1
|
Xu Z, Luan L, Li P, Dong K. Extralong hot-spots sensor for SERS sensitive detection of phthalate plasticizers in biological tear and serum fluids. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:4301-4313. [PMID: 38852120 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05366-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Phthalate plasticizers (PAEs) illegally used in food pose a great threat to human health. A new and efficient sensing platform for the sensitive detection of the PAE residues in biological fluids needs to be designed and developed. Here, we report a simple and reliable surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) active platform with extralong hot spots of Au nanobipyramids@Ag nanorods (Au NBPs@Ag NRs) for the rapid and sensitive detection of PAEs in biological fluids. To achieve high activity, Au NBPs@Ag NRs with different shell lengths were fabricated by controlling the synthesis conditions, and the corresponding SERS properties were investigated by using crystal violet (CryV) and butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP). The experimental results showed that a longer shell length correlated to greater Raman activity, which was confirmed by finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) electromagnetic simulation. More importantly, the extralong hot spots of the Au NBPs@Ag NR SERS-active substrate showed excellent homogeneity and reproducibility for the CryV probe molecules (6.21%), and the detection limit was 10-9 M for both BBP and diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP). Furthermore, through the standard addition method, an extralong hot spots SERS substrate could achieve highly sensitive detection of BBP and DEHP in serum and tears fluids, and the detection limit was as low as 3.52 × 10-8 M and 2.82 × 10-8 M. Therefore, the Au NBPs@Ag NR substrate with an extraordinarily long surface is efficient and versatile, and can potentially be used for high-efficiency sensing analysis in complex biological fluids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziming Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, P.R. China
| | - Longlong Luan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, HefeiAnhui, 230009, China
| | - Pan Li
- Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China.
| | - Kai Dong
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dong W, Fan Z, Shang X, Han M, Sun B, Shen C, Liu M, Lin F, Sun X, Xiong Y, Deng B. Nanotechnology-based optical sensors for Baijiu quality and safety control. Food Chem 2024; 447:138995. [PMID: 38513496 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Baijiu quality and safety have received considerable attention owing to the gradual increase in its consumption. However, owing to the unique and complex process of Baijiu production, issues leading to quality and safety concerns may occur during the manufacturing process. Therefore, establishing appropriate analytical methods is necessary for Baijiu quality assurance and process control. Nanomaterial (NM)-based optical sensing techniques have garnered widespread interest because of their unique advantages. However, comprehensive studies on nano-optical sensing technology for quality and safety control of Baijiu are lacking. In this review, we systematically summarize NM-based optical sensor applications for the accurate detection and quantification of analytes closely related to Baijiu quality and safety. Furthermore, we evaluate the sensing mechanisms for each application. Finally, we discuss the challenges nanotechnology poses for Baijiu analysis and future trends. Overall, nanotechnological approaches provide a potentially useful alternative for simplifying Baijiu analysis and improving final product quality and safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dong
- Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Brewing Molecular Engineering of China Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health (Beijing Technology and Business University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zhen Fan
- Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Brewing Molecular Engineering of China Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health (Beijing Technology and Business University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xiaolong Shang
- Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Brewing Molecular Engineering of China Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health (Beijing Technology and Business University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Mengjun Han
- Key Laboratory of Brewing Molecular Engineering of China Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health (Beijing Technology and Business University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Baoguo Sun
- Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Brewing Molecular Engineering of China Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health (Beijing Technology and Business University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China
| | | | - Miao Liu
- Luzhou Laojiao Co. Ltd., Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Feng Lin
- Luzhou Laojiao Co. Ltd., Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Xiaotao Sun
- Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Brewing Molecular Engineering of China Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health (Beijing Technology and Business University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China.
| | | | - Bo Deng
- Luzhou Laojiao Co. Ltd., Luzhou 646000, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lee Y, Baek J, Kwon Y. Assessing dietary bisphenol A exposure among Koreans: comprehensive database construction and analysis using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024:1-38. [PMID: 38923903 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2362252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) exposure primarily occurs through dietary intake. This study aimed to estimate the extent of dietary BPA exposure among Koreans. A thorough literature search was conducted to establish a BPA content database encompassing common foods consumed in Korea, including various food raw materials and processed food products. Dietary exposure levels were estimated by integrating the constructed BPA database with comprehensive nationwide 24 h-dietary recall datasets. The finding revealed that dietary BPA exposure was low for most Koreans, with a mean of 14.5 ng/kg bw/day, but was higher for preschool-age children (over 23 ng). Canned foods accounted for 9-36% of the total dietary exposure of the highest dietary exposure groups; while across all age groups, a considerable amount was derived from canned tuna, contribution of canned fruits and canned coffee (milk-containing) was high for preschool-age children and adults, respectively. Notably, for adults, a substantial proportion also stemmed from beer packaged in cans. While diet contributed over 80% of aggregate exposure for most age groups, preschool-age children experienced 60% exposure through diet due to additional exposure from indoor dust. Even at the high exposure scenario, aggregate BPA exposure levels remained lower than the current tolerable daily intake (TDI) set by the Korean agency (20 μg/kg bw/day). Nevertheless, most Koreans were exposed to BPA levels surpassing the strictest TDI (0.2 ng/kg bw/day) set by the European Food Safety Authority.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoonjoo Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiyun Baek
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngjoo Kwon
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Carro N, Fernández R, Cobas J, García I, Ignacio M, Mouteira A. Optimization of a modified Captiva EMR-lipid method based on micro-matrix solid-phase dispersion coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of nine bisphenols in mussel samples. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:3957-3967. [PMID: 38847157 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00738g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
This work describes a reliable, cheap, easy and fast method for analysis of nine bisphenols in mussel samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after trimethylsilylation. The modified method consisted of miniaturized matrix solid phase dispersion (micro-MSPD) in a glass Pasteur pipette using Captiva EMR (enhanced matrix removal)-lipid as the sorbent. Good linearity was obtained in the work range (1-500 μg L-1) with a correlation coefficient (R2) ≥ 0.998. The method accuracy and precision were determined at two concentration levels. The results show recoveries ranging from 55 to 111%. The precision varied from 1.95 to 11.4% (RSD). The whole quantification limits were between 0.056 and 3.42 μg per kg dry weight. The analytical procedure was applied for the analyses of five mussel samples collected from Galician Rias. The major compound was BPA, and wild mussels from Rías de Ferrol, Vigo and A Coruña had the highest levels. The proposed method is suitable for the analysis of BPA and its analogues in mussel samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Carro
- Instituto Tecnolóxico para o Control Do Medio Mariño de Galicia, INTECMAR, Consellería Do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, Peirao de Vilaxoán s/n, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain.
