Renal protective effects of thymoquinone against sodium nitrite-induced chronic toxicity in rats: Impact on inflammation and apoptosis

Co-exposure of microcystin-LR and nitrite induced kidney injury through TLR4/NLRP3/GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis

The degradation of cyanobacterial blooms releases hazardous contaminants such as microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and nitrite, which may collectively exert toxicity on various bodily systems. To evaluate their individual and combined toxicity in the kidney, mice were subjected to different concentrations of MC-LR and/or nitrite over a 6-month period in this study. The results revealed that combined exposure to MC-LR and nitrite exacerbated renal pathological alterations and dysfunction compared to exposure to either compound alone. Specifically, the protein and mRNA expression of kidney injury biomarkers, such as kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), were notably increased in combined exposure group. Concurrently, co-exposure to MC-LR and nitrite remarkedly upregulated levels of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β, while decreasing the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Notably, MC-LR and nitrite exhibited synergistic effects on the upregulation of renal IL-1β levels. Moreover, MC-LR combined with nitrite not only elevated mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines but also increased protein levels of pyroptosis biomarkers such as IL-1β, Gasdermin D (GSDMD), and Cleaved-GSDMD. Mechanistic investigations revealed that co-exposure to MC-LR and nitrite promoted pyroptosis both in vivo and in vitro, possibly through the activation of the TLR4/NLRP3/GSDMD pathway. Pretreatment with TLR4 inhibitor and NLRP3 inhibitor effectively suppressed pyroptosis induced by the co-exposure of these two toxins in HEK293T cells. These findings provide compelling evidence that MC-LR combined with nitrite synergistically induces pyroptosis in the kidney by activating the TLR4/NLRP3/GSDMD pathway. Overall, this study significantly enhances our comprehension of how environmental toxins interact and induce harm to the kidneys, offering promising avenues for identifying therapeutic targets to alleviate their toxic effects on renal health.

Supplementation of Saussurea costus root alleviates sodium nitrite-induced hepatorenal toxicity by modulating metabolic profile, inflammation, and apoptosis

Sodium nitrite (NaNO2) is a widely used food ingredient, although excessive concentrations can pose potential health risks. In the present study, we evaluated the deterioration effects of NaNO2 additives on hematology, metabolic profile, liver function, and kidney function of male Wistar rats. We further explored the therapeutic potential of supplementation with S. costus root ethanolic extract (SCREE) to improve NaNO2-induced hepatorenal toxicity. In this regard, 65 adult male rats were divided into eight groups; Group 1: control, Groups 2, 3, and 4 received SCREE in 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg body weight, respectively, Group 5: NaNO2 (6.5 mg/kg body weight), Groups 6, 7 and 8 received NaNO2 (6.5 mg/kg body weight) in combination with SCREE (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg body weight), respectively. Our results revealed that the NaNO2-treated group shows a significant change in deterioration in body and organ weights, hematological parameters, lipid profile, and hepatorenal dysfunction, as well as immunohistochemical and histopathological alterations. Furthermore, the NaNO2-treated group demonstrated a considerable increase in the expression of TNF-α cytokine and tumor suppressor gene P53 in the kidney and liver, while a significant reduction was detected in the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 and the apoptosis suppressor gene BCL-2, compared to the control group. Interestingly, SCREE administration demonstrated the ability to significantly alleviate the toxic effects of NaNO2 and improve liver function in a dose-dependent manner, including hematological parameters, lipid profile, and modulation of histopathological architecture. Additionally, SCREE exhibited the ability to modulate the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines and apoptotic genes in the liver and kidney. The phytochemical analysis revealed a wide set of primary metabolites in SCREE, including phenolics, flavonoids, vitamins, alkaloids, saponins and tannins, while the untargeted UPLC/T-TOF-MS/MS analysis identified 183 metabolites in both positive and negative ionization modes. Together, our findings establish the potential of SCREE in mitigating the toxic effects of NaNO2 by modulating metabolic, inflammatory, and apoptosis. Together, this study underscores the promise of SCREE as a potential natural food detoxifying additive to counteract the harmful impacts of sodium nitrite.

Intestinal Microbiota and Metabolomics Reveal the Role of Auricularia delicate in Regulating Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer

BACKGROUND

The edible fungus Auricularia delicate (ADe) is commonly employed in traditional medicine for intestinal disorders; however, its inhibitory effect on colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) and the underlying mechanisms remain unexplored. (2) Methods: The inhibitory effect of ADe on CAC was investigated using a mouse model induced by azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium.

RESULTS

ADe effectively suppressed the growth and number of intestinal tumors in mice. Intestinal microbiota analyses revealed that ADe treatment increased Akkermansia and Parabacteroides while it decreased Clostridium, Turicibacter, Oscillospira, and Desulfovibrio. ADe regulated the levels of 2'-deoxyridine, creatinine, 1-palmitoyl lysophosphatidylcholine, and choline in serum. Furthermore, the levels of these metabolites were associated with the abundance of Oscillospira and Paraacteroides. ADe up-regulated the free fatty acid receptor 2 and β-Arrestin 2, inhibited the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, and significantly attenuated the levels of inflammatory cytokines, thereby mitigating the inflammatory in CAC mice.

CONCLUSIONS

The protective effect of ADe in CAC mice is associated with the regulation of intestinal microbiota, which leads to the inhibition of NF-kB pathway and regulation of inflammation.

Effect of saffron, black seed, and their main constituents on inflammatory cytokine response (mainly TNF-α) and oxidative stress status: an aspect on pharmacological insights

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), an inflammatory cytokine, is produced by monocytes and macrophages. It is known as a 'double-edged sword' because it is responsible for advantageous and disadvantageous events in the body system. The unfavorable incident includes inflammation, which induces some diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, obesity, cancer, and diabetes. Many medicinal plants have been found to prevent inflammation, such as saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and black seed (Nigella sativa). Therefore, the purpose of this review was to assess the pharmacological effects of saffron and black seed on TNF-α and diseases related to its imbalance. Different databases without time limitations were investigated up to 2022, including PubMed, Scopus, Medline, and Web of Science. All the original articles (in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies) were collected on the effects of black seed and saffron on TNF-α. Black seed and saffron have therapeutic effects against many disorders, such as hepatotoxicity, cancer, ischemia, and non-alcoholic fatty liver, by decreasing TNF-α levels based on their anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidant properties. Saffron and black seed can treat a variety of diseases by suppressing TNF-α and exhibiting a variety of activities such as neuroprotective, gastroprotective, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, analgesic, antitussive, bronchodilator, antidiabetic activity, anticancer, and antioxidant effects. To uncover the beneficial underlying mechanisms of black seed and saffron, more clinical trials and phytochemical research are required. Also, these two plants affect other inflammatory cytokines, hormones, and enzymes, implying that they could be used to treat a variety of diseases.

