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Borel P, Dangles O, Kopec RE. Fat-soluble vitamin and phytochemical metabolites: Production, gastrointestinal absorption, and health effects. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 90:101220. [PMID: 36657621 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of diets rich in fruits and vegetables, which provide some fat-soluble vitamins and many phytochemicals, is associated with a lower risk of developing certain degenerative diseases. It is well accepted that not only the parent compounds, but also their derivatives formed upon enzymatic or nonenzymatic transformations, can produce protective biological effects. These derivatives can be formed during food storage, processing, or cooking. They can also be formed in the lumen of the upper digestive tract during digestion, or via metabolism by microbiota in the colon. This review compiles the known metabolites of fat-soluble vitamins and fat-soluble phytochemicals (FSV and FSP) that have been identified in food and in the human digestive tract, or could potentially be present based on the known reactivity of the parent compounds in normal or pathological conditions, or following surgical interventions of the digestive tract or consumption of xenobiotics known to impair lipid absorption. It also covers the very limited data available on the bioavailability (absorption, intestinal mucosa metabolism) and summarizes their effects on health. Notably, despite great interest in identifying bioactive derivatives of FSV and FSP, studying their absorption, and probing their putative health effects, much research remains to be conducted to understand and capitalize on the potential of these molecules to preserve health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Borel
- C2VN, INRAE, INSERM, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France.
| | | | - Rachel E Kopec
- Human Nutrition Program, Department of Human Sciences, Foods for Health Discovery Theme, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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2
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Minor bioactive lipids. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2023. [PMID: 37516468 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive lipids-major and minor-comprise an array of compounds belonging to different chemical categories. Among the minor bioactive lipids carotenoids, sterols and tocochromanols attract continuously the interest of food scientists, nutritionists and medical doctors for their importance in food processing, preservation and for their health properties. Provitamin A and non-provitamin A carotenoids are found in various food sources of plant and animal origin and are added to foods as colorants. Their interactions with other food ingredients are critical because of their role against reactive oxygen species. The role of cholesterol through the diet after decades of disputes is better justified whereas at the same time emphasis is given to the technological and health aspects of phytosterols, which became very efficiently part of the daily diet for many population groups. Last but not least the importance of vitamin E is in a continuous debate for over 100years whereas studies on tocotrienols are intensified as a result of a transient to palm oil product consumption globally. Chemistry, natural occurrence, absorption and metabolism, dietary intake and dietary recommendations, major health impacts and key technological issues are updated and discussed with the support of recent findings.
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Correction: La Torre et al. Role of Vitamin E and the Orexin System in Neuroprotection. Brain Sci. 2021, 11, 1098. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12121709. [PMID: 36552197 PMCID: PMC9749917 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12121709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the original article [...].
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Renai L, Ulaszewska M, Mattivi F, Bartoletti R, Del Bubba M, van der Hooft JJJ. Combining Feature-Based Molecular Networking and Contextual Mass Spectral Libraries to Decipher Nutrimetabolomics Profiles. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12101005. [PMID: 36295906 PMCID: PMC9610267 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12101005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Untargeted metabolomics approaches deal with complex data hindering structural information for the comprehensive analysis of unknown metabolite features. We investigated the metabolite discovery capacity and the possible extension of the annotation coverage of the Feature-Based Molecular Networking (FBMN) approach by adding two novel nutritionally-relevant (contextual) mass spectral libraries to the existing public ones, as compared to widely-used open-source annotation protocols. Two contextual mass spectral libraries in positive and negative ionization mode of ~300 reference molecules relevant for plant-based nutrikinetic studies were created and made publicly available through the GNPS platform. The postprandial urinary metabolome analysis within the intervention of Vaccinium supplements was selected as a case study. Following the FBMN approach in combination with the added contextual mass spectral libraries, 67 berry-related and human endogenous metabolites were annotated, achieving a structural annotation coverage comparable to or higher than existing non-commercial annotation workflows. To further exploit the quantitative data obtained within the FBMN environment, the postprandial behavior of the annotated metabolites was analyzed with Pearson product-moment correlation. This simple chemometric tool linked several molecular families with phase II and phase I metabolism. The proposed approach is a powerful strategy to employ in longitudinal studies since it reduces the unknown chemical space by boosting the annotation power to characterize biochemically relevant metabolites in human biofluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lapo Renai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (L.R.); (M.U.); (J.J.J.v.d.H.)
| | - Marynka Ulaszewska
- Metabolomics Unit, Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via Mach 1, San Michele all’Adige, 38098 Trento, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.R.); (M.U.); (J.J.J.v.d.H.)
| | - Fulvio Mattivi
- Metabolomics Unit, Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via Mach 1, San Michele all’Adige, 38098 Trento, Italy
- Department of Cellular, Computational, and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Via Mach 1, San Michele all’Adige, 38098 Trento, Italy
| | - Riccardo Bartoletti
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies, University of Pisa, Via Risorgimento 36, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Massimo Del Bubba
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Justin J. J. van der Hooft
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
- Correspondence: (L.R.); (M.U.); (J.J.J.v.d.H.)
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5
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Liu L, Cui H, Huang Y, Zhou Y, Hu J, Wan Y. Enzyme-Mediated Reactions of Phenolic Pollutants and Endogenous Metabolites as an Overlooked Metabolic Disruption Pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:3634-3644. [PMID: 35238542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
It is generally recognized that phenol-containing molecules mainly undergo phase II metabolic reactions, whereas glucuronide and sulfate are conjugated to form water-soluble products. Here, we report direct reactions of phenolic pollutants (triclosan, alkylphenol, bisphenol A [BPA], and its analogues) and some endogenous metabolites (vitamin E [VE] and estradiol) to generate new lipophilic ether products (e.g., BPA-O-VEs and alkylphenol-O-estradiol). A nontargeted screening strategy was used to identify the products in human liver microsome incubations, and the most abundant products (BPA-O-VEs) were confirmed via in vivo exposure in mice. BPA-O-VEs were frequently detected in sera from the general population at levels comparable to those of glucuronide/sulfate-conjugated BPA. Recombinant human cytochrome P450s were applied to find that CYP3A4 catalyzed the formation of these newly discovered ether metabolites by linking the VE hydroxyl group to the BPA phenolic ring, leading to the significantly reduced antioxidative activities of BPA-O-VEs compared to VEs. The effects of the reaction on the homeostasis of reacted biomolecules were finally assessed by in vitro assay and in vivo mice exposures. The generation of BPA-O-VEs decreased the VE concentrations and increased the reactive oxygen species generation after exposure to BPA at environmentally relevant concentrations. The identified reactions provided an overlooked metabolic disruption pathway for phenolic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Liu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hongyang Cui
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yixuan Huang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yulan Zhou
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianying Hu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi Wan
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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6
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La Torre ME, Villano I, Monda M, Messina A, Cibelli G, Valenzano A, Pisanelli D, Panaro MA, Tartaglia N, Ambrosi A, Carotenuto M, Monda V, Messina G, Porro C. Role of Vitamin E and the Orexin System in Neuroprotection. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11081098. [PMID: 34439717 PMCID: PMC8394512 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11081098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the first line of defense at the level of the central nervous system (CNS). Phenotypic change in microglia can be regulated by various factors, including the orexin system. Neuroinflammation is an inflammatory process mediated by cytokines, by the lack of interaction between neurotransmitters and their specific receptors, caused by systemic tissue damage or, more often, associated with direct damage to the CNS. Chronic activation of microglia could lead to long-term neurodegenerative diseases. This review aims to explore how tocopherol (vitamin E) and the orexin system may play a role in the prevention and treatment of microglia inflammation and, consequently, in neurodegenerative diseases thanks to its antioxidant properties. The results of animal and in vitro studies provide evidence to support the use of tocopherol for a reduction in microglia inflammation as well as a greater activation of the orexinergic system. Although there is much in vivo and in vitro evidence of vitamin E antioxidant and protective abilities, there are still conflicting results for its use as a treatment for neurodegenerative diseases that speculate that vitamin E, under certain conditions or genetic predispositions, can be pro-oxidant and harmful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ester La Torre
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.E.L.T.); (G.C.); (A.V.); (D.P.); (C.P.)