| | - R Fernández
- Instituto Tecnolóxico para o Control Do Medio Mariño de Galicia, INTECMAR, Consellería Do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, Peirao de Vilaxoán s/n, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain.
| | - J Cobas
- Instituto Tecnolóxico para o Control Do Medio Mariño de Galicia, INTECMAR, Consellería Do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, Peirao de Vilaxoán s/n, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain.
| | - I García
- Instituto Tecnolóxico para o Control Do Medio Mariño de Galicia, INTECMAR, Consellería Do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, Peirao de Vilaxoán s/n, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain.
| | - M Ignacio
- Instituto Tecnolóxico para o Control Do Medio Mariño de Galicia, INTECMAR, Consellería Do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, Peirao de Vilaxoán s/n, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain.
| | - A Mouteira
- Instituto Tecnolóxico para o Control Do Medio Mariño de Galicia, INTECMAR, Consellería Do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, Peirao de Vilaxoán s/n, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Freitas F, Cabrita MJ, da Silva MG. A Critical Review of Analytical Methods for the Quantification of Phthalates Esters in Two Important European Food Products: Olive Oil and Wine. Molecules 2023; 28:7628. [PMID: 38005350 PMCID: PMC10673500 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are a class of chemicals widely used as plasticizers. These compounds, considered toxic, do not bond to the polymeric matrix of plastic and can, therefore, migrate into the surrounding environment, posing a risk to human health. The primary source of human exposure is food, which can become contaminated during cultivation, production, and packaging. Therefore, it is imperative to control and regulate this exposure. This review covers the analytical methods used for their determination in two economically significant products: olive oil and wine. Additionally, it provides a summary and analysis of information regarding the characteristics, toxicity, effects on human health, and current regulations pertaining to PAEs in food. Various approaches for the extraction, purification, and quantification of these analytes are highlighted. Solvent and sorbent-based extraction techniques are reviewed, as are the chromatographic separation and other methods currently applied in the analysis of PAEs in wines and olive oils. The analysis of these contaminants is challenging due to the complexities of the matrices and the widespread presence of PAEs in analytical laboratories, demanding the implementation of appropriate strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Freitas
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Maria João Cabrita
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Departamento de Fitotecnia, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Marco Gomes da Silva
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pereira C, Cunha SC, Fernandes JO. Commercial beers: A source of phthalates and di-ethylhexyl adipate. Food Chem X 2023; 19:100768. [PMID: 37780332 PMCID: PMC10534124 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Beer is one of the most consumed beverages worldwide. Different materials used along its production and packaging can result in human exposure to phthalates and adipates. The aim of this study was to assess simultaneously the levels of phthalates and di-ethylhexyl adipate (DEHA) in commercial beer samples (n = 66) with a method based on DLLME and detection with GC-MS/MS, and further evaluate human exposure. Six out of seven compounds studied were found in the beers analysed, with levels ranging from 1.77 to 205.40 µg/L. The most prevalent was DEHA at 205.40 µg/L, while dimethyl phthalate (DMP) was not present in any sample. Samples with 5-6 % alcohol, packed in aluminium cans and produced in an industrial environment presented the highest level of these contaminants. Despite low-risk exposure to phthalates and adipate with beer, it is important to remember the ubiquitous nature of these compounds, which can lead to cumulative exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheila Pereira
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology e Hidrology, Facultaty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara C. Cunha
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology e Hidrology, Facultaty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - José O. Fernandes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology e Hidrology, Facultaty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Khalili Sadrabad E, Hashemi SA, Nadjarzadeh A, Askari E, Akrami Mohajeri F, Ramroudi F. Bisphenol A release from food and beverage containers - A review. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:3718-3728. [PMID: 37457148 PMCID: PMC10345686 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary exposure was introduced as the primary way Bisphenol A (BPA) enters the human body. Although significant efforts have been made to analyze BPA's presence in different foodstuffs, less attention has been given to introducing the conditions that facilitate BPA release. This review aimed to mention possible factors affecting BPA release into foods and beverages. According to the results, the critical factors in BPA release are temperature, manufacturing process, food and packaging type, pH, mineral elements, repeated use, irradiation, washing, contact time, and using detergents. It showed that using PC containers, high temperature and pH, storage under solar irradiation, alkaline detergents, water hardness, and repeated use could increase the BPA release from containers into foodstuff. During various conditions, hydrolysis of the carbonate linkage and d-spacing will increase. Considering these parameters and limiting the use of PC containers, the potential risk of BPA exposure could be eliminated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Khalili Sadrabad
- Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public HealthShahid Sadoughi University of Medical SciencesYazdIran
| | | | - Azadeh Nadjarzadeh
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Department of Nutrition, School of Public HealthShahid Sadoughi University of Medical SciencesYazdIran
| | - Elaheh Askari
- Nutritional Health Research Center, School of Health and NutritionLorestan University of Medical SciencesKhorramabadIran
| | - Fateme Akrami Mohajeri
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi HospitalShahid Sadoughi University of Medical SciencesYazdIran
| | - Fereshteh Ramroudi
- Nutritional Health Research Center, School of Health and NutritionLorestan University of Medical SciencesKhorramabadIran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Stuparu-Cretu M, Braniste G, Necula GA, Stanciu S, Stoica D, Stoica M. Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Food Packaging and Their Influence on Human Health. Foods 2023; 12:foods12091882. [PMID: 37174420 PMCID: PMC10178527 DOI: 10.3390/foods12091882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
It is a matter of common knowledge in the literature that engineered metal oxide nanoparticles have properties that are efficient for the design of innovative food/beverage packages. Although nanopackages have many benefits, there are circumstances when these materials are able to release nanoparticles into the food/beverage matrix. Once dispersed into food, engineered metal oxide nanoparticles travel through the gastrointestinal tract and subsequently enter human cells, where they display various behaviors influencing human health or wellbeing. This review article provides an insight into the antimicrobial mechanisms of metal oxide nanoparticles as essential for their benefits in food/beverage packaging and provides a discussion on the oral route of these nanoparticles from nanopackages to the human body. This contribution also highlights the potential toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles for human health. The fact that only a small number of studies address the issue of food packaging based on engineered metal oxide nanoparticles should be particularly noted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Stuparu-Cretu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati, 35 Alexandru Ioan Cuza Street, 800010 Galati, Romania
| | - Gheorghe Braniste
- Cross-Border Faculty, "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati, 111 Domneasca Street, 800201 Galati, Romania
| | - Gina-Aurora Necula
- Cross-Border Faculty, "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati, 111 Domneasca Street, 800201 Galati, Romania
| | - Silvius Stanciu
- Faculty of Food Science, "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati, 111 Domneasca Street, 800201 Galati, Romania
| | - Dimitrie Stoica
- Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati, 59-61 Balcescu Street, 800001 Galati, Romania
| | - Maricica Stoica
- Cross-Border Faculty, "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati, 111 Domneasca Street, 800201 Galati, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Carro N, Fernández R, Sóñora S, Cobas J, García I, Ignacio M, Mouteira A. Optimization of micro-QuEChERS extraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the fast determination of phthalic acid esters in mussel samples. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:1836-1845. [PMID: 36974432 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00042g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a new miniaturized version of the analytical method based on the Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) technique using Florisil in the cleanup step for extracting six phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in mussel samples was developed by using a design of experiments. For this purpose, 1.5 mL of ultrapure water and later, 1.5 mL of acetonitrile were added to 0.1 g of the lyophilized sample, followed by 0.3 g of a commercial extraction salt packet (magnesium sulfate, sodium chloride, sodium citrate dihydrate, and sodium hydrogencitrate sesquihydrate). The recovered extract was purified using 0.1 g of Florisil. The final extract was evaporated and reconstituted in 1 mL of hexane. The six phthalates were determined by a GC-MS (SIM) system. The whole method was validated at two concentration levels. Recoveries ranged from 79% to 108%. Reproducibility in terms of coefficients of variation was between 4.9% and 12.1%. The limits of quantification of the whole method were between 0.53 and 38.0 μg per kg dry weight. Five mussel samples coming from the Galician Rías were analysed using this method. Except for three of the five samples where DnOP (di-n-octyl phthalate) was below the limit of quantification, all PAEs were found in concentrations that ranged between 1.99 and 372.7 μg per kg dry weight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Carro
- Instituto Tecnolóxico para o Control do Medio Mariño de Galicia (INTECMAR), Consellería do mar, Xunta de Galicia, Peirao de Vilaxoán s/n, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain.
| | - R Fernández
- Instituto Tecnolóxico para o Control do Medio Mariño de Galicia (INTECMAR), Consellería do mar, Xunta de Galicia, Peirao de Vilaxoán s/n, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain.
| | - S Sóñora
- Instituto Tecnolóxico para o Control do Medio Mariño de Galicia (INTECMAR), Consellería do mar, Xunta de Galicia, Peirao de Vilaxoán s/n, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain.
| | - J Cobas
- Instituto Tecnolóxico para o Control do Medio Mariño de Galicia (INTECMAR), Consellería do mar, Xunta de Galicia, Peirao de Vilaxoán s/n, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain.