Black Seed (Nigella sativa): A Favourable Alternative Therapy for Inflammatory and Immune System Disorders

In the recent years, various food additives, medicinal plants, and their bioactive components have been utilized in anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory therapy. Nigella sativa is a key dietary supplement and food additive which has a strong traditional background. It is also one of the most broadly studied seeds in the global pharmaceutical and nutraceutical sector. N. sativa seeds are potential sources of natural metabolite such as phenolic compounds and alkaloids. The anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory abilities of these seeds, most peculiarly with reference to some inflammatory and immune mediators, are reviewed. N. sativa and its bioactive compounds modulate inflammatory and immunomodulatory mediators including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), interleukins, and immunoglobulin levels. This paper comprehensively describes the biomarkers and signaling pathways underlying the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory potential of N. sativa. This review also explains the scientific basis and the pharmacological properties of core bioactive ingredients of N. sativa responsible for these biological activities which indicates that their bioactive components could be possibly regarded as favorable therapy for disorders linked to inflammation and immune-dysregulation.

Protective Effect of Selenium on the Oxidative Damage of Kidney Cells Induced by Sodium Nitrite in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)

The present study was conducted to investigate the protective effects of selenium on the oxidative damage of kidney cells (CIK) caused by nitrite exposure in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Cells were pre-incubated by Na₂SeO₃ (10 μmol/L) for 12 h and then exposed to NaNO₂ (25 mg/L) for 24 h, the cell viability, apoptosis, gene expression, and antioxidant enzyme activity were assayed. The results show that nitrite reduced cell viability and induced apoptosis, and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) as well as the sod, cat, and gpx genes reduced (p < 0.05), while the intracellular calcium ion concentration increased (p < 0.05). Interestingly, selenium treatment significantly alleviated the nitrite induced changes in cell growth, apoptosis, and calcium influx. The cell viability after low-concentration selenium treatment is higher than that of normal cells (p < 0.05). CIK cells were pre-incubated with Na₂SeO₃ and then exposed to NaNO₂, the antioxidant indicators could be maintained at normal levels. And compared with nitrite exposure, intracellular calcium ion concentration and apoptotic rate of selenium-incubated still decreased. The expressions of Nrf2 and Keap1 genes increased significantly in CIK cells treated with sodium selenite for 12 h, and the same trend as the enzyme activities of this group. The results show that the supplement of selenium can enhance the cell's resistance to sodium nitrite exposure to a certain extent, by alleviating the antioxidant imbalance, high apoptosis rate, and intracellular calcium ion disturbance caused by nitrite exposure. And the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway may play an important role in the process.

Ethnobotanical, pharmacological, phytochemical, and clinical investigations on Moroccan medicinal plants traditionally used for the management of renal dysfunctions

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Renal disease is a significant public health concern that affects people all over the world. The main limitations of conventional therapy are the adverse reaction on human health and the expensive cost of drugs. Indeed, it is necessary to develop new therapeutic strategies that are less expensive and have fewer side effects. As a consequence of their natural compounds, medicinal plants can be used as an alternative therapy to cure various ailments including kidney diseases.

OBJECTIVE

of the study: This review paper has two principal goals: (1) to inventory and describe the plants and their ancestral use by Moroccan society to cure renal problems, (2) to link traditional use with scientific confirmations (preclinical and clinical).

METHODS

To analyze pharmacological effects, phytochemical, and clinical trials of plants, selected for renal therapy, a bibliographical search was undertaken by examining ethnobotanical investigations conducted in Morocco between 1991 and 2019 and consulting peer-reviewed papers from all over the world.

RESULTS

Approximately 290 plant species, spanning 81 families and 218 genera have been reported as being utilized by Moroccans to manage renal illness. The most frequently mentioned species in Morocco were Herniaria hirsuta subsp. cinerea (DC.), Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss and Rosmarinus officinalis L. The leaves were the most frequently used plant parts, followed by the whole plant. Decoction and infusion were the most popular methods of preparation. A record of 71 plant species was studied in vitro and/or in vivo for their therapeutic efficacy against kidney disorders, including 10 plants attempting to make it to the clinical stage. Twenty compounds obtained from 15 plants have been studied for the treatment of kidney diseases.

CONCLUSION

Medicinal herbs could be a credible alternative therapy for renal illness. However, additional controlled trials are required to confirm their efficiency in patients with kidney failure. Overall, this work could be used as a database for future exploration.

ZhenQi FuZheng formula inhibits the growth of colorectal tumors by modulating intestinal microflora-mediated immune function

Zhenqi Fuzheng formula (ZQFZ), of which the main ingredients are Astragalus membranaceus and Ligustrum lucidum, has immune system regulatory functions and potential anti-tumor bioactivity. The inhibition of colorectal tumor growth by ZQFZ was analyzed in inflammatory cells and B6/JGpt-Apc^em1Cin(MinC)/Gpt (Apc^Min/+) mice. ZQFZ exhibited anti-inflammatory activity by decreasing the phosphorylation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway-related proteins in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cells. After 56 days of treatment, ZQFZ alleviated the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) and increased the body weight and thymic index values of the Apc^Min/+ mice. An analysis of the intestinal microflora showed that ZQFZ affected the abundance of certain immune-related bacteria, which may explain its immunomodulatory effects. Moreover, the percentages of T cells and NK cells in peripheral blood were significantly increased and 15 immune-related cytokines were regulated in serum or the colon or both. ZQFZ upregulated the levels of CD4 and CD8 in the spleen and colorectal tumors and decreased the expression levels of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 and programmed death-ligand 1 in colorectal tumors. ZQFZ promoted an anti-tumor immune response and inhibited the occurrence and development of CRC by regulating the immune system. This study provides the experimental basis for the application of ZQFZ as a therapeutic agent for CRC.