| | - Ines Villano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80100 Naples, Italy; (I.V.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80100 Naples, Italy; (I.V.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80100 Naples, Italy; (I.V.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Cibelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.E.L.T.); (G.C.); (A.V.); (D.P.); (C.P.)
| | - Anna Valenzano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.E.L.T.); (G.C.); (A.V.); (D.P.); (C.P.)
| | - Daniela Pisanelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.E.L.T.); (G.C.); (A.V.); (D.P.); (C.P.)
| | - Maria Antonietta Panaro
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy;
| | - Nicola Tartaglia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (N.T.); (A.A.)
| | - Antonio Ambrosi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (N.T.); (A.A.)
| | - Marco Carotenuto
- Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Mental Health, Physical and Preventive Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80100 Naples, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80100 Naples, Italy; (I.V.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.E.L.T.); (G.C.); (A.V.); (D.P.); (C.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-8815-88095
| | - Chiara Porro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.E.L.T.); (G.C.); (A.V.); (D.P.); (C.P.)
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7
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Mattioli S, Collodel G, Signorini C, Cotozzolo E, Noto D, Cerretani D, Micheli L, Fiaschi AI, Brecchia G, Menchetti L, Moretti E, Oger C, De Felice C, Castellini C. Tissue Antioxidant Status and Lipid Peroxidation Are Related to Dietary Intake of n-3 Polyunsaturated Acids: A Rabbit Model. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:681. [PMID: 33925444 PMCID: PMC8146135 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) metabolism and tissue distribution is modulated by the oxidation of these molecules. This research aimed to investigate the implication of dietary n-3 PUFA supplementation (precursor and long-chain PUFA) on the PUFA profile and oxidative status of the liver, testis, and brain of adult rabbit bucks. Twenty New Zealand White rabbit bucks were divided into four experimental groups (n = 5 per group) and were fed different diets for 110 days: control (CNT), standard diet containing 50 mg/kg alpha-tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E); CNT+, standard diet + 200 mg/kg vitamin E; FLAX, standard diet + 10% flaxseed + 200 mg/kg vitamin E; or FISH, standard diet + 3.5% fish oil + 200 mg/kg vitamin E. Antioxidants (enzymatic and non-enzymatic), oxidative status (malondialdehyde and isoprostanoids), and n-3 and n-6 PUFAs of tissues were analysed. A chain mechanism of oxidant/antioxidant molecules, which largely depended on the particular PUFA composition, was delineated in the different organs. The liver showed an oxidant/antioxidant profile and lipid pathways widely modulated by PUFA and vitamin E administration; on the other hand, the testis' oxidative profile rather than its lipid profile seemed to be particularly affected, an outcome opposite to that of the brain (modulation operated by dietary PUFA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Mattioli
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Science, University of Perugia, Borgo 20 Giugno, 74, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (S.M.); (E.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Giulia Collodel
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Policlinico Santa Maria alle Scotte, Viale Bracci 16, 53100 Siena, Italy; (C.S.); (D.N.); (E.M.)
| | - Cinzia Signorini
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Policlinico Santa Maria alle Scotte, Viale Bracci 16, 53100 Siena, Italy; (C.S.); (D.N.); (E.M.)
| | - Elisa Cotozzolo
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Science, University of Perugia, Borgo 20 Giugno, 74, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (S.M.); (E.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Daria Noto
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Policlinico Santa Maria alle Scotte, Viale Bracci 16, 53100 Siena, Italy; (C.S.); (D.N.); (E.M.)
| | - Daniela Cerretani
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Policlinico Santa Maria alle Scotte, Viale Bracci, 16, 53100 Siena, Italy; (D.C.); (L.M.); (A.I.F.)
| | - Lucia Micheli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Policlinico Santa Maria alle Scotte, Viale Bracci, 16, 53100 Siena, Italy; (D.C.); (L.M.); (A.I.F.)
| | - Anna Ida Fiaschi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Policlinico Santa Maria alle Scotte, Viale Bracci, 16, 53100 Siena, Italy; (D.C.); (L.M.); (A.I.F.)
| | - Gabriele Brecchia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy;
| | - Laura Menchetti
- Department of Agricultural and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 46, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Elena Moretti
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Policlinico Santa Maria alle Scotte, Viale Bracci 16, 53100 Siena, Italy; (C.S.); (D.N.); (E.M.)
| | - Camille Oger
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, 5247 Montpellier, France;
| | - Claudio De Felice
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Cesare Castellini
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Science, University of Perugia, Borgo 20 Giugno, 74, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (S.M.); (E.C.); (C.C.)
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8
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Habib H, Finno CJ, Gennity I, Favro G, Hales E, Puschner B, Moeller BC. Simultaneous quantification of vitamin E and vitamin E metabolites in equine plasma and serum using LC-MS/MS. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:506-515. [PMID: 33847203 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211005433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin E deficiencies can impact normal growth and development in humans and animals, and assessment of circulating levels of vitamin E and its metabolites may be an important endpoint for evaluation. Development of a sensitive method to detect and quantify low concentrations of vitamin E and metabolites in biological specimens allows for a proper diagnosis for patients and animals that are deficient. We developed a method to simultaneously extract, detect, and quantify the vitamin E compounds alpha-tocopherol (α-TP), gamma-tocopherol (γ-TP), alpha-tocotrienol (α-TT), and gamma-tocotrienol (γ-TT), and the corresponding metabolites formed after β-oxidation of α-TP and γ-TP, alpha-carboxymethylbutyl hydroxychroman (α-CMBHC) and alpha- or gamma-carboxyethyl hydroxychroman (α- or γ-CEHC), respectively, from equine plasma and serum. Quantification was achieved through liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. We applied a 96-well high-throughput format using a Phenomenex Phree plate to analyze plasma and serum. Compounds were separated by using a Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column with a reverse-phase gradient. The limits of detection for the metabolites and vitamin E compounds were 8-330 pg/mL. To validate the method, intra-day and inter-day accuracy and precision were evaluated along with limits of detection and quantification. The method was then applied to determine concentrations of these analytes in plasma and serum of horses. Alpha-TP levels were 3-6 µg/mL of matrix; the metabolites were found at much lower levels, 0.2-1.0 ng/mL of matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Habib
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Carrie J Finno
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Ingrid Gennity
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Gianna Favro
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Erin Hales
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Birgit Puschner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Benjamin C Moeller
- K. L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
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9
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Vitamin E status among bariatric surgery patients: a systematic review. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2020; 17:816-830. [PMID: 33323330 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2020.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin E, a fat-soluble vitamin with antioxidant properties, is thought to modulate enzymes involved in signal transduction, affect gene expression, and have immunomodulatory capabilities. Severe vitamin E deficiency is associated with neuronal disorders, impaired immune response, hemolytic anemia, and oxidative-based disorders. Patients who undergo bariatric surgery (BS), especially malabsorptive procedures, are at greater risk of developing fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies. Current data on vitamin E statuses among BS patients are limited. Therefore, this systematic review has summarized the scientific literature on vitamin E and examined its status among patients following different types of BS. Searches of the MEDLINE and Embase databases were performed, followed by hand-searching of reference lists from all relevant papers. Of the 671 initially identified articles, 24 met the inclusion criteria: 1 study on adjustable gastric banding patients (n = 21), 4 studies on sleeve gastrectomy patients (n = 173), 12 studies on Roux-en-Y gastric bypass patients (n = 689) and 12 studies on biliopancreatic diversion with or without duodenal switch (n = 799) or single anastomosis duodeno-ileal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy patients (n = 163). Results suggest that patients who undergo malabsorptive procedures are at higher risk of developing vitamin E deficiency, although clinical manifestations of vitamin E deficits following BS are rarely documented. The optimal dose of vitamin E supplementation required for prevention of deficiency or for treatment following BS has yet to be established. Future observational and intervention studies are needed to bridge the gaps in existing knowledge.
