Investigation the effects of protein hydration states on the mobility water and fat in meat batters by LF-NMR technique

Influence of beeswax-based fish oil oleogels on the mechanism of water and oil retention in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) meat emulsion gels: Filling, emulsification and phase transition

Oleogels have been used in the gelled surimi products to replace animal fats due to its structure characteristics. The effect of structure characteristics in fish oil oleogels on the mechanism of oil/water retention was investigated in meat emulsions. Beeswax assembly improved the oil and water retention. The unsaturation degree of fatty acids lowered the mobility of bound water, immobilized water as well as bound fat in the fish oil oleogel, but enhanced the mobility of free water and protons of unsaturated fatty acids. Beeswax addition and oil phase characteristics could enhance β-sheets, disulfide bonds and hydrophobic force to improve the viscoelasticity, gel strength and oil/water retention. Beeswax assembly facilitated the tight micro-sol network and filling effect, and high unsaturation degree promoted the emulsification effect, thus reducing phase transition temperature and juice loss. The study could lay the foundation for development of gelled shrimp meat products with EPA and DHA.

Phase inversion regulable bigels co-stabilized by Chlorella pyrenoidosa protein and beeswax: In-vitro digestion and food 3D printing

Algal proteins are an emerging source of functional foods. Herein, Chlorella pyrenoidosa protein (CPP)/xanthan gum-based hydrogels (HG) and beeswax-gelled oleogels (OG) are adopted to fabricate bigels. The phase inversion of bigels can be regulated by the ratio of OG and HG: As the OG increased, bigels turn from OG-in-HG (OG/HG) to a semicontinuous state and then HG-in-OG (HG/OG). In OG/HG bigels (OG ≤ 50 %), hydrophilic CPP acts as the emulsifier at the interface of OG and HG, while beeswax emulsifies the system in HG/OG bigels (OG = 80 %). A semicontinuous bigel appears during the transition between HG/OG and OG/HG. The increase of OG can enhance the viscoelasticity, hardness, adhesiveness, chewiness, and thermal stability. OG/HG bigels exhibit stronger thixotropic recovery and oil-holding capacity than HG/OG bigels. In the in-vitro digestion and food 3D printing, the high specific surface area and the highest thixotropic recovery caused by the emulsion structure of the OG/HG bigel (OG = 50 %) are conducive to the release of free fatty acids and molding of 3D-printed objects, respectively. This study provides a new approach to structure the gelled water-oil system with CPP and helps to develop edible algal proteins-based multiphase systems in food engineering or pharmacy.

Crucial textural properties of braised pork to evaluate the oral mastication behavior and its water distribution to influence tenderness

The complex composition of braised pork, including lean meat, pigskin, and fat, makes it difficult for sensory evaluation of its texture properties. This study investigated the correlation between sensory texture attributes and physicochemical properties to achieve an objective and comprehensive evaluation of the texture of braised pork. Sensory analysis demonstrated that the overall texture acceptability of braised pork was significantly and negatively influenced by sensory texture attributes (including sensory hardness, chewiness, and toughness), while it was positively impacted by sensory adhesiveness, softness, and juiciness. Shear force and texture profile analysis (TPA) variables, reflecting mastication behavior, were used to characterize the textural properties of braised pork. They were closely related to water distribution, with a higher proportion of immobilized water (P21), indicating a higher water holding capacity and a more tender texture. Correlation analysis between sensory texture attributes and physicochemical properties through partial least squares regression further revealed significant associations between shear force, TPA variables, and sensory texture attributes. Moreover, the proportion of immobilized water (P21) significantly and negatively affected sensory hardness and chewiness, whereas the proportion of free water (P22) significantly influenced sensory toughness. Sensory texture attributes could be well predicted by the physicochemical properties by projecting test samples onto calibration models established by known samples. Therefore, a combination of sensory and instrumental measures can reliably reflect the texture properties of braised pork. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The combination of sensory and instrumental methods is an effective strategy to accurately and objectively evaluate the texture properties of braised pork, which overcomes the limitations caused by the complexity of the composition and texture traits of braised pork. The accurate evaluation and standardization of texture properties is an important premise for the repeatable and stable cooking of traditional braised pork. Furthermore, this research method and findings can also be applied to guide the procedural optimization of smart appliances (e.g., induction cookers) for cooking braised pork.

