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Techeira N, Keel K, Garay A, Harte F, Mendoza A, Cartaya A, Fariña S, López-Pedemonte T. Milk fatty acid profile from grass feeding strategies on 2 Holstein genotypes: Implications for health and technological properties. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:169-174. [PMID: 37360123 PMCID: PMC10285234 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2022-0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to determine if a feeding system with a variable supply of grass promoted rapid changes in the fatty acid profile and technological and health indices of milk obtained from North American (NAHF) and New Zealand (NZHF) Holstein-Friesian cows. Two feeding strategies were conducted: fixed grass (GFix) and maximized grass intake when available (GMax). The results showed that as the grass intake increased in the GMax treatments, the relative amount of palmitic acid in milk decreased, whereas oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and conjugated linoleic acids increased, causing a reduction in the atherogenic, thrombogenic, and spreadability calculated indices. The changes occurred in rapid response to the changing diet, with reductions ranging from approximately 5 to 15% in the healthy and technological indices within a period of 15 d of grass intake increase. Differences were found between the 2 genotypes, with NZHF responding faster to changes in grass intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Techeira
- Unidad de Ciencia y Tecnología de Lácteos, Universidad Tecnológica del Uruguay, 70200, La Paz, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - K. Keel
- Unidad de Ciencia y Tecnología de Lácteos, Universidad Tecnológica del Uruguay, 70200, La Paz, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - A. Garay
- Unidad de Ciencia y Tecnología de Lácteos, Universidad Tecnológica del Uruguay, 70200, La Paz, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - F. Harte
- Department of Food Science, Pennsylvania State University, State College 16802
| | - A. Mendoza
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Programa de Producción de Leche, Estación Experimental INIA La Estanzuela, Ruta 50 km 11, 39173, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - A. Cartaya
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Programa de Producción de Leche, Estación Experimental INIA La Estanzuela, Ruta 50 km 11, 39173, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - S. Fariña
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Programa de Producción de Leche, Estación Experimental INIA La Estanzuela, Ruta 50 km 11, 39173, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - T. López-Pedemonte
- Unidad de Ciencia y Tecnología de Lácteos, Universidad Tecnológica del Uruguay, 70200, La Paz, Colonia, Uruguay
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Milk Fatty Acid Profile of Holstein Cows When Changed from a Mixed System to a Confinement System or Mixed System with Overnight Grazing. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2022; 2022:5610079. [PMID: 35242874 PMCID: PMC8888079 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5610079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study is aimed at comparing the milk fatty acid profile (FAP) of cows that changed from a mixed system (MS) of double grazing plus total mixed ration (TMR) to a total confinement system (TCS, 100% TMR) with cows that changed to another MS with one overnight grazing plus TMR and compare with cows that were kept unchanged in TCS. The diet change was made in the second month of lactation. The milk samples were collected at one (M1-spring) and three months of lactation (M3-summer). Three treatments are as follows (each n = 10): confined cows fed with TMR throughout the period (GTMR), cows that changed from MS with double grazing plus TMR in M1 to TCS in M3 (GCHD), and cows that changed from a MS with double grazing plus TMR in M1 to a MS with overnight grazing plus TMR in M3 (GTMR+P). Unlike GTMR+P, GCHD improved milk production after change (increased 14% from M1 to M3), but milk FAP was impaired. In M3, conjugated linoleic acid (C18 : 2-CLA) in GTMR and GCHD was lower than GTMR+P (p < 0.05), and linolenic (C18 : 3-n-3) was lower in GCHD than GTMR+P. Maintaining grazing in summer overnight sustained milk fat quality, evidenced by higher C18 : 3 (n-3); C18 : 2 (CLA); and n-6/n-3 ratio than cows that changed to TCS.
