leptin-VEGF crosstalk promotes the progression of cancer. The animal research reveal that a high-fat diet enhances leptin and VEGF crosstalk. Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms and procreator-offspring programming may be involved in leptin-VEGF crosstalk. Some female-specific characteristics of leptin-VEGF relation in obesity were observed. The human studies have shown that increased leptin and VEGF synthesis and leptin-VEGF crosstalk are factors linking obesity with elevated cardiovascular risk. The studies of the last 10 years documented a range of significant aspects of leptin-VEGF crosstalk specific for obesity and related disorders, shedding new light on the link between obesity and increased cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Skrypnik
- Department of Treatment of Obesity, Metabolic Disorders and Clinical Dietetics, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Skrypnik
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Suliburska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Paweł Bogdański
- Department of Treatment of Obesity, Metabolic Disorders and Clinical Dietetics, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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4
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Clinical Study of Metabolic Parameters, Leptin and the SGLT2 Inhibitor Empagliflozin among Patients with Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054405. [PMID: 36901837 PMCID: PMC10002958 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major public health problem worldwide, and it is associated with many diseases and abnormalities, most importantly, type 2 diabetes. The visceral adipose tissue produces an immense variety of adipokines. Leptin is the first identified adipokine which plays a crucial role in the regulation of food intake and metabolism. Sodium glucose co-transport 2 inhibitors are potent antihyperglycemic drugs with various beneficial systemic effects. We aimed to investigate the metabolic state and leptin level among patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, and the effect of empagliflozin upon these parameters. We recruited 102 patients into our clinical study, then we performed anthropometric, laboratory, and immunoassay tests. Body mass index, body fat, visceral fat, urea nitrogen, creatinine, and leptin levels were significantly lower in the empagliflozin treated group when compared to obese and diabetic patients receiving conventional antidiabetic treatments. Interestingly, leptin was increased not only among obese patients but in type 2 diabetic patients as well. Body mass index, body fat, and visceral fat percentages were lower, and renal function was preserved in patients receiving empagliflozin treatment. In addition to the known beneficial effects of empagliflozin regarding the cardio-metabolic and renal systems, it may also influence leptin resistance.
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Khokhlova A, Myachina T, Butova X, Kochurova A, Polyakova E, Galagudza M, Solovyova O, Kopylova G, Shchepkin D. The Acute Effects of Leptin on the Contractility of Isolated Rat Atrial and Ventricular Cardiomyocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158356. [PMID: 35955485 PMCID: PMC9369024 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin is a pleiotropic peptide playing an important role in the regulation of cardiac functions. It is not clear whether leptin directly modulates the mechanical function of atrial cardiomyocytes. We compared the acute effects of leptin on the characteristics of mechanically non-loaded sarcomere shortening and cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) transients in single rat atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes. We also studied the functional properties of myosin obtained from cardiomyocytes using an in vitro motility assay and assessed the sarcomeric protein phosphorylation. Single cardiomyocytes were exposed to 5, 20, and 60 nM leptin for 60 min. In ventricular cardiomyocytes, 60 nM leptin depressed sarcomere shortening amplitude and decreased the rates of shortening and relaxation. These effects were accompanied by a decrease in the phosphorylation of cMyBP-C, an increase in Tpm phosphorylation, and a slowdown of the sliding velocity of thin filaments over myosin in the in vitro motility assay. In contrast, in atrial cardiomyocytes, the phosphorylation of cMyBP-C and TnI increased, and the characteristics of sarcomere shortening did not change. Leptin had no effect on the characteristics of [Ca2+]i transients in ventricular cardiomyocytes, while 5 nM leptin prolonged [Ca2+]i transients in atrial cardiomyocytes. Thus, leptin-induced changes in contractility of ventricular cardiomyocytes may be attributed to the direct effects of leptin on cross-bridge kinetics and sarcomeric protein properties rather than changes in [Ca2+]i. We also suggest that the observed differences between atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes may be associated with the peculiarities of the expression of leptin receptors, as well as signaling pathways in the atrial and ventricular myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Khokhlova
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pervomajskaya Str. 106, 620049 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (T.M.); (X.B.); (A.K.); (O.S.); (G.K.); (D.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Tatiana Myachina
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pervomajskaya Str. 106, 620049 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (T.M.); (X.B.); (A.K.); (O.S.); (G.K.); (D.S.)
| | - Xenia Butova
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pervomajskaya Str. 106, 620049 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (T.M.); (X.B.); (A.K.); (O.S.); (G.K.); (D.S.)