Applications and characterization of anti-browning enzymatically modified potato starch (EPS) film associated with chitosan (CTS)/L-Cys/citric acid (CA) on fresh-cut potato slices

This study explores the influence of incorporating L-cysteine (L-Cys), chitosan (CTS), and citric acid (CA) on the enzymatic modification of potato starch (EPS) films to enhance anti-browning properties. Four types of EPS composite films were evaluated for preserving fresh-cut potato slices at low temperatures to inhibit browning. Their thermal, physiochemical, mechanical, and digestibility properties were assessed. Results indicate that the addition of CTS, CA, and L-Cys improved the anti-browning activity of the EPS films by increasing film thickness and reducing water vapor permeability (WVP), oxygen transmission rate (OTR), ultraviolet (UV) transmittance, and tensile strength (TS). Furthermore, these additives improved the film's microstructure, resulting in reinforced intermolecular interactions, increased elongation at break, heightened crystallinity, enhanced thermal stability, and favorable gastrointestinal digestibility. Overall, EPS/CTS/L-Cys/CA composite films show promise as edible packaging materials with effective anti-browning properties.

Uncovering quality changes of surimi-sol based products subjected to freeze-thaw process: The potential role of oxidative modification on salt-dissolved myofibrillar protein aggregation and gelling properties

Frozen surimi quality generally correlates with oxidation, but impacts of protein oxidation on salt-dissolved myofibrillar protein (MP) sol in surimi remain unclear. Hence, physicochemical and gelling properties of MP sol with different oxidation degrees were investigated subjected to freeze-thaw cycles. Results showed that mild oxidation (≤1 mmol/L) improved unfrozen MP gel quality with lowest cooking loss (3.29 %) and highest hardness (829.76 N). Whereas, oxidized sol suffering freeze-thawing degenerated severely, showing reduction of 23.85 % of salt soluble protein contents with H2O2 concentrations of 10 mmol/L. Shearing before heating influenced gelling properties of freeze-thawed sol, depending on oxidation levels. Oxidized gel with shearing displayed disorganized network structures, whereas gel without shearing displayed relatively complete appearances without holes under high oxidation condition (10 mmol/L). Overall, freeze-thaw process aggravated denaturation extents of MP sol subjected to oxidation, further causing high water loss and yellow color of heat-induced gel, especially to gel with shearing.

Effect of deacetylated konjac glucomannan on the 3D printing properties of minced pork

BACKGROUND

The influences of deacetylated konjac glucomannan (DKGM) at different condition levels (0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%) on the 3D printing feasibility, printing properties, and the final gel characteristics of minced pork were investigated.

RESULTS

As the DKGM content increased, the printing accuracy and stability initially increased and then declined, and the printing stability and accuracy increased to their highest levels (98.16% and 98.85%) with a 1.5% addition of DKGM. Furthermore, the addition of DKGM significantly enhanced the texture of 3D-printed meat after heat treatments. When the DKGM content reached 1.5%, the hardness and springiness were 1.19 and 1.06 times higher than those of the control group. The results of low-field nuclear magnetic resonance and Raman spectra revealed that DKGM enhanced the amount of bound water in 3D-printed meat and encouraged changes in protein structure. After the addition of DKGM at 1.5%, the contents of bound water and β-sheets were 7.67% and 12.89% higher than those of the control group, respectively, facilitating the development of a better gel network of minced meat during heating.

CONCLUSION

The results indicate that a concentration of 1.5% DKGM is the ideal setting for obtaining the desired rheological properties and textural characteristics (printability) of 3D-printed minced meat products compared to other samples. In addition, the results showed that the addition of DKGM at 1.5% promotes the transition from α-helix to β-folding of proteins during heating, which facilitates the formation of gels. The results of the study contribute to the application potential of minced meat in the field of 3D food printing. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Constructing gellan gum/konjac glucomannan/wheat fiber composite hydrogel to simulate edible cartilage by ionic cross-link and moisture regulation

