1
|
Ebright B, Yu Z, Dave P, Dikeman D, Hamm-Alvarez S, de Paiva CS, Louie S. Effects of age on lacrimal gland bioactive lipids. Ocul Surf 2024; 33:64-73. [PMID: 38705236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2024.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are a source of bioactive lipids regulating inflammation and its resolution. METHODS Changes in PUFA metabolism were compared between lacrimal glands (LGs) from young and aged C57BL/6 J mice using a targeted lipidomics assay, as was the gene expression of enzymes involved in the metabolism of these lipids. RESULTS Global reduction in PUFAs and their metabolites was observed in aged LGs compared to young controls, averaging between 25 and 66 % across all analytes. ꞷ-6 arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites were all reduced in aged LGs, where the changes in prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and lipoxin A4 (LXA4) were statistically significant. Several other 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) mediated metabolites were significantly reduced in the aged LGs, including D-series resolvins (e.g., RvD4, RvD5, and RvD6). Along with the RvDs, several ꞷ-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) metabolites such as 14-HDHA, neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1), Maresin 2 (MaR2), and MaR 1 metabolite (22-COOH-MaR1) were significantly reduced in aged LGs. Similarly, ꞷ-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and its metabolites were significantly reduced in aged LGs, where the most significantly reduced was 18-HEPE. Using metabolite ratios (product:precursor) for specific metabolic conversions as surrogate enzymatic measures, reduced 12-LOX activity was identified in aged LGs. CONCLUSION In this study, global reduction of PUFAs and their metabolites was found in the LGs of aged female C57BL/6 J compared to young controls. A consistent reduction was observed across all detected lipid analytes except for ꞷ-3 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and its special pro-resolving mediator (SPM) metabolites in aged mice, suggesting an increased risk for LG inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Ebright
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Alfred Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States, 90089-9121, USA.
| | - Zhiyuan Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Priyal Dave
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Alfred Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States, 90089-9121, USA.
| | - Dante Dikeman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Alfred Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States, 90089-9121, USA.
| | - Sarah Hamm-Alvarez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Cintia S de Paiva
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Stan Louie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Alfred Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States, 90089-9121, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Karnam S, Maurya S, Ng E, Choudhary A, Thobani A, Flanagan JG, Gronert K. Dysregulation of neuroprotective lipoxin pathway in astrocytes in response to cytokines and ocular hypertension. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2024; 12:58. [PMID: 38610040 PMCID: PMC11010376 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-024-01767-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma leads to vision loss due to retinal ganglion cell death. Astrocyte reactivity contributes to neurodegeneration. Our recent study found that lipoxin B4 (LXB4), produced by retinal astrocytes, has direct neuroprotective actions on retinal ganglion cells. In this study, we aimed to investigate how the autacoid LXB4 influences astrocyte reactivity in the retina under inflammatory cytokine-induced activation and during ocular hypertension. The protective activity of LXB4 was investigated in vivo using the mouse silicone-oil model of chronic ocular hypertension. By employing a range of analytical techniques, including bulk RNA-seq, RNAscope in-situ hybridization, qPCR, and lipidomic analyses, we discovered the formation of lipoxins and expression of the lipoxin pathway in rodents (including the retina and optic nerve), primates (optic nerve), and human brain astrocytes, indicating the presence of this neuroprotective pathway across various species. Findings in the mouse retina identified significant dysregulation of the lipoxin pathway in response to chronic ocular hypertension, leading to an increase in 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) activity and a decrease in 15-LOX activity. This dysregulation was coincident with a marked upregulation of astrocyte reactivity. Reactive human brain astrocytes also showed a significant increase in 5-LOX. Treatment with LXB4 amplified the lipoxin biosynthetic pathway by restoring and amplifying the generation of another member of the lipoxin family, LXA4, and mitigated astrocyte reactivity in mouse retinas and human brain astrocytes. In conclusion, the lipoxin pathway is functionally expressed in rodents, primates, and human astrocytes, and is a resident neuroprotective pathway that is downregulated in reactive astrocytes. Novel cellular targets for LXB4's neuroprotective action are inhibition of astrocyte reactivity and restoration of lipoxin generation. Amplifying the lipoxin pathway is a potential target to disrupt or prevent astrocyte reactivity in neurodegenerative diseases, including retinal ganglion cell death in glaucoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shruthi Karnam
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Shubham Maurya
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Elainna Ng
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Amodini Choudhary
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Arzin Thobani
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - John G Flanagan
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Karsten Gronert
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Infectious Disease and Immunity Program, Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mathew DJ, Sivak JM. Lipid mediators in glaucoma: Unraveling their diverse roles and untapped therapeutic potential. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2024; 171:106815. [PMID: 38280539 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2024.106815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a complex neurodegenerative disease characterized by optic nerve damage and visual field loss, and remains a leading cause of irreversible blindness. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a critical risk factor that requires effective management. Emerging research underscores dual roles of bioactive lipid mediators in both IOP regulation, and the modulation of neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in glaucoma. Bioactive lipids, encompassing eicosanoids, specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), sphingolipids, and endocannabinoids, have emerged as crucial players in these processes, orchestrating inflammation and diverse effects on aqueous humor dynamics and tissue remodeling. Perturbations in these lipid mediators contribute to retinal ganglion cell loss, vascular dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. Glaucoma management primarily targets IOP reduction via pharmacological agents and surgical interventions, with prostaglandin analogues at the forefront. Intriguingly, additional lipid mediators offer promise in attenuating inflammation and providing neuroprotection. Here we explore these pathways to shed light on their intricate roles, and to unveil novel therapeutic avenues for glaucoma management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J Mathew
