Antioxidants and vascular health

Nox4 is involved in acute kidney injury associated to intravascular hemolysis

Massive intravascular hemolysis occurs not unfrequently in many clinical conditions. Breakdown of erythrocytes promotes the accumulation of heme-derivates in the kidney, increasing oxidative stress and cell death, thus promoting acute kidney injury (AKI). NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) is a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the kidney, however it is unknown the role of Nox4 in hemolysis and whether inhibition of this enzyme may protect from heme-mediated injury. To answer these questions, we elicited intravascular hemolysis in wild type and Nox4 knockout mice. We also evaluated whether nephrotoxic effects of heme may be reduced by using Nox4 siRNA and pharmacologic inhibition with GKT137831, a Nox4 inhibitor, both in vivo and in cultured renal cells. Our results showed that induction of massive hemolysis elicited AKI characterized by loss of renal function, morphological alterations of the tubular epithelium and podocytes, oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, blockade of autophagy and cell death. These pathological effects were significantly prevented in Nox4-deficient mice and in animals treated with GKT137831. In vitro studies showed that Nox4 disruption by specific siRNAs or Nox4 inhibitors declined heme-mediated ROS production and cell death. Our data identify Nox4 as a key enzyme involved in intravascular hemolysis-induced AKI. Thus, Nox4 inhibition may be a potential therapeutic approach to prevent renal damage in patients with severe hemolytic crisis.

Oxidative stress and vascular dysfunction: Potential therapeutic targets and therapies in peripheral artery disease

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is the manifestation of atherosclerosis characterized by the accumulation of plaques in the arteries of the lower limbs. Interestingly, growing evidence suggests that the pathology of PAD is multifaceted and encompasses both vascular and skeletal muscle dysfunctions, which contributes to blunted physical capabilities and diminished quality of life. Importantly, it has been suggested that many of these pathological impairments may stem from blunted reduction-oxidation (redox) handling. Of note, in those with PAD, excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) outweighs antioxidant capabilities resulting in oxidative damage, which may have systemic consequences. It has been suggested that antioxidant supplementation may be able to assist in handling ROS. However, the activation of various ROS production sites makes it difficult to determine the efficacy of these antioxidant supplements. Therefore, this review focuses on the common cellular mechanisms that facilitate ROS production and discusses how excessive ROS may impair vascular and skeletal muscle function in PAD. Furthermore, we provide insight for current and potential antioxidant therapies, specifically highlighting activation of the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) - Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway as a potential pharmacological therapy to combat ROS accumulation and aid in vascular function, and physical performance in patients with PAD. Altogether, this review provides a better understanding of excessive ROS in the pathophysiology of PAD and enhances our perception of potential therapeutic targets that may improve vascular function, skeletal muscle function, walking capacity, and quality of life in patients with PAD.

Characteristics of Phenolic Compounds in Peucedanum japonicum According to Various Stem and Seed Colors

Total polyphenol and total flavonoid assays were performed to characterize the relationships between the color of Peucedanum japonicum (PJ) seed coat and stem and the content of phytochemical compounds. The samples were divided into two groups based on their stem and seed coat color, with each group containing 23 samples. The stem color group was subdivided into green, light red, and red, whereas the seed coat color group was divided into light brown, brown, and dark brown. In the stem color group, the light red stems exhibited the highest content of phytochemical compounds, with levels over 10% higher than those of the stems of the other colors. Moreover, among the top ten samples with the highest total polyphenol content, eight samples were light red, and the light red group also exhibited the highest total flavonoid content among the examined color groups. In terms of the seed coat color, the plants grown from dark brown seeds exhibited the highest contents of both total polyphenols and total flavonoids. In conclusion, PJ plants with dark brown seeds and light red stems contained the highest levels of phytochemical compounds. Collectively, our findings provide a valuable basis for future seed selection of PJ for pharmaceutical purposes.

Gut vascular barrier in the pathogenesis and resolution of Crohn's disease: A novel link from origination to therapy

The gut vascular barrier (GVB) is the deepest layer of the gut barrier. It mainly comprised gut vascular endothelial cells, enteric glial cells, and pericytes. The GVB facilitates nutrient absorption and blocks bacterial translocation through its size-restricted permeability. Accumulating evidence suggests that dysfunction of this barrier correlates with several clinical pathologies including Crohn's disease (CD). Significant progress has been made to elucidate the mechanism of GVB dysfunction and to confirm the participation of disrupted GVB in the course of CD. However, further analyses are required to pinpoint the specific roles of GVB in CD pathogenesis. Many preclinical models and clinical trials have demonstrated that various agents are effective in protecting the GVB integrity and thus providing a potential CD treatment strategy. Through this review, we established a systemic understanding of the role of GVB in CD pathogenesis and provided novel insights for GVB-targeting strategies in CD treatment.

The Role of Oxidative Stress Enhanced by Adiposity in Cardiometabolic Diseases

Cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs), including cardiovascular disease (CVD), metabolic syndrome (MetS), and type 2 diabetes (T2D), are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The growing prevalence of CVD is mostly attributed to the aging population and common occurrence of risk factors, such as high systolic blood pressure, elevated plasma glucose, and increased body mass index, which led to a global epidemic of obesity, MetS, and T2D. Oxidant–antioxidant balance disorders largely contribute to the pathogenesis and outcomes of CMDs, such as systemic essential hypertension, coronary artery disease, stroke, and MetS. Enhanced and disturbed generation of reactive oxygen species in excess adipose tissue during obesity may lead to increased oxidative stress. Understanding the interplay between adiposity, oxidative stress, and cardiometabolic risks can have translational impacts, leading to the identification of novel effective strategies for reducing the CMDs burden. The present review article is based on extant results from basic and clinical studies and specifically addresses the various aspects associated with oxidant–antioxidant balance disorders in the course of CMDs in subjects with excess adipose tissue accumulation. We aim at giving a comprehensive overview of existing knowledge, knowledge gaps, and future perspectives for further basic and clinical research. We provide insights into both the mechanisms and clinical implications of effects related to the interplay between adiposity and oxidative stress for treating and preventing CMDs. Future basic research and clinical trials are needed to further examine the mechanisms of adiposity-enhanced oxidative stress in CMDs and the efficacy of antioxidant therapies for reducing risk and improving outcome of patients with CMDs.

The stereoselective metabolic disruption of cypermethrin on rats by a sub-acute study based on metabolomics

Due to the massive application of cypermethrin (CYP) for pest control in China, the adverse effects on non-target organisms have aroused great attention. However, comparative studies between its different stereoisomers remain scarce, especially for metabolism perturbations. Herein, the rats were administered α-CYP, β-CYP, and θ-CYP by gavage at doses of 8.5, 29.2, and 25.0 mg/kg/day, respectively, for 28 consecutive days. By blood examination, significant changes in liver and renal function parameters were observed in rats exposed to all three CYPs. The stereoisomeric selectivity in metabolic disturbances was assessed based on a metabolomic strategy via multivariate analysis and pathway analysis. The results demonstrated that amino acid and glycolipid metabolism were disrupted in all CYP groups. Among them, the most significant changes in the metabolic phenotype were observed in the θ-CYP group, with 56 differential metabolites enriched in 9 differential metabolic pathways. At the same time, the endogenous metabolite trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), which is closely linked to the gut microbiota, was also significantly elevated in this group. Gender differences were found in α- and θ-CYP-exposed rats, with perturbations in amino acid and glucose metabolism of greater concern in females and lipid metabolism of greater concern in males. Overall, β-CYP exhibited a lower risk of metabolic perturbations than α-CYP or θ-CYP, which helps to screen suitable agrochemical products for green agricultural development.