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Cabiddu A, Peratoner G, Valenti B, Monteils V, Martin B, Coppa M. A quantitative review of on-farm feeding practices to enhance the quality of grassland-based ruminant dairy and meat products. Animal 2021; 16 Suppl 1:100375. [PMID: 34688562 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, a large body of evidence has highlighted the major role of feeding management practices in improving specific nutritional, technological and sensory quality traits of ruminant products. However, results have been mostly obtained under controlled conditions, and have been rarely validated on-farm. Therefore, a quantitative review was conducted to quantify the effects of on-farm feeding management practices on carotenoids, fat-soluble vitamins, colour, fatty acids (FAs), terpenes and sensory properties in the main animal product categories (PCs): dairy products from cattle (DC), sheep (DS) and goat (DG), and meat from cattle (MC) and sheep (MS). Four feeding scenarios were selected according to the consistency of on-farm studies in the literature: (a) feeding "Fresh herbage" instead of conserved forages; (b) ban any form of silage ("Silage-free"); (c) ban maize silage ("Maize silage-free"); (d) feeding forages from permanent grasslands rich in species or plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) ("PSM-rich permanent grassland"). Feeding fresh herbage increased the concentration of carotenoids, fat-soluble vitamin, n-3 FA, rumenic acid, and branched chain FA (BCFA), and reduced the concentration of saturated FA, for all PC, with overall stronger effect for dairy products than for meat. The texture of meat and dairy products was marginally affected, whereas feeding fresh herbage decreased lactic and increased vegetal notes in DC. The "Silage-free" feeding scenario resulted in increased vaccenic acid, rumenic acid, BCFA, and C18:3n-3 in DC. The "Maize silage-free" feeding scenario lowered n-6 FA whereas increased n-3, rumenic acid and BCFA concentrations in DC. Feeding ruminants with forages from "PSM-rich permanent grasslands" increased monounsaturated FA, n-3 FA and rumenic acid and decreased n-6 FA in dairy products, and only marginally affected meat FA composition. The DC from "PSM-rich permanent grasslands" showed higher intense, spicy and animal notes. Overall, the differences between feeding management practices observed on farm were smaller than those observed under controlled trials. Several confounding factors, not controlled when operating under on-farm conditions, could be at the origin of these divergences (i.e. mixed diets, forage characteristics, animal-related factors). This review confirmed that farming practices may differently affect several quality traits of ruminant products. It also highlighted the uneven knowledge on the effect of feeding management depending on the PC: larger for milk than for meat and decreasing when moving from cattle to sheep and from sheep to goat.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cabiddu
- Agris Sardegna, Loc. Bonassai 07040, Olmedo, Italy
| | - G Peratoner
- Laimburg Research Centre, Research Area Mountain Agriculture, Vadena/Pfatten, 39040 Ora/Auer (BZ), Italy
| | - B Valenti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences (DSA3), University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - V Monteils
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR1213 Herbivores, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - B Martin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR1213 Herbivores, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - M Coppa
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR1213 Herbivores, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France.
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Mitani T, Nakajima S, Oh S, Kawai M, Ueda K. Effects of grazing adaptation on herbage intake, milk production, and body weight change in lactating dairy cows after turning out to pasture in early spring. Anim Sci J 2021; 92:e13639. [PMID: 34585474 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of adaptation to grazing in early spring on the herbage intake, milk production, and body weight changes in lactating dairy cows. The experiment included 12 Holstein lactating cows during early spring. Six cows were allowed to gradually adapt to grazing (ADP) over 10 days. They were allowed to graze on a pasture for 4 h during the first week and for 19 h during the remaining 3 days (adaptation period). During the 10-day period, the remaining six cows were housed in a barn (CON). Cows in both groups received adequate silage, hay, and concentrate during the adaptation period. Subsequently, cows in both groups were allowed to graze together for 19 h for 4 weeks (experimental period). No cow received supplements during the experimental period. In the first week of the experimental period, the ADP cows showed a higher herbage intake than the CON cows. During the subsequent weeks, there were no differences in herbage intake between the two groups. At the start of the experimental period, milk production and body weight of the ADP cows were higher than those of the CON cows, and this difference lasted until the end of the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Mitani
- Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sawako Nakajima
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Seongjin Oh
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masahito Kawai
- Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Ueda
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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High biodiversity in a limited mountain area revealed in the traditional production of Historic Rebel cheese by an integrated microbiota-lipidomic approach. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10374. [PMID: 33990664 PMCID: PMC8121794 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89959-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Historic Rebel (HR) cheese is an Italian heritage cheese, produced from raw milk during the summer grazing period in the Alps. The aim of this work was (i) to characterize the cheese microbiota, by 16S rRNA gene amplicons sequencing, and the volatile and non-volatile lipophilic fraction, by Gas Chromatography and Dynamic Headspace Extraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, and (ii) to evaluate their respective associations. HR cheese was dominated by Firmicutes phylum (99% of the entire abundance). The core microbiota was formed by Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc and Pediococcus genera together representing 87.2–99.6% of the total abundance. The polyunsaturated fatty acids composition showed a high PUFA n-3, PUFA n-6 and CLA content, two fold higher than typical plain cheeses, positively correlated with pasture altitude. A complex volatilome was detected, dominated in terms of abundance by ketones, fatty acids and alcohols. Total terpene levels increased at higher altitudes, being the main terpenes compounds α-pinene, camphene and β-pinene. The HR cheese showed a great diversity of bacterial taxa and lipophilic fractions among producers, despite belonging to a small alpine area, revealing a scarce cheese standardization and a chemical fingerprint of a typical mountain cheese produced during the grazing period. A deeper knowledge of the variability of HR cheese due to its composition in microbial community and volatile compounds will be appreciated, in particular, by elite consumers looking for niche products, adding economic value to farming in these alpine areas.