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Wallert M, Börmel L, Lorkowski S. Inflammatory Diseases and Vitamin E-What Do We Know and Where Do We Go? Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 65:e2000097. [PMID: 32692879 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation-driven diseases and related comorbidities, such as the metabolic syndrome, obesity, fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular diseases cause significant global burden. There is a growing body of evidence that nutrients alter inflammatory responses and can therefore make a decisive contribution to the treatment of these diseases. Recently, the inflammasome, a cytosolic multiprotein complex, has been identified as a key player in inflammation and the development of various inflammation-mediated disorders, with nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat pyrin domain (NLRP) 3 being the inflammasome of interest. Here an overview about the cellular signaling pathways underlying nuclear factor "kappa-light-chain-enhancer" of activated B-cells (NF-κB)- and NLRP3-mediated inflammatory processes, and the pathogenesis of the inflammatory diseases atherosclerosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is provided; next, the current state of knowledge for drug-based and dietary-based interventions for treating cardiovascular diseases and NAFLD is discussed. To date, one of the most important antioxidants in the human diet is vitamin E. Various in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that the different forms of vitamin E and also their derivatives have anti-inflammatory activity. Recent publications suggest that vitamin E-and possibly metabolites of vitamin E-are a promising therapeutic approach for treating inflammatory diseases such as NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Wallert
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany.,Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lisa Börmel
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany.,Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany.,Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
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11
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de Lima FD, Battaglini CL, Chaves SN, Ugliara L, Sarandy J, Lima RM, Bottaro M. Effect of strength training and antioxidant supplementation on perceived and performance fatigability in breast cancer survivors: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:1165-1173. [PMID: 32348688 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study aimed to investigate the effect of strength training (ST) combined with vitamin C and E supplementation on perceived and performance fatigability in breast cancer survivors (BCS). Twenty-five BCS were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups: vitamins (VIT; n = 12; 51.0 ± 9.0 years) or placebo (PLA; n = 13; 48.2 ± 8.3 years). Both groups performed a 10-week ST protocol, twice a week. The VIT group was supplemented with vitamins C (500 mg/day) and E (180 mg/day) and the PLA group with polydextrose (1 g/day), once a day after breakfast. At the beginning and at the end of the training period, perceived fatigability was assessed using Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI)-20 (general fatigue and physical fatigue). Performance fatigability was assessed during 30 maximal isokinetic knee extensions at 120°/s. General fatigue decreased similarly in the VIT (p = 0.004) and PLA (p = 0.011) groups. Physical fatigue decreased similarly in the VIT (p = 0.011) and PLA (p = 0.001) groups. Performance fatigability also decreased similarly in the VIT (p = 0.026) and PLA (p < 0.001) groups. There was no difference between groups at any moment (p > 0.05). In summary, antioxidant supplementation does not add any positive synergistic effect to ST in terms of improving perceived or performance fatigability in BCS. This clinical trial is registered in the Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry, number RBR-843pth (UTN no.: U1111-1222-6511). Novelty ST with maximal repetitions reduces perceived and performance fatigability of BCS. Vitamins C and E supplementation does not add any positive synergistic effect to ST in terms of reducing fatigability in BCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Dinato de Lima
- College of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil.,College of Health and Education Sciences, University Center of Brasília, Brasília, DF 70790-075, Brazil
| | - Cláudio L Battaglini
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-8700, USA
| | - Sandro Nobre Chaves
- College of Physical Education, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Lucas Ugliara
- College of Physical Education, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Jonathan Sarandy
- College of Physical Education, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Moreno Lima
- College of Physical Education, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Martim Bottaro
- College of Physical Education, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
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Vellos K, Highland J, Yousefzai R, Stoddard A, Johnson E, Gaynes BI. Dosage considerations in the combined use of ocular-specific vitamins and nutrients and multivitamin products: A systemic review and analysis. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2019; 59:423-431. [PMID: 30948238 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To provide guidance for safe and appropriate vitamin and mineral supplementation regimens for patients who use vitamins marketed for ocular use concurrently with general-purpose multivitamin (MVI) supplementation. DATA SOURCES Primary and tertiary evidence was compiled from secondary literature reference databases. STUDY SELECTION Dosage exposure with the use of supplements marketed for the prevention of ocular disease, including those recommended by the Age-Related Eye Disease Studies (AREDS), when used in combination with conventional MVI/nutrient products was determined. An analysis of the data was performed to suggest appropriate supplement recommendations. DATA EXTRACTION Combined dosages for single and duplicate ingredients found in ocular supplements and select MVI/nutrient supplements were compared with U.S. Food and Drug Administration--recommended daily value intake levels and the National Academy of Medicine recommendations on vitamin and nutrient tolerable upper intake levels (TUILs). RESULTS With the exception of copper, all studied product components that conformed to AREDS guidelines for vitamin and nutrient levels far exceeded U.S. Food and Drug Administration--recommended daily value intake level limits. Furthermore, vitamin A and zinc exceeded the National Academies of Medicine TUIL when a multivitamin product was combined with an ocular-specific vitamin or nutrient that conformed with AREDS-recommended dosage levels. Several products marketed specifically for ocular use failed to provide AREDS-recommended vitamin or nutrient levels even when combined with MVI products. CONCLUSION With the exception of vitamin A and zinc, the addition of typical multivitamin preparations to AREDS-recommended vitamin and nutrient regimens do not result in vitamin and mineral dosages that exceed TUIL as outlined by the National Academy of Medicine. However, combined AREDS and MVI regimens can create a substantial vitamin or mineral burden that is not appropriate for all older adult populations, particularly those with comorbidities, contributing to susceptibility of component toxicity.