- Donald K Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Canada
| | - J M Sivak
- Donald K Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Maurya S, Lin M, Karnam S, Singh T, Kumar M, Ward E, Flanagan JG, Gronert K. Regulation of Diseases-Associated Microglia in the Optic Nerve by Lipoxin B 4 and Ocular Hypertension. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.18.585452. [PMID: 38562864 PMCID: PMC10983965 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.18.585452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Background The resident astrocyte-retinal ganglion cell (RGC) lipoxin circuit is impaired during retinal stress, which includes ocular hypertension-induced neuropathy. Lipoxin B4 produced by homeostatic astrocytes directly acts on RGCs to increase survival and function in ocular hypertension-induced neuropathy. RGC death in the retina and axonal degeneration in the optic nerve are driven by the complex interactions between microglia and macroglia. Whether LXB4 neuroprotective actions include regulation of other cell types in the retina and/or optic nerve is an important knowledge gap. Methods Cellular targets and signaling of LXB4 in the retina were defined by single-cell RNA sequencing. Retinal neurodegeneration was induced by injecting silicone oil into the anterior chamber of the mouse eyes, which induced sustained and stable ocular hypertension. Morphological characterization of microglia populations in the retina and optic nerve was established by MorphOMICs and pseudotime trajectory analyses. The pathways and mechanisms of action of LXB4 in the optic nerve were investigated using bulk RNA sequencing. Transcriptomics data was validated by qPCR and immunohistochemistry. Differences between experimental groups was assessed by Student's t-test and one-way ANOVA. Results Single-cell transcriptomics identified microglia as a primary target for LXB4 in the healthy retina. LXB4 downregulated genes that drive microglia environmental sensing and reactivity responses. Analysis of microglial function revealed that ocular hypertension induced distinct, temporally defined, and dynamic phenotypes in the retina and, unexpectedly, in the distal myelinated optic nerve. Microglial expression of CD74, a marker of disease-associated microglia in the brain, was only induced in a unique population of optic nerve microglia, but not in the retina. Genetic deletion of lipoxin formation correlated with the presence of a CD74 optic nerve microglia population in normotensive eyes, while LXB4 treatment during ocular hypertension shifted optic nerve microglia toward a homeostatic morphology and non-reactive state and downregulated the expression of CD74. Furthermore, we identified a correlation between CD74 and phospho-phosphoinositide 3-kinases (p-PI3K) expression levels in the optic nerve, which was reduced by LXB4 treatment. Conclusion We identified early and dynamic changes in the microglia functional phenotype, reactivity, and induction of a unique CD74 microglia population in the distal optic nerve as key features of ocular hypertension-induced neurodegeneration. Our findings establish microglia regulation as a novel LXB4 target in the retina and optic nerve. LXB4 maintenance of a homeostatic optic nerve microglia phenotype and inhibition of a disease-associated phenotype are potential neuroprotective mechanisms for the resident LXB4 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Maurya
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Maggie Lin
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Shruthi Karnam
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Tanirika Singh
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Matangi Kumar
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Vision Science Program, University of California Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Emily Ward
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Vision Science Program, University of California Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - John G Flanagan
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Vision Science Program, University of California Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Karsten Gronert
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Vision Science Program, University of California Berkeley, CA, United States
- Infectious Disease and Immunity Program, University of California Berkeley, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Livne-Bar I, Maurya S, Gronert K, Sivak JM. Lipoxins A 4 and B 4 inhibit glial cell activation via CXCR3 signaling in acute retinal neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:18. [PMID: 38212822 PMCID: PMC10782675 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipoxins are small lipids that are potent endogenous mediators of systemic inflammation resolution in a variety of diseases. We previously reported that Lipoxins A4 and B4 (LXA4 and LXB4) have protective activities against neurodegenerative injury. Yet, lipoxin activities and downstream signaling in neuroinflammatory processes are not well understood. Here, we utilized a model of posterior uveitis induced by lipopolysaccharide endotoxin (LPS), which results in rapid retinal neuroinflammation primarily characterized by activation of resident macroglia (astrocytes and Müller glia), and microglia. Using this model, we observed that each lipoxin reduces acute inner retinal inflammation by affecting endogenous glial responses in a cascading sequence beginning with astrocytes and then microglia, depending on the timing of exposure; prophylactic or therapeutic. Subsequent analyses of retinal cytokines and chemokines revealed inhibition of both CXCL9 (MIG) and CXCL10 (IP10) by each lipoxin, compared to controls, following LPS injection. CXCL9 and CXCL10 are common ligands for the CXCR3 chemokine receptor, which is prominently expressed in inner retinal astrocytes and ganglion cells. We found that CXCR3 inhibition reduces LPS-induced neuroinflammation, while CXCR3 agonism alone induces astrocyte reactivity. Together, these data uncover a novel lipoxin-CXCR3 pathway to promote distinct anti-inflammatory and proresolution cascades in endogenous retinal glia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Izhar Livne-Bar
- Department of Vision Sciences, Donald K Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Krembil Discovery Tower, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Canada
| | - Shubham Maurya
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Karsten Gronert
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Vision Science Program, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Infectious Disease and Immunity Program, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy M Sivak
- Department of Vision Sciences, Donald K Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Krembil Discovery Tower, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada.
