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Kuroki T, Takekoshi S, Kitatani K, Kato C, Miyasaka M, Akamatsu T. Protective Effect of Ebselen on Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Epigastric Skin Flaps in Rats. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2022; 55:149-157. [PMID: 36405551 PMCID: PMC9631984 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.22-00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the role of oxidized diacylglycerol (DAG) and the molecular mechanism underlying ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rat skin flaps. The protective effect of ebselen on the viability of rat skin flaps with I/R injury was investigated. Flaps were designed and raised in the left inguinal region. Then, a microvascular clamp was applied to the vascular pedicle and reperfused after 6 hr. After 7 days of I/R (I/R group), the skin flap survival area ratio was significantly reduced compared to the normal skin. The administration of ebselen significantly improved the ratio compared to the I/R group. The flap survival area ratio of the I/R + ebselen group was significantly improved compared to the I/R + vehicle group. In the I/R + ebselen group, the oxidized DAG content and intensity of phosphorylated PKCα and PKCδ were significantly lower compared to the I/R + vehicle group. Furthermore, the inflammatory response was suppressed in the I/R + ebselen group compared to the I/R + vehicle group. These results indicate that ebselen is useful as a preventive and therapeutic agent for skin flap necrosis caused by I/R, because of reduction and elimination of oxidized DAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko Kuroki
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine
| | - Susumu Takekoshi
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Host Defense Mechanism, Tokai University School of Medicine
| | - Kanae Kitatani
- Support Center of Medical Research and Education, Tokai University School of Medicine
| | - Chikara Kato
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Host Defense Mechanism, Tokai University School of Medicine
| | - Muneo Miyasaka
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine
| | - Tadashi Akamatsu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine
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Liu Z, Wu X, Wang Q, Li Z, Liu X, Sheng X, Zhu H, Zhang M, Xu J, Feng X, Wu B, Lv X. CD73-Adenosine A1R Axis Regulates the Activation and Apoptosis of Hepatic Stellate Cells Through the PLC-IP3-Ca2+/DAG-PKC Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:922885. [PMID: 35784730 PMCID: PMC9245432 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.922885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol-related liver fibrosis (ALF) is a form of alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) that generally occurs in response to heavy long-term drinking. Ecto-5′-nucleotidase (NT5E), also known as CD73, is a cytomembrane protein linked to the cell membrane via a GPI anchor that regulates the conversion of extracellular ATP to adenosine. Adenosine and its receptors are important regulators of the cellular response. Previous studies showed that CD73 and adenosine A1 receptor (A1R) were important in alcohol-related liver disease, however the exact mechanism is unclear. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role and mechanism of the CD73-A1R axis in both a murine model of alcohol and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced ALF and in an in vitro model of fibrosis induced by acetaldehyde. The degree of liver injury was determined by measuring serum AST and ALT levels, H & E staining, and Masson’s trichrome staining. The expression levels of fibrosis indicators and PLC-IP3-Ca2+/DAG-PKC signaling pathway were detected by quantitative real-time PCR, western blotting, ELISA, and calcium assay. Hepatic stellate cell (HSC) apoptosis was detected using the Annexin V-FITC/PI cell apoptosis detection kit. Knockdown of CD73 significantly attenuated the accumulation of α-SMA and COL1a1 damaged the histological architecture of the mouse liver induced by alcohol and CCl4. In vitro, CD73 inhibition attenuated acetaldehyde-induced fibrosis and downregulated A1R expression in HSC-T6 cells. Inhibition of CD73/A1R downregulated the expression of the PLC-IP3-Ca2+/DAG-PKC signaling pathway. In addition, silencing of CD73/A1R promoted apoptosis in HSC-T6 cells. In conclusion, the CD73-A1R axis can regulate the activation and apoptosis of HSCs through the PLC-IP3-Ca2+/DAG-PKC signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenni Liu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xue Wu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zixuan Li
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xueqi Liu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaodong Sheng
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Mengda Zhang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Junrui Xu
- General Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaowen Feng
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Baoming Wu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Baoming Wu, ; Xiongwen Lv,
| | - Xiongwen Lv
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Baoming Wu, ; Xiongwen Lv,
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Wu X, Zhang J, Yan X, Zhu Y, Li W, Li P, Chen H, Zhang W, Cheng N, Xiang T. Characterization of Liver Failure by the Analysis of Exhaled Breath by Extractive Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (EESI-MS): A Pilot Study. ANAL LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2020.1793993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Wu
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Liver Regeneration Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Liver Regeneration Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xingyan Yan
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Liver Regeneration Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Liver Regeneration Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Liver Regeneration Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Penghui Li
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, China
| | - Huanwen Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Respiratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Na Cheng
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Liver Regeneration Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Tianxin Xiang
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Liver Regeneration Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Wang PP, Huang X, Yang MW, Fang SY, Hong FF, Yang SL. Effects of non-drug treatment on liver cells apoptosis during hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. Life Sci 2021; 275:119321. [PMID: 33711387 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury (HIRI) is an important cause of liver dysfunction after liver transplantation for the patients suffered from fatty liver, non-alcoholic cirrhosis, or liver cancer. It is closely related to liver cells apoptosis. Therefore, how to maintain the stable state of cell apoptosis is important to protect the liver from HIRI. Drug treatment basically applies some active substances directly or indirectly, reducing HIRI. But their toxic side effects limit the clinical applications. Differently, non-drug treatment means making use of other kinds of measures to reduce the damage, such as non-pharmaceutical preparations, surgical methods, inhalation or perfusion gas, and so on. Non-drug treatments have been shown to balance cell apoptosis and reduce liver damage during HIRI. This review summarized the progresses in the roles of non-drug treatments on liver cells apoptosis during HIRI in recent years, focusing on apoptosis inducing factors, its signal transduction pathway, and downstream molecules, etc., expecting to elucidate non-drug treatments of anti-HIRI more systematically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Pei Wang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Third Hospital of Soochow University, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Xia Huang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Mei-Wen Yang
- Department of Nurse, Nanchang University Hospital, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Shi-Yao Fang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Fen-Fang Hong
- Department of Experimental Teaching Center, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Shu-Long Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.