| | - Anastasia Kochurova
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pervomajskaya Str. 106, 620049 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (T.M.); (X.B.); (A.K.); (O.S.); (G.K.); (D.S.)
| | - Ekaterina Polyakova
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Akkuratova Str. 2, 197341 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (E.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Michael Galagudza
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Akkuratova Str. 2, 197341 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (E.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Olga Solovyova
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pervomajskaya Str. 106, 620049 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (T.M.); (X.B.); (A.K.); (O.S.); (G.K.); (D.S.)
| | - Galina Kopylova
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pervomajskaya Str. 106, 620049 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (T.M.); (X.B.); (A.K.); (O.S.); (G.K.); (D.S.)
| | - Daniil Shchepkin
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pervomajskaya Str. 106, 620049 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (T.M.); (X.B.); (A.K.); (O.S.); (G.K.); (D.S.)
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6
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Skrypnik D, Skrypnik K, Suliburska J, Bogdański P. Cardiac rehabilitation may influence leptin and VEGF A crosstalk in patients after acute coronary syndrome. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11825. [PMID: 35821400 PMCID: PMC9276756 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16053-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin, a well-proven cardiovascular risk factor, influences vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF A) synthesis via hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1A), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NfkB) and NILCO (Notch, interleukin 1 [IL1] and leptin cross-talk outcome) pathways. This study aimed to investigate the influence of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) on HIF-1A, NfkB and NILCO dependent leptin and VEGF A cross-talk in patients after acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Fifty post-ACS patients underwent a 2-week CR programme (study group S) and were compared to 50 post-ACS subjects who did not undergo CR (control group K). In group S, at baseline and at completion and in group K once, anthropometric, body composition, blood pressure and heart rate measurements were taken and blood sampling was performed. Serum levels of leptin, VEGF A, VEGF receptor 2 (VEGF R2), HIF-1A, NfkB, interleukin 1-alpha (IL1-alpha) and Notch 1 were determined. In group S, serum VEGF A levels increased while leptin, HIF-1A and VEGF R2 levels decreased and completion but not baseline serum leptin correlated positively with serum VEGF A. Also, serum completion VEGF A correlated positively with NfkB and HIF-1A in group S. Correlation analysis in group S confirmed the significant role of the NILCO pathway in the regulation of VEGF A serum levels mediated by HIF-1A and NfkB. CR may induce the predomination of the NILCO pathway interacting with HIF-1A and NfkB over leptin canonical and non-canonical signalling pathways in the leptin influence on VEGF A in post-ACS patients.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03935438. The CARDIO-REH randomised study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Skrypnik
- Department of Treatment of Obesity, Metabolic Disorders and Clinical Dietetics, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego St. 82/84, 60-569, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Skrypnik
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego St. 31, 60-624, Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Suliburska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego St. 31, 60-624, Poznan, Poland
| | - Paweł Bogdański
- Department of Treatment of Obesity, Metabolic Disorders and Clinical Dietetics, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego St. 82/84, 60-569, Poznan, Poland
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Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by tumor-like hyperplasia and inflammation of the synovium, which causes synovial cell invasion into the bone and cartilage. In RA pathogenesis, various molecules in effector cells (i.e., immune cells and mesenchymal cells) are dysregulated by genetic and environmental factors. Consistent with the early stages of RA, these pathogenic cells cooperate and activate each other directly by cell-to-cell contact or indirectly via humoral factors. Recently, growing evidence has revealed essential role of adipokines, which are multifunctional signal transduction molecules, in the immune system. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the cross-talk between leptin, one of the most well-known and best-characterized adipokines, and osteoimmunology. Furthermore, we discuss the contribution of leptin to the pathogenesis of RA and its potential mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Tsuchiya
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keishi Fujio
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Leptin modulates gene expression in the heart, cardiomyocytes and the adipose tissue thus mitigating LPS-induced damage. Exp Cell Res 2021; 404:112647. [PMID: 34015313 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is an adipokine of pleiotropic effects linked to energy metabolism, satiety, the immune response, and cardioprotection. We have recently shown that leptin causally conferred resistance to myocardial infarction-induced damage in transgenic αMUPA mice overexpressing leptin compared to their wild type (WT) ancestral mice FVB/N. Prompted by these findings, we have investigated here if leptin can counteract the inflammatory response triggered after LPS administration in tissues in vivo and in cardiomyocytes in culture. The results have shown that LPS upregulated in vivo and in vitro all genes examined here, both pro-inflammatory and antioxidant, as well as the leptin gene. Pretreating mice with leptin neutralizing antibodies further upregulated the expression of TNFα and IL-1β in the adipose tissue of both mouse types, and in the αMUPA heart. The antibodies also increased the levels of serum markers for cell toxicity in both mouse types. These results indicate that under LPS, leptin actually reduced the levels of these inflammatory-related parameters. In addition, pretreatment with leptin antibodies reduced the levels of HIF-1α and VEGF mRNAs in the heart, indicating that under LPS leptin increased the levels of these mRNAs. In cardiomyocytes, pretreatment with exogenous leptin prior to LPS reduced the expression of both pro-inflammatory genes, enhanced the expression of the antioxidant genes HO-1, SOD2 and HIF-1α, and lowered ROS staining. In addition, results obtained with leptin antibodies and the SMLA leptin antagonist indicated that endogenous and exogenous leptin can inhibit leptin gene expression. Together, these findings have indicated that under LPS, leptin concomitantly downregulated pro-inflammatory genes, upregulated antioxidant genes, and lowered ROS levels. These results suggest that leptin can counteract inflammation in the heart and adipose tissue by modulating gene expression.