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Canada.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Karnam S, Maurya S, Ng E, Choudhary A, Thobani A, Flanagan JG, Gronert K. Dysregulation of Neuroprotective Lipoxin Pathway in Astrocytes in Response to Cytokines and Ocular Hypertension. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.22.546157. [PMID: 37425861 PMCID: PMC10327029 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.22.546157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma leads to vision loss due to retinal ganglion cell death. Astrocyte reactivity contributes to neurodegeneration. Our recent study found that lipoxin B4 (LXB4), produced by retinal astrocytes, has direct neuroprotective actions on retinal ganglion cells. In this study, we aimed to investigate how the autacoid LXB4 influences astrocyte activity in the retina under inflammatory cytokine-induced activation and during ocular hypertension. The protective activity of LXB4 was investigated in vivo using the mouse silicone-oil model of chronic ocular hypertension (n=40). By employing a range of analytical techniques, including bulk RNA-seq, RNAscope in-situ hybridization, qPCR, and lipidomic analyses, we discovered the formation of lipoxins and expression of the lipoxin pathway in rodents (including the retina and optic nerve), primates (optic nerve), and human brain astrocytes, indicating the presence of this neuroprotective pathway across various species. Findings in the mouse retina identified significant dysregulation of the lipoxin pathway in response to chronic ocular hypertension, leading to an increase in 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) activity and a decrease in 15-LOX activity. This dysregulation was coincident with a marked upregulation of astrocyte reactivity. Reactive human brain astrocytes also showed a significant increase in 5-LOX. Treatment with LXB4 amplified the lipoxin biosynthetic pathway by restoring and amplifying the generation of another member of the lipoxin family, LXA4, and mitigated astrocyte reactivity in mouse retinas and human brain astrocytes. In conclusion, the lipoxin pathway is functionally expressed in rodents, primates, and human astrocytes, and is a resident neuroprotective pathway that is downregulated in reactive astrocytes. Novel cellular targets for LXB4's neuroprotective action are inhibition of astrocyte reactivity and restoration of lipoxin generation. Amplifying the lipoxin pathway is a potential target to disrupt or prevent astrocyte reactivity in neurodegenerative diseases, including retinal ganglion cell death in glaucoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shruthi Karnam
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Shubham Maurya
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
| | | | - Amodini Choudhary
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Arzin Thobani
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - John G Flanagan
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Karsten Gronert
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
- Infectious Disease and Immunity Program, Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gronert K, Modi A, Asfaha K, Chen S, Dow E, Joslin S, Chemaly M, Fadli Z, Sonoda L, Liang B. Silicone hydrogel contact lenses retain and document ocular surface lipid mediator profiles. Clin Exp Optom 2022:1-9. [PMID: 35658852 DOI: 10.1080/08164622.2022.2083945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CLINICAL RELEVANCE A leading reason for patients to abandon their contact lenses is discomfort. Mechanisms and biomarkers for lens discomfort remain to be elucidated. BACKGROUND Physical stress and tear film interaction are likely factors for lens discomfort. Lipid mediators are generated from polyunsaturated fatty acids. They regulate ocular surface physiology and pathophysiology, are constituents of human tears and may interact with contact lenses. This study set out to determine if hydrogel lenses and silicone hydrogel lenses interact with tear film polyunsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids-derived mediators. METHODS In vitro incubations, rat experiments and analysis of worn human lenses assessed polyunsaturated fatty acids and lipid mediator interactions with lenses. Silicone hydrogel and hydrogel lenses were incubated with lipid mediators and polyunsaturated fatty acids up to 24 hours. Rats were fitted with custom silicone hydrogel lenses and basal tears collected. Silicone hydrogel lenses worn for 2 weeks were obtained from 57 human subjects. Tear and lens lipidomes were quantified by mass spectrometry. RESULTS Silicone hydrogel lenses retained polyunsaturated fatty acids and lipid mediators within 15 minutes in vitro. Lenses contained 90% of total polyunsaturated fatty acids and 83-89% of total monohydroxy fatty acids by 12 hours. Retention correlated with polarity of lipid mediators and lipophilic properties of silicone hydrogel lenses. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and lipid mediators such as lipoxygenase- and cyclooxygenase-derived eicosanoids were present in tears and worn lenses from rats. Worn silicone hydrogel lenses from human subjects established robust and lens-type specific lipidomes with high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, lipoxygenase-pathway markers and subject-specific differences in lipoxin A4 and leukotriene B4. CONCLUSION Worn silicone hydrogel lenses rapidly retain and accumulate tear polyunsaturated fatty acids and lipid mediators. Marked subject and lens type differences in the lipidome may document changes in ocular surface physiology, cell activation or infection that are associated with lens wear. If contact lens discomfort and adverse events induce specific tear and lens fatty acid and lipid mediator profiles warrants further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Gronert