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5
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Ramalingam V, Rajaram R. A paradoxical role of reactive oxygen species in cancer signaling pathway: Physiology and pathology. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Mai HN, Lee SH, Sharma G, Kim DJ, Sharma N, Shin EJ, Pham DT, Trinh QD, Jang CG, Nah SY, Jeong JH, Kim HC. Protein kinase Cδ knockout mice are protected from cocaine-induced hepatotoxicity. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 297:95-108. [PMID: 30393195 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) mediates cocaine-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Cocaine treatment (60 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly increased cleaved PKCδ expression in the liver of wild-type (WT) mice, and led to significant increases in oxidative parameters (i.e., reactive oxygen species, 4-hydroxylnonenal and protein carbonyl). These cocaine-induced oxidative burdens were attenuated by pharmacological (i.e., rottlerin) or genetic depletion of PKCδ. We also demonstrated that treatment with cocaine resulted in significant increases in nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) nuclear translocation and increased Nrf-2 DNA-binding activity in wild-type (WT) mice. These increases were more pronounced in the rottlerin-treated WT or PKCδ knockout mice than in the saline-treated WT mice. Although cocaine treatment increased Nrf-2 nuclear translocation, DNA binding activity, and γ-glutamyl cysteine ligases (i.e., GCLc and GCLm) mRNA expressions, while it reduced the glutathione level and GSH/GSSG ratio. These decreases were attenuated by PKCδ depletion. Cocaine treatment significantly increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels in the serum of WT mice signifying the hepatic damage. These increases were also attenuated by PKCδ depletion. In addition, cocaine-induced hepatic degeneration in WT mice was evident 1 d post-cocaine. At that time, cocaine treatment decreased Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL levels, and increased Bax, cytosolic cytochrome c, and cleaved caspase-3 levels. Pharmacological or genetic depletion of PKCδ significantly ameliorated the pro-apoptotic properties and hepatic degeneration. Therefore, our results suggest that inhibition of PKCδ, as well as activation of Nrf-2, is important for protecting against hepatotoxicity induced by cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huynh Nhu Mai
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Garima Sharma
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Joong Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical School, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Naveen Sharma
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Duc Toan Pham
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Quynh Dieu Trinh
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Gon Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
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Krylatov AV, Maslov LN, Voronkov NS, Boshchenko AA, Popov SV, Gomez L, Wang H, Jaggi AS, Downey JM. Reactive Oxygen Species as Intracellular Signaling Molecules in the Cardiovascular System. Curr Cardiol Rev 2018; 14:290-300. [PMID: 29962348 PMCID: PMC6300799 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x14666180702152436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Redox signaling plays an important role in the lives of cells. This signaling not only becomes apparent in pathologies but is also thought to be involved in maintaining physiological homeostasis. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) can activate protein kinases: CaMKII, PKG, PKA, ERK, PI3K, Akt, PKC, PDK, JNK, p38. It is unclear whether it is a direct interaction of ROS with these kinases or whether their activation is a consequence of inhibition of phosphatases. ROS have a biphasic effect on the transport of Ca2+ in the cell: on one hand, they activate the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, which can reduce the level of Ca2+ in the cell, and on the other hand, they can inactivate Ca2+-ATPase of the plasma membrane and open the cation channels TRPM2, which promote Ca2+-loading and subsequent apoptosis. ROS inhibit the enzyme PHD2, which leads to the stabilization of HIF-α and the formation of the active transcription factor HIF. CONCLUSION Activation of STAT3 and STAT5, induced by cytokines or growth factors, may include activation of NADPH oxidase and enhancement of ROS production. Normal physiological production of ROS under the action of cytokines activates the JAK/STAT while excessive ROS production leads to their inhibition. ROS cause the activation of the transcription factor NF-κB. Physiological levels of ROS control cell proliferation and angiogenesis. ROS signaling is also involved in beneficial adaptations to survive ischemia and hypoxia, while further increases in ROS can trigger programmed cell death by the mechanism of apoptosis or autophagy. ROS formation in the myocardium can be reduced by moderate exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonid N. Maslov
- Address correspondence to this author at the Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of
Science, Tomsk, Russia; Tel: 3822 262174; Fax: 3822 555057;
E-mail:
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Jiang R, Shi Y, Zeng C, Yu W, Zhang A, Du Y. Protein kinase Cα stimulates hypoxia‑induced pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation in rats through activating the extracellular signal‑regulated kinase 1/2 pathway. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:6814-6820. [PMID: 28901444 PMCID: PMC5865839 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH) may contribute to vascular remodeling, and pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) proliferation has an important role in this process. However, no relevant information concerning the role and mechanism of protein kinase C (PKC)α in hypoxia-induced rat PASMC proliferation has been elucidated. The present study aimed to further investigate this by comparison of rat PASMC proliferation among normoxia for 72 h (21% O2), hypoxia for 72 h (3% O2), hypoxia + promoter 12-myristate 13-acetate control, hypoxia + safingol control, hypoxia + PD98059 control and hypoxia + U0126 control groups. The present study demonstrated that protein expression levels of PKCα in rat PASMCs were elevated. In conclusion, through activating the extracellular signal-regulated 1/2 signaling pathway, PKCα is involved in and initiates PASMC proliferation, thus bringing about pulmonary artery hypertension. These results add to the understanding of the mechanism PKCα in PH formation and lays a theoretical basis for prevention as well as treatment of HPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Jiang
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Yiwei Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanxi Medical University Affiliated First Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Chao Zeng