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Mitani T, Kubota T, Mizuguchi H, Kushibiki S, Ueda K. Effects of grazing adaptation on intake, ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites, and body weight change in dairy cows after turning out to pasture in early spring. Anim Sci J 2020; 91:e13481. [PMID: 33161615 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of adaptation to grazing in early spring on herbage intake, ruminal fermentation parameters, blood metabolite concentrations, and body weight change in dairy cows. The experiment was conducted on eight rumen-cannulated non-lactating cows in the early spring period. Four cows were adapted to grazing by stocking for 4 hr for 1 week (ADP group). The other cows were kept in a barn during the period (CON group). Then, both groups of cows were stocked together throughout a day on a 1 ha pasture for 3 weeks (experimental period). In the first week of the experimental period, compared to the CON group, the ADP group had a higher herbage intake, ruminal NH3 -N and total VFA concentration, and blood urea concentration, but the NEFA concentration was lower in the ADP group (p < .01). During the subsequent weeks, there were little differences in ruminal fermentation parameters and blood metabolites. Cows in the ADP group maintained their body weight, but cows in the CON group lost 60 kg of body weight in the first week of the experimental period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Mitani
- Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Kubota
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Mizuguchi
- DKK-Toa Yamagata Co, Shinjo, Japan.,Organization for Research Promotion, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Shiro Kushibiki
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Koichiro Ueda
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Eisenstecken D, Stanstrup J, Robatscher P, Huck CW, Oberhuber M. Fatty acid profiling of bovine milk and cheese from six European areas by GC‐FID and GC‐MS. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Stanstrup
- Preventive and Clinical Nutrition University of Copenhagen Rolighedsvej 30 Frederiksberg C1958Denmark
| | - Peter Robatscher
- Laimburg Research Centre Laimburg 6 ‐ Pfatten (Vadena) Auer (Ora)39040Italy
| | - Christian W. Huck
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry CCB — Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine Leopold‐Franzens University Innrain 80‐82 Innsbruck6020Austria
| | - Michael Oberhuber
- Laimburg Research Centre Laimburg 6 ‐ Pfatten (Vadena) Auer (Ora)39040Italy
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8
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Agradi S, Curone G, Negroni D, Vigo D, Brecchia G, Bronzo V, Panseri S, Chiesa LM, Peric T, Danes D, Menchetti L. Determination of Fatty Acids Profile in Original Brown Cows Dairy Products and Relationship with Alpine Pasture Farming System. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1231. [PMID: 32698365 PMCID: PMC7401626 DOI: 10.3390/ani10071231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the relationships between fatty acids and the pattern that most contributes to discriminate between two farming systems, in which the main difference was the practice, or not, of alpine summer-grazing. Milk and cheese were sampled every month in two farms of Original Brown cows identical under geographical location and management during no grazing season point of view in the 2018 season. Fatty acids concentrations were determined by gas chromatography. The principal component analysis extracted three components (PCs). Mammary gland de novo synthetized fatty acids (C14:0, C14:1 n9, and C16:0) and saturated and monosaturated C18 fatty acids (C18:0, C18:1 n9c) were inversely associated in the PC1; PC2 included polyunsaturated C18 fatty acids (C18:2 n6c, C18:3 n3) and C15:0 while conjugated linoleic acid (CLA n9c, n11t) and fatty acids containing 20 or more carbon atoms (C21:0, C20:5 n3) were associated in the PC3. The processes of rumen fermentation and de novo synthesis in mammary gland that are, in turn, influenced by diet, could explain the relationships between fatty acids within each PC. The discriminant analyses showed that the PC2 included the fatty acids profile that best discriminated between the two farming systems, followed by PC3 and, lastly, PC1. This model, if validated, could be an important tool to the dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Agradi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (S.A.); (D.N.); (D.V.); (G.B.); (V.B.)
| | - Giulio Curone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (S.A.); (D.N.); (D.V.); (G.B.); (V.B.)
| | - Daniele Negroni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (S.A.); (D.N.); (D.V.); (G.B.); (V.B.)
| | - Daniele Vigo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (S.A.); (D.N.); (D.V.); (G.B.); (V.B.)
| | - Gabriele Brecchia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (S.A.); (D.N.); (D.V.); (G.B.); (V.B.)
| | - Valerio Bronzo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (S.A.); (D.N.); (D.V.); (G.B.); (V.B.)
| | - Sara Panseri
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety “Carlo Cantoni”, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.P.); (L.M.C.)
| | - Luca Maria Chiesa
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety “Carlo Cantoni”, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.P.); (L.M.C.)