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Daood U, Matinlinna JP, Fawzy AS. Synergistic effects of VE-TPGS and riboflavin in crosslinking of dentine. Dent Mater 2018; 35:356-367. [PMID: 30528297 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2018.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Effect of d-alpha-tocopheryl poly(ethyleneglycol)-1000-succinate (VE-TPGS) with riboflavin-5'-phosphate solution on crosslinking of dentine collagen was investigated to analyze collagen's structural integrity. METHODS VE-TPGS was added to RF-solution, at RF/VE-TPGS (w/w) ratios of 0.125/0.250 and 0.125/0.500. Demineralized dentine beams were used (10wt.% phosphoric acid), rinsed using deionized-water and analysed using ELISA (Human MMP2 ELISA; Human CTSK/Cathepsin-K for MMP2 and Cathepsin K analysis). AFM of dentine collagen-fibrils structure was done before and after dentine specimens' placement in mineralization solution and tested after 14days in artificial saliva/collagenase (AS/Co) solution. The specimens were tested after 24h in mineralization solution for surface/bulk elastic modulus. Nano-indentation was carried out for each specimen on intertubular-dentine with lateral spacing of 400nm. Reduced elastic-modulus and nano-hardness were calculated and collagen content was determined using hydroxyproline-assay. Micro-Raman were performed. TEM was carried out to study structural variations of dentine-collagen in artificial-saliva (collagenase). Data were presented as mean±standard deviation and analyzed by SPSS v.15, by analysis of variance. RESULTS Synergetic effect of VE-TPGS was observed with RF through higher structural integrity of dentine collagen-fibrils shown by TEM/AFM. Superior surface/bulk mechanical stability was shown by nano-indentation/mechanical testing. Improvement in collagenase degradation resistance for hydroxyproline release was observed and lower endogenous-protease release of MMP-2/Cathepsin-K. Raman-analysis analysed chemical interactions between RF and collagen confirming structural-integrity of collagen fibrils after crosslinking. After 24h mineralization, AFM showed mineral depositions in close association with dentine-collagen fibrils with RF/VE-TPGS formulations. SIGNIFICANCE Potential synergetic effect of RF/VE-TPGS was observed by reflection of higher structural integrity and conformational-stability of dentine-collagen fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Daood
- Clinical Dentistry, Restorative Division, Faculty of Dentistry, International Medical University Kuala Lumpur, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, 57000 Bukit Jalil, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - J P Matinlinna
- Dental Materials Science, Applied Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - A S Fawzy
- UWA Dental School, University of Western Australia, 17 Monash Avenue, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.
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Hinman A, Holst CR, Latham JC, Bruegger JJ, Ulas G, McCusker KP, Amagata A, Davis D, Hoff KG, Kahn-Kirby AH, Kim V, Kosaka Y, Lee E, Malone SA, Mei JJ, Richards SJ, Rivera V, Miller G, Trimmer JK, Shrader WD. Vitamin E hydroquinone is an endogenous regulator of ferroptosis via redox control of 15-lipoxygenase. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201369. [PMID: 30110365 PMCID: PMC6093661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a form of programmed cell death associated with inflammation, neurodegeneration, and ischemia. Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) has been reported to prevent ferroptosis, but the mechanism by which this occurs is controversial. To elucidate the biochemical mechanism of vitamin E activity, we systematically investigated the effects of its major vitamers and metabolites on lipid oxidation and ferroptosis in a striatal cell model. We found that a specific endogenous metabolite of vitamin E, alpha-tocopherol hydroquinone, was a dramatically more potent inhibitor of ferroptosis than its parent compound, and inhibits 15-lipoxygenase via reduction of the enzyme's non-heme iron from its active Fe3+ state to an inactive Fe2+ state. Furthermore, a non-metabolizable isosteric analog of vitamin E which retains antioxidant activity neither inhibited 15-lipoxygenase nor prevented ferroptosis. These results call into question the prevailing model that vitamin E acts predominantly as a non-specific lipophilic antioxidant. We propose that, similar to the other lipophilic vitamins A, D and K, vitamin E is instead a pro-vitamin, with its quinone/hydroquinone metabolites responsible for its anti-ferroptotic cytoprotective activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Hinman
- BioElectron Technology Corporation, Inc., Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Charles R. Holst
- BioElectron Technology Corporation, Inc., Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Joey C. Latham
- BioElectron Technology Corporation, Inc., Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Joel J. Bruegger
- BioElectron Technology Corporation, Inc., Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Gözde Ulas
- BioElectron Technology Corporation, Inc., Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin P. McCusker
- BioElectron Technology Corporation, Inc., Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Akiko Amagata
- BioElectron Technology Corporation, Inc., Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Dana Davis
- BioElectron Technology Corporation, Inc., Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin G. Hoff
- BioElectron Technology Corporation, Inc., Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Amanda H. Kahn-Kirby
- BioElectron Technology Corporation, Inc., Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Virna Kim
- BioElectron Technology Corporation, Inc., Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Yuko Kosaka
- BioElectron Technology Corporation, Inc., Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Edgar Lee
- BioElectron Technology Corporation, Inc., Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Stephanie A. Malone
- BioElectron Technology Corporation, Inc., Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Janet J. Mei
- BioElectron Technology Corporation, Inc., Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Steve James Richards
- BioElectron Technology Corporation, Inc., Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Veronica Rivera
- BioElectron Technology Corporation, Inc., Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Guy Miller
- BioElectron Technology Corporation, Inc., Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey K. Trimmer
- BioElectron Technology Corporation, Inc., Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - William D. Shrader
- BioElectron Technology Corporation, Inc., Mountain View, California, United States of America
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15
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Jaafar F, Abdullah A, Makpol S. Cellular Uptake and Bioavailability of Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction in SIRT1-Inhibited Human Diploid Fibroblasts. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10471. [PMID: 29992988 PMCID: PMC6041292 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28708-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) is palm vitamin E that consists of tocopherol and tocotrienol. TRF is involved in important cellular regulation including delaying cellular senescence. A key regulator of cellular senescence, Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is involved in lipid metabolism. Thus, SIRT1 may regulate vitamin E transportation and bioavailability at cellular level. This study aimed to determine the role of SIRT1 on cellular uptake and bioavailability of TRF in human diploid fibroblasts (HDFs). SIRT1 gene in young HDFs was silenced by small interference RNA (siRNA) while SIRT1 activity was inhibited by sirtinol. TRF treatment was given for 24 h before or after SIRT1 inhibition. Cellular concentration of TRF isomers was determined according to the time points of before and after TRF treatment at 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Our results showed that all tocotrienol isomers were significantly taken up by HDFs after 24 h of TRF treatment and decreased 24 h after TRF treatment was terminated but remained in the cell up to 72 h. The uptake of α-tocopherol, α-tocotrienol and β-tocotrienol was significantly higher in senescent cells as compared to young HDFs indicating higher requirement for vitamin E in senescent cells. Inhibition of SIRT1 gene increased the uptake of all tocotrienol isomers but not α-tocopherol. However, SIRT1 inhibition at protein level decreased tocotrienol concentration. In conclusion, SIRT1 may regulate the cellular uptake and bioavailability of tocotrienol isomers in human diploid fibroblast cells while a similar regulation was not shown for α-tocopherol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizul Jaafar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Level 17, Preclinical Building, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Asmaa Abdullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Level 17, Preclinical Building, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Suzana Makpol
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Level 17, Preclinical Building, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Abstract
The hydrophobicity of vitamin E poses transport and metabolic challenges to regulate its bioavailability and to prevent its accumulation in lipid-rich tissues such as adipose tissue, brain, and liver. Water-soluble precursors of vitamin E (α-tocopherol, αT), such as its esters with acetate (αTA), succinate (αTS), or phosphate (αTP), have increased solubility in water and stability against reaction with free radicals, but they are rapidly converted during their uptake into the lipid-soluble vitamin E. Therefore, the bioavailability of these precursors as intact molecules is low; nevertheless, at least for αTS and αTP, the recent research has revealed unique regulatory effects on signal transduction and gene expression and the modulation of cellular events ranging from proliferation, survival/apoptosis, lipid uptake and metabolism, phagocytosis, long term potentiation, cell migration, telomere maintenance, and angiogenesis. Moreover, water-soluble derivatives of vitamin E including some based on αTP are increasingly used as components of nanocarriers for enhanced and targeted delivery of drugs and other molecules (vitamins, including αT and αTP itself, vitamin D3, carnosine, caffeine, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), insulin) and cofactors such as coenzyme Q10. In this review, the chemical characteristics, transport, metabolic pathways, and molecular mechanisms of action of αTP in cells and tissues are summarized and put into perspective with its possible role in the prevention of a number of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Zingg
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States.