ROS: Basic Concepts, Sources, Cellular Signaling, and its Implications in Aging Pathways

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are bioproducts of cellular metabolism. There is a range of molecules with oxidizing properties known as ROS. Despite those molecules being implied negatively in aging and numerous diseases, their key role in cellular signaling is evident. ROS control several biological processes such as inflammation, proliferation, and cell death. The redox signaling underlying these cellular events is one characteristic of the new generation of scientists aimed at defining the role of ROS in the cellular environment. The control of redox potential, which includes the balance of the sources of ROS and the antioxidant system, implies an important target for understanding the cells' fate derived from redox signaling. In this review, we summarized the chemical, the redox balance, the signaling, and the implications of ROS in biological aging.

Green tea improves cognitive function through reducing AD-pathology and improving anti-oxidative stress capacity in Chinese middle-aged and elderly people

Background: Numerous benefits of green tea have been reported. However, the effects of green tea on cognitive function remain disputable and the mechanism is still unclear.

Objective: To investigate the relationship of green tea consumption with cognitive function and related blood biomarkers among Chinese middle-aged and elderly people.

Methods: A total of 264 participants aged 50–70 years old were enrolled from Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University. They were interviewed about green tea consumption patterns and underwent neuropsychological tests covering five main cognitive domains to assess cognition including Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and the other 10 scales. Then we detected serum oxidative stress biomarkers including Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Malondialdehyde (MDA), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx), Glutathione Reductase (GR), and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) markers including β-amyloid (Aβ)₄₀, Aβ₄₂, and phosphorylated tau-181 (pTau₁₈₁).

Results: In the tea-consuming group, the MoCA scores (P = 0.000), Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT) immediate recall (P = 0.012) and delayed recall (P = 0.013) were significantly higher while Trail Making Test-B (P = 0.005) and Victoria Stroop test interference (P = 0.000) were lower. In terms of oxidative stress markers, the tea-consuming group had lower serum MDA levels (P = 0.002) and higher serum SOD (P = 0.005) and GPx (P = 0.007) levels. In terms of AD markers, serum pTau₁₈₁ (P < 0.000), Aβ₄₂ (P = 0.019) and total Aβ levels (P = 0.034) but not serum Aβ₄₀ levels, were lower in the tea-consuming group. In the logistic regression analysis, there was a significant negative correlation between green tea consumption and cognitive impairment (OR = 0.26, 95 % CI 0.13 0.52 for high group).

Conclusion: Regular green tea consumption is associated with better cognitive function among Chinese middle-aged and elderly people, mainly reflected in memory and executive function. It may achieve protective effects by reducing AD-related pathology and improving anti-oxidative stress capacity and higher levels of tea consumption have a stronger protective effect.

Redox Status of Postmenopausal Women with Single or Multiple Cardiometabolic Diseases Has a Similar Response to Mat Pilates Training

Postmenopausal women have a high prevalence of cardiometabolic diseases and that may associate with higher oxidative stress. Exercise can contribute to the treatment of such diseases, but some modalities, such as Mat Pilates, need to be further studied in terms of their physiological responses. Our aim was to investigate the effects of 12 weeks of Mat Pilates on redox status in postmenopausal women with one or multiple comorbidities of cardiometabolic diseases. Forty-four postmenopausal women were divided into two groups: SINGLE, composed of women with one cardiometabolic disease (n = 20) and MULT, with multimorbidity (n = 24). Mat Pilates training was conducted three times a week for 12 weeks, and each session lasted 50 min. Plasma samples were collected before and after training to analyze the following redox markers: superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, total antioxidant capacity due to ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), reduced glutathione (GSH), uric acid, and carbonyl protein. ANCOVA showed interaction effects in FRAP (p = 0.014). Both groups had reduced levels of catalase (p = 0.240) and GSH (p = 0.309), and increased levels of carbonyl protein (p = 0.053) after intervention. In conclusion, the redox status of postmenopausal women shows no changes mediated by Mat Pilates training between SINGLE and MULT, except for greater reductions of FRAP in SINGLE.

Furosemide-induced systemic dehydration alters the proteome of rabbit vocal folds

Whole-body dehydration (i.e., systemic dehydration) leads to vocal fold tissue dehydration. Furosemide, a common diuretic prescribed to treat hypertension and edema-associated conditions, induces systemic dehydration. Furosemide also causes voice changes in human speakers, making this method of systemic dehydration particularly interesting for vocal fold dehydration studies. Our objective was to obtain a comprehensive proteome of vocal folds following furosemide-induced systemic dehydration. New Zealand White rabbits were used as the animal model and randomly assigned to euhydrated (control) or furosemide-dehydrated groups. Systemic dehydration, induced by injectable furosemide, was verified by an average body weight loss of -5.5% and significant percentage changes in blood analytes in the dehydrated rabbits compared to controls. Vocal fold specimens, including mucosa and muscle, were processed for proteomic analysis using label-free quantitation LC-MS/MS. Over 1600 proteins were successfully identified across all vocal fold samples; and associated with a variety of cellular components and ubiquitous cell functions. Protein levels were compared between groups showing 32 proteins differentially regulated (p ≤ 0.05) in the dehydrated vocal folds. These are mainly involved with mitochondrial translation and metabolism. The downregulation of proteins involved in mitochondrial metabolism in the vocal folds suggests a mechanism to prevent oxidative stress associated with systemic dehydration. SIGNIFICANCE: Voice disorders affect different population demographics worldwide with one in 13 adults in the United States reporting voice problems annually. Vocal fold systemic hydration is clinically recognized for preventing and treating voice problems and depends on optimal body hydration primarily achieved by water intake. Herein, we use the rabbit as a translatable animal model, and furosemide as a translatable method of systemic dehydration, to reveal a comprehensive proteomic profile of vocal fold mucosa and muscle in response to systemic dehydration. The significant subset of proteins differentially regulated due to furosemide-induced dehydration offer novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of systemic dehydration in the vocal folds. These findings also deepen our understanding of changes to tissue biology after diuretic administration.