| | - Tanja Peric
- DI4A—Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari Ambientali e Animali/Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via Sondrio 2/B, 33100 Udine, Italy;
| | - Doina Danes
- Facultaty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Splaiul Independentei 105, 050097 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Laura Menchetti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy;
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Corazzin M, Romanzin A, Sepulcri A, Pinosa M, Piasentier E, Bovolenta S. Fatty Acid Profiles of Cow's Milk and Cheese as Affected by Mountain Pasture Type and Concentrate Supplementation. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E68. [PMID: 30813311 PMCID: PMC6406273 DOI: 10.3390/ani9020068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this trial was to assess the effect of pasture type and concentrate supplementation on the fatty acids (FA) composition of milk and cheese obtained during summer grazing on mountain pasture. Seventy-two Italian Simmental dairy cows were assigned to two groups that differed by the amount of concentrate supplementation: 3.0 kg/head/d (HIGH) vs. 1.5 kg/head/d (LOW). The dairy cows grazed on a Poion alpinae alliance pasture (PAST1), and subsequently they grazed on a Seslerion caeruleae alliance pasture (PAST2) for 10 d each. In the last three days of each experimental period, milk samples were collected immediately before each cheese-making event. Cheese samples were collected from each cheese loaf after 60 d of ripening. LOW showed higher isoFA, FA intermediates of the ruminal biohydrogenation, C18:3 c9,c12,c15, and total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels than HIGH. The pasture type had a more limited effect on FA composition of milk than concentrate level and was mainly related to monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), which were higher in PAST1 than PAST2 (p < 0.05). In cheeses, these differences were reduced. The phytanic acid and phytanic isomer ratio (SRR/RRR) in milk were not affected either by supplement level (p > 0.05) or by type of pasture (p > 0.05). Increasing the concentrate offered to dairy cows from 1.5 to 3.0 kg/d did not markedly influence the level of PUFA in cheeses produced during summer grazing on high mountain pasture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Corazzin
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy.
| | - Alberto Romanzin
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy.
| | - Angela Sepulcri
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Pinosa
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy.
| | - Edi Piasentier
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy.
| | - Stefano Bovolenta
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy.
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Gómez-Cortés P, Cívico A, de la Fuente MA, Núñez Sánchez N, Juárez M, Peña Blanco F, Martínez Marín AL. Quick changes of milk fatty acids after inclusion or suppression of linseed oil in the diet of goats. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:5269-5277. [PMID: 29652436 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipid supplementation of ruminant diet is an excellent tool to improve the nutritional quality of dairy fat. The purpose of this research was to monitor in detail the goat milk fatty acid (FA) profile during the first 24 h after linseed oil (LO) supplementation or suppression in the diet. Particular emphasis was placed in the changes of FA with bioactive properties. Milk fat was analysed by gas chromatography from milkings at 0, 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h after diet shift. RESULTS The α-linolenic acid levels increased 12 h after LO incorporation in the diet and decreased 3 h after oil suppression. Most of the milk 10:0 to 16:0 saturated FA decreased 24 h after LO supplementation, whereas oil suppression raised their levels after 6 h. Similarly, raising of mono- and polyunsaturated trans-FA after LO inclusion was delayed in comparison with their decrease after oil suppression. CONCLUSION This study supports that ruminal bacteria and mammary glands would exhibit a fast responsiveness after the inclusion or suppression of LO in ruminant rations. Milk with an improved FA profile could be collected between 12 h after LO supplementation and the last milking before LO suppression in the diet. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Gómez-Cortés
- Departamento de Bioactividad y Análisis de Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Cívico
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel de la Fuente
- Departamento de Bioactividad y Análisis de Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Manuela Juárez
- Departamento de Bioactividad y Análisis de Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Barca J, Carriquiry M, Olazabal L, Fajardo M, Chilibroste P, Meikle A. Milk fatty acid profile from cows fed with mixed rations and different access time to pastureland during early lactation. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017; 102:620-629. [PMID: 28990226 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Milk fatty acid (FA) profiles were determined in Holstein cows (n = 27) fed total mixed rations (TMR) ad libitum (G0) or diet composed by TMR (50% dry matter [DM] offered) plus grazing of pasture with 6 hr of access time to paddock in one session (G1) or 9 hr in two sessions (G2) at 45 days in milk (DIM). Moreover, milk FA was determined at 65 DIM when G0 cows turned out to G1 diet without adaptation period (Post-G0), G1 remained as controls. Milk FA was quantified using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Preformed FA at 45 DIM was greater (+27%) for G2 than G0 cows (p < .05). Stearic acid (C18:0) was 30% greater for G2 cows (p < .05). De novo FA was lowest for G2 cows (p < .05). Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) did not differ (p < .12), while vaccenic acid (C18:1trans) was twofold greater for grazing treatments (p < .01). Linolenic acid [C18:3(n-3)] was greatest for G2 and lowest for G0 cows (p < .01). Omega 6 FA was greater for G0 than grazing cows, mainly due to linoleic acid [18:2cis(n-6); p < .05]. These results determined that n-6/n-3 ratio was almost threefold greater for G0 than grazing cows (p < .001). When diet of G0 cows changed to include pasture (Post-G0), preformed FA increased (p < .05), explained mainly by the increase (p < .05) of stearic (C18:0) and C18:1trans, while de novo FA tended to decrease (p < .1). Moreover, the amount of CLA and C18:3(n-3) tended to increase (p < .1) in Post-G0 cows. Offering 50% of dietary DM from pasture modified milk FA profile in early lactation potentially beneficial for human health. When TMR-fed cows were turned out to 50% pasture, milk FA profile reflected dietary change without need of an adaptation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Barca
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - M Carriquiry
- School of Agronomy, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - L Olazabal
- Technological Laboratory of Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - M Fajardo
- School of Agronomy, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - P Chilibroste
- School of Agronomy, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - A Meikle
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Detailed fatty acid profile of milk, cheese, ricotta and by products, from cows grazing summer highland pastures. J DAIRY RES 2017; 84:329-338. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022029917000450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this research two-dimensional GC was used to analyse, for the first time, the detailed fatty acid (FA) profiles of 11 dairy matrices: raw milk (evening whole, evening partially skimmed, morning whole, and vat milk), cream, fresh cheese, whey, ricotta, scotta, 6- and 12-month-ripened cheeses, obtained across artisanal cheese- and ricotta-making trials carried out during the summer period while cows were on highland pastures. Samples were collected during 7 cheese- and ricotta-making procedures carried out at 2-week intervals from bulk milk to study possible differences in the transfer and modification of FA. Compared with morning milk, evening milk had fewer de novo synthetised FA. The detailed FA profile of partially skimmed milk differed little from that of evening whole milk before skimming, but the cream obtained differed from partially skimmed milk and from fresh cheese in about half the FA, due mainly to higher contents of all de novo FA, and lower contents of n-3 and n-6 FA. Fresh cheese and whey had similar FA profiles. The ricotta manufacturing process affected the partition of FA between ricotta and scotta, the FA profile of the latter differing in terms of groups and individual FA from the former, whereas ricotta and fresh cheese had similar composition of FA. In general, there was an increase in medium-chain saturated FA, and a decrease in many polyunsaturated FA during the first 6 months of ripening, but not during the second 6 months. Two-dimensional GC yielded a very detailed and informative FA profile on all the 11 dairy products and by-products analysed.
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13
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Ferlay A, Bernard L, Meynadier A, Malpuech-Brugère C. Production of trans and conjugated fatty acids in dairy ruminants and their putative effects on human health: A review. Biochimie 2017; 141:107-120. [PMID: 28804001 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of milk and dairy products is important in Western industrialised countries. Fat content is an important constituent contributing to the nutritional quality of milk and dairy products. In order to improve the health of consumers, there is high interest in improving their fatty acid (FA) composition, which depends principally on rumen and mammary metabolism. This paper reviews the lipid metabolism in ruminants, with a particular focus on the production of trans and conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) and conjugated linolenic acids (CLnA) in the rumen. After the lipolysis of dietary lipids, an extensive biohydrogenation of unsaturated FA occurs by rumen bacteria, leading to numerous cis and trans isomers of 18:1, non-conjugated of 18:2, CLA and CLnA. The paper examines the different putative pathways of ruminal biohydrogenation of cis9-18:1, 18:2n-6, 18:3n-3 and long-chain FA and the bacteria implicated. Then mechanisms relative to the de novo mammary synthesis are presented. Ruminant diet is the main factor regulating the content and the composition of milk fat. Effects of nature of forage and lipid supplementation are analysed in cows and small ruminants species. Finally, the paper briefly presents the effects of these FA on animal models and human cell lines. We describe the properties of ruminant trans 18:1, when compared to industrial trans 18:1, CLA and CLnA on human health from meta-analyses of intervention studies and then explore the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Ferlay
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, F-63122, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France.