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Cici D, Corrado A, Rotondo C, Colia R, Cantatore FP. Adipokines and Chronic Rheumatic Diseases: from Inflammation to Bone Involvement. Clin Rev Bone Miner Metab 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12018-021-09275-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBesides its well-known role as energy storage tissue, adipose tissue is a biologically active tissue that can also be considered as an endocrine organ, as it is able to secrete adipokines. These bioactive factors, similar in structure to cytokines, are involved in several physiological and pathological conditions, such as glucose homeostasis, angiogenesis, blood pressure regulation, control of food intake, and also inflammation and bone homeostasis via endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine mechanisms. Given their pleiotropic functions, the role of adipokines has been evaluated in chronic rheumatic osteoarticular inflammatory diseases, particularly focusing on their effects on inflammatory and immune response and on bone alterations. Indeed, these diseases are characterized by different bone complications, such as local and systemic bone loss and new bone formation. The aim of this review is to summarize the role of adipokines in rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, osteoarthritis, and osteoporosis, especially considering their role in the pathogenesis of bone complications typical of these conditions.
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10
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Abstract
The myocardium consists of different cell types, of which endothelial cells, cardiomyocytes, and fibroblasts are the most abundant. Communication between these different cell types, also called paracrine signaling, is essential for normal cardiac function, but also important in cardiac remodeling and heart failure. Systematic studies on the expression of ligands and their corresponding receptors in different cell types showed that for 60% of the expressed ligands in a particular cell, the receptor is also expressed. The fact that many ligand-receptor pairs are present in most cells, including the major cell types in the heart, indicates that autocrine signaling is a widespread phenomenon. Autocrine signaling in cardiac remodeling and heart failure is involved in all pathophysiological mechanisms generally observed: hypertrophy, fibrosis, angiogenesis, cell survival, and inflammation. Herein, we review ligand-receptor pairs present in the major cardiac cell types based on RNA-sequencing expression databases, and we review current literature on extracellular signaling proteins with an autocrine function in the heart; these include C-type natriuretic peptide, fibroblast growth factors 2, F21, and 23, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, heparin binding-epidermal growth factor, angiopoietin-like protein 2, leptin, adiponectin, follistatin-like 1, apelin, neuregulin 1, vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor β, wingless-type integration site family, member 1-induced secreted protein-1, interleukin 11, connective tissue growth factor/cellular communication network factor, and calcitonin gene‒related peptide. The large number of autocrine signaling factors that have been studied in the literature supports the concept that autocrine signaling is an essential part of myocardial biology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent F. M. Segers
- Laboratory of PhysiopharmacologyUniversity of AntwerpBelgium
- Department of CardiologyUniversity Hospital AntwerpEdegemBelgium
| | - Gilles W. De Keulenaer
- Laboratory of PhysiopharmacologyUniversity of AntwerpBelgium
- Department of CardiologyZNA HospitalAntwerpBelgium
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11
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Adipokines and Autoimmunity in Inflammatory Arthritis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020216. [PMID: 33499006 PMCID: PMC7910954 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipokines are adipose tissue-derived factors not only playing an important role in metabolism but also influencing other central processes of the body, such as inflammation. In autoimmune diseases, adipokines are involved in inflammatory pathways affecting different cell types. Many rheumatic diseases belong to the group of autoimmune diseases, for example rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriatic arthritis. Due to the autoimmune responses, a chronic inflammatory milieu develops, which affects the whole body, including adipose tissue. Metabolic alterations such as obesity influence inflammatory responses in autoimmune diseases. Adipokines are bioactive mediators mainly produced by adipose tissue. Due to alterations of systemic adipokine levels, their role as biomarkers with diagnostic potential has been suggested in the context of rheumatic diseases. In the affected joints of RA patients, different synoviocytes but also osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and chondrocytes produce several adipokines, contributing to the unique inflammatory microenvironment. Adipokines have been shown to be potent modulatory effectors on different cell types of the immune system but also local cells in synovial tissue, cartilage, and bone. This review highlights the most recent findings on the role of adipokines in the pathophysiology of inflammatory arthritis with a distinct focus on RA in the quickly developing research field.