Calf Thymus Polypeptide Restrains the Growth of Colorectal Tumor via Regulating the Intestinal Microbiota-Mediated Immune Function

Calf thymus polypeptide (CTP), with a molecular mass of <10 kDa, is prepared from the thymus of less than 30-day-old newborn cattle. In the present study, the inhibitory function of CTP in colorectal cancer (CRC) was investigated in B6/JGpt-Apc^em1Cin(MinC)/Gpt (Apc^Min/+) mice. CTP hampered tumor development and enhanced the ratio of CD3e⁻NK1.1⁺ cells by 113.0% and CD3e⁺CD28⁺ cells by 84.7% in the peripheral blood of Apc^Min/+ mice. CTP improved the richness, diversity, and evenness of the intestinal microbiota of Apc^Min/+ mice, particularly by regulating the abundance of immune-related microorganisms. CTP effectively regulated the expression of immune-related cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-2 (15.19% increment), IL-12 (17.47% increment), and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β (11.19% reduction). Additionally, it enhanced the levels of CD4 and CD8, as well as the ratio of helper T lymphocytes (Th)1/Th2 in the spleen and tumors of Apc^Min/+ mice. In CTP-treated mice, reduced levels of programmed death-1 (PD-1), programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4), activated nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFAT1), and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) p65 signaling were noted. Collectively, the anti-CRC effect of CTP is related to the modulation of intestinal microbiota-mediated immune function, which provides a reference for CTP as a therapeutic drug or a combination drug used in CRC treatment in a clinical setting.

Two birds with one stone: YQSSF regulates both proliferation and apoptosis of bone marrow cells to relieve chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Yiqi Shengsui formula (YQSSF) is a commonly used formula to treat chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression, but little is known about its therapeutic mechanisms.

AIM OF THIS STUDY

This study aims to examine the effect of YQSSF in treating myelosuppression and explore its mechanism.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A myelosuppression BALB/c mouse model was established by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of cyclophosphamide (CTX). The efficacy of YQSSF in alleviating chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression was evaluated by blood cell count, immune organ (thymus, spleen, liver) index, bone marrow nucleated cell (BMNC) count and histopathological analysis of bone marrow and spleen. Then, ultra-performance liquid chromatograph quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) was performed to analyze the ingredients of YQSSF extract. Key effects and potential mechanism of YQSSF extract in alleviating myelosuppression were predicted by network pharmacology method. Finally, cell cycle and TUNEL staining of bone marrow cells was detected to verify the key effects, and RT-qPCR or Western blotting were performed to measure the gene and protein expressions of the effect targets respectively to confirm the predicted mechanism of YQSSF for myelosuppression.

RESULTS

YQSSF up-regulated the number of peripheral blood leukocytes and BMNC, reduced spleen index and liver index, improved the pathological morphology of bone marrow and spleen. A total of 40 ingredients were isolated from YQSSF extract using UPLC-Q/TOF-MS analysis. Network pharmacology revealed that YQSSF regulated both proliferation and apoptosis to alleviate myelosuppression. Finally, YQSSF decreased G0/G1 ratio, increased the proportion of bone marrow cells in S phase and proliferation index (PI), and reduced apoptotic cells in femur bone marrow. RT-qPCR and Western blotting showed that YQSSF up-regulated the expression levels of CDK4, CDK6, CyclinB1, c-Myc and Bcl-2, as well as down-regulated the expression levels of Cyt-c, Fas, Caspase-8/3 and p53.

CONCLUSIONS

YQSSF promotes the proliferation and inhibits the apoptosis of bone marrow cells to relieve chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression.

Dietary Sodium Nitrite Causes Similar Modifications to Splenic Inflammatory Gene Expression as a High-Fat Diet

Sodium nitrite (NaNO₂) is a widely used food additive. The present study compared the outcomes from intakes of dietary NaNO₂ and a high-fat diet (HFD), and assessed their combined effects on inflammatory gene expression in the immune tissues of the mouse. In experiment I, mice were fed a standard low-fat diet (LFD) without or with NaNO₂ (0.02 and 0.08%, w/w) for 11 wk. In experiment II, mice were fed an LFD without or with NaNO₂ (0.02%) or HFD without or with NaNO₂ (0.02%) for 11 wk. Inflammatory gene expression in the immune tissues was then measured. NaNO₂ consumption and HFD feeding each resulted in increased splenic mRNAs for cell markers of neutrophils (Ngp, NE, Ly6g, Mpo) and eosinophils (Epo, Ear6), and an S100 family member (S100A8). In contrast, NaNO₂ consumption and HFD feeding each resulted in decreased splenic mRNAs for cell markers of macrophages (Emr1, Itgax, CD68, CD206, Dectin-1, TLRs 4, 6, and 7), T- (CD3, CD4), NK- (CD56) and B-cells (CD20, CD40), pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-18, IL-10, TGF-β), interleukin receptor antagonists (IL1ra, IL6ra) and cell adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1). However, dietary NaNO₂ combined with HFD feeding caused no further decrease in these transcript levels compared with dietary NaNO₂ alone. These NaNO₂- or HFD-induced modifications were less profound in the liver and abdominal adipose tissues than in the spleen. These findings indicate that dietary NaNO₂ has similar modulatory effects to HFD feeding on splenic inflammatory genes.

Borate Ameliorates Sodium Nitrite-Induced Oxidative Stress Through Regulation of Oxidant/Antioxidant Status: Involvement of the Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB Pathways

The widespread industrial use of nitrite in preservatives, colorants, and manufacturing rubber products and dyes increases the possibilities of organ toxicity. Lithium borate (LB) is known as an antioxidant and an oxidative stress reliever. Therefore, this study is aimed at examining the effect of LB on nitrite-induced hepatorenal dysfunction. Twenty-eight male Swiss mice were divided into four equal groups. Group 1, the control group, received saline. Group 2 received LB orally for 5 consecutive days at a dose of 15 mg/kg bw. Group 3, the nitrite group, received sodium nitrite (NaNO₂) on Day 5 (60 mg/kg bw intraperitoneally). Group 4, the protective group (LB + NaNO₂ group), received LB for 5 days and then a single dose of NaNO₂ intraperitoneally on Day 5, the same as in Groups 2 and 3, respectively. Samples of blood and kidney were taken for serum analysis of hepatorenal biomarkers, levels of antioxidants and cytokines, and the expression of genes associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. NaNO₂ intoxication increased markers of liver and kidney functions yet decreased reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase activities in blood. NaNO₂ also increased the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 (IL-1β and IL-6). Pre-administration of LB protected mice from oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and the decrease in antioxidant enzyme activity. Moreover, LB protected mice from cytokine changes, which remained within normal levels. LB ameliorated the changes induced by NaNO₂ on the mRNA of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nfr2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-β2), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) as determined using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). These results collectively demonstrate that LB ameliorated NaNO₂-induced oxidative stress by controlling the oxidative stress biomarkers and the oxidant/antioxidant state through the involvement of the Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB signaling pathways.