| | - Laurence Bernard
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, F-63122, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | | | - Corinne Malpuech-Brugère
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France; CRNH Auvergne, F-63009, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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14
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Vibart RE, Tavendale M, Otter D, Schwendel BH, Lowe K, Gregorini P, Pacheco D. Milk production and composition, nitrogen utilization, and grazing behavior of late-lactation dairy cows as affected by time of allocation of a fresh strip of pasture. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:5305-5318. [PMID: 28501401 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Eighty late-lactation dairy cows were used to examine the effects of allocating a new pasture strip of a sward based on ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in the morning (a.m.; ∼0730 h) or in the afternoon (p.m.; ∼1530 h) on milk production and composition, nitrogen (N) utilization, and grazing behavior. Cows grazed the same pasture strips for 24 h and were offered the same daily herbage allowance. Herbage composition differed among treatments; p.m. herbage had greater dry matter (DM; 22.7 vs. 19.9%), organic matter (OM; 89.5 vs. 88.9%), and water-soluble carbohydrate (10.9 vs. 7.6%) concentrations and lesser crude protein (20.5 vs. 22.2%) and neutral detergent fiber (48.8 vs. 50.4%) concentrations compared with a.m. herbage. Total fatty acids (FA), α-linolenic acid, and polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) were greater in a.m. herbage, whereas monounsaturated FA were greater in p.m. herbage. Estimates of herbage DM intake did not differ among treatments. Daily milk yields and milk fat and milk protein concentrations were similar among treatments, whereas milk fat (684 vs. 627 g/cow), milk protein (545 vs. 505 g/cow), and milk solids (milk fat + milk protein) yields (1,228 vs. 1,132 g/cow) tended to be greater for cows on p.m. herbage. Rumenic acid and total PUFA in milk were greater for cows on a.m. herbage, whereas oleic acid was greater for cows on p.m. herbage. Estimates of urinary N excretion (g/d) did not differ among treatments, but urinary N concentrations were greater for cows on a.m. herbage (5.85 vs. 5.36 g/L). Initial herbage mass (HM) available (kg of DM/ha) and instantaneous HM disappearance rates (kg of DM/ha and kg of DM/h) did not differ, but fractional disappearance rates (0.56 vs. 0.74 per hour for a.m. vs. p.m., respectively) differed. Under the current conditions, timing of pasture strip allocation altered the herbage nutrient supply to cows; allocating a fresh strip of pasture later in the day resulted in moderate increases in milk and milk solids yields in late-lactation dairy cows. Conversely, a greater concentration of precursor FA in a.m. herbage resulted in a greater concentration of beneficial FA in milk, compared with cows on p.m. herbage.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Vibart
- AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - M Tavendale
- AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - D Otter
- Center for Dairy Research, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706
| | - B H Schwendel
- AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - K Lowe
- AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - P Gregorini
- Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - D Pacheco
- AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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15
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Cozma A, Martin B, Cirié C, Verdier-Metz I, Agabriel J, Ferlay A. Influence of the calf presence during milking on dairy performance, milk fatty acid composition, lipolysis and cheese composition in Salers cows during winter and grazing seasons. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 101:949-963. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Cozma
- UMR 1213 Herbivores; INRA; Saint-Genès-Champanelle France
- UMR Herbivores; VetAgro Sup; Clermont-Ferrand France
- Department of Bromatology, Hygiene, Nutrition; Faculty of Pharmacy; ‘Iuliu Haţieganu’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy; Cluj-Napoca Romania
| | - B. Martin
- UMR 1213 Herbivores; INRA; Saint-Genès-Champanelle France
- UMR Herbivores; VetAgro Sup; Clermont-Ferrand France
| | - C. Cirié
- UE1296 Monts d'Auvergne; INRA; Orcival France
| | | | - J. Agabriel
- UMR 1213 Herbivores; INRA; Saint-Genès-Champanelle France
- UMR Herbivores; VetAgro Sup; Clermont-Ferrand France
| | - A. Ferlay
- UMR 1213 Herbivores; INRA; Saint-Genès-Champanelle France
- UMR Herbivores; VetAgro Sup; Clermont-Ferrand France
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16
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Rego OA, Cabrita ARJ, Rosa HJD, Alves SP, Duarte V, Fonseca AJM, Vouzela CFM, Pires FR, Bessa RJB. Changes in milk production and milk fatty acid composition of cows switched from pasture to a total mixed ration diet and back to pasture. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2016.1141330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Tunick MH, Van Hekken DL, Paul M, Ingham ER, Karreman HJ. Case study: Comparison of milk composition from adjacent organic and conventional farms in the USA. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Tunick
- Dairy & Functional Foods Research Unit; Eastern Regional Research Center; Agricultural Research Service; US Department of Agriculture; 600 E. Mermaid Lane Wyndmoor PA 19038 USA
| | - Diane L Van Hekken
- Dairy & Functional Foods Research Unit; Eastern Regional Research Center; Agricultural Research Service; US Department of Agriculture; 600 E. Mermaid Lane Wyndmoor PA 19038 USA
| | - Moushumi Paul
- Dairy & Functional Foods Research Unit; Eastern Regional Research Center; Agricultural Research Service; US Department of Agriculture; 600 E. Mermaid Lane Wyndmoor PA 19038 USA
| | - Elaine R Ingham
- Soil Foodweb, Inc.; 1750 SW 3rd St., #C Corvallis OR 97333 USA
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18
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Elgersma A. Grazing increases the unsaturated fatty acid concentration of milk from grass-fed cows: A review of the contributing factors, challenges and future perspectives. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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19
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Rivero MJ, Anrique R. Milk fat depression syndrome and the particular case of grazing cows: A review. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09064702.2015.1052545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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20