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12
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Abstract
The landmark discoveries of leptin and adiponectin firmly established adipose tissue as a sophisticated and highly active endocrine organ, opening a new era of investigating adipose-mediated tissue crosstalk. Both obesity-associated hyperleptinemia and hypoadiponectinemia are important biomarkers to predict cardiovascular outcomes, suggesting a crucial role for adiponectin and leptin in obesity-associated cardiovascular disorders. Normal physiological levels of adiponectin and leptin are indeed essential to maintain proper cardiovascular function. Insufficient adiponectin and leptin signaling results in cardiovascular dysfunction. However, a paradox of high levels of both leptin and adiponectin is emerging in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disorders. Here, we (1) summarize the recent progress in the field of adiponectin and leptin and its association with cardiovascular disorders, (2) further discuss the underlying mechanisms for this new paradox of leptin and adiponectin action, and (3) explore the possible application of partial leptin reduction, in addition to increasing the adiponectin/leptin ratio as a means to prevent or reverse cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangang Zhao
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine (S.Z., C.M.K., P.E.S.), The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Christine M Kusminski
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine (S.Z., C.M.K., P.E.S.), The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine (S.Z., C.M.K., P.E.S.), The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas.,Department of Cell Biology (P.E.S.), The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
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13
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Abd Alkhaleq H, Kornowski R, Waldman M, Levy E, Zemel R, Nudelman V, Shainberg A, Miskin R, Hochhauser E. Leptin modulates gene expression in the heart and cardiomyocytes towards mitigating ischemia-induced damage. Exp Cell Res 2020; 397:112373. [PMID: 33189721 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Leptin, an adipocyte-derived satiety hormone, has been previously linked to cardioprotection. We have shown before that leptin conferred resistance to ischemic damage in the heart in long-lived transgenic αMUPA mice overexpressing leptin compared to the wild type (WT) FVB/N control mice. To better understand the contribution of leptin to the ischemic heart, we measured here the expression of genes encoding leptin and ischemia-related proteins in αMUPA and WT mice in the heart vs adipose tissue after MI. In addition, we investigated gene expression in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes under hypoxia in the absence and presence of exogenously added leptin or a leptin antagonist. We used real time RT-PCR and ELISA or Western blot assays to measure, respectively, mRNA and protein levels. The results have shown that circulating leptin levels and mRNA levels of leptin and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the heart were elevated in both mouse genotypes after 24 h myocardial infarction (MI), reaching higher values in αMUPA mice. In contrast, leptin gene expression in the adipose tissue was significantly increased only in WT mice, but reaching lower levels compared to the heart. Expression of the proinflammatory genes encoding TNFα and IL-1β was also largely increased after MI in the heart in both mouse types, however reaching considerably lower levels in αMUPA mice indicating a mitigated inflammatory state. In cardiomyocytes, mRNA levels of all aforementioned genes as well as HIF-1α and SOD2 genes were elevated after hypoxia. Pretreatment with exogenous leptin largely reduced the mRNA levels of TNFα and IL-1β after hypoxia, while enhancing expression of all other genes and reducing ROS levels. Pretreating the cells with a leptin antagonist increased solely the levels of leptin mRNA, suggesting a negative regulation of the hormone on the expression of its own gene. Overall, the results have shown that leptin affects expression of genes in cardiomyocytes under hypoxia in a manner that could mitigate inflammation and oxidative stress, suggesting a similar influence by endogenous leptin in αMUPA mice. Furthermore, leptin is likely to function in the ischemic murine heart more effectively in an autocrine compared to paracrine manner. These results suggest that leptin can reduce ischemic damage by modulating gene expression in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Abd Alkhaleq
- Cardiac Research Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Center Petah Tikva, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ran Kornowski
- Cardiology Dept, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Maayan Waldman
- Cardiac Research Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Center Petah Tikva, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ester Levy