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17
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Fritsche S, Wang X, Jung C. Recent Advances in our Understanding of Tocopherol Biosynthesis in Plants: An Overview of Key Genes, Functions, and Breeding of Vitamin E Improved Crops. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 6:E99. [PMID: 29194404 PMCID: PMC5745509 DOI: 10.3390/antiox6040099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tocopherols, together with tocotrienols and plastochromanols belong to a group of lipophilic compounds also called tocochromanols or vitamin E. Considered to be one of the most powerful antioxidants, tocochromanols are solely synthesized by photosynthetic organisms including plants, algae, and cyanobacteria and, therefore, are an essential component in the human diet. Tocochromanols potent antioxidative properties are due to their ability to interact with polyunsaturated acyl groups and scavenge lipid peroxyl radicals and quench reactive oxygen species (ROS), thus protecting fatty acids from lipid peroxidation. In the plant model species Arabidopsis thaliana, the required genes for tocopherol biosynthesis and functional roles of tocopherols were elucidated in mutant and transgenic plants. Recent research efforts have led to new outcomes for the vitamin E biosynthetic and related pathways, and new possible alternatives for the biofortification of important crops have been suggested. Here, we review 30 years of research on tocopherols in model and crop species, with emphasis on the improvement of vitamin E content using transgenic approaches and classical breeding. We will discuss future prospects to further improve the nutritional value of our food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffi Fritsche
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Xingxing Wang
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China.
| | - Christian Jung
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
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18
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Grażyna C, Hanna C, Adam A, Magdalena BM. Natural antioxidants in milk and dairy products. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cichosz Grażyna
- Department of Dairy Science and Quality Management; University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn; ul. Oczapowskiego 7 10-719 Olsztyn Poland
| | - Czeczot Hanna
- Department of Biochemistry; I Faculty of Medicine; Medical University of Warsaw; ul. Banacha 1 02-097 Warszawa Poland
| | - Ambroziak Adam
- Department of Dairy Science and Quality Management; University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn; ul. Oczapowskiego 7 10-719 Olsztyn Poland
| | - Bielecka Marika Magdalena
- Department of Dairy Science and Quality Management; University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn; ul. Oczapowskiego 7 10-719 Olsztyn Poland
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Bolton JL, Dunlap T. Formation and Biological Targets of Quinones: Cytotoxic versus Cytoprotective Effects. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 30:13-37. [PMID: 27617882 PMCID: PMC5241708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Quinones represent a class of toxicological intermediates, which can create a variety of hazardous effects in vivo including, acute cytotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and carcinogenesis. In contrast, quinones can induce cytoprotection through the induction of detoxification enzymes, anti-inflammatory activities, and modification of redox status. The mechanisms by which quinones cause these effects can be quite complex. The various biological targets of quinones depend on their rate and site of formation and their reactivity. Quinones are formed through a variety of mechanisms from simple oxidation of catechols/hydroquinones catalyzed by a variety of oxidative enzymes and metal ions to more complex mechanisms involving initial P450-catalyzed hydroxylation reactions followed by two-electron oxidation. Quinones are Michael acceptors, and modification of cellular processes could occur through alkylation of crucial cellular proteins and/or DNA. Alternatively, quinones are highly redox active molecules which can redox cycle with their semiquinone radical anions leading to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) including superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and ultimately the hydroxyl radical. Production of ROS can alter redox balance within cells through the formation of oxidized cellular macromolecules including lipids, proteins, and DNA. This perspective explores the varied biological targets of quinones including GSH, NADPH, protein sulfhydryls [heat shock proteins, P450s, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), glutathione S-transferase (GST), NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1, (NQO1), kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), IκB kinase (IKK), and arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR)], and DNA. The evidence strongly suggests that the numerous mechanisms of quinone modulations (i.e., alkylation versus oxidative stress) can be correlated with the known pathology/cytoprotection of the parent compound(s) that is best described by an inverse U-shaped dose-response curve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy L Bolton
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Tareisha Dunlap
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
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20
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Schmölz L, Birringer M, Lorkowski S, Wallert M. Complexity of vitamin E metabolism. World J Biol Chem 2016; 7:14-43. [PMID: 26981194 PMCID: PMC4768118 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v7.i1.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioavailability of vitamin E is influenced by several factors, most are highlighted in this review. While gender, age and genetic constitution influence vitamin E bioavailability but cannot be modified, life-style and intake of vitamin E can be. Numerous factors must be taken into account however, i.e., when vitamin E is orally administrated, the food matrix may contain competing nutrients. The complex metabolic processes comprise intestinal absorption, vascular transport, hepatic sorting by intracellular binding proteins, such as the significant α-tocopherol-transfer protein, and hepatic metabolism. The coordinated changes involved in the hepatic metabolism of vitamin E provide an effective physiological pathway to protect tissues against the excessive accumulation of, in particular, non-α-tocopherol forms. Metabolism of vitamin E begins with one cycle of CYP4F2/CYP3A4-dependent ω-hydroxylation followed by five cycles of subsequent β-oxidation, and forms the water-soluble end-product carboxyethylhydroxychroman. All known hepatic metabolites can be conjugated and are excreted, depending on the length of their side-chain, either via urine or feces. The physiological handling of vitamin E underlies kinetics which vary between the different vitamin E forms. Here, saturation of the side-chain and also substitution of the chromanol ring system are important. Most of the metabolic reactions and processes that are involved with vitamin E are also shared by other fat soluble vitamins. Influencing interactions with other nutrients such as vitamin K or pharmaceuticals are also covered by this review. All these processes modulate the formation of vitamin E metabolites and their concentrations in tissues and body fluids. Differences in metabolism might be responsible for the discrepancies that have been observed in studies performed in vivo and in vitro using vitamin E as a supplement or nutrient. To evaluate individual vitamin E status, the analytical procedures used for detecting and quantifying vitamin E and its metabolites are crucial. The latest methods in analytics are presented.