The utilization of non-animal-derived materials to imitate cartilage is critical for the advancement of plant-based simulated meat. In this study, gellan gum (GG), konjac glucomannan (KGM), and wheat fiber (WF) were used to construct hydrogel, and the mechanical strength, water properties, and microstructure were regulated by constructing Ca2+ cross-links and moisture control. The hardness, chewiness, resilience, shear force, and shear energy of the Ca2+ cross-linked samples were significantly improved. Extrusion dehydration further changes the related mechanical properties of the hydrogel and results in a tighter microstructure. The findings suggest that the establishment of Ca2+ cross-links and water regulation are efficacious techniques for modifying the texture of the GG/KGM/WF composite hydrogel. Correlation analysis and sensory evaluation showed that the test indexes and sensory scores of the samples with Ca2+ crosslinking and 80 % moisture content were similar to chicken breast cartilage, and the samples with Ca2+ crosslinking and 70 % moisture content were similar to pig crescent bone. This study presents a framework for designing edible cartilage simulators using polysaccharide hydrogels, with implications for enhancing the resemblance of plant-based meat products to real meat and expanding the range of vegetarian offerings available.

Effects of different protein cross-linking degrees on physicochemical and subsequent thermal gelling properties of silver carp myofibrillar proteins sol subjected to freeze-thaw cycles

Knowledge regarding the denaturation process and control methods for depolymerized sol-state myofibrillar proteins (MPs) during freezing remains scant. This study investigated the effects of protein cross-linking treatment before freezing on physicochemical and subsequent gelation properties of MPs sol subjected to freeze-thaw (F-T) cycles. Results indicated that after five F-T cycles, cross-linked MPs sols showed increased high molecular weight polymers and bound water (T21a and T21b) mobility, suggesting enhanced protein-protein interactions at the expense of protein-water interactions. Upon heating after F-T cycles, gels formed from cross-linked sols exhibited significantly higher hardness, springiness, and cooking loss (P < 0.05), alongside more contracted gel networks. Correlation analysis revealed that the formation and properties of thermal gel after freezing closely relate to changes in molecular conformation and chemical bonds of cross-linked MPs sol during freezing. This study provides new insights into regulating the freezing stability and post-thawed thermal processing properties of sol-based surimi products.

Effects of different temperatures on the physicochemical characteristics, microstructure and protein structure of preserved egg yolk

To clarify the mechanism of lower temperatures promoted the solidification of preserved egg yolk, the effects of temperature (4 °C, 10 °C and 25 °C) on the physicochemical properties, microstructure and protein structure of preserved egg yolk were studied. Results showed that the exterior egg yolk (EEY) exhibited higher pH, hardness and free sulfhydryl content at low-temperature pickling. The microstructure showed that the EEY gradually formed a denser gel network structure at lower temperatures. Electrophoresis results and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated that there were different degrees of protein degradation and cross-linking of proteins in the IEY (the interior egg yolk) and EEY and the decrease of β-sheets in the secondary structure was accompanied by an increase of β-turns during the formation of egg yolk gels. These results indicated that egg yolk solidification was faster and denser gel structure at 4 °C and 10 °C.

Effects of umami substances as taste enhancers on salt reduction in meat products: A review

Sodium is one of the essential additives in meat processing, but excessive sodium intake may increase risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. However, reducing salt content while preserving its preservative effect, organoleptic properties, and technological characteristics poses challenges. In this review, the mechanism of salt reduction of umami substances was introduced from the perspective of gustation-taste interaction, and the effects of the addition of traditional umami substances (amino acids, nucleotides, organic acids(OAs)) and natural umami ingredients (mushrooms, seaweeds, tomatoes, soybeans, tea, grains) on the sensory properties of the meat with reduced-salt contents were summarized. In addition, the impacts of taste enhancers on eating quality (color, sensory, textural characteristics, and water-holding capacity (WHC)), and processing quality (lipid oxidation, pH) of meat products (MP) and their related mechanisms were also discussed. Among them, natural umami ingredients exhibit distinct advantages over traditional umami substances in terms of enhancing quality and nutritional value. On the basis of salt reduction, natural umami ingredients improve the flavor, texture, WHC and antioxidant capacity. This comprehensive review may provide the food industry with a theoretical foundation for mitigating salt consumption through the utilization of umami substances and natural ingredients.