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Wenyan Yu
- Respiratory Department, Central Hospital of Zibo, Zibo, Shandong 255036, P.R. China
| | - Aizhen Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030012, P.R. China
| | - Yongcheng Du
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030012, P.R. China
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Elgendy R, Giantin M, Castellani F, Grotta L, Palazzo F, Dacasto M, Martino G. Transcriptomic signature of high dietary organic selenium supplementation in sheep: A nutrigenomic insight using a custom microarray platform and gene set enrichment analysis. J Anim Sci 2017; 94:3169-3184. [PMID: 27695782 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016-0363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a high dietary Se supplementation on the whole transcriptome of sheep. A custom sheep whole-transcriptome microarray, with more than 23,000 unique transcripts, was designed and then used to profile the global gene expression of sheep after feeding a high dietary supplementation of organic Se. Lactating crossbred ewes ( = 10; 3 to 4 yr of age and 55 to 65 kg BW) at late lactation (100 ± 8 d in milk) were acclimated to indoor individual pen feeding of a basal control diet (0.40 mg Se/d, sodium selenite) for 4 wk. Sheep were then kept on a diet with an extra (high) supplementation of organic Se (1.45 mg Se/d as Sel-Plex; Alltech Biotechnology Pty Ltd, Dandenong, Victoria, Australia) for 40 d. Whole blood was collected at 2 time points (last day of the acclimatization period [T0] and after 40 d of the organic Se supplementation [T40]), and then total RNA was isolated and labeled for the subsequent microarray analysis. Significance Analysis of Microarrays, using the -statistic, of the microarray data (T40 versus T0) evidenced the up- and downregulation of 942 and 244 transcripts (false discovery rate < 0.05), respectively. Seven genes showed the same trend of expression (up- or downregulation) when tested by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) in a cross-validation step. The microarray showed significant upregulation of the following selenoproteins at T40: selenium binding protein 1 (SELENBP1), selenoprotein W1 (SEPW1), glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPX3), and septin 8 (SEPT8). And the expression trends for SEPW1 and SEPT8 were validated using qPCR. Functional annotation of the differentially expressed genes showed the enrichment of several immune system-related biological processes (lymphocyte activation, cytokine binding, leukocyte activation, T cell differentiation, and B cell activation) and pathways (cytokine and interleukin signaling). Moreover, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis evidenced the enrichment of B and T cell receptors signaling pathways, with an enrichment score of 0.63 and 0.59, respectively. Overall, from a global gene expression (whole-transcriptome) point of view, short-term supplementation of a high dietary organic Se to Se-nondeficient sheep results in a transcriptomic signature that mainly reflects an induced immune system and a modulation of transcription effect. Also, the present study provides a custom whole-transcriptome microarray platform that can be used in further global gene expression studies in the ovine species.
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miR-706 inhibits the oxidative stress-induced activation of PKCα/TAOK1 in liver fibrogenesis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37509. [PMID: 27876854 PMCID: PMC5120320 DOI: 10.1038/srep37509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress induces the activation of liver fibrogenic cells (myofibroblasts), thus promoting the expression of fibrosis-related genes, leading to hepatic fibrogenesis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a new class of small RNAs ~18–25 nucleotides in length involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Wound-healing and remodeling processes in liver fibrosis have been associated with changes in hepatic miRNA expression. However, the role of miR-706 in liver fibrogenesis is currently unknown. In the present study, we show that miR-706 is abundantly expressed in hepatocytes. Moreover, oxidative stress leads to a significant downregulation of miR-706, and the further reintroduction of miR-706 inhibits oxidative stress-induced expression of fibrosis-related markers such as α-SMA. Subsequent studies revealed that miR-706 directly inhibits PKCα and TAOK1 expression via binding to the 3′-untranslated region, preventing epithelial mesenchymal transition. In vivo studies showed that intravenous injection of miR-706 agomir successfully increases hepatic miR-706 and decreases α-SMA, PKCα, and TAOK1 protein levels in livers of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-treated mice. In summary, this study reveals a protective role for miR-706 by blocking the oxidative stress-induced activation of PKCα/TAOK1. Our results further identify a major implication for miR-706 in preventing hepatic fibrogenesis and suggest that miR-706 may be a suitable molecular target for anti-fibrosis therapy.
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Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate promotes nuclear translocation of hepatic steroid response element binding protein-2. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 75:1-10. [PMID: 27032751 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-2 is a pivotal transcriptional factor in cholesterol metabolism. Factors interfering with the proper functioning of SREBP-2 potentially alter plasma lipid profiles. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), which is a common protein kinase C (PKC) activator, was shown to promote the post-translational processing and nuclear translocation of SREBP-2 in hepatic cells in the current study. Following SREBP-2 translocation, the transcripts of its target genes HMGCR and LDLR were upregulated as demonstrated by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) also demonstrated an induced DNA-binding activity on the sterol response element (SRE) domain under PMA treatment. The increase of activated Srebp-2 without the concurrent induced mRNA expression was also observed in an animal model. As the expression of SREBP-2 was not increased by PMA, the activation of PKC was the focus of investigation. Specific PKC isozyme inhibition and overexpression supported that PKCβ was responsible for the promoting effect. Further studies showed that the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), but not 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), were the possible downstream signaling proteins of PKCβ. In conclusion, this study illustrated that PKCβ increased SREBP-2 nuclear translocation in a pathway mediated by MEK/ERK and JNK, rather than the one dictated by AMPK. These results revealed a novel signaling target of PKCβ in the liver cells.