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Gauthier M, Aras P, Jumarie C, Boily M. Low dietary levels of Al, Pb and Cd may affect the non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity in caged honey bees (Apis mellifera). CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:848-854. [PMID: 26421624 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the abnormally high mortality rate observed in bee populations in Europe and North America. While studies based on the effects of pesticides are paramount, the metals present in agroecosystems are often overlooked. Sources of metals are linked to the nature of soils and to agricultural practices, namely the use of natural or chemical nutrients as well as residual materials from waste-water treatment sludge. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of metals on honey bees exposed for 10 days to environmentally realistic concentrations of Al, Pb and Cd (dissolved in syrup). The monitoring of syrup consumption combined with the quantification of metals in bees revealed the following order for metal bioconcentration ratios: Cd > Pb > Al. Alpha-tocopherol, metallothionein-like proteins (MTLPs) and lipid peroxidation were quantified. When bees were exposed to increasing amounts of Cd, a marked augmentation of MTLPs levels was found. Lead (Pb) and Cd caused an increase in α-tocopherol content, while alteration of lipid peroxidation was observed only with Al exposure. These findings raise concerns about the bioavailability and the additional threat posed by metals for pollinators in agricultural areas while providing new insights for potential use of the honey bee as a sentinel species for metal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Gauthier
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Philippe Aras
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Catherine Jumarie
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Monique Boily
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada.
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Vivarelli F, Canistro D, Franchi P, Sapone A, Vornoli A, Della Croce C, Longo V, Lucarini M, Paolini M. Disruption of redox homeostasis and carcinogen metabolizing enzymes changes by administration of vitamin E to rats. Life Sci 2015; 145:166-73. [PMID: 26702769 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS A large meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials has seriously questioned chemoprevention based on vitamins including vitamin E (VE), and an increased risk for cancer among long-term users was actually seen. However, the mechanism underlying these findings still remain unknown. To clarify the mechanism, in an in vivo model we studied the putative disruption of redox homeostasis and the perturbation of carcinogen metabolizing enzymes determined by VE. MAIN METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated ip with either 100 or 200mg/kg b.w. daily for 7 or 14 consecutive days. Controls received vehicle only. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) content, CYP-reductase, CYP-linked monooxygenases, as well as phase-II and the antioxidant enzymes catalase and NAD(P)H quinone reductase were investigated in both liver and kidney. Free radical species in tissue subcellular preparations were measured by electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy coupled to a radical probe technique. KEY FINDINGS No substantial changes of hepatic xenobiotic metabolism enzymes were determined by VE. Conversely, a powerful booster effect of various renal phase-I carcinogen bioactivating enzymes at both dosages and observational times was recorded. While no relevant changes of post-oxidative phase-II reactions were found in the liver, a significant inactivating effect was caused by VE in renal tissues. Antioxidant enzymes were found mainly downregulated by the treatment. In the kidney, a marked free radical over-generation linked to CYP induction was observed. SIGNIFICANCE This study proved that VE acts as a co-carcinogen and pro-oxidant agent. Such epigenetic mechanisms may contribute to explain the harmful outcomes observed in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Vivarelli
- Molecular and Toxicology Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma-Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Donatella Canistro
- Molecular and Toxicology Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma-Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Paola Franchi
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", Alma-Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Sapone
- Molecular and Toxicology Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma-Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Vornoli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Clara Della Croce
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, CNR, via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Longo
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, CNR, via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Lucarini
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", Alma-Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Moreno Paolini
- Molecular and Toxicology Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma-Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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24
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Shumyantseva VV, Bulko TV, Suprun EV, Kuzikov AV, Agafonova LE, Archakov AI. [Electrochemical methods for biomedical investigations]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2015; 61:188-202. [PMID: 25978386 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20156102188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the review, authors discussed recently published experimental data concerning highly sensitive electrochemical methods and technologies for biomedical investigations in the postgenomic era. Developments in electrochemical biosensors systems for the analysis of various bio objects are also considered: cytochrome P450s, cardiac markers, bacterial cells, the analysis of proteins based on electro oxidized amino acids as a tool for analysis of conformational events. The electroanalysis of catalytic activity of cytochromes P450 allowed developing system for screening of potential substrates, inhibitors or modulators of catalytic functions of this class of hemoproteins. The highly sensitive quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) immunosensor has been developed for analysis of bio affinity interactions of antibodies with troponin I in plasma. The QCM technique allowed real-time monitoring of the kinetic differences in specific interactions and nonspecific sorption, with out multiple labeling procedures and separation steps. The affinity binding process was characterized by the association (ka) and the dissociation (kd) kinetic constants and the equilibrium association (K) constant, calculated using experimental data. Based on the electroactivity of bacterial cells, the electrochemical system for determination of sensitivity of the microbial cells to antibiotics cefepime, ampicillin, amikacin, and erythromycin was proposed. It was shown that the minimally detectable cell number corresponds to 106 CFU per electrode. The electrochemical method allows estimating the degree of E.coli JM109 cells resistance to antibiotics within 2-5 h. Electrosynthesis of polymeric analogs of antibodies for myoglobin (molecularly imprinted polymer, MIP) on the surface of graphite screen-printed electrodes as sensor elements with o- phenylenediamine as the functional monomer was developed. Molecularly imprinted polymers demonstrate selective complementary binding of a template protein molecule (myoglobin) by the "key-lock" principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Shumyantseva
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia; IBMC-EcoBioPharm Company, Moscow, Russia
| | - T V Bulko
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Suprun
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Kuzikov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - A I Archakov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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Roager HM, Sulek K, Skov K, Frandsen HL, Smedsgaard J, Wilcks A, Skov TH, Villas-Boas SG, Licht TR. Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM affects vitamin E acetate metabolism and intestinal bile acid signature in monocolonized mice. Gut Microbes 2014; 5:296-303. [PMID: 24717228 PMCID: PMC4153766 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.28806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocolonization of germ-free (GF) mice enables the study of specific bacterial species in vivo. Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM(TM) (NCFM) is a probiotic strain; however, many of the mechanisms behind its health-promoting effect remain unknown. Here, we studied the effects of NCFM on the metabolome of jejunum, cecum, and colon of NCFM monocolonized (MC) and GF mice using liquid chromatography coupled to mass-spectrometry (LC-MS). The study adds to existing evidence that NCFM in vivo affects the bile acid signature of mice, in particular by deconjugation. Furthermore, we confirmed that carbohydrate metabolism is affected by NCFM in the mouse intestine as especially the digestion of oligosaccharides (penta- and tetrasaccharides) was increased in MC mice. Additionally, levels of α-tocopherol acetate (vitamin E acetate) were higher in the intestine of GF mice than in MC mice, suggesting that NCFM affects the vitamin E acetate metabolism. NCFM did not digest vitamin E acetate in vitro, suggesting that direct bacterial metabolism was not the cause of the altered metabolome in vivo. Taken together, our results suggest that NCFM affects intestinal carbohydrate metabolism, bile acid metabolism and vitamin E metabolism, although it remains to be investigated whether this effect is unique to NCFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik M Roager
- National Food Institute; Technical University of Denmark; Søborg, Denmark
| | - Karolina Sulek
- Liggins Institute; University of Auckland; Auckland, New Zealand,School of Biological Sciences; University of Auckland; Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kasper Skov
- National Food Institute; Technical University of Denmark; Søborg, Denmark
| | - Henrik L Frandsen
- National Food Institute; Technical University of Denmark; Søborg, Denmark
| | - Jørn Smedsgaard
- National Food Institute; Technical University of Denmark; Søborg, Denmark
| | - Andrea Wilcks
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; København, Denmark
| | - Thomas H Skov
- Department of Food Science; Faculty of Science; University of Copenhagen; København, Denmark
| | - Silas G Villas-Boas
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Auckland; Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tine R Licht
- National Food Institute; Technical University of Denmark; Søborg, Denmark,Correspondence to: Tine R Licht,
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Hawi A, Heald S, Sciascia T. Use of an Adaptive Study Design in Single Ascending-Dose Pharmacokinetics of A0001 (α-Tocopherylquinone) in Healthy Male Subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 52:65-77. [DOI: 10.1177/0091270010390807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Boddupalli S, Mein JR, Lakkanna S, James DR. Induction of phase 2 antioxidant enzymes by broccoli sulforaphane: perspectives in maintaining the antioxidant activity of vitamins a, C, and e. Front Genet 2012; 3:7. [PMID: 22303412 PMCID: PMC3264924 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of fruits and vegetables is recognized as an important part of a healthy diet. Increased consumption of cruciferous vegetables in particular has been associated with a decreased risk of several degenerative and chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease and certain cancers. Members of the cruciferous vegetable family, which includes broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, and cabbage, accumulate significant concentrations of glucosinolates, which are metabolized in vivo to biologically active isothiocyanates (ITCs). The ITC sulforaphane, which is derived from glucoraphanin, has garnered particular interest as an indirect antioxidant due to its extraordinary ability to induce expression of several enzymes via the KEAP1/Nrf2/ARE pathway. Nrf2/ARE gene products are typically characterized as Phase II detoxification enzymes and/or antioxidant (AO) enzymes. Over the last decade, human clinical studies have begun to provide in vivo evidence of both Phase II and AO enzyme induction by SF. Many AO enzymes are redox cycling enzymes that maintain redox homeostasis and activity of free radical scavengers such as vitamins A, C, and E. In this review, we present the existing evidence for induction of PII and AO enzymes by SF, the interactions of SF-induced AO enzymes and proposed maintenance of the essential vitamins A, C, and E, and, finally, the current view of genotypic effects on ITC metabolism and AO enzyme induction and function.