The Effects of Fermentation of Low or High Tannin Fava Bean-Based Diets on Glucose Response, Cardiovascular Function, and Fecal Bile Acid Excretion during a 28-Day Feeding Period in Dogs: Comparison with Commercial Diets with Normal vs. High Protein

We have shown that feeding dogs fava bean (FB)-based diets for 7 days is safe and FB flour fermentation with Candida utilis has the potential to decrease FB anti-nutritional factors. In the present study, the effects of 28-day feeding of 4 different FB-based test dog foods containing moderate protein (~27% dry matter (DM)) were compared with two commercial diets with normal protein (NP, grain-containing, ~31% DM protein) or high protein (HP, grain-free, ~41% DM protein). Health parameters were investigated in beagles fed the NP or HP diets or using a randomized, crossover, 2 × 2 Latin square design of the FB diets: unfermented high-tannin (UF-HT), fermented high-tannin (FM-HT), unfermented low-tannin (UF-LT), and fermented low-tannin (FM-LT). The results showed that fermentation increased glucose tolerance, increased red blood cell numbers and increased systolic blood pressure, but decreased flow-mediated vasodilation. Taken together, the overall effect of fermentation appears to be beneficial and improved FB nutritional value. Most interesting, even though the HP diet was grain-free, the diet did contain added taurine, and no adverse effects on cardiac function were observed, while glucose tolerance was impaired compared to NP-fed dogs. In summary, this study did not find evidence of adverse cardiac effects of pulses in ‘grain-free’ diets, at least not in the relatively resistant beagle breed over a 28-day period. More importantly, fermentation with C. utilis shows promise to enhance health benefits of pulses such as FB in dog food.

Chemometric analysis of active compounds and antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities for the quality evaluation of licorice from different origins

Contents of total flavonoids (TFc), total phenolics (TPc), and total crude polysaccharide (TCPc) in licorice from different origins were determined by optimized colorimetric methods, whereas five monomer ingredients (liquiritin [LQ], isoliquiritin [ILQ], liquiritigenin [LQG], isoliquiritigenin [ILQG], and glycyrrhizic acid [GA]) were simultaneously identified and quantified by HPLC-MS and HPLC. The results indicated that the contents of chemical compounds in licorice showed significant difference in different origins. Hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis further proved that producing area indeed affected the quality including compounds and pharmacological activity in licorice. Licorice from Inner Mongolia exhibited the excellent DPPH assay, whereas samples from Gansu and Xinjiang showed high scavenging capacity to OH and ABTS free radicals. Meanwhile, α-Glu inhibitory activity of licorice samples was four times higher than the antioxidant activity. Correlation analysis made clear that TFc and TCPc both strongly contribute to DPPH scavenge capacity at P < 0.01 level, whereas TCPc contributed to α-Glu inhibitory activity at P < 0.05 level. This study would contribute to the comprehensive quality evaluation based on the compounds and pharmacological activity of licorice, and provide a reference for the choice of producing area to ensure the quality of licorice as a medicine.

Impact of acute antioxidant supplementation on vascular function and autonomic nervous system modulation in young adults with PTSD

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been associated with an increase in risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The goal of this study was to determine if peripheral vascular dysfunction, a precursor to CVD, was present in young adults with PTSD, and if an acute antioxidant (AO) supplementation could modify this potential PTSD-induced vascular dysfunction. Thirteen individuals with PTSD were recruited for this investigation and were compared with 35 age- and sex-matched controls (CTRL). The PTSD group participated in two visits, consuming either a placebo (PTSD-PL) or antioxidants (PTSD-AO; vitamins C and E; α-lipoic acid) before their visits, whereas the CTRL subjects only participated in one visit. Upper and lower limb vascular functions were assessed via flow-mediated dilation and passive leg movement technique. Heart rate variability was utilized to assess autonomic nervous system modulation. The PTSD-PL condition, when compared with the CTRL group, reported lower arm and leg microvascular function as well as sympathetic nervous system (SNS) predominance. After acute AO supplementation, arm, but not leg, microvascular function was improved and SNS predominance was lowered to which the prior difference between PTSD group and CTRL was no longer significant. Young individuals with PTSD demonstrated lower arm and leg microvascular function as well as greater SNS predominance when compared with age- and sex-matched controls. Furthermore, this lower vascular/autonomic function was augmented by an acute AO supplementation to the level of the healthy controls, potentially implicating oxidative stress as a contributor to this blunted vascular/autonomic function.

Sequential Release of Small Extracellular Vesicles from Bilayered Thiolated Alginate/Polyethylene Glycol Diacrylate Hydrogels for Scarless Wound Healing

Excessive scar formation has adverse physiological and psychological effects on patients; therefore, a therapeutic strategy for rapid wound healing and reduced scar formation is urgently needed. Herein, bilayered thiolated alginate/PEG diacrylate (BSSPD) hydrogels were fabricated for sequential release of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), which acted in different wound healing phases, to achieve rapid and scarless wound healing. The sEVs secreted by bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (B-sEVs) were released from the lower layer of the hydrogels to promote angiogenesis and collagen deposition by accelerating fibroblast and endothelial cell proliferation and migration during the early inflammation and proliferation phases, while sEVs secreted by miR-29b-3p-enriched bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells were released from the upper layer of the hydrogels and suppressed excessive capillary proliferation and collagen deposition during the late proliferation and maturation phases. In a full-thickness skin defect model of rats and rabbit ears, the wound repair rate, angiogenesis, and collagen deposition were evaluated at different time points after treatment with BSSPD loaded with B-sEVs. Interestingly, during the end of the maturation phase in the in vivo model, tissues in the groups treated with BSSPD loaded with sEVs for sequential release (SR-sEVs@BSSPD) exhibited a more uniform vascular structure distribution, more regular collagen arrangement, and lower volume of hyperplastic scar tissue than tissues in the other groups. Hence, SR-sEVs@BSSPD based on skin repair phases was successfully designed and has considerable potential as a cell-free therapy for scarless wound healing.

Potential Effects of Melatonin and Micronutrients on Mitochondrial Dysfunction during a Cytokine Storm Typical of Oxidative/Inflammatory Diseases

Exaggerated oxidative stress and hyper-inflammation are essential features of oxidative/inflammatory diseases. Simultaneously, both processes may be the cause or consequence of mitochondrial dysfunction, thus establishing a vicious cycle among these three factors. However, several natural substances, including melatonin and micronutrients, may prevent or attenuate mitochondrial damage and may preserve an optimal state of health by managing the general oxidative and inflammatory status. This review aims to describe the crucial role of mitochondria in the development and progression of multiple diseases as well as the close relationship among mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and cytokine storm. Likewise, it attempts to summarize the main findings related to the powerful effects of melatonin and some micronutrients (vitamins and minerals), which may be useful (alone or in combination) as therapeutic agents in the treatment of several examples of oxidative/inflammatory pathologies, including sepsis, as well as cardiovascular, renal, neurodegenerative, and metabolic disorders.

Antioxidant Responses in Hypertensive Postmenopausal Women after Acute Beetroot Juice Ingestion and Aerobic Exercise: Double Blind and Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial

This study is aimed to analyze the effect of different nitrate concentrations [NO3-] present in beetroot juice (BJ) on salivary oxidative stress markers after acute exercise performance in hypertensive postmenopausal women. Thirteen hypertensive postmenopausal women participated in three experimental sessions, taking different beverages: noncaloric orange flavored drink (OFD), low nitrate (low-NO3-) BJ, and high nitrate (high-NO3-) BJ. The participants performed aerobic exercise on a treadmill, at 65–70% of heart rate reserve (HRR), for 40 min. Saliva samples were collected after an overnight fast, 10 minutes before BJ ingestion at 7 : 20 am (0 ${}^{\prime }$ ), 120 minutes after beverages ingestion (130 ${}^{\prime }$ ), immediately after exercise (170 ${}^{\prime }$ ), and 90 min after exercise (260 ${}^{\prime }$ ). Salivary total protein (TP), catalase activity (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), and total antioxidant capacity by ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) concentrations were analyzed. No interaction (session $\ast$ time) was found among three sessions over time. Catalase area under the curve (AUC) was lower after both low-NO3- and high-NO3- consumption ( $p<0.001$ ), and GSH AUC was lower after high-NO3- ( $p<0.001$ ) compared with OFD. So, the acute intake of BJ with aerobic exercise seems to decrease catalase (in high-NO3- and low-NO3-) and GSH (in high-NO3-), besides not interfering with FRAP in hypertensive postmenopausal women.