- Cardiac Research Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Center Petah Tikva, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Romy Zemel
- Cardiac Research Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Center Petah Tikva, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Vadim Nudelman
- Cardiac Research Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Center Petah Tikva, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Asher Shainberg
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ruth Miskin
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Edith Hochhauser
- Cardiac Research Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Center Petah Tikva, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Berezin AE, Berezin AA, Lichtenauer M. Emerging Role of Adipocyte Dysfunction in Inducing Heart Failure Among Obese Patients With Prediabetes and Known Diabetes Mellitus. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:583175. [PMID: 33240938 PMCID: PMC7667132 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.583175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue dysfunction is a predictor for cardiovascular (CV) events and heart failure (HF) in patient population with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and known type 2 diabetes mellitus. Previous preclinical and clinical studies have yielded controversial findings regarding the role of accumulation of adipose tissue various types in CV risk and HF-related clinical outcomes in obese patients. There is evidence for direct impact of infiltration of epicardial adipocytes into the underlying myocardium to induce adverse cardiac remodeling and mediate HF development and atrial fibrillation. Additionally, perivascular adipocytes accumulation is responsible for release of proinflammatory adipocytokines (adiponectin, leptin, resistin), stimulation of oxidative stress, macrophage phenotype switching, and worsening vascular reparation, which all lead to microvascular inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis acceleration, and finally to increase in CV mortality. However, systemic effects of white and brown adipose tissue can be different, and adipogenesis including browning of adipose tissue and deficiency of anti-inflammatory adipocytokines (visfatin, omentin, zinc-α2-glycoprotein, glypican-4) was frequently associated with adipose triglyceride lipase augmentation, altered glucose homeostasis, resistance to insulin of skeletal muscles, increased cardiomyocyte apoptosis, lowered survival, and weak function of progenitor endothelial cells, which could significantly influence on HF development, as well as end-organ fibrosis and multiple comorbidities. The exact underlying mechanisms for these effects are not fully understood, while they are essential to help develop improved treatment strategies. The aim of the review is to summarize the evidence showing that adipocyte dysfunction may induce the onset of HF and support advance of HF through different biological mechanisms involving inflammation, pericardial, and perivascular adipose tissue accumulation, adverse and electrical cardiac remodeling, and skeletal muscle dysfunction. The unbalancing effects of natriuretic peptides, neprilysin, and components of renin–angiotensin system, as exacerbating cause of altered adipocytokine signaling on myocardium and vasculature, in obesity patients at high risk of HF are disputed. The profile of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory adipocytokines as promising biomarker for HF risk stratification is discussed in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E Berezin
- Internal Medicine Department, State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Zaporozhye, Ukraine
| | - Alexander A Berezin
- Internal Medicine Department, Medical Academy of Post-Graduate Education, Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Zaporozhye, Ukraine
| | - Michael Lichtenauer
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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Adipokines and Inflammation: Focus on Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207711. [PMID: 33081064 PMCID: PMC7589803 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that adipose tissue, apart from its energy storage function, acts as an endocrine organ that produces and secretes a number of bioactive substances, including hormones commonly known as adipokines. Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases, mainly due to a low grade of inflammation and the excessive fat accumulation produced in this state. The adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity leads to an aberrant release of adipokines, some of them with direct cardiovascular and inflammatory regulatory functions. Inflammation is a common link between obesity and cardiovascular diseases, so this review will summarise the role of the main adipokines implicated in the regulation of the inflammatory processes occurring under the scenario of cardiovascular diseases.