Mechanism of ultrasonic enhancement of the gelling properties of salted ovalbumin-cooked soybean isolate hybrid gels

The influence of ultrasonic processing on the physicochemical characteristics, microstructure, and intermolecular forces of the hybrid gels obtained by heating the mixtures of different ratios of salted ovalbumin (SOVA)-cooked soybean protein isolate (CSPI) was investigated. With the growth of SOVA addition, ζ-potential in absolute value, cohesiveness, water-holding capacity (WHC), surface hydrophobicity, and the content of soluble protein of the hybrid gels decreased (P < 0.05), while the hardness, T2 relaxation time of the hybrid gels increased (P < 0.05). And the compactness of the network structure of the hybrid gel increased with the increase of SOVA addition. After being treated with ultrasound, significant increases (P < 0.05) of ζ-potential in absolute value, cohesiveness, WHC, and surface hydrophobicity of the hybrid gels were observed. In general, ultrasonic processing is one of the effective means to improve the gel properties of SOVA-CSPI hybrid gels.

Investigation on 3D Printing of Shrimp Surimi Adding Three Edible Oils

Three-dimensional (3D) printing provides a new method for innovative processing of shrimp surimi. However, there still exists a problem of uneven discharge during the 3D printing of surimi. The effects of different amounts of lard oil (LO), soybean oil (SO), and olive oil (OO) (0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%, respectively) added to shrimp surimi on the 3D printability of surimi were evaluated. The findings showed that with the increase in the added oil, the rheological properties, texture properties, water-holding capacity (WHC), and water distribution of surimi with the same kind of oil were significantly improved; the printing accuracy first increased and then decreased; and the printing stability showed an increasing trend (p < 0.05). The surimi with 4% oil had the highest printing adaptability (accuracy and stability). Different kinds of oil have different degrees of impact on the physical properties of surimi, thereby improving 3D-printing adaptability. Among all kinds of oil, LO had the best printing adaptability. In addition, according to various indicators and principal component analysis, adding 4% LO to shrimp surimi gave the best 3D-printing adaptability. But from the aspects of 3D printing properties and nutrition, adding 4% SO was more in line with the nutritional needs of contemporary people.

Origin tracing and adulteration identification of bird's nest by high- and low-field NMR combined with pattern recognition

Edible bird's nest (EBN) is a high-value health food with various nutrients and bioactive components. With increasing demand for EBN, they are often adulterated with cheaper ingredients or falsely labeled by the origin information, thus harming consumer interests. In this study, high- and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (HF/LF-NMR) technology combined with multivariate statistical analysis was used to identify the geographical marker of EBN from different origins and authenticate the adulterated EBN with various adulterants at different adulteration rates. Authentic EBN samples from Malaysia were used to simulate adulteration using gelatin (GL), agar (AG) and starch (ST) at 10 %, 20 %, 40 %, 60 %, 80 %, and 100 % w/w, respectively. The results showed significant differences in composition among EBN from different origins, with isocaproate and citric acid serving as geographical markers for Malaysia and Vietnam, respectively. Leucine, glutamic acid, and N-acetylglycoprotein serving as geographical markers for Indonesia. In addition, PLS model further verified the accuracy of origin identification of EBN. The LF-NMR results of adulteration EBN showed a linear correlation between the transverse relaxation (T2, S2) and the adulterated ratio. The OPLS-DA based on T2 spectra could accurately identify authentic EBN from adulterated with GL, AG and ST at 40 %, 20 %, and 20 %, respectively. Fisher discrimination model was able to differentiate at 20 %, 20 %, and 40 %, respectively. These results show that the 1H NMR combined with multivariate statistical analysis method could be a potential tool for the detection of origin and adulteration of EBN.

Study on the Mechanism of Modified Cellulose Improve the Properties of Egg Yolk gel

Natural fiber is not suitable for modifying yolk gel as a modifier because of its large size and high compactness. In this study, two kinds of modified cellulose were selected to improve the thermal gel properties of yolk. The results showed that the two kinds of cellulose promoted the formation of ordered structure in yolk gel. The ordered gel network not only improved the texture properties and rheological properties, but also improved the water retention of yolk gel significantly. CMC and CNFC at the same concentration, the modification effect of CMC on yolk gel was better than CNFC because of its excellent dispersion. However, high concentration of CNFC (1.20-1.60%) disrupted the cross-linking and ordered structure formation of yolk protein, and the quality of gel was significantly reduced.