Remote liver injury following acute renal ischaemia-reperfusion: involvement of circulating exosomal miR-687 and regulation by thymoquinone

NEW FINDINGS

What is the central question of this study? What is the role of circulating exosomal miR-687 in remote hepatic injury following renal ischaemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and does thymoquinone have a modulatory impact? What is the main finding and its importance? Exosomal miR-687 was expressed in renal IRI, entered the circulation and was deposited in the liver. Liver exosomal miR-687 was correlated with liver inflammation and apoptosis. Thymoquinone aborted the renal production of exosomal miR-687 and its further circulation to the liver.

ABSTRACT

The pathophysiology of remote hepatic injury following acute renal ischaemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is of particular clinical interest. Secreted small non-coding microRNA (miRs) are thought to exist in exosome-encapsulated form. Thymoquinone (TQ) is the main bioactive ingredient of Nigella sativa and has several renoprotective actions. We expected exosomal miR-687 to be relevant as it could act as a humoral mediator, with possible modulation by TQ. Thirty adult male Wister albino rats were assigned to three groups (n = 10); (1) sham-operated, (2) renal ischaemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), and (3) renal IRI pre-treated with TQ 10 mg/kg/day i.v. (TQ-IRI) for 10 days in addition to a dose administered at reperfusion onset. Following 24 h of reperfusion, the IRI group showed renal tissue hypoxia-inducible factor upregulation (P < 0.001). Electron microscopy images of exosomes and analysis of miR-687 revealed elevated levels, which appeared in the circulation. Large amounts of exosomal miR-687 were transmitted to the liver tissue. In the IRI group, liver transaminases (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase) were markedly (P < 0.001) elevated. The hepatic tissue inflammatory markers (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, myeloperoxidase, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and nuclear factor-κB) were upregulated (P < 0.001) accompanied with elevated caspase-3. TQ suppressed (P < 0.001) the renal expression and release of exosomal miR-687 into the circulation and its further deposition in the liver tissue; consequently, TQ diminished (P < 0.001) liver tissue inflammation and cellular apoptosis. The results were confirmed by histological tissue assessment. In conclusion, exosomal miR-687 liberated from injured renal tissues into the circulation may be an important factor in inducing remote hepatic injury. Exosomal miR-687 inhibition by TQ protected both renal and hepatic tissues from injury.

Nigella sativa: A Dietary Supplement as an Immune-Modulator on the Basis of Bioactive Components

Nutrients can be considered as functional foods, which exert physiological benefits on immune system. The seeds of Nigella sativa, which have many active constituents, are mainly used for medicine, food spice, and nutritional supplements in Egypt. Much attention has been paid to N. sativa seeds for their anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and immune properties. However, their active constituents and mechanisms underlying functions from N. sativa seeds is unclear. Thus, the bioactive constituents with immune regulation in N. sativa seeds were systematically studied. A new compound (3-methoxythymol-6-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside 1) and 11 known compounds (2–12) were separated from the N. sativa seeds by chromatographic methods. Their structures were then elucidated by spectroscopic analysis of MS, UV, IR, ¹H-, and ¹³C-NMR. Furthermore, immunomodulatory effects of those compounds in RAW 264.7 cells were evaluated by phagocytosis, nitric oxide (NO) and cytokine release, related mRNA transcription, and key proteins expression in vitro. Monosaccharide derivatives, Ethyl-α-D-furaarabinose (5), and Ethyl-β-D-fructofuranoside (8) were shown to played bidirectional regulatory roles in immunity and anti-inflammation through the regulation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways. The results showed the active compounds and mechanisms of immune regulation in N. sativa, thus indicating that N. sativa seeds could be used as dietary supplements in immunomodulation.

Protective Effects of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa) and Its Bioactive Constituent, Thymoquinone against Kidney Injury: An Aspect on Pharmacological Insights

The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing worldwide, and a close association between acute kidney injury (AKI) and CKD has recently been identified. Black cumin (Nigella sativa) has been shown to be effective in treating various kidney diseases. Accumulating evidence shows that black cumin and its vital compound, thymoquinone (TQ), can protect against kidney injury caused by various xenobiotics, namely chemotherapeutic agents, heavy metals, pesticides, and other environmental chemicals. Black cumin can also protect the kidneys from ischemic shock. The mechanisms underlying the kidney protective potential of black cumin and TQ include antioxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, and antifibrosis which are manifested in their regulatory role in the antioxidant defense system, NF-κB signaling, caspase pathways, and TGF-β signaling. In clinical trials, black seed oil was shown to normalize blood and urine parameters and improve disease outcomes in advanced CKD patients. While black cumin and its products have shown promising kidney protective effects, information on nanoparticle-guided targeted delivery into kidney is still lacking. Moreover, the clinical evidence on this natural product is not sufficient to recommend it to CKD patients. This review provides insightful information on the pharmacological benefits of black cumin and TQ against kidney damage.

Total Flavonoids of Crocus sativus Petals Release tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide-Induced Oxidative Stress in BRL-3A Cells

Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities in vitro of saffron petals were examined in this study for better utilizing saffron (Crocus sativus L.) biowaste. Using the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging method, we compared the antioxidant activity and the content of total flavonoid extracts from petals (TFESP), stamens (TFESS), and both saffron petals and stamens (TFEMS). The results showed that the antioxidant capacity and the flavonoid content of TFESP were higher than those of TFESS and TFEMS. Then, the hepatoprotective activity of TFESP was determined, and the silymarin was used as a positive control. The main components of TFESP were analysed by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) photodiode array (PDA)/mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The result showed that (1) TFESP could release oxidative liver injury induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP). (2) TFESP could reduce the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS); enhance the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH); and then improve the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in BRL-3A cells. (3) TFESP could enhance the expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) and decrease the expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9; increase the expression of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1 (Keap-1), nuclear factor, erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), superoxide dismutase, and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1); and downregulate inducible nitric oxide synthase (INOS), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and nuclear factor kappa B-9 (NF-κB-9). (4) The main hepatoprotective component of TFESP was identified as kaempferol-3-o-sophoroside. The mechanism may be that kaempferol-3-o-sophoroside can protect t-BHP-induced cell injury by regulating the expression of antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory genes. Thus, saffron petals are a potential hepatoprotective resource worthy of development.

Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.): A Comprehensive Review on Phytochemistry, Health Benefits, Molecular Pharmacology, and Safety

Mounting evidence support the potential benefits of functional foods or nutraceuticals for human health and diseases. Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.), a highly valued nutraceutical herb with a wide array of health benefits, has attracted growing interest from health-conscious individuals, the scientific community, and pharmaceutical industries. The pleiotropic pharmacological effects of black cumin, and its main bioactive component thymoquinone (TQ), have been manifested by their ability to attenuate oxidative stress and inflammation, and to promote immunity, cell survival, and energy metabolism, which underlie diverse health benefits, including protection against metabolic, cardiovascular, digestive, hepatic, renal, respiratory, reproductive, and neurological disorders, cancer, and so on. Furthermore, black cumin acts as an antidote, mitigating various toxicities and drug-induced side effects. Despite significant advances in pharmacological benefits, this miracle herb and its active components are still far from their clinical application. This review begins with highlighting the research trends in black cumin and revisiting phytochemical profiles. Subsequently, pharmacological attributes and health benefits of black cumin and TQ are critically reviewed. We overview molecular pharmacology to gain insight into the underlying mechanism of health benefits. Issues related to pharmacokinetic herb-drug interactions, drug delivery, and safety are also addressed. Identifying knowledge gaps, our current effort will direct future research to advance potential applications of black cumin and TQ in health and diseases.

Thymoquinone, as a Novel Therapeutic Candidate of Cancers

To date, natural products are widely used as pharmaceutical agents for many human diseases and cancers. One of the most popular natural products that have been studied for anticancer properties is thymoquinone (TQ). As a bioactive compound of Nigella sativa, TQ has shown anticancer activities through the inhibition of cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. The anticancer efficacy of TQ is being investigated in several human cancers such as pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, hepatic cancer, cervical cancer, and leukemia. Even though TQ induces apoptosis by regulating the expression of pro- apoptotic and anti-apoptotic genes in many cancers, the TQ effect mechanism on such cancers is not yet fully understood. Therefore, the present review has highlighted the TQ effect mechanisms on several signaling pathways and expression of tumor suppressor genes (TSG). Data from relevant published experimental articles on TQ from 2015 to June 2020 were selected by using Google Scholar and PubMed search engines. The present study investigated the effectiveness of TQ alone or in combination with other anticancer therapeutic agents, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors on cancers, as a future anticancer therapy nominee by using nanotechnology.

Glycyrrhizic acid ameliorates sodium nitrite-induced lung and salivary gland toxicity: Impact on oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis

Despite wide application of sodium nitrite (SN) as food additive, it exhibits considerable side effects on various body organs at high dose or chronic exposure. The aim of this study was to test whether Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) could ameliorate SN-induced toxicity in lung and submandibular salivary gland (SMG). A sample size of 30 adult male albino rats was randomly allocated into 3 groups. Group 1 served as control group. Rats were treated orally with 80 mg/kg of SN in group 2 or SN preceded by (15 mg/kg) GA in group 3. Lung & SMG tissues were used for oxidative stress assessment, examination of histopathological changes, fibrosis (MTC, TGF-β and α-SMA) and inflammation (TNF-α, IL-1β and CD-68). Concurrent administration of GA ameliorated pulmonary and salivary SN-induced toxicity via restoring the antioxidant defense mechanisms with reduction of MDA levels. GA reduced the key regulators of fibrosis TGF-β and α-SMA and collagen deposition. In addition to reduction of inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β) and macrophages recruitments, GA amended both pulmonary and salivary morphological changes. The present study proposed GA as a promising natural herb with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects against pulmonary and salivary SN-induced toxicity.

Impact of Thymus vulgaris extract on sodium nitrite-induced alteration of renal redox and oxidative stress: Biochemical, molecular, and immunohistochemical study

Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) is an herbal plant with pleiotropic medicinal properties. In this study, we examined the possible protective effect of an ethanolic extract of thyme leaves against the renal oxidative stress induced by sodium nitrite (NaNO₂ ). Male Swiss mice received either saline or thyme extract for 15 days (0.5 g/kg body weight, orally). NaNO₂ (60 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally at Day 14. The protective group received the thyme extract for 15 days and NaNO₂ on Day 14. Blood and kidney samples were taken from all groups to measure serum urea, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, serum, tissue antioxidant activity, and the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to examine the expression of kidney injury marker-1 (Kim-1), TNF-α, nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), and hemoxygenase-1 (HO-1), all of which are associated with kidney redox and oxidative stress. Pretreatment with thyme extract reduced the effects of NaNO₂ on urea, BUN, and creatinine, and reversed its effect on tissue and serum antioxidants. NaNO₂ -induced nephritis as demonstrated by the upregulation in mRNA expression of Kim-1 and TNF-α, which was, however, recovered and protected by pretreatment with thyme extract. Expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 was upregulated by treatment with thyme extract and downregulated by NaNO₂ intoxication. NaNO₂ -induced congestion in glomeruli and dilatation of the renal tubules, conditions that were restored in the group pretreated with thyme extract. NaNO₂ upregulated Bax immunoreactivity and caused apoptosis in renal structures. Thus, thyme extract is effective in managing the renal toxicity associated with oxidative stress and renal redox. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The results from this study have shown that use of thyme extract may promote better health due to its high antioxidant activity. For instance, it could be ingested to alleviate the symptoms of renal inflammation and oxidative stress associated with nitrite toxicity. Thyme extract regulated renal redox, oxidative stress, antioxidant levels, and inflammation-associated genes at the molecular, biochemical, and cellular immunohistochemical levels.

Chlorella vulgaris ameliorates sodium nitrite-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

The current was conducted to evaluate the ameliorating effect of Chlorella vulgaris (CV) extract against sodium nitrite-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Forty-five rats were allocated randomly into 5 groups (n = 9). Group I (GI), control group: orally gavaged with normal saline daily. Group II (GII): orally gavaged with CV extract (70 mg/kg BW) for 3 months. Group III (GIII): orally gavaged with sodium nitrite (80 mg/kg BW) for 3 months. Group IV (GIV): received sodium nitrite as GIII and CV extract as GII simultaneously for 3 months. Group V (GV): received CV extract as GII and then, sodium nitrite as in GIII from the end of first month until the end of the experiment. Sodium nitrite significantly increased the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and serum concentrations of tumor interleukin 1-β and necrosis factor α. In addition, it increased concentrations of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide and expression level of caspase-3 in the hepatic tissue. However, it decreased activities of hepatic glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase and induced degenerative and necrotic changes in hepatic tissues. In contrast, CV extract administration modulated sodium nitrite-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, and alteration in hepatic tissue function and architecture. This study indicated that CV extract modulated sodium nitrite-induced hepatic toxicity through decreasing oxidative stress and inflammation and enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities in hepatic tissue of rats.