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ROS and ROS-Mediated Cellular Signaling. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:4350965. [PMID: 26998193 PMCID: PMC4779832 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4350965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1054] [Impact Index Per Article: 131.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It has long been recognized that an increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can modify the cell-signaling proteins and have functional consequences, which successively mediate pathological processes such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, unchecked growth, neurodegeneration, inflammation, and aging. While numerous articles have demonstrated the impacts of ROS on various signaling pathways and clarify the mechanism of action of cell-signaling proteins, their influence on the level of intracellular ROS, and their complex interactions among multiple ROS associated signaling pathways, the systemic summary is necessary. In this review paper, we particularly focus on the pattern of the generation and homeostasis of intracellular ROS, the mechanisms and targets of ROS impacting on cell-signaling proteins (NF-κB, MAPKs, Keap1-Nrf2-ARE, and PI3K-Akt), ion channels and transporters (Ca(2+) and mPTP), and modifying protein kinase and Ubiquitination/Proteasome System.
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Zheng J, Ji C, Lu X, Tong W, Fan X, Gao Y. Integrated expression profiles of mRNA and microRNA in the liver of Fructus Meliae Toosendan water extract injured mice. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:236. [PMID: 26539117 PMCID: PMC4609846 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver toxicity is a severe problem associated with Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Fructus Meliae Toosendan (FMT) is a known hepatotoxic TCM, however, the toxicological mechanisms of liver injury caused by FMT treatment still remain largely unknown. In this study, we aimed to reveal possible mechanisms of FMT water extract-induced liver injury using a systemic approach. After three consecutive daily dosing of FMT water extract, significant increases of alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase activities, along with elevated total bilirubin and total cholesterol levels and a decrease of triglyceride level, were detected in mice serum. Moreover, hydropic degeneration was observed in hepatocytes, suggesting the presence of FMT-induced liver injury. mRNA and microRNA expression profiles of liver samples from injured mice were analyzed and revealed 8 miRNAs and 1,723 mRNAs were significantly changed after FMT water extract treatment. For the eight differentially expressed miRNAs, their predicted target genes were collected and a final set of 125 genes and 4 miRNAs (miR-139-5p, miR-199a-5p, miR-2861, and miR-3960) was selected to investigate important processes involved in FMT hepatotoxicity. Our results demonstrated several cellular functions were disordered after FMT treatment, such as cellular growth and proliferation, gene expression and cellular development. We hypothesized that liver cell necrosis was the main liver toxicity of FMT water extract, which was possibly caused by oxidative stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zheng
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Cai Ji
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Lu
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Tong
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Fan
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine Beijing, China
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Saifi MA, Alyousif MS, Ahmed M. Biochemical Investigations on the Protective Role of Curcumin in Liver Damage by Chloroquine. INT J PHARMACOL 2015. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2015.870.873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Eng K, Alkhouri N, Cikach F, Patel N, Yan C, Grove D, Lopez R, Rome E, Dweik RA. Analysis of breath volatile organic compounds in children with chronic liver disease compared to healthy controls. J Breath Res 2015; 9:026002. [PMID: 25891513 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/9/2/026002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Breath testing is increasingly being used as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for disease states across medicine. The purpose of this study was to compare the levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as measured by mass spectrometry in healthy children and children with chronic liver disease (CLD). Patients between the ages of 6 and 21 were recruited for the study. Control subjects were recruited from a general pediatric population during well-child visits, while patients with CLD were recruited from pediatric gastroenterology clinic visits. The diagnosis of CLD was confirmed by clinical, laboratory, and/or histologic data. A single exhaled breath was collected and analyzed by means of selected-ion flow-tube mass spectrometry per protocol. A total of 104 patients were included in the study (49 with CLD and 55 healthy controls). Of the patients with CLD, 20 had advanced liver fibrosis (F3-F4). In the CLD cohort, levels of exhaled 1-decene, 1-heptene, 1-octene and 3 methylhexane were found to be significantly higher when compared to the control population (p < 0.001, p = 0.035, p < 0.001 and p = 0.004, respectively). Exhaled 1-nonene, (E)-2-nonene, and dimethyl sulfide levels were found to be significantly lower in patients with CLD patients when compared to controls (p < 0.001, p < 0.001 and p = 0.007, respectively). By utilizing a combination of five of the VOCs, the accuracy for predicting the presence of CLD was excellent (AUROC = 0.97). Our study demonstrates that children with CLD have a unique pattern of exhaled VOCs. Utilization of a combination of these VOCs represents a promising non-invasive diagnostic tool and may provide further insight into the pathophysiologic processes and pathways leading to pediatric liver disease. Further analysis of these compounds in external cohorts are needed to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Eng
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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16
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Maheswari E, Saraswathy GRL, Santhranii T. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of N-acetyl cysteine in carbamazepine-administered rats. Indian J Pharmacol 2014; 46:211-5. [PMID: 24741196 PMCID: PMC3987193 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.129321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The present study evaluates the hepatoprotective activity of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) against carbamazepine (CBZ)-induced hepatotoxicity. Materials and Methods: Rats were treated with CBZ (50 mg/kg p.o.) and CBZ supplemented with NAC 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg for 45 days, after which blood samples were collected and subjected to liver function tests. Animals were killed, liver was separated, weighed and the levels of antioxidants and liver enzymes were estimated. In addition, histopathological investigation was also performed. Results: Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), serum glutamate oxaloacetate (SGOT) transaminase, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin, lipid peroxidation, absolute and relative liver weights were significantly (P < 0.05) elevated, whereas serum levels of albumin, total protein and body weight were decreased in the CBZ-treated animals. CBZ also produced vacuolar degeneration, centrilobular congestion and hepatic necrosis as evidenced from histopathological report. NAC significantly reduced the levels of serum transaminase, ALP, bilirubin and liver weight and increased the levels of total protein, albumin and body weight. Conclusion: It was observed that NAC increased the glutathione (GSH) content, reduced lipid peroxidation and reversed the CBZ-induced histopathological abnormalities. CBZ-induced hepatotoxicity may be due its toxic epoxide metabolite-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eswaran Maheswari