Microwaved-Assisted Synthesis of Starch-Based Biopolymer Membranes for Novel Green Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices

The investigated starch biopolymer membrane was found to be a sustainable alternative to currently reported and used separators due to its properties, which were evaluated using physicochemical characterization. The molecular dynamics of the biomembrane were analyzed using low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF NMR) as well as Raman and infrared spectroscopy, which proved that the chemical composition of the obtained membrane did not degrade during microwave-assisted polymerization. Easily and cheaply prepared through microwave-assisted polymerization, the starch membrane was successfully used as a biodegradable membrane separating the positive and negative electrodes in electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs). The obtained results for the electrochemical characterization via cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge with potential limitation (GCPL), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) show a capacitance of 30 F g-1 and a resistance of 2 Ohms; moreover, the longevity of the EDLC during electrochemical floating exceeded more than 200 h or a cyclic ability of 50,000 cycles. Furthermore, due to the flexibility of the membrane, it can be easily used in novel, flexible energy storage systems. This proves that this novel biomembrane can be a significant step toward ecologically friendly energy storage devices and could be considered a cheaper alternative to currently used materials, which cannot easily biodegrade over time in comparison to biopolymers.

Dynamic changes in the water distribution and key aroma compounds of roasted chicken during roasting

The effects of roasting times (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 min) on the dynamic changes of the water distribution and key aroma compounds in roasted chicken during the electric roasting process were studied. In total, 36 volatile compounds were further determined by GC-MS and 11 compounds, including 1-octen-3-ol, 1-heptanol, hexanal, decanal, (E)-2-octenal, acetic acid hexyl ester, nonanal, 2-pentylfuran, heptanal, (E, E)-2,4-decadienal and octanal, were confirmed as key aroma compounds. The relaxation time of T22 and T23 was increased first and then decreased, while the M22 and M23 in roasted chicken were decreased and increased with increasing roasting time, respectively. The fluidity of the water in the chicken during the roasting process was decreased, and the water with a high degree of freedom migrated to the water with a low degree of freedom. In addition, the L*, a*, b*, M23 and all amino acids were positively correlated with all the key aroma compounds, while T22, M22 and moisture content were negatively correlated with all the key aroma compounds.

Changes in water holding capacity of chilled fresh pork in controlled freezing-point storage assisted by different modes of electrostatic field action

Electrostatic field-assisted low-temperature preservation is considered a novel technology, which provides an effective means of extending the shelf-life of meat. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different output time modes of a high voltage electrostatic field (HVEF) on the water holding capacity (WHC) of chilled fresh pork during controlled freezing-point storage. Under a direct current HVEF generator, chilled fresh pork samples were treated by the single, interval, or continuous HVEF treatment, with a control check group receiving no HVEF treatment. It was determined that the WHC of the continuous HVEF treatment higher than the control check group. This difference was proven by analyzing the moisture content, storage loss, centrifugal loss, cooking loss, and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Furthermore, the mechanism behind HVEF-assisted controlled freezing-point storage reduced the moisture loss was conducted by examining the changes in the hydration characteristics of myofibrillar protein. The study revealed that myofibrillar proteins exhibit high solubility and low surface hydrophobicity under continuous HVEF. Additionally, continuous HVEF has been demonstrated to effectively maintain the higher WHC and lower hardness of myofibrillar protein gel by inhibiting the water molecule migration. The demonstration of these results showcases the effectiveness of electrostatic fields for the future physical preservation of meat.

Characterization and Mechanism of Gel Deterioration of Egg Yolk Powder during Storage

Egg yolk forms have several health and industrial applications, but their storage characteristics and gel mechanisms have not been thoroughly studied. In order to investigate the relationship between the changes in structure and properties of egg yolk gel and egg yolk powder during storage, in this paper, egg yolk powder was stored at 37 °C for 0, 1, 3, and 6 months in an accelerated storage experiment, and the influence of storage time on the gel properties of egg yolk powder was analyzed. The results showed that the contents of protein carbonylation and sulfhydryl in the yolk decreased gradually with the extension of storage time. Circular dichroism and fluorescence spectra showed that the ordered structure and structural stability of egg yolk proteins decreased gradually. Oxidation led to the formation of intermolecular crosslinking in the egg yolk proteins and oxidized aggregates, resulting in a decrease in surface hydrophobicity, which affected the gel properties of the egg yolk powder after rehydration, resulting in the phenomenon of lipid migration and gel degradation. The results provide a theoretical basis for improving egg yolk powder's overall quality and storage stability.