- Vision Science Program, Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, Infectious Disease and Immunity Program, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Arnav Modi
- Vision Science Program, Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, Infectious Disease and Immunity Program, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kaleb Asfaha
- Vision Science Program, Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, Infectious Disease and Immunity Program, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sharon Chen
- Vision Science Program, Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, Infectious Disease and Immunity Program, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Dow
- Advance Science and Technology, Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Scott Joslin
- Advance Science and Technology, Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Mike Chemaly
- Advance Science and Technology, Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Zohra Fadli
- Advance Science and Technology, Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Leilani Sonoda
- Advance Science and Technology, Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Bailin Liang
- Advance Science and Technology, Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dyall SC, Balas L, Bazan NG, Brenna JT, Chiang N, da Costa Souza F, Dalli J, Durand T, Galano JM, Lein PJ, Serhan CN, Taha AY. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and fatty acid-derived lipid mediators: Recent advances in the understanding of their biosynthesis, structures, and functions. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 86:101165. [PMID: 35508275 PMCID: PMC9346631 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are structural components of membrane phospholipids, and influence cellular function via effects on membrane properties, and also by acting as a precursor pool for lipid mediators. These lipid mediators are formed via activation of pathways involving at least one step of dioxygen-dependent oxidation, and are consequently called oxylipins. Their biosynthesis can be either enzymatically-dependent, utilising the promiscuous cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, or cytochrome P450 mixed function oxidase pathways, or nonenzymatic via free radical-catalyzed pathways. The oxylipins include the classical eicosanoids, comprising prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes, and also more recently identified lipid mediators. With the advent of new technologies there is growing interest in identifying these different lipid mediators and characterising their roles in health and disease. This review brings together contributions from some of those at the forefront of research into lipid mediators, who provide brief introductions and summaries of current understanding of the structure and functions of the main classes of nonclassical oxylipins. The topics covered include omega-3 and omega-6 PUFA biosynthesis pathways, focusing on the roles of the different fatty acid desaturase enzymes, oxidized linoleic acid metabolites, omega-3 PUFA-derived specialized pro-resolving mediators, elovanoids, nonenzymatically oxidized PUFAs, and fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids.
Collapse
|
9
|
Kotlyarov S, Kotlyarova A. Anti-Inflammatory Function of Fatty Acids and Involvement of Their Metabolites in the Resolution of Inflammation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312803. [PMID: 34884621 PMCID: PMC8657960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid metabolism plays an important role in many lung functions. Disorders of lipid metabolism are part of the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Lipids are involved in numerous cross-linkages with inflammation. Recent studies strongly support the involvement of fatty acids as participants in inflammation. They are involved in the initiation and resolution of inflammation, including acting as a substrate for the formation of lipid mediators of inflammation resolution. Specialized pro-inflammatory mediators (SPMs) belonging to the classes of lipoxins, resolvins, maresins, and protectins, which are formed enzymatically from unsaturated fatty acids, are now described. Disorders of their production and function are part of the pathogenesis of COPD. SPMs are currently the subject of active research in order to find new drugs. Short-chain fatty acids are another important participant in metabolic and immune processes, and their role in the pathogenesis of COPD is of great clinical interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Kotlyarov
- Department of Nursing, Ryazan State Medical University, 390026 Ryazan, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Kotlyarova
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Ryazan State Medical University, 390026 Ryazan, Russia;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators and the Lymphatic System. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052750. [PMID: 33803130 PMCID: PMC7963193 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diminished lymphatic function and abnormal morphology are common in chronic inflammatory diseases. Recent studies are investigating whether it is possible to target chronic inflammation by promoting resolution of inflammation, in order to enhance lymphatic function and attenuate disease. Resolution of inflammation is an active process regulated by bioactive lipids known as specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs). SPMs can modulate leukocyte migration and function, alter cytokine/chemokine release, modify autophagy, among other immune-related activities. Here, we summarize the role of the lymphatics in resolution of inflammation and lymphatic impairment in chronic inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, we discuss the current literature describing the connection between SPMs and the lymphatics, and the possibility of targeting the lymphatics with innovative SPM therapy to promote resolution of inflammation and mitigate disease.