General Perspectives for the Treatment of Atherosclerosis

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Atherosclerosis, a cardiovascular disease, is at the top of the list among the diseases leading to death. Although the biochemical and pathophysiological cascades involved within the development of atherosclerosis have been identified clearly, its nature is quite complex to be treated with a single agent targeting a pathway. Therefore, many natural and synthetic compounds have been suggested for the treatment of the disease. The majority of the drugs employed target one of the single components of the pathological outcomes, resulting in many times less effective and longterm treatments. In most cases, treatment options prevent further worsening of the symptoms rather than a radical treatment. Consequently, the current review has been prepared to focus on the validated and non-validated targets of atherosclerosis as well as the alternative treatment options such as hydroxymethyl glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, acyl-CoA cholesterol acyl transferase (ACAT) inhibitors, lipoprotein lipase stimulants, bile acid sequestrants, and some antioxidants. Related to the topic, both synthetic compounds designed employing medicinal chemistry skills and natural molecules becoming more popular in drug development are scrutinized in this mini review.

Impact of Atomizer Age and Flavor on In Vitro Toxicity of Aerosols from a Third-Generation Electronic Cigarette against Human Oral Cells

Electronic cigarettes (ECs) are categorized into generations which differ in terms of design, aerosol production, and customizability. Current and former smokers prefer third-generation devices that satisfy tobacco cravings more effectively than older generations. Recent studies indicate that EC aerosols from first- and second-generation devices contain reactive carbonyls and free radicals and can cause in vitro cytotoxicity. Third-generation ECs have not been adequately studied. Further, previous studies have focused on cells from the respiratory tract, whereas those of the oral cavity, which is exposed to high levels of EC aerosols, have been understudied. We quantified the production of reactive carbonyls and free radicals by a third-generation EC and investigated the induction of cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in normal and cancerous human oral cell lines using a panel of eight commercial EC liquids. We found that EC aerosols produced using a new atomizer contained formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein, but did not contain detectable levels of free radicals. We found that EC aerosols generated from only one of the eight liquids tested using a new atomizer induced cytotoxicity against two human oral cells in vitro. Treatment of oral cells with the cytotoxic EC aerosol caused a concomitant increase in intracellular oxidative stress. As atomizer age increased with repeated use of the same atomizer, carbonyl production, radical emissions, and cytotoxicity increased. Overall, our results suggest that third-generation ECs may cause adverse effects in the oral cavity and normal EC use, which involves repeated use of the same atomizer to generate aerosol, may enhance the potential toxic effects of third-generation ECs.

Cross-Sectional Study on the Association between Dietary Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Capacity and Serum Liver Enzymes: The Furukawa Nutrition and Health Study

We examined the association of dietary non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity (NEAC) in overall diet, and separately from foods and beverages, with serum liver enzymes in a Japanese working population. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 1791 employees aged 18–69 years, who underwent a comprehensive health checkup in 2012–2013. A brief validated self-administered diet-history questionnaire was used for dietary assessment, and dietary NEAC intake was determined from databases of NEAC values, obtained using ferric reducing-antioxidant power (FRAP) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays. The dietary NEAC intake was calculated by multiplying the estimated NEAC values by the amounts consumed and summing the resulting values. A multiple-regression analysis was performed to explore the association between dietary NEAC intake and the serum levels of liver enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT)), after adjustment for confounding factors. No significant associations were found between overall dietary NEAC intake and AST (FRAP, p for trend = 0.97; ORAC, p = 0.72), ALT (FRAP, p = 0.73; ORAC, p = 0.92), and GGT (FRAP, p = 0.96; ORAC, p = 0.19) levels. Food-derived, but not beverage-derived, NEAC intake was inversely associated with serum GGT levels (FRAP, p for trend = 0.001; ORAC, p = 0.02), particularly among older participants and those with high serum ferritin concentrations. The results imply that overall dietary NEAC intake is not associated with liver dysfunction, and that the NEAC values from foods may be inversely associated with serum GGT levels.

Oxidative Stress and New Pathogenetic Mechanisms in Endothelial Dysfunction: Potential Diagnostic Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including heart and pathological circulatory conditions, are the world's leading cause of mortality and morbidity. Endothelial dysfunction involved in CVD pathogenesis is a trigger, or consequence, of oxidative stress and inflammation. Endothelial dysfunction is defined as a diminished production/availability of nitric oxide, with or without an imbalance between endothelium-derived contracting, and relaxing factors associated with a pro-inflammatory and prothrombotic status. Endothelial dysfunction-induced phenotypic changes include up-regulated expression of adhesion molecules and increased chemokine secretion, leukocyte adherence, cell permeability, low-density lipoprotein oxidation, platelet activation, and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration. Inflammation-induced oxidative stress results in an increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mainly derived from mitochondria. Excessive ROS production causes oxidation of macromolecules inducing cell apoptosis mediated by cytochrome-c release. Oxidation of mitochondrial cardiolipin loosens cytochrome-c binding, thus, favoring its cytosolic release and activation of the apoptotic cascade. Oxidative stress increases vascular permeability, promotes leukocyte adhesion, and induces alterations in endothelial signal transduction and redox-regulated transcription factors. Identification of new endothelial dysfunction-related oxidative stress markers represents a research goal for better prevention and therapy of CVD. New-generation therapeutic approaches based on carriers, gene therapy, cardiolipin stabilizer, and enzyme inhibitors have proved useful in clinical practice to counteract endothelial dysfunction. Experimental studies are in continuous development to discover new personalized treatments. Gene regulatory mechanisms, implicated in endothelial dysfunction, represent potential new targets for developing drugs able to prevent and counteract CVD-related endothelial dysfunction. Nevertheless, many challenges remain to overcome before these technologies and personalized therapeutic strategies can be used in CVD management.

Unveiling the Role of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress on Age-Related Cardiovascular Diseases

The global population above 60 years has been growing exponentially in the last decades, which is accompanied by an increase in the prevalence of age-related chronic diseases, highlighting cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, and heart failure. Aging is the main risk factor for these diseases. Such susceptibility to disease is explained, at least in part, by the increase of oxidative stress, in which it damages cellular components such as proteins, DNA, and lipids. In addition, the chronic inflammatory process in aging “inflammaging” also contributes to cell damage, creating a stressful environment which drives to the development of CVDs. Taken together, it is possible to identify the molecular connection between oxidative stress and the inflammatory process, especially by the crosstalk between the transcription factors Nrf-2 and NF-κB which are mediated by redox signalling and are involved in aging. Therapies that control this process are key targets in the prevention/combat of age-related CVDs. In this review, we show the basics of inflammation and oxidative stress, including the crosstalk between them, and the implications on age-related CVDs.