| | - I García
- Instituto Tecnolóxico para o Control do Medio Mariño de Galicia (INTECMAR), Consellería do mar, Xunta de Galicia, Peirao de Vilaxoán s/n, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain.
| | - M Ignacio
- Instituto Tecnolóxico para o Control do Medio Mariño de Galicia (INTECMAR), Consellería do mar, Xunta de Galicia, Peirao de Vilaxoán s/n, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain.
| | - A Mouteira
- Instituto Tecnolóxico para o Control do Medio Mariño de Galicia (INTECMAR), Consellería do mar, Xunta de Galicia, Peirao de Vilaxoán s/n, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sánchez A, Rodríguez-Viso P, Domene A, Orozco H, Vélez D, Devesa V. Dietary microplastics: Occurrence, exposure and health implications. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113150. [PMID: 35341751 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The increasing use of plastic materials generates an enormous amount of waste. In the aquatic environment, a significant part of this waste is present in the form of microplastics (MPs)- particles with a diameter of between 0.1 μm and 5 mm. The arrival of these small plastics in the food chain has been recently documented. MPs have been reported in fishery products, drinking water and sea salt among other foods. Their intestinal absorption is considered limited due to their size, however, they contain a mixture of chemicals intentionally added during their manufacture, which could cross the intestinal barrier. Currently there are not enough data to allow an accurate assessment of the risk associated with dietary exposure to MPs. The lack of robust methodologies is undoubtedly one of the main problems. There is limited information on occurrence in dietary sources (drinking water and food), human intake, toxicokinetics and long term toxicity of these contaminants. The present review describes the studies published so far and points to the need for improved knowledge in order to have a more accurate view of the problems posed by MPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Sánchez
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Calle Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pilar Rodríguez-Viso
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Calle Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Adrián Domene
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Calle Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Helena Orozco
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Calle Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Dinoraz Vélez
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Calle Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicenta Devesa
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Calle Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Domínguez-Hernández C, Ortega-Zamora C, González-Sálamo J, Hernández-Borges J. Determination of phthalic acid esters and di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate in coffee obtained from capsules. Food Chem 2022; 388:132997. [PMID: 35472627 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the ammonium formate version of the QuEChERS method has been applied for the first time to the extraction of a group of nine phthalic acid esters and one adipate from three types of coffee (maximum intensity, intermediate intensity and decaffeinated) prepared from coffee capsules, using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for analytes separation and determination. Matrix-matched calibration showed good linearity with determination coefficients (R2) higher than 0.9983 for all analytes and matrices. In general, matrix effect assessment revealed a medium effect of signal suppression, while mean relative recovery values were in the range 70-120% with relative standard deviation values ≤19% for most analytes. Several samples of each type of coffee obtained from capsules made of different materials were also analysed, finding concentrations of DBP, DEHA and DEHP in the range 29.3-734 ng/capsule, below the tolerable daily intake established for some of them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristopher Domínguez-Hernández
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Cecilia Ortega-Zamora
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Javier González-Sálamo
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain; Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Javier Hernández-Borges
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nerín C, Bourdoux S, Faust B, Gude T, Lesueur C, Simat T, Stoermer A, Van Hoek E, Oldring P. Guidance in selecting analytical techniques for identification and quantification of non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) in food contact materials (FCMS). Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:620-643. [PMID: 35081016 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.2012599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
There are numerous approaches and methodologies for assessing the identity and quantities of non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) in food contact materials (FCMs). They can give different results and it can be difficult to make meaningful comparisons. The initial approach was to attempt to prepare a prescriptive methodology but as this proved impossible; this paper develops guidelines that need to be taken into consideration when assessing NIAS. Different approaches to analysing NIAS in FCMs are reviewed and compared. The approaches for preparing the sample for analysis, recommended procedures for screening, identification, and quantification of NIAS as well as the reporting requirements are outlined. Different analytical equipment and procedures are compared. Limitations of today's capabilities are raised along with some research needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Nerín
- Grupo Universitario de Investigación Analítica, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Birgit Faust
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting (TERC), Dow Olefinverbund GmbH, Schkopau, Germany
| | - Thomas Gude
- Swiss Quality Testing Services, Dietikon, Switzerland
| | - Céline Lesueur
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Danone, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Simat
- Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Angela Stoermer
- Fraunhofer Institute Process Engineering and Packaging, Freising, Germany
| | - Els Van Hoek
- Organic Contaminants & Additives, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter Oldring
- Regulatory Affairs Department, Sherwin Williams, Witney, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Conde-Díaz A, Rodríguez-Ramos R, Socas-Rodríguez B, Salazar-Carballo PÁ, Rodríguez-Delgado MÁ. Application of polyaniline-based magnetic-dispersive-solid-phase microextraction combined with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the evaluation of plastic migrants in food matrices. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1670:462988. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
14
|