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Shrader WD, Amagata A, Barnes A, Hinman A, Jankowski O, Lee E, Kheifets V, Komatsuzaki R, Mollard P, Murase K, Rioux P, Wesson K, Miller G. Towards a modern definition of vitamin E-evidence for a quinone hypothesis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 22:391-5. [PMID: 22137789 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.10.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We report on the synthesis, biological and pharmacological activity of the tocoquinone natural product, α-tocopherol quinone (ATQ); an oxidative metabolite of α-tocopherol. ATQ is a potent cellular protectant against oxidative stress, whose biological activity is dependent upon its ability to undergo reversible two-electron redox cycling. ATQ is orally bioavailable, with a favorable pharmacokinetic profile and has demonstrated a beneficial clinical response in patients with Friedreich's ataxia. ATQ is a member of a broader class of vitamin E derived quinone metabolites which may be ascribable in whole or in part to the activity of vitamin E.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Shrader
- Edison Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 350 North Bernardo Avenue, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA.
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Shumiantseva VV, Suprun EV, Bulko TV, Dobrynina OV, Archakov AI. [Sensor systems for medical application based on hemoproteins and nanocomposite materials]. BIOMEDITSINSKAIA KHIMIIA 2011; 56:55-71. [PMID: 21328911 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20105601055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in nanotechnologies stimulate the development of sensor systems based on nanocomposite materials. This review discusses the prospects and challenges of sensors coupled with functionally important for medicine hemoproteins and nanoscale materials. Authors summarized their own experimental results and literature data on hemoprotein-based sensor systems. Mechanisms and the main function principles of electrochemical nanosensors are also discussed.
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Gee PT. Unleashing the untold and misunderstood observations on vitamin E. GENES & NUTRITION 2011; 6:5-16. [PMID: 21437026 PMCID: PMC3040795 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-010-0180-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Paradoxically, meta-analysis of human randomized controlled trials revealed that natural but not synthetic α-tocopherol supplementation significantly increases all-cause mortality at 95% confidence interval. The root cause was that natural α-tocopherol supplementation significantly depressed bioavailability of other forms of vitamin E that have better chemo-prevention capability. Meta-analysis outcome demonstrated flaws in the understanding of vitamin E. Reinterpretation of reported data provides plausible explanations to several important observations. While α-tocopherol is almost exclusively secreted in chylomicrons, enterocytes secrete tocotrienols in both chylomicrons and small high-density lipoproteins. Vitamin E secreted in chylomicrons is discriminately repacked by α-tocopherol transfer protein into nascent very low-density lipoproteins in the liver. Circulating very low-density lipoproteins undergo delipidation to form intermediate-density lipoproteins and low-density lipoproteins. Uptake of vitamin E in intermediate-density lipoproteins and low-density lipoproteins takes place at various tissues via low-density lipoproteins receptor-mediated endocytosis. Small high-density lipoproteins can deliver tocotrienols upon maturation to peripheral tissues independent of α-tocopherol transfer protein action, and uptake of vitamin E takes place at selective tissues by scavenger receptor-mediated direct vitamin E uptake. Dual absorption pathways for tocotrienols are consistent with human and animal studies. α-Tocopherol depresses the bioavailability of α-tocotrienol and has antagonistic effect on tocotrienols in chemo-prevention against degenerative diseases. Therefore, it is an undesirable component for chemo-prevention. Future research directions should be focused on tocotrienols, preferably free from α-tocopherol, for optimum chemo-prevention and benefits to mankind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Tou Gee
- Palm Nutraceuticals Sdn. Bhd., Batu 7, Jalan Mawai, 81900 Kota Tinggi, Johor Malaysia
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Abstract
Vitamin E is known as the most important lipid antioxidant and is widely used to prevent age-associated diseases. Despite increasing knowledge about human vitamin E metabolism, little is known to justify its widespread use. As meta-analyses revealed even harmful effects of high vitamin E doses, a profound understanding of vitamin E metabolism is mandatory. By recent advances in analytical methodology, new metabolites with distinct physicochemical and biological properties were discovered. This review covers current methods to analyze vitamin E metabolites in biological samples. Special emphasis is laid on analytical applications for the identification and quantification of metabolites with a modified hydroxychromanol ring or a truncated side chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Birringer
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
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Zingg JM, Meydani M, Azzi A. alpha-Tocopheryl phosphate--an active lipid mediator? Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 54:679-92. [PMID: 20169583 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200900404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol, alphaT) derivative, alpha-tocopheryl phosphate (alphaTP), is detectable in small amounts in plasma, tissues, and cultured cells. Studies done in vitro and in vivo suggest that alphaT can become phosphorylated and alphaTP dephosphorylated, suggesting the existence of enzyme(s) with alphaT kinase or alphaTP phosphatase activity, respectively. As a supplement in animal studies, alphaTP can reach plasma concentrations similar to alphaT and only a part is dephosphorylated; thus, alphaTP may act both as pro-vitamin E, but also as phosphorylated form of vitamin E with possibly novel regulatory activities. Many effects of alphaTP have been described: in the test tube alphaTP modulates the activity of several enzymes; in cell culture alphaTP affects proliferation, apoptosis, signal transduction, and gene expression; in animal studies alphaTP prevents atherosclerosis, ischemia/reperfusion injury, and induces hippocampal long-term potentiation. At the molecular level, alphaTP may act as a cofactor for enzymes, as an active lipid mediator similar to other phosphorylated lipids, or indirectly by altering membrane characteristics such as lipid rafts, fluidity, and curvature. In this review, the molecular and cellular activities of alphaTP are examined and the possible functions of alphaTP as a natural compound, cofactor and active lipid mediator involved in signal transduction and gene expression discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Zingg
- JM USDA-Human Nutr. Res. Ctr. On Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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Karatas F, Coteli E, Aydin S, Servi S, Kara H. Effect of 3-(1H-Pyrrol-2-yl)-1H-indazole on the antioxidant status of rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2010; 136:79-86. [PMID: 19756400 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-009-8517-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The influence of injection periods of 3-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-1H-indazole regarding vitamins A, E, C, selenium (Se), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in rats has been investigated. The substance was given by subcutaneous injection at 20 mg/kg every other day for a total of 15 injections. At the end of the treatment, Se levels in serum were determined by fluorimetry, and those of vitamins A, E, C, and malondialdehyde in serum, liver, and kidney were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. GSH-Px activities in erythrocytes were determined spectrophotometrically. Vitamins A, E, C, and Se levels were generally lower than in the controls, while GSH-Px activity at the third injection period was maximally increased, with the activities after the other injection periods being higher than in the control group. In addition, vitamins A, E, and C levels were generally lower than the control groups, while serum, liver, and kidney MDA levels gradually increased depending on injection periods. On the other hand, GSH-Px activity was higher than in the control group. Thus, the results show that while vitamins A, E, C, and Se levels decreased, MDA levels and GSH-Px activities increased after administration of 3-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-1H-indazole to the rats. These findings might be related to the increased amount of free radicals caused by 3-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-1H-indazole injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fikret Karatas
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Firat, 23119, Elazig, Turkey.