Potential physiological involvement of nesfatin-1 in regulating swine granulosa cell functions

Nesfatin-1 has recently been indicated as a pleiotropic molecule that is primarily involved in the metabolic regulation of reproductive functions acting at hypothalamic level. The aim of this study was to explore the local action of nesfatin-1 in swine ovarian follicles. Nucleobindin 2 (NUCB2) was verified using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction in swine granulosa cells from different sized follicles and nesfatin-1 was localised by immunohistochemistry in sections of the whole porcine ovary. The effects of different concentrations of nesfatin-1 on cell growth, steroidogenesis and the redox status of granulosa cells were determined invitro. In addition, the effects of nesfatin-1 were evaluated in an angiogenesis bioassay because vessel growth is essential for ovarian follicle function. Immunohistochemistry revealed intense positivity for nesfatin-1 in swine granulosa cells in follicles at all developmental stages. Expression of the gene encoding the precursor protein NUCB2 was higher in granulosa cells from large rather than from medium and small follicles. Further, nesfatin-1 stimulated cell proliferation and progesterone production and interfered with redox status by modifying nitric oxide production and non-enzyme scavenging activity in granulosa cells from large follicles. Moreover, nesfatin-1 exhibited a stimulatory effect on angiogenesis. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that nesfatin-1 is physiologically present in the swine ovarian follicle, where it may impair granulosa cell functions.

Green Tea Intake and Risks for Dementia, Alzheimer's Disease, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review

Dementia has become a major issue that requires urgent measures. The prevention of dementia may be influenced by dietary factors. We focused on green tea and performed a systematic review of observational studies that examined the association between green tea intake and dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, mild cognitive impairment, or cognitive impairment. We searched for articles registered up to 23 August 2018, in the PubMed database and then for references of original articles or reviews that examined tea and cognition. Subsequently, the extracted articles were examined regarding whether they included original data assessing an association of green tea intake and dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, mild cognitive impairment, or cognitive impairment. Finally, we included three cohort studies and five cross-sectional studies. One cohort study and three cross-sectional studies supported the positive effects of green tea intake. One cohort study and one cross-sectional study reported partial positive effects. The remaining one cohort study and one cross-sectional study showed no significant association of green tea intake. These results seem to support the hypothesis that green tea intake might reduce the risk for dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, mild cognitive impairment, or cognitive impairment. Further results from well-designed and well-conducted cohort studies are required to derive robust evidence.

Effects of different ascorbic acid doses on the mortality of critically ill patients: a meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Low levels of ascorbic acid (AA) have been detected in critically ill patients in which AA supplementation leads to promising outcomes. However, the ability of AA to reduce mortality in critically ill patients remains controversial. In this study, we have performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of AA dose on the mortality of critically ill adults.

METHODS

Electronic databases were searched for trials in which AA had been intravenously administered to critically ill patients regardless of the dose or the co-administration of antioxidant agents. The predefined primary outcome included all-cause mortality at final follow-up.

RESULTS

The included trials enrolled a total of 1210 patients. Intravenous (IV) AA doses of 3-10 g/d reduced the mortality of critically ill patients (OR 0.25; 95% CI (0.14-0.46); p < 0.001; I2 = 0.0%), while low (< 3 g/d) and high AA doses (≥ 10 g/d) had no effect (OR 1.44; 95% CI (0.79-2.61); p = 0.234; I2 = 0.0% versus OR 1.12; 95% CI (0.62-2.03); p = 0.700; I2 = 0.0%). AA was associated with a decreased duration of vasopressor support and mechanical ventilation, but did not influence fluid requirement or urine output during the first 24 h of admission. The number of patients suffering from acute kidney injury and the length of intensive care unit or hospital stays were also unaffected by the AA.

CONCLUSION

Intravenous AA reduces the duration of vasopressor support and mechanical ventilation; 3-10 g AA results in lower overall mortality rates. Given the limitations of the primary literature, further studies are required to fully clarify the effectiveness of AA during the management of critically ill patients.

Multicomponent quantitative analysis combined with antioxidant and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities for the quality evaluation of Gastrodia elata from different regions

Gastrodia elata (G. elata), as a natural plant with nourishing and edible value, plays a vital role in food and pharmaceutical production. In the present study, a novel approach for the simultaneous determination of six components based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with photodiode array detection (PDA) was developed for the quality evaluation of G. elata from different regions. Meanwhile, antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities were estimated and compared. The results indicated that the total contents of the six compounds in G. elata from Guizhou and Zhejiang provinces obtained by boiling were higher than those obtained by steaming in Anhui and Yunnan provinces. In addition, samples from Guizhou, Yunnan and Shanxi provinces contained more p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, and always possessed higher antioxidant activity, while samples collected from Anhui province showed the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with the highest gastrodin content. The results revealed that the quality of G. elata was affected by different regions and different initial processing technologies, which provided a reference for the selection and application of G. elata.

Redox Changes in Amateur Race Car Drivers Before and After Racing

Despite the unique opportunity race car driving provides to study exercise in extreme conditions, the sport of racing is under-represented. A better understanding of how racing changes physiological measures combined with driver demographics may help reduce driver risks and expand the field of driver science. This study charted the changes in heart rate, body temperature, blood pressure, static oxidation reduction potential (sORP), and antioxidant capacity in drivers before and after racing (n=23). The interaction between racing and driver characteristics on physiological variables were evaluated. Heart rate, body temperature, and sORP were elevated after racing (P<0.05). Age, cockpit temperature, experience, and speed did not correlate with physiological or oxidative measures (P>0.05). Elevated post-race sORP values were associated with higher pre-race systolic blood pressure and lower antioxidant capacity (P<0.05). We conclude that racing alters the redox response in drivers and that drivers' pre-race systolic blood pressure and antioxidant capacity can further alter it. A better understanding of the physical and oxidative changes which result from racing may help minimize the unique risks.

Effects of nitro- and amino-group on the antioxidant activity of genistein: A theoretical study

Five novel compounds (Gen-NO₂, Gen-2NO₂, Gen-NH₂, Gen-2NH₂ and Gen-6NH₂) have been designed via introducing an electron-withdrawing group -NO₂ and an electron-donating group -NH₂ into the structure of genistein. The effects of -NO₂ and -NH₂ groups on the antioxidant ability of genistein were investigated via quantum chemistry method in gas and methanol phases. The crucial parameters related to three antioxidant mechanisms were calculated. Moreover, the frontier molecular orbital, natural bond orbital and global descriptive parameters were calculated to evaluate the reactivity of genistein and its derivatives. Calculated results indicate the antioxidant process of genistein and its derivatives inclines to the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and sequential proton loss electron transfer (SPLET) mechanisms in gas and methanol phases, respectively. Moreover, introducing -NH₂ group into genistein can improve its antioxidant activity owing to the outstanding activities of amino-substituents of genistein, which will provide valuable guidance for the synthesis of new antioxidants experimentally.

Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Redox Signaling: Role in Atherosclerosis and Coronary Disease

SIGNIFICANCE

Lipoproteins, such as low-density lipoprotein, play a causal role in the development of atherosclerosis and coronary disease. Recent Advances: Lipoproteins can stimulate vascular production of reactive oxygen species, which act as important signaling molecules in the cardiovascular system contributing to the pathophysiology of endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, and atherosclerosis.

CRITICAL ISSUES

Modified lipoproteins have emerged as important regulators of redox signaling, such as oxidized or carbamylated low-density lipoprotein or modified high-density lipoproteins, that contain oxidized lipids, an altered protein cargo, and associated small molecules, such as symmetric dimethylarginine.

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

In this review, we provide an overview on signaling pathways stimulated by modified lipoproteins in the cardiovascular system and their potential role in cardiovascular disease development. Moreover, we highlight novel aspects of how gut microbiome-related mechanisms-a growing research field-may contribute to lipoprotein modification with subsequent impact on cardiovascular redox signaling. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 337-352.

N-acetyl-L-cysteine improves bone marrow endothelial progenitor cells in prolonged isolated thrombocytopenia patients post allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Prolonged isolated thrombocytopenia (PT) is a serious complication following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). According to murine studies, endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) play a crucial role in the regulation of hematopoiesis and thrombopoiesis in the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment. We previously showed that the reduced frequency of BM EPCs was an independent risk factor for the occurrence of PT following allo-HSCT. However, the functional role of BM EPCs and methods to improve the impaired BM EPCs in PT patients are unknown. In the current case-control study, we investigated whether the BM EPCs in PT patients differed from those in good graft function patients. Moreover, we evaluated whether N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC, a reactive oxygen species [ROS] scavenger) could enhance BM EPCs from PT patients in vitro and in vivo. The PT patients exhibited dysfunctional BM EPCs characterized by high levels of ROS and apoptosis and decreased migration and angiogenesis capabilities. In vitro treatment with NAC improved the quantity and function of the BM EPCs cultivated from the PT patients by downregulating the p38 MAPK pathway and rescued the impaired BM EPCs to support megakaryocytopoiesis. Furthermore, according to the results of a preliminary clinical study, NAC is safe and effective in PT patients. In summary, these results suggested that the reduced and dysfunctional BM EPCs are involved in the occurrence of PT. The defective BM EPCs in the PT patients can be quantitatively and functionally improved by NAC, indicating that NAC is a promising therapeutic approach for PT patients following allo-HSCT.

Protective effect of Fructus corni polysaccharide on hippocampal tissues and its relevant mechanism in epileptic rats induced by lithium chloride-pilocarpine

The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential effect of Fructus corni polysaccharide (PFC) on the hippocampus tissues in epileptic rats induced by lithium chloride-pilocarpine, and to explore the underlying mechanism. The epileptic rat models were established using lithium chloride-pilocarpine treatment. According to the dosage of PFC, the rat models were divided into three groups: The low-dose (100 mg/kg/day), middle-dose (200 mg/kg/day) and high-dose (300 mg/kg/day) groups. The intervention for rat models lasted for 24 days. Subsequently, the production levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), the mitochondrial membrane potential and the expressions of mitogen-activated protein kinase [P-38, Janus kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2], cytochrome-C and caspase-3 in hippocampal tissues were detected. In addition, the structure of the CA-1 region of the hippocampus was also observed. Compared with the control group, the production levels of ROS were increased and the mitochondrial membrane potential was decreased in the hippocampus tissues of rats in the model group. In addition, in the model group, it was observed that MDA content was increased, SOD activity was decreased, and the expressions of phosphorylated (p)-p38, p-JNK, cytochrome-c and caspase-3 were increased, compared with the control group. Furthermore, those abnormal variations of the indicators were reversed by the intervention of PFC. These findings suggest that PFC can ameliorate the secondary damage to the hippocampi of epileptic rats, and that the anti-oxidation and -apoptosis effects of PFC may be associated with the mechanism that provides a protective effect for hippocampal tissues.

Antioxidant properties of flavonoid derivatives and their hepatoprotective effects on CCl4 induced acute liver injury in mice

Excessive accumulation of free radicals in the body can cause liver damage, aging, cancer, stroke, and myocardial infarction. Anastatin B, a skeletal flavonoid, was reported to have antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects. Anastatin B derivatives, compound 1 and 2, were synthesized by our group previously. In this study, their antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective mechanism were studied using chemical evaluation methods, a cellular model of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative damage, and a mouse model of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury. Results from the chemical evaluation suggested that both compounds had good antioxidant power and radical scavenging ability in vitro. MTT assay showed that both compounds had cytoprotective activity in H2O2-treated PC12 cells. Moreover, their hepatoprotective activities evaluated using a mouse model of CCl4-induced liver injury that compared with the model group, pretreatment with compound 1 and 2 significantly decreased alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels; reduced the liver tissue damage; and increased glutathione content. However, compound 2 was a more effective hepatoprotectant than compound 1 was. Finally, the amount of TNF-α and cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) were significantly downregulated in compound 1 and 2 pretreatment groups. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that both compounds have potential antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective effect in vitro and in vivo. Further chemo-biological study and investigation of the compounds' enzymatic targets are ongoing.

Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Pharmacological and Nonpharmacological Targets

Inflammatory bowel diseases, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, are chronic inflammatory conditions involving primarily the gastrointestinal tract. However, they may be also associated with systemic manifestations and comorbidities. The relationship between chronic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction has been extensively demonstrated. Mucosal immunity and gastrointestinal physiology are modified in inflammatory bowel diseases, and these modifications are mainly sustained by alterations of endothelial function. The key elements involved in this process are cytokines, inflammatory cells, growth factors, nitric oxide, endothelial adhesion molecules, and coagulation cascade factors. In this review, we discuss available data in literature concerning endothelial dysfunction in patients affected by inflammatory bowel disease and we focus our attention on both pharmacological and nonpharmacological therapeutic targets.

Curcumin inhibits activation induced by urban particulate material or titanium dioxide nanoparticles in primary human endothelial cells

Curcumin has protective effects against toxic agents and shows preventive properties for various diseases. Particulate material with an aerodynamic diameter of ≤10 μm (PM10) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) induce endothelial dysfunction and activation. We explored whether curcumin is able to attenuate different events related to endothelial activation. This includes adhesion, expression of adhesion molecules and oxidative stress induced by PM10 and TiO2-NPs. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were treated with 1, 10 and 100 μM curcumin for 1 h and then exposed to PM10 at 3 μg/cm2 or TiO2-NPs at 10 μg/cm2. Cell adhesion was evaluated by co-culture with U937 human myelomonocytic cells. Adhesion molecules expression was measured by flow cytometry after 3 or 24 h of exposure. Oxidative stress was determined by 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (H2DCF) oxidation. PM10 and TiO2-NPs induced the adhesion of U937 cells and the expression of E- and P-selectins, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1). The expression of E- and P-selectins matched the adhesion of monocytes to HUVEC after 3 h. In HUVEC treated with 1 or 10 μM curcumin, the expression of adhesion molecules and monocytes adhesion was significantly diminished. Curcumin also partially reduced the H2DCF oxidation induced by PM10 and TiO2-NPs. Our results suggest an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant role by curcumin attenuating the activation caused on endothelial cells by exposure to particles. Therefore, curcumin could be useful in the treatment of diseases where an inflammatory process and endothelial activation are involved.