- Department of Pharmacology, M.S. Ramaiah College of Pharmacy, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ganesan Raja Lekshmi Saraswathy
- Department of Pharmacology, M.S. Ramaiah College of Pharmacy, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Thakur Santhranii
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Sri Padmavathi Mahila Visvavidyalayam (Women's University), Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
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17
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Takekoshi S, Kitatani K, Yamamoto Y. Roles of Oxidized Diacylglycerol for Carbon Tetrachloride-induced Liver Injury and Fibrosis in Mouse. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2014; 47:185-94. [PMID: 25861124 PMCID: PMC4387239 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.14030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Since there is a report that an inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC) effectively suppresses the development of hepatic fibrosis, it is suggested that the PKC signaling pathway plays an important role in the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis. We reported that oxidized diacylglycerol (DAG), which is an activator of PKC, had a remarkably stronger PKC-activating action than un-oxidized DAG. In the present study, we explored the roles of oxidized DAG in hepatic fibrogenesis using mice, the livers of which developed fibrosis by long-term administration of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Liver fibrosis models were created by 4- or 8-week repetitive subcutaneous injections of CCl4 to the backs of C57BL/6J mice. The amount of oxidized DAG was significantly increased in the CCl4-treated group. Moreover, it was found that PKCα, βI, βII and δ were activated. In the CCl4-treated group, phosphorylation of ERK and JNK, which are downstream signal transmitters in the PKC pathway, was increased. It was also found in this group that there was an increase in TIMP-1, which is a fibrogenesis-promoting factor whose expression is enhanced by activated JNK, and of TNF-α, an inflammatory cytokine. Analysis by quantitative real-time RT-PCR showed that expressions of αSMA, collagen I, TNF-α and IL-10 were remarkably increased in the 8-week CCl4-treated group. The above results strongly suggested that oxidized DAG, which is increased by augmented oxidative stress, activated PKCα, βI, βII and δ molecular species and that these molecular species in turn stimulated the phosphorylation of MAP kinases including ERK and JNK, resulting in enhancement of hepatic fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Takekoshi
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Host Defense Mechanism, Tokai University School of Medicine
| | - Kanae Kitatani
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Host Defense Mechanism, Tokai University School of Medicine
| | - Yorihiro Yamamoto
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology
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Najimi M, Stéphenne X, Sempoux C, Sokal E. Regulation of hepatic EAAT-2 glutamate transporter expression in human liver cholestasis. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:1554-1564. [PMID: 24587631 PMCID: PMC3925864 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i6.1554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the activity and expression of EAAT2 glutamate transporter in both in vitro and in vivo models of cholestasis.
METHODS: This study was conducted on human hepatoblastoma HepG2 cell cultures, the liver of bile duct ligated rats and human specimens from cholestatic patients. EAAT2 glutamate transporter activity and expression were analyzed using a substrate uptake assay, immunofluorescence, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry, respectively.
RESULTS: In HepG2 cells, cholestasis was mimicked by treating cells with the protein kinase C activator, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. Under such conditions, EAAT2 transporter activity was decreased both at the level of substrate affinity and maximal transport velocity. The decreased uptake was correlated with intracellular translocation of EAAT2 molecules as demonstrated using immunofluorescence. In the liver of bile duct ligated rats, an increase in EAAT2 transporter protein expression in hepatocytes was demonstrated using immunohistochemistry. The same findings were observed in human liver specimens of cholestasis in which high levels of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase were documented in patients with biliary atresia and progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3.
CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the alteration in glutamate handling by hepatocytes in liver cholestasis and suggests a potential cross-talk between glutamatergic and bile systems.
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Shaked O, Gonzalez A, Bahirwani R, Furth E, Siegelman E, Shaked A, Olthoff K, Reddy KR. Donor hemosiderosis does not affect liver function and regeneration in the setting of living donor liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 2014; 14:216-20. [PMID: 24354876 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) demands a careful assessment of abnormal findings discovered during the evaluation process to determine if there will be any potential risks to the donor or recipient. Varying degrees of elevated hepatic iron levels are not uncommonly seen in otherwise healthy individuals. We questioned whether mild expression of hemosiderin deposition presents a safety concern when considering outcomes of living donation for both the donor and the recipient. We report on three LDLT patients who were found to have low- to moderate-grade hemosiderin deposition on liver biopsy. All other aspects of their evaluation proved satisfactory, and the decision was made to proceed with donation. There were no significant complications in the donors, and all demonstrated complete normalization of liver function postoperatively, with appropriate parenchymal regeneration. The recipients also had unremarkable postoperative recovery. We conclude that these individuals can be considered as potential donors after careful evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Shaked
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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20