Collapse
|
11
|
Flitter BA, Fang X, Matthay MA, Gronert K. The potential of lipid mediator networks as ocular surface therapeutics and biomarkers. Ocul Surf 2021; 19:104-114. [PMID: 32360792 PMCID: PMC7606340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In the last twenty years an impressive body of evidence in diverse inflammatory animal disease models and human tissues, has established polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) derived specialized-pro-resolving mediators (SPM), as essential mediators for controlling acute inflammation, immune responses, wound healing and for resolving acute inflammation in many non-ocular tissues. SPM pathways and receptors are highly expressed in the ocular surface where they regulate wound healing, nerve regeneration, innate immunity and sex-specific regulation of auto-immune responses. Recent evidence indicates that in the eye these resident SPM networks are important for maintaining ocular surface health and immune homeostasis. Here, we will review and discuss evidence for SPMs and other PUFA-derived mediators as important endogenous regulators, biomarkers for ocular surface health and disease and their therapeutic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Becca A Flitter
- School of Optometry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; Vision Science Program, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Xiaohui Fang
- Department of Medicine and Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael A Matthay
- Department of Medicine and Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Karsten Gronert
- School of Optometry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; Vision Science Program, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; Infectious Diseases and Immunity Program, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chiang N, Serhan CN. Specialized pro-resolving mediator network: an update on production and actions. Essays Biochem 2020; 64:443-462. [PMID: 32885825 PMCID: PMC7682745 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20200018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Today, persistent and uncontrolled inflammation is appreciated to play a pivotal role in many diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic syndrome and many other diseases of public health concern (e.g. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and periodontal disease). The ideal response to initial challenge in humans is a self-limited inflammatory response leading to complete resolution. The resolution phase is now widely recognized as a biosynthetically active process, governed by a superfamily of endogenous chemical mediators that stimulate resolution of inflammatory responses, namely specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs). Because resolution is the natural ideal response, the SPMs have gained attention. SPMs are mediators that include ω-6 arachidonic acid-derived lipoxins, ω-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-derived resolvins, protectins and maresins, cysteinyl-SPMs, as well as n-3 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA)-derived SPMs. These novel immunoresolvents, their biosynthetic pathways and receptors have proven to promote resolution of inflammation, clearance of microbes, reduce pain and promote tissue regeneration via specific cellular and molecular mechanisms. As of 17 August, 2020, PubMed.gov reported >1170 publications for resolvins, confirming their potent protective actions from many laboratories worldwide. Since this field is rapidly expanding, we provide a short update of advances within 2-3 years from human and preclinical animal studies, together with the structural-functional elucidation of SPMs and identification of novel SPM receptors. These new discoveries indicate that SPMs, their pathways and receptors could provide a basis for new approaches for treating inflammation-associated diseases and for stimulating tissue regeneration via resolution pharmacology and precision nutrition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Chiang
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, U.S.A
| | - Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wei J, Mattapallil MJ, Horai R, Jittayasothorn Y, Modi AP, Sen HN, Gronert K, Caspi RR. A novel role for lipoxin A 4 in driving a lymph node-eye axis that controls autoimmunity to the neuroretina. eLife 2020; 9:e51102. [PMID: 32118582 PMCID: PMC7064344 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The eicosanoid lipoxin A4 (LXA4) has emerging roles in lymphocyte-driven diseases. We identified reduced LXA4 levels in posterior segment uveitis patients and investigated the role of LXA4 in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). Immunization for EAU with a retinal self-antigen caused selective downregulation of LXA4 in lymph nodes draining the site of immunization, while at the same time amplifying LXA4 in the inflamed target tissue. T cell effector function, migration and glycolytic responses were amplified in LXA4-deficient mice, which correlated with more severe pathology, whereas LXA4 treatment attenuated disease. In vivo deletion or supplementation of LXA4 identified modulation of CC-chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) and sphingosine 1- phosphate receptor-1 (S1PR1) expression and glucose metabolism in CD4+ T cells as potential mechanisms for LXA4 regulation of T cell effector function and trafficking. Our results demonstrate the intrinsic lymph node LXA4 pathway as a significant checkpoint in the development and severity of adaptive immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Wei
- Vision Science Program, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Mary J Mattapallil
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Reiko Horai
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Yingyos Jittayasothorn
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Arnav P Modi
- School of Optometry, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - H Nida Sen
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Karsten Gronert