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Tunick MH, Paul M, Ingham ER, Karreman HJ, Van Hekken DL. Differences in milk characteristics between a cow herd transitioning to organic versus milk from a conventional dairy herd. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael H. Tunick
- Dairy & Functional Foods Research Unit; Eastern Regional Research Center; Agricultural Research Service; US Department of Agriculture; 600 E. Mermaid Lane Wyndmoor PA 19038 USA
| | - Moushumi Paul
- Dairy & Functional Foods Research Unit; Eastern Regional Research Center; Agricultural Research Service; US Department of Agriculture; 600 E. Mermaid Lane Wyndmoor PA 19038 USA
| | | | | | - Diane L. Van Hekken
- Dairy & Functional Foods Research Unit; Eastern Regional Research Center; Agricultural Research Service; US Department of Agriculture; 600 E. Mermaid Lane Wyndmoor PA 19038 USA
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21
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Frequent moving of grazing dairy cows to new paddocks increases the variability of milk fatty acid composition. Animal 2015; 9:604-13. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731114003000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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22
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Verification of fresh grass feeding, pasture grazing and organic farming by cows farm milk fatty acid profile. Food Chem 2014; 164:234-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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23
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Nantapo CTW, Muchenje V, Hugo A. Atherogenicity index and health-related fatty acids in different stages of lactation from Friesian, Jersey and Friesian×Jersey cross cow milk under a pasture-based dairy system. Food Chem 2013; 146:127-33. [PMID: 24176323 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of stage of lactation on the fatty acid profiles of milk from Friesian, Jersey and Friesian×Jersey cows. Linoleic acid in pastures was highest in the second phase which coincided with mid-lactation days (p<0.05). Highest milk moisture content and lowest fat free dry matter content was seen in early lactation (p<0.05). Higher fat content was observed in late lactation than early lactation. Highest butyric, caproic, linoleic, omega-6 and polyunsaturated fatty acids were observed for milk from Friesian cows. Highest conjugated fatty acids, α-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, omega-6, and omega-3 were observed in early lactation. Atherogenicity index and desaturase activity indices were highest in late lactation. In conclusion, stage of lactation and genotype affected milk health-related fatty acid profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T W Nantapo
- Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, P Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa
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24
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Capuano E, Boerrigter-Eenling R, van der Veer G, van Ruth SM. Analytical authentication of organic products: an overview of markers. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:12-28. [PMID: 23070660 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Consumers' interest in organic foods is increasing and so is the need for robust analytical tools for their authentication. This review focuses on the most promising biomarkers/analytical approaches that are available for the authentication of organic produce. Food products have been subdivided into two groups: foods of plant origin (crops) and foods of animal origin (meat, milk and dairy products, eggs and fish). For each food category the most suitable biomarkers are presented and their potential for authentication is discussed. In the light of current knowledge, it is unlikely that the authentication of organic food products can be attained by the measurement of a single marker. Analytical approaches based on the measurement of multiple markers and/or complex chemical or physical profiles/fingerprints supported by multivariate statistical analysis seem considerably more promising in this respect. For the development of robust classification models, well-designed experimental studies must be performed that rely on data sets that are both well balanced and of sufficient size to ensure that all relevant sources of variation for the target biomarkers are included in the reference database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Capuano
- Cluster Authenticity and Nutrients, RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR, PO Box 230, NL-6700, AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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25
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Duchemin S, Bovenhuis H, Stoop W, Bouwman A, van Arendonk J, Visker M. Genetic correlation between composition of bovine milk fat in winter and summer, and DGAT1 and SCD1 by season interactions. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:592-604. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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Renna M, Lussiana C, Cornale P, Fortina R, Mimosi A. Changes in goat milk fatty acids during abrupt transition from indoor to pasture diet. Small Rumin Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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27
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Coppa M, Gorlier A, Lonati M, Martin B, Russo EM, Lombardi G. The management of the transition from hay- to pasture-based diets affects milk fatty acid kinetics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13594-012-0065-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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28
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de Vries M, Bokkers EAM, Dijkstra T, van Schaik G, de Boer IJM. Invited review: associations between variables of routine herd data and dairy cattle welfare indicators. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:3213-28. [PMID: 21700006 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