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Eghbal MA, Taziki S, Sattari MR. Mechanisms of Phenytoin-Induced Toxicity in Freshly Isolated Rat Hepatocytes and the Protective Effects of Taurine and/or Melatonin. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2013; 28:111-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Eghbal
- Drug Applied Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department; School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Shohreh Taziki
- Biotechnology Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department; School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
- Students’ Research Committee; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Sattari
- Drug Applied Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department; School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
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21
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Tain YL, Chen CC, Lee CT, Kao YH, Sheen JM, Yu HR, Huang LT. Melatonin regulates L-arginine transport and NADPH oxidase in young rats with bile duct ligation: role of protein kinase C. Pediatr Res 2013; 73:395-401. [PMID: 23295407 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2012.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bile duct ligation (BDL) is a commonly used cholestatic liver disease (CLD) model. We recently found that L-arginine levels were significantly raised by melatonin in young rats with BDL. We hypothesized that protein kinase C-α (PKC-α) is involved in the increases of L-arginine in melatonin-treated BDL rats. In addition, we tested whether melatonin prevents nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, in rats with BDL, through PKC. METHODS Four groups of young male rats were studied: shams (n = 6), untreated BDL rats (n = 9), melatonin-treated shams (n = 6, M), and melatonin-treated BDL rats (n = 6, BDL + M). Melatonin-treated rats received daily melatonin 1 mg/kg/d via i.p. injection. All surviving rats were killed 14 d after surgery. RESULTS Melatonin prevented BDL-induced mortality and kidney injury. Melatonin additionally increased L-arginine concentrations in BDL liver, which is correlated with decreased PKC-α translocation. Next, melatonin increased L-arginine levels in BDL kidneys, which was correlated with decreased renal levels of arginase II. In the BDL kidney, melatonin decreased PKC-β translocation, reduced p47phox translocation, and diminished NADPH-dependent superoxide production. CONCLUSION Melatonin inhibits PKC-α to increase cationic amino acid transporter-1 (CAT-1)-mediated L-arginine uptake in BDL liver, whereas it inhibits PKC-β to reduce NADPH-dependent superoxide production.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Lin Tain
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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22
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Jin M, Ande A, Kumar A, Kumar S. Regulation of cytochrome P450 2e1 expression by ethanol: role of oxidative stress-mediated pkc/jnk/sp1 pathway. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e554. [PMID: 23519123 PMCID: PMC3615729 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
CYP2E1 metabolizes ethanol leading to production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and acetaldehyde, which are known to cause not only liver damage but also toxicity to other organs. However, the signaling pathways involved in CYP2E1 regulation by ethanol are not clear, especially in extra-hepatic cells. This study was designed to examine the role of CYP2E1 in ethanol-mediated oxidative stress and cytotoxicity, as well as signaling pathways by which ethanol regulates CYP2E1 in extra-hepatic cells. In this study, we used astrocytic and monocytic cell lines, because they are important cells in central nervous system . Our results showed that 100 mM ethanol significantly induced oxidative stress, apoptosis, and cell death at 24 h in the SVGA astrocytic cell line, which was rescued by a CYP2E1 selective inhibitor, diallyl sulfide (DAS), CYP2E1 siRNA, and antioxidants (vitamins C and E). Further, we showed that DAS and vitamin C abrogated ethanol-mediated (50 mℳ) induction of CYP2E1 at 6 h, as well as production of ROS at 2 h, suggesting the role of oxidative stress in ethanol-mediated induction of CYP2E1. We then investigated the role of the protein kinase C/c-Jun N-terminal kinase/specificity protein1 (PKC/JNK/SP1) pathway in oxidative stress-mediated CYP2E1 induction. Our results showed that staurosporine, a non-specific inhibitor of PKC, as well as specific PKCζ inhibitor and PKCζ siRNA, abolished ethanol-induced CYP2E1 expression. In addition, inhibitors of JNK (SP600125) and SP1 (mithramycin A) completely abrogated induction of CYP2E1 by ethanol in SVGA astrocytes. Subsequently, we showed that CYP2E1 is also responsible for ethanol-mediated oxidative stress and apoptotic cell death in U937 monocytic cell lines. Finally, our results showed that PKC/JNK/SP1 pathway is also involved in regulation of CYP2E1 in U937 cells. This study has clinical implications with respect to alcohol-associated neuroinflammatory toxicity among alcohol users.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jin
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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Carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic injury through formation of oxidized diacylglycerol and activation of the PKC/NF-κB pathway. J Transl Med 2013; 93:218-29. [PMID: 23207450 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2012.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) participates in signal transduction, and its overactivation is involved in various types of cell injury. PKC depends on diacylglycerol (DAG) for its activation in vivo We have previously reported that DAG peroxides (DAG-O(O)H) activate PKC in vitro more strongly than unoxidized DAG, suggesting that DAG-O(O)H, if generated in vivo under oxidative stress, would act as an aberrant signal transducer. The present study examined whether DAG-O(O)H are formed in carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced acute rat liver injury in association with activation of the PKC/nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway. A single subcutaneous injection of CCl(4) resulted in a marked increase in hepatic DAG-O(O)H content. At the molecular level, immunohistochemistry and subcellular fractionation combined with immunoblotting localized PKCα, βI, βII and δ isoforms to cell membranes, while immunoblotting showed phosphorylation of the p65 subunit of NF-κB, and immunoprecipitation using isoform-specific anti-PKC antibodies revealed specific association of PKCα and p65. In addition, expression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and neutrophil invasion increased in the CCl(4)-treated rats. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Vitamin E, one of the most important natural antioxidants that suppresses peroxidation of membrane lipids, significantly inhibited the CCl(4)-induced increase in hepatic DAG-O(O)H content and TNFα expression as well as phosphorylation of PKCα and p65. These data demonstrate for the first time that DAG-O(O)H are generated in the process of CCl(4)-induced liver injury, resulting in activation of the PKC/NF-κB pathway and TNFα-mediated aggravation of liver injury.