S-Nitroso-N-acetylcysteine (NAC–SNO) vs. nitrite as an anti-clostridial additive for meat products

NAC–SNO is an efficient preservative against Clostridium spore germination, and under the same conditions and concentrations generates much less methaemoglobin and detectable N-nitrosoamines in the blood, in vivo.

Methanolic extract of Chlorella vulgaris protects against sodium nitrite-induced reproductive toxicity in male rats

The current study aimed to investigate the protective potential of Chlorella Vulgaris (CV) extract against the reproductive dysfunction induced by sodium nitrite toxicity. Forty-five male Wistar albino rats were assigned into five groups (n = 9). Control group received normal saline orally for 3 months, CV-treated: administered CV extract (70 mg/kg.BW) orally for 3 months, sodium nitrite-treated: received sodium nitrite (80 mg/kg.BW) orally for 3 months, co-treated: simultaneously received CV along with sodium nitrite treatment, orally, daily for 3 months, and CV-pre-treated: pre-treated with CV extract for 4 weeks followed by simultaneous treatment with sodium nitrite and CV extract for additional 8 weeks. Treatment with sodium nitrite significantly decreased serum testosterone and follicle-stimulating hormone concentrations, sperm count, motility, and viability. Besides, it decreased testicular superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities while increased malondialdehyde concentration. This effect of sodium nitrite was associated with degenerative, necrotic, vascular, and inflammatory changes in testicular tissues. Treatment of sodium nitrite-intoxicated rats with CV in co-treated and pre-treated groups significantly prevented sodium nitrite-induced alterations of sperm parameters, hormonal concentrations, testicular oxidative-antioxidant status, and histological architecture. This study indicates that CV extract ameliorates the reproductive dysfunction induced by sodium nitrite toxicity via improving reproductive hormonal levels and testicular antioxidant activities.

Manipulation of Quercetin and Melatonin in the Down-Regulation of HIF-1α, HSP-70 and VEGF Pathways in Rat's Kidneys Induced by Hypoxic Stress

Hypoxia may lead to inflammatory responses by numerous signaling pathways. This investigation intended to inspect the defensive role of Quercetin (Quer) and/ or Melatonin (Mel) against reno toxicity induced by Sodium nitrite (Sod ntr). Sod ntr injection significantly decreased blood hemoglobin concentration (Hb) with a concurrent increase in serum tumor necrosis factor- α, interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, creatinine, and urea levels. Over protein-expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and heat shock, protein-70 and mRNA of HIF-1α were also observed. Pretreatment of the Sod ntr- injected rats with the aforementioned antioxidants; either alone or together significantly improved such parameters. Histopathological examination reinforced the previous results. It was concluded that the combined administration of Quer and Mel may be useful as a potential therapy against renal injury induced by Sod ntr. HIF-1α and HSP-70 are implicated in the induction of hypoxia and its treatment.

Recent Progress on Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Effects of the Genus Nigella

Seeds of the genus Nigella plants as folk medicine are often used to prevent and treat asthma, diarrhea, dyslipidemia, and other diseases around the world. Pharmacological researches showed that seed extract and seed oil have antibacterial, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and hepatoprotective effects which attributed to their bioactive constituents such as alkaloids, saponins, flavones, and phenols. This paper has covered recent progresses on chemical and pharmacological researches on these plants, including their compounds and pharmacological effects. It was found that the chemical component researches were focused on the seed oil. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the profile of the whole constituents in the seeds.

Effect of Nigella sativa oil supplement on risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Nigella sativa oil on serum level of systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, fasting blood glucose (FBG), and lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This double-blind randomized clinical trial study was based on 50 patients with T2DM. Patients were allocated randomly to either N. sativa oil or placebo groups. The intervention group received 1,000 mg N. sativa oil as two capsules, daily for 8 weeks, whereas the placebo group received a corresponding placebo. At baseline and the end of the study, 5 ml blood was collected from each patient after 14-hour fasting for measuring serum C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), malondialdehyde (MDA), FBS, and lipid profile. Analyses covariance was performed to compare investigated parameters between two groups, controlled for relevant covariates. Using N. sativa supplement was significantly associated with decrease in FBS (p < .001), triglyceride (p < .001), total cholesterol (p < .001), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p < .001), serum hs-CRP, MDA (p < .001) and increase in serum level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p < .001) in intervention group compared with placebo group. Nigella sativa oil supplement has cardiovascular protective effects in patients with T2DM, by improving the lipid profile and glycemia, by reducing the C-reactive protein level and the lipid peroxidation.

Calf thymus polypeptide improved hematopoiesis via regulating colony-stimulating factors in BALB/c mice with hematopoietic dysfunction

Calf thymus polypeptide (CTP) is prepared from calf thymus. It has a molecular mass of <10 kilodalton (kDa) and contains 17 types of amino acids. This study investigated the hematopoietic function-improvement effect of CTP in CHRF, K562, and bone marrow mononuclear cells; mice with immunosuppression; and with hematopoietic dysfunction. In mice with immunosuppression, CTP enhanced the cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells and the proliferation of lymphocytes and regulated the levels of immunoglobulins. It also enhanced the proliferation and differentiation of CHRF and K562 cells by upregulating the expression of proliferation- and differentiation-related proteins. In mice with hematopoietic dysfunction, CTP restored white blood cell, neutrophil, and hemoglobin proportions in the peripheral blood and enhanced the levels of B lymphocytes and hematopoietic stem cells and progenitor cells in the bone marrow. CTP effectively regulated the levels of hematopoiesis-related cytokines, such as granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), interleukin 2, and interferons-γ, and enhanced the expression of hematopoiesis-related proteins in both primary bone marrow cells and mice with hematopoietic dysfunction. These results indicate that CTP has hematopoietic function-improvement effect and this effect may be related to the modulation of colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) and related signaling pathways.