Regulation mechanism of curcumin-loaded oil on the emulsification and gelation properties of myofibrillar protein: Emphasizing the dose-response of curcumin

The regulation mechanism of curcumin (CUR) in the oil phase on the emulsification and gelation properties of myofibrillar protein (MP) was investigated. CUR enhanced the emulsifying activity index (EAI) of MP but decreased its turbiscan stability index (TSI) and surface hydrophobicity, which exacerbated oil droplet aggregation. Medium amounts (200 mg/L) of CUR changed the 3D network architectures of emulsion gels from lamellar to reticular, improving the gels' water-holding capacity (WHC), storage modulus, springiness, and cohesiveness. Besides, the LF-NMR revealed that CUR had limited effects on the mobility of immobilized and free water. The α-helix of MP in gels with medium amounts of CUR decreased from 51% to 45%, but the β-sheet increased from 23% to 27% compared to those without CUR. Overall, CUR has the potential to become a novel structural modifier in emulsified meat products due to its dose-response.

Characterization of the physiochemical properties, microstructure, and molecular interactions of a novel rice-pea protein gel

The application of rice and pea proteins in food production is limited due to their undesirable processing performance. The objective of this research was to develop a novel rice-pea protein gel using alkali-heat treatment. This gel had a higher solubility, stronger gel strength, better water retention capacity, and denser bilayer network. This is due to the alkali-heat induced modifications for the secondary structures of proteins (i.e., a decrease in the α-helix, and an increase in the β-sheets) and the interactions between protein molecules. The network structure of gel was more compact by adding 2% and 4% alkali-heat rice protein (AH-RP). This resulted in a stable double-layer network structure of gel. Adding 4% AH-RP significantly improved the hardness and elasticity of gel. This gel will have a good potential use for being the ingredient to produce the functional foods and meat analogs.

A review of oil and water retention in emulsified meat products: The mechanisms of gelation and emulsification, the application of multi-layer hydrogels

Emulsified meat products are key deep-processing products due to unique flavor and high nutritional value. Myosin dissolves, and protein aggregation and heat-induced gelation occur after myosin unfolds and hydrophobic groups are exposed. Myosin could form interfacial protein membranes and wrap fat globules. Emulsified fat globules may be filled in heat-induced gel networks. Therefore, this review intends to discuss the influences of heat-induced gelation and interfacial adsorption behavior on oil and water retention. Firstly, the mechanism of heat-induced gelation was clarified from the perspective of protein conformation and micro-structure. Secondly, the mechanism of emulsification stability and its factors affecting interfacial adsorption were demonstrated as well as limitations and challenges. Finally, the structure characteristics and application of multi-layer hydrogels in the gelation and emulsification were clarified. It could conclude that the characteristic morphology, spatial conformation and structure adjustment affected heat-induced gelation and interfacial adsorption behavior. Spatial conformation and microstructure were adjusted to improve the oil and water retention by pH, ionic strength, amino acid, oil phase characteristic and protein interaction. Multi-layer hydrogels facilitated oil and water retention. The comprehensive review of gelation and emulsification mechanisms could promote the development of meat products and improvement of meat processing technology.

Influence and effect mechanism of disulfide bonds linkages between protein-coated lipid droplets and the protein matrix on the physicochemical properties, microstructure, and protein structure of ovalbumin emulsion gels