Sambolino A, Ortega-Zamora C, González-Sálamo J, Dinis A, Cordeiro N, Canning-Clode J, Hernández-Borges J. Determination of phthalic acid esters and di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate in fish and squid using the ammonium formate version of the QuEChERS method combined with gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2022; 380:132174. [PMID: 35086018 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the ammonium formate version of the QuEChERS method, considered highly advantageous in relation to instrument maintenance and other issues, was applied for the first time to extract a group of twelve phthalic acid esters (PAEs, i.e. dipropyl phthalate, DPP; diisobutyl phthalate, DIBP; dibutyl phthalate, DBP; diisopentyl phthalate, DIPP; di-n-pentyl phthalate, DNPP; dihexyl phthalate, DHP; butyl benzyl phthalate, BBP; dicyclohexyl phthalate, DCHP; di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, DEHP; di-n-octyl phthalate, DNOP; diisononyl phthalate, DINP; and diisodecyl phthalate, DIDP) and one adipate (di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, DEHA) from two species of fish (Scomber colias and Katsuwonus pelamis) and one of squid (Loligo gahi). The method was validated in terms of linearity, trueness and matrix effects. Determination coefficients (R2) for matrix-matched calibration curves were higher than 0.99 in all cases, being the lowest calibration levels in the range 0.5-10 ng/g. Mean recovery values were between 70 and 117% with relative standard deviation values ≤20%. Matrix effects were soft (between -20 and +20%) for most analytes and matrices, except in squid samples, which was mostly medium with a moderate ion suppression. The analysis of 10 samples of each type showed the presence of DIBP, DBP and DEHP at concentrations up to 44.2 ± 2.1 ng/g of wet weight in some of the samples and species, still not representing concerning values when considering the daily intake of such species of seafood in the human diet (tolerable daily intake -TDI- values were not exceeded). Results demonstrated that the ammonium formate version of the QuEChERS method can be applied with success for the extraction and determination of the selected PAEs and DEHA in fish and squid samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Sambolino
- LB3, Faculty of Exact Science and Engineering, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal; MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Agência Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investigação Tecnologia e Inovação (ARDITI), 9020-105 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal; Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
| | - Cecilia Ortega-Zamora
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL). Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n. 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España
| | - Javier González-Sálamo
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL). Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n. 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España; Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n. 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España; Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Ana Dinis
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Agência Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investigação Tecnologia e Inovação (ARDITI), 9020-105 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal; OOM - Oceanic Observatory of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
| | - Nereida Cordeiro
- LB3, Faculty of Exact Science and Engineering, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal; CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - João Canning-Clode
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Agência Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investigação Tecnologia e Inovação (ARDITI), 9020-105 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal; Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, USA
| | - Javier Hernández-Borges
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL). Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n. 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España; Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n. 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
A novel enrichment and sensitive method for simultaneous determination of 15 phthalate esters in milk powder samples. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
16
|
Yan Y, Qu Y, Du R, Zhou W, Gao H, Lu R. Colorimetric assay based on arginine-functionalized gold nanoparticles for the detection of dibutyl phthalate in Baijiu samples. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:5179-5186. [PMID: 34672311 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01464a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a simple and innovative colorimetric method is established, which is based on DBP-induced aggregation of arginine functionalized gold nanoparticles (ARG-AuNPs), and can be used for the sensitive determination of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) in Baijiu samples. The morphological characteristics and the color changes of ARG-AuNPs caused by aggregation show good sensitivity, and can be observed through ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential technology. The color change of ARG-AuNPs from red to blue is due to the strong non-covalent interactions between DBP and ARG-AuNPs (electrostatic, van der Waals force and hydrogen bonding), which leads to the reduction of the electrostatic repulsion between the nanoparticles and aggregation. A two-stage linear equation was established between the absorption ratio (A690/A530) and the DBP concentration (0.0-2.8 mg L-1); the correlation coefficient (R2) was 0.9914-0.9940, and the detection limit (LOD) was estimated at 0.05 mg L-1. The designed ARG-AuNPs acting as a dependable sensor for the detection of Baijiu samples equally acquired satisfactory recoveries. When the concentration of DBP in the solution is more than 1.0 mg L-1, the color change can be clearly observed by the naked eye; so there is no need for sample preparation techniques and tedious operations to quickly and semi-quantitatively detect DBP. The successful application of the proposed method in Baijiu samples indicates its potential to detect DBP in more complex environment samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Yan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2#, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yuan Qu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2#, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Rui Du
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2#, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Wenfeng Zhou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2#, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Haixiang Gao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2#, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Runhua Lu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2#, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Allotey JA, Boyle M, Sapkota A, Zhu L, Peng RD, Garza MA, Quirós-Alcalá L. Determinants of phthalate exposure among a U.S.-based group of Latino workers. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2021; 234:113739. [PMID: 33836349 PMCID: PMC8096699 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phthalates are endocrine disrupting compounds linked to various adverse health effects. U.S. national biomonitoring data indicate that select minority subgroups may suffer disparate exposures to phthalates. Still, exposures and their respective determinants among these subgroups are not well characterized. OBJECTIVE We sought to examine determinants of phthalate exposure in a subsample of US-based Latino adults. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study on 94 Latino immigrant adults in Maryland. Participants were >18 years of age and working in a service-based industry. We administered an interviewer-administered questionnaire to capture information on potential exposure determinants (e.g., demographic characteristics, consumer product use, and workplace exposures and behaviors) and using HPLC/MS-MS we quantified concentrations of 9 urinary phthalate metabolites: monoethyl phthalate (MEP, diethyl phthalate metabolite); mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP, di-n-butyl phthalate metabolite); mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP, di-isobutyl phthalate metabolite; monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP, benzylbutyl phthalate metabolite); molar sum of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate or DEHP metabolites [mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), and mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECCP)]; and mono(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP, a non-specific metabolite of several phthalates including di-n-butyl phthalate and di-n-octyl phthalate). DEHP was analyzed as the molar sum of four metabolites (ΣDEHP = MEHP + MEHHP + MECPP + MEOHP). Spearman correlations, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney, and Kruskal-Wallis tests were conducted to assess bivariate associations between metabolite concentrations and potential exposure determinants. Covariates associated with metabolites at p < 0.10 in bivariate analyses were included in multivariable linear regression models to assess the independent effects of predictors on metabolite concentrations. RESULTS Uncorrected median phthalate metabolite concentrations were lower in our study population (50% of samples ranged between 1.4 and 23.6 μg/L. While we observed some significant associations with select predictors in our bivariate analysis, select associations were attenuated in multivariable regression models. In our final multivariable linear regression models, we found that use of bleach (β = 1.15, 95%CI:0.30, 2.00) and consumption pasta/rice/noodles (β = 0.87, 95%CI: 0.27, 1.46) was positively associated with MBzP concentrations. MEP concentrations were inversely associated with use of furniture polish (β = -1.17, 95%CI: 2.21, -0.12) and use of scented dryer sheets (β = -1.08, 95%CI: 2.01, -0.14). Lastly, ΣDEHP concentrations were inversely associated with use of degreaser (ßDEHP = -0.65, 95%CI: 1.25, -0.05). CONCLUSIONS In this predominantly U.S.-based Central American subsample of adults, we observed lower metabolite concentrations than those previously reported in other U.S. studies and other countries. Our findings could be due, in part, to temporal trends in phthalate exposures and cultural differences related to exposure-related behaviors. While some exposure determinants were identified in our bivariate analyses, results from multivariable regression models did not provide clear results as many associations were attenuated. Environmental exposures may vary within minority subgroups and should be explored further in future studies to further inform exposure mitigation strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janice A Allotey
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Meleah Boyle
- Maryland Institute of Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Amir Sapkota
- Maryland Institute of Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Linyan Zhu
- Maryland Institute of Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Roger D Peng
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mary A Garza
- California State University, Fresno, College of Health and Human Services, Department of Public Health, Fresno, CA, USA
| | - Lesliam Quirós-Alcalá
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA; Maryland Institute of Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Karsauliya K, Bhateria M, Sonker A, Singh SP. Determination of Bisphenol Analogues in Infant Formula Products from India and Evaluating the Health Risk in Infants Asssociated with Their Exposure. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:3932-3941. [PMID: 33761244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a well-recognized endocrine disruptor, and considering its adverse effects its use in infant bottles has been banned in many countries. Growing concern on the use of BPA has led to its replacement with its analogues in numerous applications. Present is the first report determining the occurrence of seven bisphenols (BPs: BPA, BPAF, BPC, BPE, BPFL, BPS, and BPZ) in Indian infant formula. A reliable and efficient UPLC-MS/MS method for their simultaneous determination was developed and validated in powdered infant formula (n = 68). The limit of quantification of the method was 0.19 ng/g for BPA, BPAF, BPE, BPS and BPZ and 0.78 ng/g for BPC and BPFL. The highest concentration was detected for BPA (mean = 5.46 ng/g) followed by BPZ and BPS. BPAF, BPFL, BPC and BPE were detected in none of the samples. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of total BPs in infants (0-12 months old infants) was determined to be 54.33-213.36 ng/kg b.w./day. BPA mainly contributed to the total intake (EDI = 92.76 ng/kg b.w./day). The dietary exposure to total BPs evaluated in the present study was approximately 1 order of magnitude lower than the reference value of BPA set by EFSA (4 μg/kg b.w./day) and, thus, may not pose considerable risks to infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kajal Karsauliya
- Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory/Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology, and Food, Drug & Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manisha Bhateria
- Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory/Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology, and Food, Drug & Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashish Sonker
- Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory/Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology, and Food, Drug & Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sheelendra Pratap Singh
- Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory/Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology, and Food, Drug & Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gálvez-Ontiveros Y, Moscoso-Ruiz I, Rodrigo L, Aguilera M, Rivas A, Zafra-Gómez A. Presence of Parabens and Bisphenols in Food Commonly Consumed in Spain. Foods 2021; 10:E92. [PMID: 33466450 PMCID: PMC7824906 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the widespread use of bisphenols and parabens in consumer products, the assessment of their intake is crucial and represents the first step towards the assessment of the potential risks that these compounds may pose to human health. In the present study, a total of 98 samples of food items commonly consumed by the Spanish population were collected from different national supermarkets and grocery stores for the determination of parabens and bisphenols. Our analysis demonstrated that 56 of the 98 food samples contained detectable levels of parabens with limits of quantification (LOQ) between 0.4 and 0.9 ng g-1. The total concentration of parabens (sum of four parabens: ∑parabens) ranged from below the LOQ to 281.7 ng g-1, with a mean value of 73.86 ng g-1. A total of 52% of the samples showed detectable concentrations of bisphenols. Bisphenol A (BPA) was the most frequently detected bisphenol in the food samples analysed, followed by bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol E (BPE). Bisphenol AF (BPAF), bisphenol B (BPB) and bisphenol P (BPP) were not found in any of the analysed samples. LOQ for these bisphenols were between 0.4 and 4.0 ng g-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Gálvez-Ontiveros
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Inmaculada Moscoso-Ruiz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Campus of Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain; (I.M.-R.); (A.Z.-G.)