- Vision Science Program, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- School of Optometry, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Infectious Disease and Immunity Program, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Rachel R Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kim C, Livne-Bar I, Gronert K, Sivak JM. Fair-Weather Friends: Evidence of Lipoxin Dysregulation in Neurodegeneration. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e1801076. [PMID: 31797529 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201801076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lipoxins (LXs) are autacoids, specialized proresolving lipid mediators (SPMs) acting locally in a paracrine or autocrine fashion. They belong to a complex superfamily of dietary small polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-metabolites, which direct potent cellular responses to resolve inflammation and restore tissue homeostasis. Together, these SPM activities have been intensely studied in systemic inflammation and acute injury or infection, but less is known about LX signaling and activities in the central nervous system. LXs are derived from arachidonic acid, an omega-6 PUFA. In addition to well-established roles in systemic inflammation resolution, they have increasingly become implicated in regulating neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative processes. In particular, chronic inflammation plays a central role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) etiology, and dysregulated LX production and activities have been reported in a variety of AD rodent models and clinical tissue samples, yet with complex and sometimes conflicting results. In addition, reduced LX production following retinal injury has been reported recently by the authors, and an intriguing direct neuronal activity promoting survival and homeostasis in retinal and cortical neurons is demonstrated. Here, the authors review and clarify this growing literature and suggest new research directions to further elaborate the role of lipoxins in neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changmo Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Ave, Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Izhar Livne-Bar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Ave, Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Karsten Gronert
- School of Optometry, Vision Science Program, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720
- Infectious Disease and Immunity, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720
| | - Jeremy M Sivak
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Ave, Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Carion TW, Kracht D, Strand E, David E, McWhirter C, Ebrahim AS, Berger EA. VIP modulates the ALX/FPR2 receptor axis toward inflammation resolution in a mouse model of bacterial keratitis. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2019; 140:18-25. [PMID: 30529189 PMCID: PMC6326851 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) has been shown to regulate corneal inflammation. Formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) is a transmembrane protein belonging to the GPCR family. Ligands include pro-resolving lipids, lipoxin A4 (LXA4) and resolvin D1 (RvD1). The current study focuses on the effect of VIP regarding the FPR2 receptor axis in improving disease outcome in a mouse model of bacterial keratitis. Infection was induced in C57BL/6 (B6) mice using P. aeruginosa (PA) ATCC 19660. Mice received topical treatment (VIP or PBS) 3× daily after infection. Mean clinical scores, bacterial plate counts, Griess and myeloperoxidase (MPO) assays indicate that topical VIP effectively abrogates the disease response. Findings also reveal that VIP influences FPR2 pathway activation independent of archetypal VIP receptors. Exploring the immunoresolving role of FPR2, its ligand RvD1 and related enzymes (5-LOX, 12/15-LOX), our results suggest a mechanism by which VIP treatment influences the disease response in bacterial keratitis, which could offer a therapeutic point of intervention for enhancing this pro-resolving circuit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Carion
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual & Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - David Kracht
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual & Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Eliisa Strand
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual & Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Edwin David
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual & Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Cody McWhirter
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual & Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Abdul Shukkur Ebrahim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual & Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Berger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual & Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dartt DA, Hodges RR, Serhan CN. Immunoresolvent Resolvin D1 Maintains the Health of the Ocular Surface. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1161:13-25. [PMID: 31562618 PMCID: PMC6859005 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-21735-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The present review focuses on the role of one of the D-series resolvins (Rv) RvD1 in the regulation of conjunctival goblet cell secretion and its role in ocular surface health. RvD1 is the most thoroughly studied of the specialized proresolution mediators in the goblet cells. The anterior surface of the eye consists of the cornea (the transparent central area) and the conjunctiva (opaque tissue that surrounds the cornea and lines the eyelids). The secretory mucin MUC5AC produced by the conjunctival goblet cells is protective of the ocular surface and especially helps to maintain clear vision through the cornea. In health, a complex neural reflex stimulates goblet cell secretion to maintain an optimum amount of mucin in the tear film. The specialized pro-resolution mediator, D-series resolvin (RvD1) is present in human tears and induces goblet cell mucin secretion. RvD1 interacts with its receptors ALX/FPR2 and GPR32, activates phospholipases C, D, and A2, as well as the EGFR. This stimulation increases the intracellular [Ca2+] and activates extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 to cause mucin secretion into the tear film. This mucin secretion protects the ocular surface from the challenges in the external milieu thus maintaining a healthy interface between the eye and the environment. RvD1 forms a second important mechanism along with activation of a neural reflex pathway to regulate goblet cell mucin secretion and protect the ocular surface in health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darlene A Dartt