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Saracevic A, Medved I, Hrabric Vlah S, Kozmar A, Bilic-Zulle L, Simundic AM. The association of systemic inflammatory markers with indicators of stress and cardiac necrosis in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement and revascularization surgeries. Physiol Res 2020; 69:261-274. [PMID: 32199011 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim was to investigate: changes of inflammatory, stress and cardiac response in patients undergoing open heart surgeries up to five days after the procedure; the association between inflammatory, stress and cardiac response and whether changes in a certain marker can predict short-term patient outcome. Ninety patients were divided into three groups, 30 participants each (on-pump,off-pump revascularization and valve replacement group). The following markers were measured:complete blood count, CRP, IL-6, IL-10, leptin, resistin, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), cortisol, CK and hsTnT in 5 points. Resistin increased in all three groups. Lower IL-10 levels were found after the surgery and higher levels of leptin and MCP-1 in the off-pump than in the on-pump group. Off-pump group had higher values of IL-6, IL-10, leptin, resistin and MCP-1 and lower levels of CK and hsTnT 24 after surgery than the on-pump group. We found significant correlation between MCP-1 and resistin. The difference between resistin at time points 2 and 3 significantly predicted transfusion needs; while the difference between CRP and resistin before and at the end of the surgery together with the difference between leukocytes at the end and 24 hours after the surgery predicted the use of inotropic agents/vasopressors. Cardiac surgeries cause an increase of inflammatory, stress and cardiac markers. Only resistin correlated with MCP-1 which confirms the link between resistin secreted form infiltrated macrophages and enhanced release of MCP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Saracevic
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital "Sveti Duh", Zagreb, Croatia.
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17
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Cellular and Extracellular Components in Tumor Microenvironment and Their Application in Early Diagnosis of Cancers. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2020; 2020:6283796. [PMID: 32377504 PMCID: PMC7199555 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6283796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors are surrounded by complex environmental components, including blood and lymph vessels, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, immune cells, cytokines, extracellular vesicles, and extracellular matrix. All the stromal components together with the tumor cells form the tumor microenvironment (TME). In addition, extracellular physical and chemical factors, including extracellular pH, hypoxia, elevated interstitial fluid pressure, and fibrosis, are closely associated with tumor progression, metastasis, immunosuppression, and drug resistance. Cellular and extracellular components in TME contribute to nearly all procedures of carcinogenesis. By summarizing the recent work in this field, we make a comprehensive review on the role of cellular and extracellular components in the process of carcinogenesis and their potential application in early diagnosis of cancer. We hope that a systematic review of the diverse aspects of TME will help both research scientists and clinicians in this field.
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18
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The Adipokine Network in Rheumatic Joint Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174091. [PMID: 31443349 PMCID: PMC6747092 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatic diseases encompass a diverse group of chronic disorders that commonly affect musculoskeletal structures. Osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are the two most common, leading to considerable functional limitations and irreversible disability when patients are unsuccessfully treated. Although the specific causes of many rheumatic conditions remain unknown, it is generally accepted that immune mechanisms and/or uncontrolled inflammatory responses are involved in their etiology and symptomatology. In this regard, the bidirectional communication between neuroendocrine and immune system has been demonstrated to provide a homeostatic network that is involved in several pathological conditions. Adipokines represent a wide variety of bioactive, immune and inflammatory mediators mainly released by adipocytes that act as signal molecules in the neuroendocrine-immune interactions. Adipokines can also be synthesized by synoviocytes, osteoclasts, osteoblasts, chondrocytes and inflammatory cells in the joint microenvironment, showing potent modulatory properties on different effector cells in OA and RA pathogenesis. Effects of adiponectin, leptin, resistin and visfatin on local and systemic inflammation are broadly described. However, more recently, other adipokines, such as progranulin, chemerin, lipocalin-2, vaspin, omentin-1 and nesfatin, have been recognized to display immunomodulatory actions in rheumatic diseases. This review highlights the latest relevant findings on the role of the adipokine network in the pathophysiology of OA and RA.