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Jin M, Kumar A, Kumar S. Ethanol-mediated regulation of cytochrome P450 2A6 expression in monocytes: role of oxidative stress-mediated PKC/MEK/Nrf2 pathway. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35505. [PMID: 22530035 PMCID: PMC3329463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) is known to metabolize nicotine, the major constituent of tobacco, leading to the production of toxic metabolites and induction of oxidative stress that result in liver damage and lung cancer. Recently, we have shown that CYP2A6 is induced by ethanol and metabolizes nicotine into cotinine and other metabolites leading to generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in U937 monocytes. However, the mechanism by which CYP2A6 is induced by ethanol is unknown. In this study, we have examined the role of the PKC/Nrf2 pathway (protein kinase C-mediated phosphorylation and translocation of nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 to the nucleus) in ethanol-mediated CYP2A6 induction. Our results showed that 100 mM ethanol significantly induced CYP2A6 mRNA and protein (~150%) and increased ROS formation, and induction of gene expression and ROS were both completely blocked by treatment with either a CYP2E1 inhibitor (diallyl sulfide) or an antioxidant (vitamin C). The results suggest the role of oxidative stress in the regulation of CYP2A6 expression. Subsequently, we investigated the role of Nrf2 pathway in oxidative stress-mediated regulation of CYP2A6 expression in U937 monocytes. Our results showed that butylated hydroxyanisole, a stabilizer of nuclear Nrf2, increased CYP2A6 levels >200%. Staurosporine, an inhibitor of PKC, completely abolished ethanol-induced CYP2A6 expression. Furthermore, our results showed that a specific inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) (U0126) completely abolished ethanol-mediated CYP2A6 induction and Nrf2 translocation. Overall, these results suggest that CYP2E1-mediated oxidative stress produced as a result of ethanol metabolism translocates Nrf2 into the nucleus through PKC/MEK pathway, resulting in the induction of CYP2A6 in monocytes. An increased level of CYP2A6 in monocytes is expected to further increase oxidative stress in smokers through CYP2A6-mediated nicotine metabolism. Thus, this study has clinical relevance because of the high incidence of alcohol use among smokers, especially in HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Jin
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America.
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25
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Vázquez MC, del Pozo T, Robledo FA, Carrasco G, Pavez L, Olivares F, González M, Zanlungo S. Alteration of gene expression profile in Niemann-Pick type C mice correlates with tissue damage and oxidative stress. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28777. [PMID: 22216111 PMCID: PMC3245218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPC) is a neurovisceral lipid storage disorder mainly characterized by unesterified cholesterol accumulation in lysosomal/late endosomal compartments, although there is also an important storage for several other kind of lipids. The main tissues affected by the disease are the liver and the cerebellum. Oxidative stress has been described in various NPC cells and tissues, such as liver and cerebellum. Although considerable alterations occur in the liver, the pathological mechanisms involved in hepatocyte damage and death have not been clearly defined. Here, we assessed hepatic tissue integrity, biochemical and oxidative stress parameters of wild-type control (Npc1(+/+); WT) and homozygous-mutant (Npc1(-/-); NPC) mice. In addition, the mRNA abundance of genes encoding proteins associated with oxidative stress, copper metabolism, fibrosis, inflammation and cholesterol metabolism were analyzed in livers and cerebella of WT and NPC mice. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We analyzed various oxidative stress parameters in the liver and hepatic and cerebellum gene expression in 7-week-old NPC1-deficient mice compared with control animals. We found signs of inflammation and fibrosis in NPC livers upon histological examination. These signs were correlated with increased levels of carbonylated proteins, diminished total glutathione content and significantly increased total copper levels in liver tissue. Finally, we analyzed liver and cerebellum gene expression patterns by qPCR and microarray assays. We found a correlation between fibrotic tissue and differential expression of hepatic as well as cerebellar genes associated with oxidative stress, fibrosis and inflammation in NPC mice. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE In NPC mice, liver disease is characterized by an increase in fibrosis and in markers associated with oxidative stress. NPC is also correlated with altered gene expression, mainly of genes involved in oxidative stress and fibrosis. These findings correlate with similar parameters in cerebellum, as has been previously reported in the NPC mice model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C. Vázquez
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Talía del Pozo
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica, INTA, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- FONDAP-Center of Genome Regulation (CGR), Santiago, Chile
| | - Fermín A. Robledo
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Leonardo Pavez
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica, INTA, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Olivares
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica, INTA, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio González
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica, INTA, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Matemáticas del Genoma, Centro de Modelamiento Matemático (CMM), Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- FONDAP-Center of Genome Regulation (CGR), Santiago, Chile
| | - Silvana Zanlungo
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- FONDAP-Center of Genome Regulation (CGR), Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
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Molecular investigation of the effects of lindane in rat hepatocytes: microarray and mechanistic studies. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:3128-35. [PMID: 22001173 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although many studies of lindane toxicity have been carried out, we still know little about the underlying molecular mechanisms. We used a microarray specifically designed for studies of the hepatotoxic effects of xenobiotics to evaluate the effects of lindane on specific gene expression in primary cultured rat hepatocytes. These genes were assigned to detoxication processes (CYP3A4, Gsta2, CYP4A1), cell signalling pathways and apoptosis (Eif2b3, Eif2b4, PKC). In this study, we demonstrate that lindane up-regulates PKC by increasing oxidative stress. TEMPO (a well known free radical scavenger) and Ro 31-8220 (an inhibitor of classical PKCs) prevented the inhibition of spontaneous and intrinsic apoptosis pathway (characterised by Bcl-xL induction, Bax down-regulation, caspases inhibition) and the induction of necrosis by lindane in rat hepatocytes. Thus, these findings indicate that several dependent key signalling pathways, including detoxification, apoptosis, PKC activity and redox status maintenance, contribute to lindane-induced toxicity in primary cultured rat hepatocytes. This may account more clearly for the acute and chronic effects of lindane in vivo, with the induction of cell death and tumour promotion, respectively.