| | - Lourdes Rodrigo
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Margarita Aguilera
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Ana Rivas
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Alberto Zafra-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Campus of Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain; (I.M.-R.); (A.Z.-G.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kovačič A, Gys C, Gulin MR, Kosjek T, Heath D, Covaci A, Heath E. The migration of bisphenols from beverage cans and reusable sports bottles. Food Chem 2020; 331:127326. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
21
|
Benson NU, Fred-Ahmadu OH. Occurrence and distribution of microplastics-sorbed phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in coastal psammitic sediments of tropical Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Guinea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 730:139013. [PMID: 32416503 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Baseline microplastic pollution and the occurrence, spatial distribution and ecological risk of microplastic-sorbed phthalate esters (PAEs) in littoral sandflat sediments of the Gulf of Guinea were investigated. A total of 150 sediment samples were collected using a 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.2 m quadrant placed along designated high, drift and current waterlines at five (5) beaches. Analysis for 6 PAEs-sorbed to microplastics (MPs) was carried out using gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Microplastic particles (1-5 mm) were identified visually and FTIR spectroscopy was also used for identification. The MPs distribution was variably heterogenous with a total of 3424 particles per m2 found within the drift and high waterlines across all sites. Results indicated fragments as the dominant microplastic type compared to pellets and fibres. Polyethylene terephthalate was the major polymer type and accounted for a weighted average of 41% of the total plastics, followed by polystyrene (28%), and polypropylene (21%). The ∑6PAEs concentration ranged from BDL to 164.09 mg/kg dw, dominated by di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl phthalate (DnBP), and dimethyl phthalate. The preliminary ecological risk assessment of PAEs in the microplastic fraction, RQmp, showed DEHP and DnBP may present medium to high biological risks to marine organisms, suggesting that future study of PAEs in total sediment versus the MP fraction might be useful to refine ecological risk assessments. Land-based anthropogenic activities are primary sources of MPs, whereas oceanographic peculiarities of the area constitute the major distribution driving force.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nsikak U Benson
- Department of Chemistry, Covenant University, Km 10 Idiroko Road, Ota, Nigeria.
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jiménez-Skrzypek G, González-Sálamo J, Varela-Martínez DA, González-Curbelo MÁ, Hernández-Borges J. Analysis of phthalic acid esters in sea water and sea sand using polymer-coated magnetic nanoparticles as extraction sorbent. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1611:460620. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
23
|
Assessment of phthalate ester residues and distribution patterns in Baijiu raw materials and Baijiu. Food Chem 2019; 283:508-516. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
24
|
Yang J, Song W, Wang X, Li Y, Sun J, Gong W, Sun C. Migration of phthalates from plastic packages to convenience foods and its cumulative health risk assessments. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2019; 12:151-158. [PMID: 30773137 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2019.1574909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Yang
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- School of Public Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Weizhong Song
- School of Public Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- School of Public Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yongxin Li
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment of Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiannan Sun
- School of Public Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Weilei Gong
- School of Public Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Chengjun Sun
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment of Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yang D, Li G, Wu L, Yang Y. Ferrofluid-based liquid-phase microextraction: Analysis of four phenolic compounds in milks and fruit juices. Food Chem 2018; 261:96-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
26
|
Combination of Vortex-Assisted Liquid–Liquid Extraction and Air-Assisted Liquid–Liquid Microextraction for the Extraction of Bisphenol A and Bisphenol B in Canned Doogh Samples. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1260-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
27
|
Socas-Rodríguez B, González-Sálamo J, Herrera-Herrera AV, Santana-Mayor Á, Hernández-Borges J. Determination of phthalic acid esters in different baby food samples by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-0977-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
28
|
Liu Q, Chen D, Wu J, Yin G, Lin Q, Zhang M, Hu H. Determination of phthalate esters in soil using a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method followed by GC-MS. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:1812-1820. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201701126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qianjun Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering; Guangdong University of Technology; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Di Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering; Guangdong University of Technology; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Jiyuan Wu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering; Guangdong University of Technology; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Guangcai Yin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering; Guangdong University of Technology; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Qintie Lin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering; Guangdong University of Technology; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Energy Engineering; Foshan University; Foshan P. R. China
| | - Huawen Hu
- School of Materials Science and Energy Engineering; Foshan University; Foshan P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Correia-Sá L, Norberto S, Delerue-Matos C, Calhau C, Domingues VF. Micro-QuEChERS extraction coupled to GC–MS for a fast determination of Bisphenol A in human urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1072:9-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
30
|
Xia EQ, Chen Y, Lu Q, Li Y, Hang Y, Su J, Liu Y, Li HB. Optimization and Application of Ultrasound Assisted QuEChERS and Ionic Liquid Dispersive Liquid–liquid Microextraction Followed by HPLC for Determination of BBP and DBP in Packaging Food. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.24.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- En-Qin Xia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University
| | | | - Qin Lu
- Guangdong International Travel Healthcare Center
| | - Ya Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University
| | - Ying Hang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University
| | - Jiewen Su
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University
| | - Yuting Liu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University
| | - Hua-Bin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