Ameliorative effect of carnosine and N-acetylcysteine against sodium nitrite induced nephrotoxicity in rats

The widespread use of sodium nitrite (NaNO₂ ) for various industrial purposes has increased human exposure to alarmingly high levels of nitrate/nitrite. Because NaNO ₂ is a strong oxidizing agent, induction of oxidative stress is one of the mechanisms by which it can exert toxicity in humans and animals. We have investigated the possible protection offered by carnosine (CAR) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) against NaNO ₂ -induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Animals orally received CAR at 100 mg/kg body weight/d for seven days or NAC at 100 mg/kg body weight/d for five days followed by a single oral dose of NaNO ₂ at 60 mg/kg body weight. The rats were killed after 24 hours, and the kidneys were removed and processed for various analyses. NaNO ₂ induced oxidative stress in kidneys, as shown by the decreased activities of antioxidant defense, brush border membrane, and metabolic enzymes. DNA-protein crosslinking and DNA fragmentation were also observed. CAR/NAC pretreatment significantly protected the kidney against these biochemical alterations. Histological studies supported these findings, showing kidney damage in NaNO ₂ -treated animals and reduced tissue impairment in the combination groups. The protection offered by CAR and NAC against NaNO ₂ -induced damage, and their nontoxic nature, makes them potential therapeutic agents against nitrite-induced nephrotoxicity.

Thymoquinone prevents neurodegeneration against MPTP in vivo and modulates α-synuclein aggregation in vitro

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive dopaminergic neurodegeneration with a concomitant increase in oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Recent studies have focused on targeting neuroinflammation and oxidative stress to effectively treat PD. The present study evaluated the neuroprotective effect of thymoquinone (TQ) against 1-methyl-4-phenyl 1,2,3,6 tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in a PD mouse model. TQ (10 mg/kg body weight [b. wt.]) was administered for 1 week prior to MPTP (25 mg/kg b. wt.). MPTP administration caused oxidative stress as evidenced by decreased activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase, a depletion of reduced glutathione, and a concomitant rise in malondialdehyde. It also significantly increased pro-inflammatory cytokines and elevated inflammatory mediators such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the striatum. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed dopamine neuron loss in the SNc and decreased dopamine transporters in the striatum following MPTP administration; however, these were rescued by TQ treatment. TQ treatment further restored antioxidant enzymes, prevented glutathione depletion, inhibited lipid peroxidation, and attenuated pro-inflammatory cytokines. TQ also decreased the raised levels of inflammatory mediators, such as COX-2 and iNOS. Therefore, TQ is thought to protect against MPTP-induced PD and the observed neuroprotective effects are attributed to its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Moreover, the in vitro analysis found that TQ significantly inhibited α-synuclein aggregation and prevented cell death induced by pre-formed fibrils. Thus, TQ not only scavenges the MPTP-induced toxicity but also prevents α-synuclein-fibril formation and its associated toxicity.

Renoprotective effect of Spirulina platensis extract against nicotine-induced oxidative stress-mediated inflammation in rats

BACKGROUND

Nicotine is an important factor in the pathogenesis of renal injury in smokers.

PURPOSE

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the renoprotective effect of Spirulina platensis extract (SP) against chronic nicotine administration in rats.

METHODS

Nicotine intoxication was induced with 0.5 mg/kg BW. Rats received 500 mg SP/kg BW by gastric gavage over 4 weeks.

RESULTS

Our data revealed that nicotine induced renal dysfunction manifested by significant abnormal levels of kidney function markers (creatinine and urea) accompanied by increased levels of oxidative stress biomarker (malondialdehyde) and inflammatory markers (nitric oxide, Interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α) while antioxidant status as glutathione level and glutathione S-transferase activity were found to be decreased significantly as compared with controls. It is worthy to note that nicotine toxicity induced significant increments in the protein expression levels of nuclear factor kappa B as well as caspase-3. Histopathological observations showed tubular necrosis and congestion in the endothelial lining glomerular tuft and epithelial lining renal tubules with nicotine intoxication. Interestingly, our data demonstrated that SP supplementation significantly improved the nicotine-induced kidney dysfunction, alleviated the induced-lipid peroxidation, inflammatory, apoptotic protein markers, and boosted the enzymatic/non-enzymatic antioxidants. Moreover, it attenuated the nicotine-induced histopathological alterations of the kidney architecture.

CONCLUSION

Thus, it is tempting to recommend dietary approaches with Spirulina platensis extract for smokers to minimize the deleterious effect of chronic nicotine consumption and smoke exposure-related problems towards kidney injury via the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic properties of Spirulina platensis.

Potential protective effects of naringenin against vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity via reduction on apoptotic and oxidative stress markers in rats

Vancomycin (VCM), a glycopeptide antibiotic, is a drug widely used in severe infections. However, VCM induce notable nephrotoxic side effects. Naringenin (NAR) is a natural of flavonoid and are known as strongly antioxidant, nefroprotective, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential protective effects of NAR against VCM-induced nephrotoxicity by measuring apoptotic and oxidative stress markers and evaluating histopathological alterations in rats. For this purpose, we used male Wistar albino rats that divided into seven groups: (i) Control [saline, intraperitoneally (i.p.)], (ii) carboxymethyl cellulose (0.5% CMC, orally), (iii) VCM (400 mg/kg, i.p.), (iv) NAR100 (100 mg/kg, orally), (v) VCM + NAR25 (25 mg/kg, orally), (vi) VCM + NAR50 (50 mg/kg, orally), and (vii) VCM + NAR100 (100 mg/kg, orally) groups. VCM administration was started one day after the first treatment of NAR and continued across 7-day. Caspase-3, -8, and-9 activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels were measured by colorimetric methods in the kidney tissues, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were analyzed based on ELISA in serum. Caspase-3 and -8 activities, NO levels, serum creatinine and BUN levels were significantly higher in VCM group in comparison with VCM + NAR (25, 50, and 100) groups (p < 0.05). Caspase-9 activity and MDA were significantly higher in VCM group compared to VCM + NAR (25 and 50) groups (p < 0.05). Histopathological alterations in VCM group were significantly diminished by administration of NAR, especially NAR 25. In conclusion, NAR 25 and 50 mg have more potent protective effects on VCM-induced nephrotoxicity compared to NAR 100 mg.