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Robin R Hodges
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Understanding the Role of Pro-resolving Lipid Mediators in Infectious Keratitis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1161:3-12. [PMID: 31562617 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-21735-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Keratitis is a sight-threatening inflammatory condition of the cornea that can be caused by both infectious and non-infectious agents. Physical or chemical trauma are typically related to non-infectious keratitis, which may then become secondarily infected or remain non-infected. Etiology of infectious keratitis is most often associated with bacteria; but viruses, fungi, and parasites are common causative pathogens as well. As a global concern, common risk factors include: systemic immunosuppression (secondary to malnutrition, alcoholism, diabetes, steroid use), previous corneal surgery (refractive corneal surgery, penetrating keratoplasty), extended wear contact lens use, pre-existing ocular surface diseases (dry eye, epithelial defect) and ocular trauma (agriculture- or farm-related) [1-8]. Annual rates of incidence include nearly one million clinical visits due to keratitis in the United States, while it has been reported that roughly two million people develop corneal ulcers in India. Clinically, patients may show signs of eye pain (ranging from mild to severe), blurred vision, photophobia, chemosis and redness. Pathogenesis is generally characterized by rapid progression, focal white infiltrates with underlying stromal inflammation, corneal thinning, stromal edema, mucopurulent discharge and hypopyon, which can lead to corneal scarring, endophthalmitis, and perforation. In fact, corneal opacity is not only a complication of keratitis, but among the leading causes of legal blindness worldwide. Despite that empirical treatment effectively controls most of the pathogens implicated in infectious keratitis, improved clinical outcomes are not guaranteed. Further, if treatment is not initiated in a timely manner, good visual outcome is reduced to approximately 50% of keratitis patients [9]. Moreover, resultant structural alterations, loss of tissue and an unresolved host response remain unaddressed through current clinical management of this condition.
Collapse
|
18
|
Serhan CN, Chiang N, Dalli J. New pro-resolving n-3 mediators bridge resolution of infectious inflammation to tissue regeneration. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 64:1-17. [PMID: 28802833 PMCID: PMC5832503 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
While protective, the acute inflammatory response when uncontrolled can lead to further tissue damage and chronic inflammation that is now widely recognized to play important roles in many commonly occurring diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic syndrome, and many other diseases of significant public health concern. The ideal response to initial challenges of the host is complete resolution of the acute inflammatory response, which is now recognized to be a biosynthetically active process governed by specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPM). These chemically distinct families include lipoxins, resolvins, protectins and maresins that are biosynthesized from essential fatty acids. The biosynthesis and complete stereochemical assignments of the major SPM are established, and new profiling procedures have recently been introduced to document the activation of these pathways in vivo with isolated cells and in human tissues. The active resolution phase leads to tissue regeneration, where we've recently identified new molecules that communicate during resolution of inflammation to activate tissue regeneration in model organisms. This review presents an update on the documentation of the roles of SPMs and the biosynthesis and structural elucidation of novel mediators that stimulate tissue regeneration, coined conjugates in tissue regeneration. The identification and actions of the three families, maresin conjugates in tissue regeneration (MCTR), protectin conjugates in tissue regeneration (PCTR), and resolvin conjugates in tissue regeneration (RCTR), are reviewed here. The identification, structural elucidation and the pathways and biosynthesis of these new mediators in tissue regeneration demonstrate the host capacity to protect from collateral tissue damage, stimulate clearance of bacteria and debris, and promote tissue regeneration via endogenous pathways and molecules in the resolution metabolome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Nan Chiang
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jesmond Dalli
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wei J, Gronert K. Eicosanoid and Specialized Proresolving Mediator Regulation of Lymphoid Cells. Trends Biochem Sci 2018; 44:214-225. [PMID: 30477730 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Eicosanoids and specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs) regulate leukocyte function and inflammation. They are ideally positioned at the interface of the innate and adaptive immune responses when lymphocytes interact with leukocytes. Receptors for leukotriene B4 (LTB4), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and SPMs are expressed on lymphocytes. Evidence points toward an essential role of these lipid mediators (LMs) in direct regulation of lymphocyte functions. SPMs, which include lipoxins, demonstrate comprehensive protective actions with lymphocytes. LTB4 and PGE2 regulation of lymphocytes is diverse and depends on the interaction of lymphocytes with other cells. Importantly, both LTB4 and PGE2 are essential regulators of T cell antitumor activity. These LMs are attractive therapeutic targets to control dysregulated innate and adaptive immune responses, promote lymphocyte antitumor activity, and prevent tumor immune evasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Wei