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Lee YJ, Lee YM, Lee CK, Jung JK, Han SB, Hong JT. Therapeutic applications of compounds in the Magnolia family. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 130:157-76. [PMID: 21277893 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The bark and/or seed cones of the Magnolia tree have been used in traditional herbal medicines in Korea, China and Japan. Bioactive ingredients such as magnolol, honokiol, 4-O-methylhonokiol and obovatol have received great attention, judging by the large number of investigators who have studied their pharmacological effects for the treatment of various diseases. Recently, many investigators reported the anti-cancer, anti-stress, anti-anxiety, anti-depressant, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects as well as toxicities and pharmacokinetics data, however, the mechanisms underlying these pharmacological activities are not clear. The aim of this study was to review a variety of experimental and clinical reports and, describe the effectiveness, toxicities and pharmacokinetics, and possible mechanisms of Magnolia and/or its constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jung Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 12 Gaesin-dong, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
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Vieira-Filho LD, Lara LS, Silva PA, Santos FT, Luzardo R, Oliveira FS, Paixão AD, Vieyra A. Placental malnutrition changes the regulatory network of renal Na-ATPase in adult rat progeny: Reprogramming by maternal α-tocopherol during lactation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 505:91-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
Werner's syndrome (WS) is a rare autosomal disease characterized by the premature onset of several age-associated pathologies. The protein defective in patients with WS (WRN) is a helicase/exonuclease involved in DNA repair, replication, transcription and telomere maintenance. In this study, we show that a knock down of the WRN protein in normal human fibroblasts induces phosphorylation and activation of several protein kinase C (PKC) enzymes. Using a tandem affinity purification strategy, we found that WRN physically and functionally interacts with receptor for activated C-kinase 1 (RACK1), a highly conserved anchoring protein involved in various biological processes, such as cell growth and proliferation. RACK1 binds strongly to the RQC domain of WRN and weakly to its acidic repeat region. Purified RACK1 has no impact on the helicase activity of WRN, but selectively inhibits WRN exonuclease activity in vitro. Interestingly, knocking down RACK1 increased the cellular frequency of DNA breaks. Depletion of the WRN protein in return caused a fraction of nuclear RACK1 to translocate out of the nucleus to bind and activate PKCdelta and PKCbetaII in the membrane fraction of cells. In contrast, different DNA-damaging treatments known to activate PKCs did not induce RACK1/PKCs association in cells. Overall, our results indicate that a depletion of the WRN protein in normal fibroblasts causes the activation of several PKCs through translocation and association of RACK1 with such kinases.
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Vieira-Filho LD, Lara LS, Silva PA, Luzardo R, Einicker-Lamas M, Cardoso HD, Paixão ADO, Vieyra A. Placental oxidative stress in malnourished rats and changes in kidney proximal tubule sodium ATPases in offspring. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2009; 36:1157-63. [PMID: 19473191 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2009.05212.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
1. Intrauterine malnutrition has been linked to the development of adult cardiovascular and renal diseases, which are related to altered Na(+) balance. Here we investigated whether maternal malnutrition increases placental oxidative stress with subsequent impact on renal ATP-dependent Na(+) transporters in the offspring. 2. Maternal malnutrition was induced in rats during pregnancy by using a basic regional diet available in north-eastern Brazil. Placental oxidative stress was evaluated by measuring thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, which were 35-40% higher in malnourished dams (MalN). Na(+) pumps were evaluated in control and prenatally malnourished rats (at 25 and 90 days of age). 3. Identical Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity was found in both groups at 25 days (approximately 150 nmol P(i)/mg per min). However, although Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase increased by 40% with growth in control rats, it remained constant in pups from MalN. 4. In juvenile rats, the activity of the ouabain-insensitive Na(+)-ATPase was higher in MalN than in controls (70 vs 25 nmol P(i)/mg per min). Nevertheless, activity did not increase with kidney and body growth: at 90 days, it was 50% lower in MalN than in controls. The maximal stimulation of the Na(+)-ATPase by angiotensin (Ang) II was 35% lower in MalN than in control rats and was attained only with a much higher concentration of the peptide (10(-10) mol/L) than in controls (10(-14) mol/L). 5. Protein kinase C activity, which mediates the effects of AngII on Na(+)-ATPase was only one-third of normal values in the MalN group. 6. These results indicate that placental oxidative stress may contribute to fetal undernutrition, which leads to later disturbances in Na(+) pumps from proximal tubule cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leucio D Vieira-Filho
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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Churchill EN, Qvit N, Mochly-Rosen D. Rationally designed peptide regulators of protein kinase C. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2009; 20:25-33. [PMID: 19056296 PMCID: PMC2714361 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2008] [Revised: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions sequester enzymes close to their substrates. Protein kinase C (PKC) is one example of a ubiquitous signaling molecule with effects that are dependent upon localization. Short peptides derived from interaction sites between each PKC isozyme and its receptor for activated C kinase act as highly specific inhibitors and have become available as selective drugs in basic research and animal models of human diseases, such as myocardial infarction and hyperglycemia. Whereas the earlier inhibitory peptides are highly specific, we believe that peptides targeting additional interactions between PKC and selective substrates will generate even more selective tools that regulate different functions of individual isozymes. Here, we discuss the methodologies and applications for identifying selective regulators of PKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric N Churchill
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Santos N, Medina W, Martins N, Rodrigues MC, Curti C, Santos A. Involvement of oxidative stress in the hepatotoxicity induced by aromatic antiepileptic drugs. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 22:1820-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Revised: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To update the reader with advances in epidemiology, genetics, detection, pathogenesis and therapy of alcohol-related liver disease. RECENT FINDINGS Ill-health due to alcohol abuse is improving in some nations but deteriorating in others. Oxidative and nitrosative stress are key to the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease, and there is now greater emphasis than previously on their development and role of cytochrome P450 2E1, on mitochondrial stress and disruption, (including elucidation of mitochondrial protection mechanisms) disturbance of signaling pathways and involvement of extrahepatic mediators like adiponectin. Treatment of alcoholic liver disease has stagnated, but transplantation is still favored and debated for end-stage cirrhosis. SUMMARY Basic and clinical research into the mechanisms of alcoholic liver disease is making headway, but has yet to produce safe and effective therapies for alcoholic hepatitis and for reversing cirrhosis.
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