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Mène-Saffrané L, DellaPenna D. Biosynthesis, regulation and functions of tocochromanols in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2010; 48:301-9. [PMID: 20036132 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 11/15/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Tocopherols and tocotrienols have been originally identified as essential nutrients in mammals based on their vitamin E activity. These lipid-soluble compounds are potent antioxidants that protect polyunsaturated fatty acids from lipid peroxidation. The biosynthesis of tocopherols and tocotrienols occurs exclusively in photosynthetic organisms. The biosynthetic precursors and the different pathway intermediates have been identified by biochemical studies and the different vitamin E biosynthetic genes (VTE genes) have been isolated in several plants and cyanobacteria. The characterization of transgenic plants overexpressing one or multiple VTE genes combined with the study of vitamin E deficient mutants allows from now on understanding the regulation and the function of tocopherols and tocotrienols in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Mène-Saffrané
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 201 Biochemistry Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1319, USA
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Shumyantseva VV, Suprun EV, Bulko TV, Dobrynina OV, Archakov AI. Sensor systems for medical application based on hemoproteins and nanocomposite materials. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW-SUPPLEMENT SERIES B-BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s199075081001004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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36
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Wu JHY, Hodgson JM, Clarke MW, Indrawan AP, Barden AE, Puddey IB, Croft KD. Inhibition of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid synthesis using specific plant lignans: in vitro and human studies. Hypertension 2009; 54:1151-8. [PMID: 19786646 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.109.139352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sesamin, the major lignan found in sesame, has been shown to increase vitamin E levels by inhibiting its metabolism via the cytochrome P450 isozyme CYP4F2. CYP4F2 and CYP4A11 are the predominant human isoforms that synthesize 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) from arachidonic acid. Considerable evidence suggests that 20-HETE may play a role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. We hypothesized that sesamin could be an inhibitor of 20-HETE synthesis. This study investigated the effects of sesamin on 20-HETE synthesis in vitro and the effect of sesame supplementation on plasma and urinary 20-HETE concentrations in humans. Human microsomes were used to investigate the potency and selectivity of sesamin inhibition of 20-HETE synthesis. Sesamin inhibited human renal and liver microsome 20-HETE synthesis with IC50 <20 micromol/L. It was selective toward CYP4F2 (IC50: 1.9 micromol/L) and had reduced activity toward CYP4A11 (IC50: >150 micromol/L), as well as cytochrome P epoxygenation of arachidonic acid (IC50: >50 micromol/L). In a randomized, controlled crossover trial, overweight men and women (n=33) consumed 25 g/d of sesame (approximately 50 mg/d of sesame lignan) or an isocaloric matched control for 5 weeks each. Relative to control, sesame supplementation resulted in a 28% decrease in plasma and a 32% decrease in urinary 20-HETE (P<0.001). Urinary sodium, potassium, and blood pressure were not affected. This study demonstrates for the first time that sesame supplementation in humans reduces the plasma and urinary levels of 20-HETE, likely via inhibition of CYP4F2 by sesame lignans. These results suggest that sesame lignans could be used for the investigation of potential roles of 20-HETE in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason H Y Wu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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Brigelius-Flohé R. Vitamin E: the shrew waiting to be tamed. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 46:543-54. [PMID: 19133328 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 11/28/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin E is the last of all vitamins whose essentiality is not yet understood. Its widely accepted role as a lipophilic antioxidant has been questioned, since proof of its in vivo relevance remained scarce. The influence of vitamin E on biomarkers of oxidative stress in vivo is inconsistent and metabolites of vitamin E having reacted as an antioxidant are hardly detectable. Novel functions of vitamin E include the regulation of enzymes, most of which are membrane bound or activated by membrane recruitment. Also, expression of genes responds to vitamin E. The search for a transcription factor common to all regulated genes failed so far and a receptor that specifically binds vitamin E has not yet been identified. According to microarray data, pathways preferentially affected by the vitamin E status are the inflammatory response and cellular traffic. A role of vitamin E in cellular trafficking could best explain the neurological symptoms seen in vitamin E deficiency. Emerging knowledge on vitamin E is compiled here with the perspective to unravel the molecular mechanisms that could more likely explain the essentiality of the vitamin than its ability to scavenge free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Brigelius-Flohé
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Department of Biochemistry of Micronutrients, Nuthetal, Germany.
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Zingg J. Mol Aspects Med 2007; 28:397-399. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Zingg JM. Vitamin E: An overview of major research directions. Mol Aspects Med 2007; 28:400-22. [PMID: 17624418 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2007.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 05/23/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During the last 90 years since the discovery of vitamin E, research has focused on different properties of this molecule, the focus often depending on the specific techniques and scientific knowledge present at each time. Originally discovered as a dietary factor essential for reproduction in rats, vitamin E has revealed in the meantime many more important molecular properties, such as the scavenging of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species with consequent prevention of oxidative damage associated with many diseases, or the modulation of signal transduction and gene expression in antioxidant and non-antioxidant manners. Research over the last 30 years has also resolved the biosynthesis and occurrence of vitamin E in plants, the proteins involved in the cellular uptake, tissue distribution and metabolism, and defined a congenital recessive neurological disease, ataxia with vitamin E deficiency (AVED), characterized by impaired enrichment of alpha-tocopherol in plasma as a result of mutations in the liver alpha-tocopherol transfer gene. This review is giving a brief introduction about vitamin E by following the major research directions since its discovery with a historical perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Zingg
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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