In this study, disulfide bonds between the interfacial protein film formed on the lipid particles and the protein in ovalbumin emulsion gels were blocked with 0, 1, 3, 5 and 10 mM of the N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) to explore the influence and effect mechanism of disulfide bonds between the interfacial proteins on the physicochemical properties, microstructure, and protein structure of sunflower oil-ovalbumin emulsion gels. Ovalbumin emulsion gels with NEM-treated ovalbumin emulsion (N-OE) had lower hardness, free sulfhydryl content, water holding capacity (WHC), and surface hydrophobicity, but higher spin-spin relaxation time (T₂) than ovalbumin emulsion gels with NEM-treated ovalbumin substrate solution (N-OSS). In addition, N-OE and N-OSS had lower hardness, free sulfhydryl content, WHC and surface hydrophobicity, as well as a more coarse and disordered microstructure than non-NEM treated ovalbumin emulsion gel (control group). The free sulfhydryl content, hardness, WHC, and surface hydrophobicity of the ovalbumin emulsion gels all decreased as the NEM concentration rose (p < 0.05), whereas the amide A band changed to higher wave numbers. These results collectively indicated that the reduction of disulfide between the interfacial layer and the proteins inhibited the hydrophobic effect, the formation of hydrogen bonds, and prevented the formation of larger aggregates. Thus the disulfide bonds between the interfacial proteins contribute to the hardness enhancement and water stabilization of the ovalbumin gel.

Effects of κ-carrageenan gum on 3D printability and rheological properties of pork pastes

The effects of κ-carrageenan gum (KG) on the 3D printability and rheological properties of pork pastes were investigated in this study. There were five groups with different levels of KG (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 g/kg) named as KG-0, KG-2, KG-4, KG-6, and KG-8, respectively. The addition of KG increased the yield stress, viscosity, shear stress, recovery percentage, storage modulus, loss modulus, and initial and average flow forces (P < 0.05). The results of low-field nuclear magnetic resonance analysis revealed that addition of KG reduced T₂₁ and T₂₂ (P < 0.05). The best printing parameters were obtained by accuracy and stability results: printing filling percent, 90%; printing speed, 35 mm⋅s^-1; layer height, 2 mm; nozzle diameter, 1.55 mm, and KG addition level, 6 g/kg. KG addition improved the hardness, springiness, chewiness, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, and density, respectively (P < 0.05). The results suggested that KG addition improved the rheological properties and 3D printability of the pork pastes.

Enhanced freeze-thawing stability of water-in-oil pickering emulsions stabilized by ethylcellulose nanoparticles and oleogels

This study developed water-in-oil (W/O) Pickering emulsions stabilized by ethylcellulose (EC) nanoparticles and EC oleogels, which presented significantly improved freeze-thawing (F/T) stability. Microstructural observation suggested EC nanoparticles were distributed at the interface and within the water droplets, and the EC oleogel trapped oil in the continuous phase. Freezing and melting temperatures of water in the emulsions with more EC nanoparticles were lowered and the corresponding enthalpy values were reduced. F/T led to lower water binding capacity but higher oil binding capacity of the emulsions, compared to the initial emulsions. Low field-nuclear magnetic resonance confirmed the increased mobility of water but decreased mobility of oil in the emulsions after F/T. Both linear and nonlinear rheological properties proved that emulsions exhibited higher strength and higher viscosity after F/T. The widened area of the elastic and viscous Lissajous plots with more nanoparticles suggested the viscosity and elasticity of emulsions were increased.

Effects of conjugates of ε-polylysine-dextran created through Maillard reaction on quality and storage stability of the chicken gel

The present study mainly focused on the effects of the conjugates of PL-dextran produced through the Maillard reaction on the quality and storage stability of chicken gel for 5 days at 4 ℃. According to the results of the texture profile, water retention capacity (WRC), low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF NMR), aerobic plate count (APC), and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN), ε-polylysine (PL) could improve chicken gel storage stability while decreasing the quality of protein gels (p < 0.05). Additionally, adding dextran with high or low molecular weight could significantly increase the quality of gel during storage (p < 0.05), whereas decreased storage stability could be obtained (p < 0.05). In general, conjugates formed by PL and dextran with high molecular weight were beneficial for quality maintenance. In comparison, the polymers produced from the low molecular weight of dextran could modify the storage stability of gels. Adding conjugates of dextran and PL benefited the structure formation of protein gel, while PL would retain part of antibacterial activity when crosslinked with dextran. Therefore, it could be concluded that the quality improvement effect of PL-dextran addition on gel quality was greater than its antibacterial effect, which would impact the formulation design of novel emulsion-type meat products.