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19
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Fujita Y, Yamashita T. The Effects of Leptin on Glial Cells in Neurological Diseases. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:828. [PMID: 31447640 PMCID: PMC6692660 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that various endocrine modulators, including leptin and ghrelin, have neuroprotective roles in neurological diseases. Leptin is a hormone produced by adipocytes and was originally identified as a gene related to obesity in mice. The leptin receptors in the hypothalamus are the main target for the homeostatic regulation of body weight. Recent studies have demonstrated that leptin receptors are also expressed in other regions of the central nervous system (CNS), such as the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and spinal cord. Accordingly, these studies identified the involvement of leptin in the regulation of neuronal survival and neural development. Furthermore, leptin has been shown to have neuroprotective functions in animal models of neurological diseases and demyelination. These observations also suggest that dysregulation of leptin signaling may be involved in the association between neurodegeneration and obesity. In this review, we summarize novel functions of leptin in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. Specifically, we focus on the emerging evidence for the role of leptin in non-neuronal cells in the CNS, including astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes. Understanding leptin-mediated neuroprotective signals and molecular mechanisms underlying remyelination will be helpful to establish therapeutic strategies against neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Fujita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshihide Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Lygate
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
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21
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22
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Katsiki N, Mikhailidis DP, Banach M. Leptin, cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:1176-1188. [PMID: 29877321 PMCID: PMC6289384 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2018.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin, an adipokine that is implicated in the control of food intake via appetite suppression, may also stimulate oxidative stress, inflammation, thrombosis, arterial stiffness, angiogenesis and atherogenesis. These leptin-induced effects may predispose to the development of cardiovascular diseases. In the present review we discuss the evidence linking leptin levels with the presence, severity and/or prognosis of both coronary artery disease and non-cardiac vascular diseases such as stroke, carotid artery disease, peripheral artery disease (PAD) and abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) as well as with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Leptin levels have been positively associated with the presence, severity, extent and lesion complexity of coronary atherosclerosis as well as with the presence, severity and poor clinical outcomes of both ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. But conflicting results also exist. Furthermore, leptin was reported to independently predict common carotid intima-media thickness and carotid plaque instability. A link between hyperleptinemia and PAD has been reported, whereas limited data were available on the potential association between leptin and AAA. Elevated leptin concentrations have also been related to CKD incidence and progression as well as with insulin resistance, T2DM, micro- and macrovascular diabetic complications. Statins and antidiabetic drugs (including sitagliptin, metformin, pioglitazone, liraglutide and empagliflozin) may affect leptin levels. Further research is needed to establish the potential use (if any) of leptin as a therapeutic target in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Katsiki
- Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippocration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitri P Mikhailidis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London (UCL), London, UK.
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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23
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Fonfara S, Kitz S, Hetzel U, Kipar A. Myocardial leptin transcription in feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Res Vet Sci 2017; 112:105-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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24
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Abella V, Scotece M, Conde J, Pino J, Gonzalez-Gay MA, Gómez-Reino JJ, Mera A, Lago F, Gómez R, Gualillo O. Leptin in the interplay of inflammation, metabolism and immune system disorders. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2017; 13:100-109. [PMID: 28053336 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2016.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is one of the most relevant factors secreted by adipose tissue and the forerunner of a class of molecules collectively called adipokines. Initially discovered in 1994, its crucial role as a central regulator in energy homeostasis has been largely described during the past 20 years. Once secreted into the circulation, leptin reaches the central and peripheral nervous systems and acts by binding and activating the long form of leptin receptor (LEPR), regulating appetite and food intake, bone mass, basal metabolism, reproductive function and insulin secretion, among other processes. Research on the regulation of different adipose tissues has provided important insights into the intricate network that links nutrition, metabolism and immune homeostasis. The neuroendocrine and immune systems communicate bi-directionally through common ligands and receptors during stress responses and inflammation, and control cellular immune responses in several pathological situations including immune-inflammatory rheumatic diseases. This Review discusses the latest findings regarding the role of leptin in the immune system and metabolism, with particular emphasis on its effect on autoimmune and/or inflammatory rheumatic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Abella
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Travesía da Choupana S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Morena Scotece
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Travesía da Choupana S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Javier Conde
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Travesía da Choupana S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Jesús Pino
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Travesía da Choupana S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Gonzalez-Gay
- Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Universidad de Cantabria and IDIVAL, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Av. Valdecilla, Santander 39008, Spain
| | - Juan J Gómez-Reino
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Travesía da Choupana S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Antonio Mera
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Travesía da Choupana S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Francisca Lago
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), Department of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, CIBERCV (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares), Building C, Travesía da Choupana S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Rodolfo Gómez
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Travesía da Choupana S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Oreste Gualillo
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Travesía da Choupana S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
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25
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Camacho S, Ruppel A. Is the calorie concept a real solution to the obesity epidemic? Glob Health Action 2017; 10:1289650. [PMID: 28485680 PMCID: PMC5496172 DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2017.1289650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The obesity epidemic has been growing steadily across the whole world, and so far not a single country has been able to reverse it. The cause of obesity is stated by the World Health Organization as an energy imbalance between calories consumed and calories expended. However, growing evidence suggests that the calorie imbalance concept may not be sufficient to manage and reverse the obesity epidemic. OBJECTIVE To discuss the use of the calorie imbalance concept and its elements as a tool for weight management as well as its possible negative consequences and implications for public health, with the aim to point toward the need of an updated concept for causes of obesity. This update should guide public health interventions more efficiently to limit obesity by preventing weight gain or promoting weight loss. METHODS This is a literature reviews based on a semi-structured approach to determine the material to be examined. RESULTS After revisiting general facts about fat generation and accumulation, we propose an updated concept for the causes of obesity including diet composition and hormonal regulation of fat metabolism. CONCLUSIONS We discuss how this updated concept could benefit the overall efficiency of strategies against obesity, and hypothesize how potential resistance to adopting this new view could be lowered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Camacho
- Institute of Public Health, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Alfred-Weber Institute, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Ruppel
- Institute of Public Health, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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26
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Abstract
Leptin is a peptide hormone produced by adipose tissue and acts in brain centers to control critical physiological functions. Leptin receptors are especially abundant in the hypothalamus and trigger specific neuronal subpopulations, and activate several intracellular signaling events, including the JAK/STAT, MAPK, PI3K, and mTOR pathway. Although most studies focus on its role in energy intake and expenditure, leptin also plays a critical role in many central nervous system diseases.