García-Córcoles MT, Cipa M, Rodríguez-Gómez R, Rivas A, Olea-Serrano F, Vílchez JL, Zafra-Gómez A. Determination of bisphenols with estrogenic activity in plastic packaged baby food samples using solid-liquid extraction and clean-up with dispersive sorbents followed by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Talanta 2017; 178:441-448. [PMID: 29136846 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenols (BPs) are a family of chemicals with known endocrine disrupting activity. Bisphenol A (BPA) is the most representative prototype of this group of chemicals. Recently, the use of BPA, a prototype of endocrine disruptors, has been reduced and replaced with structural analogs due to its negative effects on both the environment and consumers. In this work, a new method is presented for the determination of seven BPs, with estrogenic activity in ready-to-eat plastic packaged baby foods. The procedure involves the isolation of the analytes using solid-liquid phase extraction with acetonitrile followed by a clean-up step with a mixture of dispersive-SPE sorbents (C18 and PSA) and magnesium sulphate, to reduce matrix effect from proteins, sugars and lipids. Extraction parameters were optimized using multivariate optimization methods. The compounds were detected and quantified by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The limits of quantification were between 0.1 and 1.2ngg-1 for the studied analytes. The method was validated using matrix-matched calibration and recovery assays with spiked samples. Recovery rates were between 91% and 110% and % RSD was lower than 13% in all cases. The method has been successfully applied for the determination of these endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in samples of a novel type of food consumed by pre-schoolers. This is the first study to analyze EDCs in plastic packaged foods consumed by this target group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M T García-Córcoles
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Campus of Fuentenueva, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - M Cipa
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Campus of Fuentenueva, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain; Department of Chemistry, University of Tirana, St. Bulevardi "Zogu I", 1001 Tirana, Albania
| | - R Rodríguez-Gómez
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Campus of Fuentenueva, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - A Rivas
- Research Group on Nutrition, Diet and Risk Assessment, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - F Olea-Serrano
- Research Group on Nutrition, Diet and Risk Assessment, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - J L Vílchez
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Campus of Fuentenueva, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - A Zafra-Gómez
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Campus of Fuentenueva, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sáiz J, Gómara B. Evaluation of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds Migration in Household Food Containers under Domestic Use Conditions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:6692-6700. [PMID: 28735545 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plasticizers and plastic monomers are commonly used in packaging. Most of them act as endocrine disrupters and are susceptible to migrate from the packaging to the food. We evaluated the migration of endocrine disrupting compounds from three different household food containers to four food simulants under different domestic treatments and for different periods of time, with the aim of reproducing real domestic conditions. The results showed that the migration to the simulants increased with the storage time, up to more than 50 times in certain cases. The heating power seemed to increase the migration processes (up to more than 30 times), and reusing containers produced an increase or decrease of the concentrations depending on the container type and the simulant. The concentrations found were lower than other concentrations reported (always less than 4000 pg/mL, down to less than 20 pg/mL), which might be a consequence of the domestic conditions used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Sáiz
- Institute of General Organic Chemistry, Spanish National Research Council (IQOG-CSIC) , Calle Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Gómara
- Institute of General Organic Chemistry, Spanish National Research Council (IQOG-CSIC) , Calle Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Dong W, Sun B, Sun J, Zheng F, Sun X, Huang M, Li H. Matrix Effects in Detection of Phthalate Esters from Wheat by a Modified QuEChERS Method with GC/MS. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-0892-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
34
|
Magnetic solid phase extraction with CoFe2O4/oleic acid nanoparticles coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of alkylphenols in baby foods. Food Chem 2017; 221:76-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
35
|
Yang J, Li Y, Wu X, Ren L, Zhang J, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Sun C. Gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry for successive single-surface migration study of phthalate esters from polythene film. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
36
|
Navarro R, Perrino MP, García C, Elvira C, Gallardo A, Reinecke H. Opening New Gates for the Modification of PVC or Other PVC Derivatives: Synthetic Strategies for the Covalent Binding of Molecules to PVC. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8040152. [PMID: 30979244 PMCID: PMC6432504 DOI: 10.3390/polym8040152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several synthetic strategies based on the use of substituted aromatic and hetero-aromatic thiols for the covalent binding of modifier compounds to PVC are described. A variety of aliphatic alcohols and amines are linked to the aromatic or heteroaromatic rings via highly active functionalities as the isocyanate, acidchloride, or chlorosulfonyl group, and the three chlorine atoms of trichlorotriazine. The first three pathways lead to protected aromatic disulfides obtaining the substituted aromatic thiols by reduction as a final step of an unprecedented synthetic route. The second approach, in a novel, extremely efficient, and scalable process, uses the particular selectivity of trichlorotriazine to connect aliphatic amines, alcohols, and thiols to the ring and creates the thiol via nucleophilic substitution of a heteroaromatic halogen by thiourea and subsequent hydrolysis. Most of the modifier compounds were linked to the polymer chains with high degrees of anchorage. The presented approaches are highly versatile as different activations of aromatic and heteroaromatic rings are used. Therefore, many types of tailored functional nucleophiles may be anchored to PVC providing non-migrating materials with a broad range of applications and properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Navarro
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Calle Juan de la Cierva 3, 28863 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mónica Pérez Perrino
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Calle Juan de la Cierva 3, 28863 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carolina García
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Calle Juan de la Cierva 3, 28863 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carlos Elvira
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Calle Juan de la Cierva 3, 28863 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alberto Gallardo
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Calle Juan de la Cierva 3, 28863 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Helmut Reinecke
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Calle Juan de la Cierva 3, 28863 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|