Effects of a mixed berry beverage on cognitive functions and cardiometabolic risk markers; A randomized cross-over study in healthy older adults

Background

Berries and associated bioactive compounds, e.g. polyphenols and dietary fibre (DF), may have beneficial implications with respect to the metabolic syndrome, including also cognitive functions. The aim of this study was to evaluate effects on cognitive functions and cardiometabolic risk markers of 5 wk intervention with a mixture of berries, in healthy humans.

Methods

Forty healthy subjects between 50–70 years old were provided a berry beverage based on a mixture of berries (150g blueberries, 50g blackcurrant, 50g elderberry, 50g lingonberries, 50g strawberry, and 100g tomatoes) or a control beverage, daily during 5 weeks in a randomized crossover design. The control beverage (water based) was matched with respect to monosaccharides, pH, and volume. Cognitive tests included tests of working memory capacity, selective attention, and psychomotor reaction time. Cardiometabolic test variables investigated were blood pressure, fasting blood concentrations of glucose, insulin, blood lipids, inflammatory markers, and markers of oxidative stress.

Results

The daily amounts of total polyphenols and DF from the berry beverage were 795 mg and 11g, respectively. There were no polyphenols or DF in the control beverage. The berry intervention reduced total- and LDL cholesterol compared to baseline (both P<0.05), and in comparison to the control beverage (P<0.005 and P<0.01, respectively). The control beverage increased glucose concentrations (P<0.01) and tended to increase insulin concentrations (P = 0.064) from base line, and increased insulin concentrations in comparison to the berry beverage (P<0.05). Subjects performed better in the working memory test after the berry beverage compared to after the control beverage (P<0.05). No significant effects on the other test variables were observed.

Conclusions

The improvements in cardiometabolic risk markers and cognitive performance after the berry beverage suggest preventive potential of berries with respect to type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and associated cognitive decline. Possibly the polyphenols and DF contributed to the beneficial effects.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01562392.

GATA4 protects against hyperglycemia‑induced endothelial dysfunction by regulating NOX4 transcription

Endothelial dysfunction is one of the most common complications associated with diabetes and may lead to atherosclerosis. Conflicting reports indicate that NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) induces hydrogen peroxide production and cytotoxicity, but also has a protective effect on endothelial dysfunction. The present study aimed to identify the transcription factor responsible for NOX4 expression using a transcription factor activation profiling plate array and chromatin immunoprecipitation. Data from these analyses indicated that GATA-binding protein 4 (GATA4) was able to mediate NOX4 transcription and is downregulated in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) that were exposed to hyperglycemic conditions as well as in the endothelial cells of a mouse diabetes model. Overexpression of GATA4 was demonstrated to lead to increased expression of NOX4 mRNA and protein. Furthermore, GATA4 overexpression resulted in increased nitric oxide (NO) production through the upregulation of endothelial NO synthase phosphorylation. Treatment with simvastatin, a drug known to preserve endothelial function through an unknown mechanism, improved endothelial cell function by upregulating GATA4 expression in HUVECs exposed to hyperglycemia. Results from these experiments demonstrated that GATA4 may inhibit diabetes-induced endothelial dysfunction by acting as a transcription factor for NOX4 expression and increasing NO production. Thus, the present study revealed a novel molecular mechanism underlying endothelial dysfunction in diabetes and identified GATA4 as a potential therapeutic target.

Trans-Plasma Membrane Electron Transport and Ascorbate Efflux by Skeletal Muscle

Trans-plasma membrane electron transport (tPMET) and the antioxidant roles of ascorbate reportedly play a role in protection of cells from damage by reactive oxygen species, which have been implicated in causing metabolic dysfunction such as insulin resistance. Skeletal muscle comprises the largest whole-body organ fraction suggesting a potential role of tPMET and ascorbate export as a major source of extracellular antioxidant. We hypothesized that skeletal muscle is capable of tPMET and ascorbate efflux. To measure these processes, we assayed the ability of cultured muscle cells, satellite cells, and isolated extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus (SOL) to reduce two extracellular electron acceptors, water soluble tetrazolium salt 1 (WST-1), and dichlorophenolindophenol (DPIP). Ascorbate oxidase (AO) was utilized to determine which portion of WST-1 reduction was dependent on ascorbate efflux. We found that muscle cells can reduce extracellular electron acceptors. In C2C12 myotubes and satellite cells, a substantial portion of this reduction was dependent on ascorbate. In myotubes, glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) inhibitors along with a pan-GLUT inhibitor suppressed tPMET and ascorbate efflux, while a GLUT4 inhibitor had no effect. The adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase activator 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) suppressed both tPMET and ascorbate efflux by myotubes, while insulin had no effect. Taken together, our data suggest that muscle cells are capable of tPMET and ascorbate efflux supported by GLUT1, thus illustrating a model in which resting muscle exports electrons and antioxidant to the extracellular environment.

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant, Antinociceptive, and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Four Amazonian Byrsonima Species

Species of the Byrsonima genus are widely used in Brazil, especially for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. However, species from the Amazonian region are still poorly studied. Thus, we studied the antioxidant, antinociceptive, and anti-inflammatory activities of for Amazonian species, Byrsonima crispa, Byrsonima duckeana, Byrsonima garcibarrigae, and Byrsonima incarnata. Phenolic composition was determined by chemical and chromatographic methods. The aqueous extracts were evaluated in DPPH^• , ABTS^+• , and superoxide (O₂^•- ) tests, LPS-activated macrophage assay, and formalin test. All species contained a high phenolic and flavonoid content. We identified 15 phenolic compounds, including phenolic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonoids, and catechins. The extracts showed high antioxidant activity and were more active than quercetin at inhibiting nitric oxide release in the LPS-activated macrophage assay. B. duckeana and B. garcibarrigae showed higher in vivo antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities. B. garcibarrigae presented significant effect on the early phase of the formalin test, pointing to an antinociceptive mechanism distinct from traditional anti-inflammatory medicines. In conclusion, the pharmacological potential of these species is closely related to their flavonoid-rich chemical composition, which seems to act through antioxidant mechanisms. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Combined effect of metformin with ascorbic acid versus acetyl salicylic acid on diabetes-related cardiovascular complication; a 12-month single blind multicenter randomized control trial

Background

We aimed to investigate the efficacy of ascorbic acid and acetylsalicylic acid among type II diabetes mellitus patients using metformin (only) for diabetes management therapy.

Method

A 12-month single blinded multicenter randomized control trial was designed to investigate the measured variables [Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c), Renal function, Albumin Creatinine Ratio (ACR) etc.]. The trial was randomized into 2 experimental parallel arms (ascorbic acid vs acetylsalicylic acid) were blinded with study supplements in combination with metformin and findings were compared to control arm with metformin alone and blinded with placebo. Withdrawal criteria was defined to maintain the equity and balance in the participants in the whole trial.