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A new leptin-mediated mechanism for stimulating fatty acid oxidation: a pivotal role for sarcolemmal FAT/CD36. Biochem J 2016; 474:149-162. [PMID: 27827305 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Leptin stimulates fatty acid oxidation in muscle and heart; but, the mechanism by which these tissues provide additional intracellular fatty acids for their oxidation remains unknown. We examined, in isolated muscle and cardiac myocytes, whether leptin, via AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, stimulated fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36)-mediated fatty acid uptake to enhance fatty acid oxidation. In both mouse skeletal muscle and rat cardiomyocytes, leptin increased fatty acid oxidation, an effect that was blocked when AMPK phosphorylation was inhibited by adenine 9-β-d-arabinofuranoside or Compound C. In wild-type mice, leptin induced the translocation of FAT/CD36 to the plasma membrane and increased fatty acid uptake into giant sarcolemmal vesicles and into cardiomyocytes. In muscles of FAT/CD36-KO mice, and in cardiomyocytes in which cell surface FAT/CD36 action was blocked by sulfo-N-succinimidyl oleate, the leptin-stimulated influx of fatty acids was inhibited; concomitantly, the normal leptin-stimulated increase in fatty acid oxidation was also prevented, despite the normal leptin-induced increase in AMPK phosphorylation. Conversely, in muscle of AMPK kinase-dead mice, leptin failed to induce the translocation of FAT/CD36, along with a failure to stimulate fatty acid uptake and oxidation. Similarly, when siRNA was used to reduce AMPK in HL-1 cardiomyocytes, leptin failed to induce the translocation of FAT/CD36. Our studies have revealed a novel mechanism of leptin-induced fatty acid oxidation in muscle tissue; namely, this process is dependent on the activation of AMPK to induce the translocation of FAT/CD36 to the plasma membrane, thereby stimulating fatty acid uptake. Without increasing this leptin-stimulated, FAT/CD36-dependent fatty acid uptake process, leptin-stimulated AMPK phosphorylation does not enhance fatty acid oxidation.
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28
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Li N, Zhao Y, Yue Y, Chen L, Yao Z, Niu W. Liraglutide ameliorates palmitate-induced endothelial dysfunction through activating AMPK and reversing leptin resistance. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:46-52. [PMID: 27457805 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue, is an antidiabetic drug. It has been shown to improve endothelial dysfunction, but the mechanism remains somewhat unclear. Leptin can also improve endothelial function. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is linked to hyperleptinemia, and leptin resistance, how liraglutide influences the effect of leptin on endothelial function, is never reported. We used palmitic acid (PA) to mimic hyperlipidemia in endothelial cells to explore the cardio-protective mechanism of liraglutide and its impact on the role of leptin. METHODS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were incubated with PA for 16 h and then were treated with liraglutide for 30 min. RESULTS PA elevated not only phosphorylation of JNK and IKKα/β, but also the expression of IL-6 in HUVECs. These effects of PA were reversed by liraglutide. In addition, liraglutide increased phosphorylation of eNOS, AMPK, and the release of NO but had no effect on PKC phosphorylation. In addition, leptin elevated eNOS phosphorylation but was abrogated by PA. However, in the presence of liraglutide, leptin regained its function of elevating eNOS phosphorylation. Last, we found that liraglutide inhibited PA-elevated SOCS3, which is a marker of leptin resistance. CONCLUSIONS GLP-1 impairs endothelial inflammatory signals, improves endothelial function, and reverses leptin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Li
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immuno Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China; Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Yihe Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immuno Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Yingying Yue
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immuno Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Liming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Zhi Yao
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immuno Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Wenyan Niu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immuno Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China; Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
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