Sarcodon imbricatus polysaccharides improve mouse hematopoietic function after cyclophosphamide-induced damage via G-CSF mediated JAK2/STAT3 pathway

Sarcodon imbricatus, a rare medicinal and edible fungus, has various pharmacological bioactivities. We investigated the effects of S. imbricatus polysaccharides (SIPS) on hematopoietic function and identified the underlying mechanisms using in vitro experiments with CHRF, K562, and bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNCs) and in vivo experiments with a mouse model of cyclophosphamide-induced hematopoietic dysfunction. We found that SIPS induced proliferation and differentiation of CHRF and K562 cells and upregulated the expression of hematopoietic-related proteins, including p90 ribosomal S6 kinases (RSK1p90), c-Myc, and ETS transcription factor, in the two cell lines. After 28 days of treatment, SIPS enhanced the bodyweight and thymus indices of the mice, alleviated enlargement of the spleen and liver, and contributed to the recovery of peripheral blood to normal levels. More importantly, the percentages of B lymphocytes and hematopoietic stem cells or hematopoietic progenitor cells were significantly elevated in bone marrow. Based on an antibody chip analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, SIPS were found to successfully regulate 12 cytokines to healthy levels in serum and spleen. The cytokines included the following: interleukins 1Ra, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, tumor necrosis factor α, interferon⁻γ, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), C-C motif chemokine1, and monocyte chemoattractant protein⁻1. Moreover, SIPS upregulated the phosphorylation levels of janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in the spleen, and similar results were validated in CHRF cells, K562 cells, and BMMNCs. The data indicate that SIPS activated the JAK2/STAT3 pathway, possibly by interactions among multiple cytokines, particularly G-CSF. We found that SIPS was remarkably beneficial to the bone marrow hematopoietic system, and we anticipate that it could improve myelosuppression induced by long-term radiotherapy or chemotherapy.

The Neuroprotective Effects of Thymoquinone: A Review

Thymoquinone (TQ), one of the main components active of Nigella sativa, exhibited very useful biomedical effects such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, anticancer, hypoglycemic, antihypertensive, and antiasthmatic effects. There are several studies about pharmacological activities of TQ but its neuroprotection effects are not fully described. The literature search has indicated many studies pertaining to the effects of TQ in neurological problems such as epilepsy, parkinsonism, anxiety, and improvement of learning and memory, and so on. In addition, TQ protected brain cells from various injuries due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and apoptotic effects in cell line and experimental animal models. The present study has been designed to review the scientific literature about the pharmacological activities of TQ to the neurological diseases. This study purposed that although experimental studies indicated the beneficial effects of TQ against nervous system problems, better designed clinical trials in humans are needed to confirm these effects.

Acute oral dose of sodium nitrite causes redox imbalance and DNA damage in rat kidney

Sodium nitrite (NaNO₂ ) is widely used as a food additive and preservative in fish and meat products. We have evaluated the effect of a single acute oral dose of NaNO₂ on oxidative stress parameters, antioxidant capacity, and DNA in rat kidney. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups and given single oral dose of NaNO₂ at 20, 40, 60, and 75 mg/kg body weight; untreated rats served as the control group. All animals in NaNO₂ -treated groups showed marked alterations in various parameters of oxidative stress as compared to the control group. This included increase in lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, hydrogen peroxide levels, and decrease in reduced glutathione content and antioxidant capacity. Administration of NaNO₂ also increased DNA damage as evident from release of free nucleotides and confirmed by comet assay. It also led to greater cross-linking of DNA to proteins. Histological analysis showed marked morphological changes in the kidney of NaNO₂ -treated animals. These alterations could be due to increased free radical generation or direct chemical modification by reaction intermediates. Our results suggest that nitrite-induced nephrotoxicity is mediated through redox imbalance and results in DNA damage.

Thymoquinone attenuates hepatotoxicity and oxidative damage caused by diazinon: an in vivo study

Thymoquinone (TQ) is the main active constituent of Nigella sativa seeds. The objective of this study was to explore the protective effects of TQ on diazinon (DZN)-induced liver toxicity in the mouse model. The animals were divided into five groups of 6 each and treated intraperitoneally. Group 1 received the vehicle, group 2 was given 16 mg/kg DZN, group 3 received 5 mg/kg TQ, and groups 4 and 5 were treated with 1.25 and 5 mg/kg of TQ as well as 16 mg/kg DZN, respectively. Finally, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) serum activity as well as nitric oxide (NO), lipid peroxidation (LPO), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total thiol molecule (TTM), and histopathological experiments were evaluated in the liver samples. Our findings showed that DZN caused a significant increase in ALT (P < 0.01), AST (P < 0.001), ALP (P < 0.001) serum levels, LPO (P < 0.001) and NO (P < 0.001), the depletion of the TAC (P < 0.05) and TTM (P < 0.001), and structural changes in the liver tissue. Following TQ administration, a significant improvement was observed in the oxidative stress biomarkers in the liver tissue. In addition, our biochemical findings were correlated well to the histopathological examinations. In conclusion, the data from this study indicate that the administration of TQ may prevent liver damage by preventing free radical formation in animals exposed to DZN.

Diclofenac-induced renal toxicity in female Wistar albino rats is protected by the pre-treatment of aqueous leaves extract of Madhuca longifolia through suppression of inflammation, oxidative stress and cytokine formation

CONTEXT

Kidney has a vital role in renal clearance, maintenance of blood pressure, elimination of toxic products and formation of prostaglandins. Certain medications are known to cause renal injury on its frequent usage and high dosage. Diclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug which is used in the treatment of pain and arthritis. Madhuca longifolia is a deciduous tree which is known to the have anti-microbial, anti-ulcer, hepatoprotective, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the beneficial effect of aqueous leaf extract of Madhuca longifolia against DFC-induced renal toxicity in female Wistar albino rats.

METHODS

Thirty female Wistar albino rats were divided into five groups and the drugs were administrated specifically on each group. After the treatment period, the rats were sacrificed to evaluate the significant changes in renal enzyme markers, antioxidant activities in kidney tissue homogenate and plasma, renal histopathology and protein expression levels. The cytokines like TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β were measured through ELISA techniques and the levels of Caspase-3, COX-2 and NF-κB were measured through western blotting techniques. DiscussionMadhuca longifolia was observed to show a better result in normalizing the toxicity caused by diclofenac.

CONCLUSION

The significant result of the aqueous leaf extract ofMadhuca longifolia was due to its ability in restoring renal function by restoring antioxidants and preventing cellular damages.