Finding

Patients with metformin and ascorbic acid (parallel arm I) was twice more likely to reduce HbA1c than metformin alone (control arm) in a year (OR 2.31 (95% CI 1.87–4.42) p < 0.001). Also Parallel arm I was ten times more likely to reduced risk factors contributing to long-term diabetes complications than participants of arm II in a year (OR 10.38 (95% CI 6.91–15.77) p < 0.001). In contrast, parallel arm II patients were seven times more effective to reduce the risk of expected CVD development in 10 years than arm I (OR 7.54 (95% CI 3.76–10.32) p < 0.001).

Conclusions

The trial concluded that ascorbic acid with metformin is more effective against reducing risks for diabetes related long-term complications (including ACR).

TRIAL details Registration No: NTR-6100, Registry Name: Netherlands Trial Registry, URL: http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=6100, Date of Registration: 20th October, 2016, Date of first Enrollment: 1 November, 2015.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12933-017-0584-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Dietary total antioxidant capacity is inversely associated with all-cause and cardiovascular disease death of US adults

PURPOSE

Although evidence strongly supports that antioxidant-rich diets reduce risk of chronic disease and mortality, findings from the previous studies on the effect of individual antioxidants on mortality have been inconsistent. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between dietary total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and all-cause and disease-specific mortality in a representative sample of the US population.

METHODS

A total of 23,595 US adults aged 30 years and older in NHANES 1988-1994 and 1999-2004 were selected for this study. Dietary TAC was calculated from 1-day 24-h diet recall data at baseline and all-cause, cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality was assessed through December 31, 2011.

RESULTS

During a mean follow-up of 13 years, deaths from all-cause, cancer and CVD were 7157, 1578, and 2155, respectively. Using cause-specific Cox proportional hazards models, inverse associations and linear trends were observed between dietary TAC and all-cause mortality [highest quartile (Q4) versus Q1 ref. HR 0.78; 95% CI 0.71-0.86], cancer mortality (Q4 versus Q1 ref. HR 0.75; 95% CI 0.60-0.93), and CVD mortality (Q4 versus Q1 ref. HR 0.83; 95% CI 0.69-0.99), respectively, after adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, and total energy intake. The inverse association and linear trend still remained between dietary TAC and all-cause mortality (Q4 versus Q1 ref. HR 0.79; 95% CI 0.71-0.87) and CVD mortality (Q4 versus Q1 ref. HR 0.74; 95% CI 0.61-0.89) when further adjusted for relevant covariates.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings support that antioxidant-rich diets are beneficial to reducing risk of death from all-cause and CVD.

Reactive oxygen species: key regulators in vascular health and diseases

ROS are a group of small reactive molecules that play critical roles in the regulation of various cell functions and biological processes. In the vascular system, physiological levels of ROS are essential for normal vascular functions including endothelial homeostasis and smooth muscle cell contraction. In contrast, uncontrolled overproduction of ROS resulting from an imbalance of ROS generation and elimination leads to the development of vascular diseases. Excessive ROS cause vascular cell damage, the recruitment of inflammatory cells, lipid peroxidation, activation of metalloproteinases and deposition of extracellular matrix, collectively leading to vascular remodelling. Evidence from a large number of studies has revealed that ROS and oxidative stress are involved in the initiation and progression of numerous vascular diseases including hypertension, atherosclerosis, restenosis and abdominal aortic aneurysm. Furthermore, considerable research has been implemented to explore antioxidants that can reduce ROS production and oxidative stress in order to ameliorate vascular diseases. In this review, we will discuss the nature and sources of ROS, their roles in vascular homeostasis and specific vascular diseases and various antioxidants as well as some of the pharmacological agents that are capable of reducing ROS and oxidative stress. The aim of this review is to provide information for developing promising clinical strategies targeting ROS to decrease cardiovascular risks.

LINKED ARTICLES

This article is part of a themed section on Spotlight on Small Molecules in Cardiovascular Diseases. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.8/issuetoc.

Dietary Sources and Bioactivities of Melatonin

Insomnia is a serious worldwide health threat, affecting nearly one third of the general population. Melatonin has been reported to improve sleep efficiency and it was found that eating melatonin-rich foods could assist sleep. During the last decades, melatonin has been widely identified and qualified in various foods from fungi to animals and plants. Eggs and fish are higher melatonin-containing food groups in animal foods, whereas in plant foods, nuts are with the highest content of melatonin. Some kinds of mushrooms, cereals and germinated legumes or seeds are also good dietary sources of melatonin. It has been proved that the melatonin concentration in human serum could significantly increase after the consumption of melatonin containing food. Furthermore, studies show that melatonin exhibits many bioactivities, such as antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory characteristics, boosting immunity, anticancer activity, cardiovascular protection, anti-diabetic, anti-obese, neuroprotective and anti-aging activity. This review summaries the dietary sources and bioactivities of melatonin, with special attention paid to the mechanisms of action.

Hepatocyte-secreted extracellular vesicles modify blood metabolome and endothelial function by an arginase-dependent mechanism

Hepatocytes release extracellular vesicles (EVs) loaded with signaling molecules and enzymes into the bloodstream. Although the importance of EVs in the intercellular communication is already recognized, the metabolic impact of the enzymes carried by these vesicles is still unclear. We evaluated the global effect of the enzymatic activities of EVs by performing untargeted metabolomic profiling of serum samples after their exposure to EVs. This approach revealed a significant change in the abundance of 94 serum metabolic signals. Our study shows that these vesicles modify the concentration of metabolites of different chemical nature including metabolites related to arginine metabolism, which regulates vascular function. To assess the functional relevance of this finding, we examined the levels of arginase-1 protein and its activity in the hepatic EVs carrying the exosomal markers CD81 and CD63. Remarkably, the arginase activity was also detected in EVs isolated from the serum in vivo, and this vesicular activity significantly increased under liver-damaging conditions. Finally, we demonstrated that EVs secreted by hepatocytes inhibited the acetylcholine-induced relaxation in isolated pulmonary arteries, via an arginase-dependent mechanism. In summary, our study demonstrates that the hepatocyte-released EVs are metabolically active, affecting a number of serum metabolites involved in oxidative stress metabolism and the endothelial function.

Enzyme-Assisted Discovery of Antioxidant Peptides from Edible Marine Invertebrates: A Review

Marine invertebrates, such as oysters, mussels, clams, scallop, jellyfishes, squids, prawns, sea cucumbers and sea squirts, are consumed as foods. These edible marine invertebrates are sources of potent bioactive peptides. The last two decades have seen a surge of interest in the discovery of antioxidant peptides from edible marine invertebrates. Enzymatic hydrolysis is an efficient strategy commonly used for releasing antioxidant peptides from food proteins. A growing number of antioxidant peptide sequences have been identified from the enzymatic hydrolysates of edible marine invertebrates. Antioxidant peptides have potential applications in food, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. In this review, we first give a brief overview of the current state of progress of antioxidant peptide research, with special attention to marine antioxidant peptides. We then focus on 22 investigations which identified 32 antioxidant peptides from enzymatic hydrolysates of edible marine invertebrates. Strategies adopted by various research groups in the purification and identification of the antioxidant peptides will be summarized. Structural characteristic of the peptide sequences in relation to their antioxidant activities will be reviewed. Potential applications of the peptide sequences and future research prospects will also be discussed.