Characterization of four thermogelled egg yolk varieties based on moisture and protein content

There are obvious differences between egg yolks of different varieties. Additionally, boiled eggs, which are widely liked and consumed globally, are nutrient rich. However, they absorb water in the esophagus during swallowing, and this result in an uncomfortable sensation. Here, we determined the moisture content and distribution as well as the protein contents and properties of 4 varieties of thermogelled egg yolks. Among the varieties, Green Shelled thermogelled egg yolk showed the highest protein content and solubility. Additionally, the ionic, hydrogen, and disulfide bonds corresponding to Rhode Island Red thermogelled egg yolk samples were the weakest, while the hydrophobic interaction force corresponding to the Hetian Dahei (HD) egg yolk samples was the weakest. Further, the distribution of the moisture contents of the 4 varieties was significantly different (P < 0.05). HD egg yolk showed the highest moisture content, and its bound and immobile moisture contents were significantly higher than those of the other 3 varieties. Egg yolk moisture content also affected free amino acid content, which was the highest for HD egg yolk. Therefore, owing to its high moisture content, HD egg yolk was conducive for chewing and swallowing and given its high free amino acid content, it also had a more suitable taste and flavor. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the application of egg yolks in food processing.

The Effect of Packaging Methods, Storage Time and the Fortification of Poultry Sausages with Fish Oil and Microencapsulated Fish Oil on Their Rheological and Water-Binding Properties

The aim of the study was to investigate how liquid fish oil and microencapsulated oil additives influenced the rheological characteristics and the dynamics of water binding in vacuum-packed (VP) and modified-atmosphere-packed (MAP) poultry sausages during 21-day storage. In contrast to the control sample, the sausages enriched with microencapsulated fish oil (MC) were characterised by the greatest ability to accumulate deformation energy. The elastic properties of all sausage variants increased significantly in the subsequent storage periods, whereas the dynamic viscosity of the samples tended to decrease. This phenomenon was confirmed by the gradual reduction of water activity (Aw) in all sausages in the subsequent storage periods. The packaging method influenced the dynamics of water binding in an oil-additive-form-dependent manner. During the storage of the VP and MAP sausages, in samples with the fish oil additive the T1 value tended to increase while the Aw decreased. The T1 value in the MAP MC sample was similar. The FO additive resulted in greater mobility of both proton fractions in the MAP samples than in the VP samples. There were inverse relationships observed in the MC samples. The NMR tests showed that the VP samples with the MC additive were slightly better quality than the other samples.

Effects of quinoa protein Pickering emulsion on the properties, structure and intermolecular interactions of myofibrillar protein gel

The effects of quinoa protein Pickering emulsion (QPE) on the gel properties, protein structure and intermolecular interactions of myofibrillar protein (MP) gels were studied. Compared with the MP gels without QPE, the MP gels with 5.0%-7.5% added QPE showed significant increasing trends in storage modulus (G'), whiteness, gel strength and water holding capacity (WHC). The content of disulfide bonds in the gel increased with the addition of QPE and the disulfide bond conformation changed from gauche-gauche-gauche to gauche-gauche-trans. Moreover, the increase of hydrogen bonds after QPE addition confirmed the transformation from α-helix to β-sheet, as β-sheet structure was stabilized by interchain hydrogen bonds. The added QPE also enhanced the hydrophobic interaction and electrostatic interaction of MP gels. To conclude, the addition of 5.0%-7.5% QPE improved the intermolecular interactions and the structure stability of MP gels, and enhanced the gelation and WHC of MP gels.

Comparison of Effects from Ultrasound Thawing, Vacuum Thawing and Microwave Thawing on the Quality Properties and Oxidation of Porcine Longissimus Lumborum

The effects of vacuum thawing (VT), ultrasound thawing (UT) and microwave thawing (MT) on the quality, protein and lipid oxidation, internal temperature distribution and microstructure of porcine longissimus lumborum were compared. The results showed that a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in quality compared with those of fresh meat (FM) occurred for all of the thawing samples, especially for the MT samples. Changes in quality of the VT and UT samples were less significant than those of the MT samples. The increases in carbonyl content and TBARS value indicated that proteins and lipids in the thawing samples were oxidized. The decreases in uniform degrees of internal temperature distributions of muscles from the thawing samples were analysed by infrared thermography. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the myofibril arrangements of thawing samples were looser than those of the FM samples with compact and ordered structure, which was proven by the obvious increase in the myofibril gap value of the thawing samples.