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, Infectious Disease and Immunity Program, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Karsten Gronert
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, Infectious Disease and Immunity Program, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gao Y, Su J, Zhang Y, Chan A, Sin JH, Wu D, Min K, Gronert K. Dietary DHA amplifies LXA 4 circuits in tissues and lymph node PMN and is protective in immune-driven dry eye disease. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:1674-1683. [PMID: 30104626 PMCID: PMC6279588 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0070-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently identified regulatory PMN control immune-driven dry eye disease (DED) in females by producing the arachidonic acid (ω-6)-derived specialized pro-resolving mediator (SPM), LXA4, in lymph nodes. Dietary ω-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is protective in DED but mechanisms of action remain elusive. DHA is converted to ω-3 SPMs by PMN via the same lipoxygenases (LOX) that generate LXA4. We investigated if dietary DHA amplifies SPM formation and affects T effector cell function and/or regulatory PMN in DED. DED was induced in mice on a DHA-enriched or ω-3-deficient diet. DHA deficiency amplified DED with marked sex-specific differences. Dietary DHA protection against dry eye disease correlated with increased PMN levels in lymph nodes, ocular tissues, and unexpectedly, selective amplification of LXA4 tissue levels. Dietary DHA increased 12/15-LOX and decreased 5-LOX expression in lymph nodes and isolated lymph node PMN, which correlated with amplified LXA4 formation. Acute DHA treatment rescued DHA-deficient females from exaggerated DED by amplifying lymph node LXA4 formation, increasing Treg and decreasing TH1 and TH17 effector cells. Our results identify DHA regulation of LXA4 producing PMN in ocular tissues and lymph nodes in health and immune disease as novel mechanism and determinant for T-cell responses to routine ocular injury or stress signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, China
- Vision Science Program, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- School of Optometry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - John Su
- Vision Science Program, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yibing Zhang
- Vision Science Program, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Allison Chan
- Vision Science Program, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jun Hyung Sin
- Vision Science Program, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Di Wu
- Vision Science Program, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Kyungi Min
- Vision Science Program, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Karsten Gronert
- Vision Science Program, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- School of Optometry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Infectious Disease and Immunity Program, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Carion TW, Greenwood M, Ebrahim AS, Jerome A, Suvas S, Gronert K, Berger EA. Immunoregulatory role of 15-lipoxygenase in the pathogenesis of bacterial keratitis. FASEB J 2018; 32:5026-5038. [PMID: 29913556 PMCID: PMC6103176 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701502r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Although autacoids primarily derived from the cyclooxygenase-2 and 5-lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways are essential mediators of inflammation, endogenous specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs) act as robust agonists of resolution. SPM biosynthesis is initiated by the conversion of arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid primarily via the 12/15-LOX pathway. Although 12/15-LOX activity is prominent in the cornea, the role of SPM pathway activation during infection remains largely unknown and is the focus of the current study. Pseudomonas keratitis was induced in resistant BALB/c and susceptible C57BL/6 (B6) mice. Biosynthetic pathways for proinflammatory autacoids and SPMs were assessed. Divergent lipid mediator profiles demonstrate the importance of 15-LOX pathways in the pathogenesis of ocular infectious disease. Results indicate that an imbalance of LOX enzymatic pathways contributes to susceptibility observed in B6 mice where deficient activation of SPM circuits, as indicated by reduced 15-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid and 17-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid levels, prevented transition toward resolution and led to chronic inflammation. In sharp contrast, BALB/c mice demonstrated a well-balanced axis of 5-LOX/12-LOX/15-LOX pathways, resulting in sufficient proresolving bioactive metabolite formation and immune homeostasis. Furthermore, a novel immunoregulatory role for 15-LOX was revealed in inflammatory cells (polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages), which influenced phagocytic activity. These data provide evidence that SPM circuits are essential for host defense during bacterial keratitis.-Carion, T. W., Greenwood, M., Ebrahim, A. S., Jerome, A., Suvas, S., Gronert, K., Berger, E. A. Immunoregulatory role of 15-lipoxygenase in the pathogenesis of bacterial keratitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W. Carion
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Matthew Greenwood
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Abdul Shukkur Ebrahim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrew Jerome
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Susmit Suvas
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA;,Department of Ophthalmology, Kresge Eye Institute, Detroit, Michigan, USA; and,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Karsten Gronert
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Berger
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA;,Department of Ophthalmology, Kresge Eye Institute, Detroit, Michigan, USA; and,Correspondence: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield Ave., 8263 Scott Hall, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|