As farm animal welfare is high on the political and societal agendas of many countries, considerable pressure exists to establish audit programs in which farm animal welfare is routinely monitored. On-farm assessment of animal welfare, however, is time-consuming and costly. A promising strategy to monitor animal welfare more efficiently is to first estimate the level of animal welfare on a farm based on routine herd data that are available in national databases. It is not currently known which variables of routine herd data (VRHD) are associated with dairy cattle welfare indicators (WI). Our aim was to identify VRHD that are associated with WI in a literature review. The 27 VRHD used in this review included the main types of data that are currently collected in national herd databases of developed countries, and related to identification and registration, management, milk production, and reproduction of dairy herds. The 34 WI used in this review were based on the Welfare Quality Assessment Protocol for Cattle. The search yielded associations in 146 studies. Twenty-three VRHD were associated with 16 WI. The VRHD that related to milk yield, culling, and reproduction were associated with the largest number of WI. Few associations were found for WI that referred to behavioral aspects of animal welfare, nonspecific disease symptoms, or resources-based indicators. For 18 WI, associations with VRHD were not significant (n=5 WI) or no studies were found that investigated associations with VRHD (n=13 WI). It was concluded that many VRHD have potential to estimate the level of animal welfare on dairy farms. As strengths of associations were not considered in this review, however, the true value of these VRHD should be further explored. Moreover, associations found at the animal level and in an experimental setting might not appear at the farm level and in common practice and should be investigated. Cross-sectional studies using integrated welfare scores at the farm level are needed to more accurately determine the potential of VRHD to estimate levels of animal welfare on dairy farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M de Vries
- Animal Production Systems Group, Wageningen University, 6709 PG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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29
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Effects of seasonal changes in feeding management under part-time grazing on terpene concentrations of ewes' milk. J DAIRY RES 2010; 78:129-35. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022029910000750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Terpene composition of ewes’ raw milk from nine commercial flocks was analysed from February to July. Ewes’ diet consisted of concentrate and conserved forage in winter (indoor feeding) and part-time grazing from spring (transition and outdoor feeding). Regardless of the feeding, limonene and β-phellandrene were the most abundant monoterpenes and β-caryophyllene showed the highest concentrations among sesquiterpenes. Terpene content increased in the milks of commercial flocks when animals were reared under grazing management. Monoterpenes were detected in the milks of all the commercial flocks throughout the season, whereas sesquiterpenes were only detected in the milks from flocks grazing on non-cultivated community-owned grasslands in which a higher biodiversity of plant species grew. These preliminary results indicated that β-caryophyllene could be a potential pasture-diet marker in the case of milks from animals grazing a higher biodiversity of plant species but in-depth studies including information on terpene composition of plants ingested by the animals are necessary to evaluate the suitability of β-caryophyllene or another terpenoid compound as pasture biomarker.
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30
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Grass-based ruminant production methods and human bioconversion of vaccenic acid with estimations of maximal dietary intake of conjugated linoleic acids. Int Dairy J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2010.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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31
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Abilleira E, Collomb M, Schlichtherle-Cerny H, Virto M, de Renobales M, Barron LJR. Winter/spring changes in fatty acid composition of farmhouse Idiazabal cheese due to different flock management systems. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:4746-4753. [PMID: 19397267 DOI: 10.1021/jf900460u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Typically, two different flock managements are employed by basque sheepherders in winter and spring. Thus, seasonal changes in the fatty acid (FA) composition of Idiazabal PDO farmhouse cheeses were studied. Ewe's raw milk cheeses elaborated in winter and spring were collected after 120 days of ripening from 10 Idiazabal PDO farmhouses. In winter, concentrate and conserved forages were fed, whereas a part-time grazing system was adopted from spring onward. Spring cheeses had less (P <or= 0.05) saturated FA and higher (P <or= 0.05) content of unsaturated FA, including trans-FA (mainly trans-vaccenic acid) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), branched-chain FA (BCFA), and n-3 FA. Principal component analysis (PCA) separated winter and spring cheeses into two groups by the combination of two principal components (84.2% of variance). Fresh pasture in the diet enhanced desirable FA and lowered atherogenicity index in cheeses, supporting the benefits of using a part-time grazing system for the consumer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunate Abilleira
- Tecnologia de Alimentos, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad del Pais Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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32
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Hausman GJ, Dodson MV, Ajuwon K, Azain M, Barnes KM, Guan LL, Jiang Z, Poulos SP, Sainz RD, Smith S, Spurlock M, Novakofski J, Fernyhough ME, Bergen WG. Board-invited review: the biology and regulation of preadipocytes and adipocytes in meat animals. J Anim Sci 2008; 87:1218-46. [PMID: 18849378 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-1427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The quality and value of the carcass in domestic meat animals are reflected in its protein and fat content. Preadipocytes and adipocytes are important in establishing the overall fatness of a carcass, as well as being the main contributors to the marbling component needed for consumer preference of meat products. Although some fat accumulation is essential, any excess fat that is deposited into adipose depots other than the marbling fraction is energetically unfavorable and reduces efficiency of production. Hence, this review is focused on current knowledge about the biology and regulation of the important cells of adipose tissue: preadipocytes and adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Hausman
- USDA-ARS, Richard B. Russell Agricultural Research Station, Athens, GA 30604, USA
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