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Wang LY, Zhang L, Bai XY, Qiang RR, Zhang N, Hu QQ, Cheng JZ, Yang YL, Xiang Y. The Role of Ferroptosis in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Treatment. Neurochem Res 2024:10.1007/s11064-024-04194-w. [PMID: 38864944 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04194-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rare neurodegenerative disease with a challenging treatment landscape, due to its complex pathogenesis and limited availability of clinical drugs. Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of programmed cell death (PCD), stands distinct from apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, and other cell death mechanisms. Recent studies have increasingly highlighted the role of iron deposition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, oxidative stress, as well as systemic Xc- and glutamate accumulation in the antioxidant system in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Therefore, targeting ferroptosis emerges as a promising strategy for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis treatment. This review introduces the regulatory mechanism of ferroptosis, the relationship between amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and ferroptosis, and the drugs used in the clinic, then discusses the current status of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis treatment, hoping to provide new directions and targets for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Yi Wang
- Yan 'an Small Molecule Innovative Drug R&D Engineering Research Center, School of Medicine, Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Yan 'an Small Molecule Innovative Drug R&D Engineering Research Center, School of Medicine, Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
| | - Xin Yue Bai
- Yan 'an Small Molecule Innovative Drug R&D Engineering Research Center, School of Medicine, Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
| | - Rong Rong Qiang
- Yan 'an Small Molecule Innovative Drug R&D Engineering Research Center, School of Medicine, Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Yan 'an Small Molecule Innovative Drug R&D Engineering Research Center, School of Medicine, Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
| | - Qian Qian Hu
- Yan 'an Small Molecule Innovative Drug R&D Engineering Research Center, School of Medicine, Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
| | - Jun Zhi Cheng
- Yan 'an Small Molecule Innovative Drug R&D Engineering Research Center, School of Medicine, Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
| | - Yan Ling Yang
- Yan 'an Small Molecule Innovative Drug R&D Engineering Research Center, School of Medicine, Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
| | - Yang Xiang
- College of Physical Education, Yan'an University, Shaanxi, 716000, China.
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Wang X, Wang B, Yang F, Shang K, Chen S, Zhang Y. Associations between plasma metal elements and risk of cognitive impairment among Chinese older adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1353286. [PMID: 38384934 PMCID: PMC10879289 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1353286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship between plasma metal elements and cognitive function is unclear, especially in extremely older individuals. This present study aimed to explore the association between plasma metal concentrations and the risk of cognitive impairment (CI) in Chinese extremely older adults. Methods Individuals aged ≥90 years with plasm metal concentration data from the fifth wave of the 2008 Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey were included. Plasma selenium (Se), manganese (Mn), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) concentrations were measured using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. Cognitive function was assessed by the Chinese version of the mini-mental state examination. Results The study enrolled 408 participants. Participants with CI had significantly lower plasma Se, Mn, and Fe levels and higher Ca levels than those with normal cognitive function (p < 0.05). Plasma Se, Mn, Ca, and Fe concentrations were significantly associated with CI risk in both single- and multiple-element logistic regression models. Additionally, the multiple-element model results showed that the adjusted odds ratios for CI were 0.042 (95% confidence interval 0.016-0.109), 0.106 (0.044-0.255), 7.629 (3.211-18.124) and 0.092 (0.036-0.233) for the highest quartiles compared to the lowest quartiles of Se, Mn, Ca, and Fe, respectively. Moreover, subgroup analyses by age, sex, and body mass index suggested a consistent significant correlation (p < 0.05). Conclusion Therefore, decreased plasma Se, Mn, and Fe and increased plasma Ca levels were associated with CI risk in Chinese older adults. These findings are of great significance for the development of programs to delay cognitive decline in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Binbin Wang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Fuwen Yang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Kaijian Shang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Shaowei Chen
- Department of Hematology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Shanxi Medical University, Key Laboratory of Coal Environmental Pathogenicity and Prevention, Ministry Education, Taiyuan, China
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Lu K, Liu T, Wu X, Zhong J, Ou Z, Wu W. Association between serum iron, blood lead, cadmium, mercury, selenium, manganese and low cognitive performance in old adults from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES): a cross-sectional study. Br J Nutr 2023; 130:1743-1753. [PMID: 36941743 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523000740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive decline is a public health problem for the world's ageing population. This study was to evaluate the relationships between serum Fe, blood Pb, Cd, Hg, Se and Mn and cognitive decline in elderly Americans. Data of this cross-sectional study were extracted from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES 2011-2014). Cognitive performance was measured by the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD), Animal Fluency and Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) tests. Weighted univariable and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to assess the associations between six trace elements and low cognitive performance. Subgroup analyses based on diabetes and hypertension history were further assessed the associations. A total of 2002 adults over 60 years old were included. After adjusting covariates, elevated serum Fe levels were associated with the decreased risk of low cognitive performance, especially in the elderly without diabetes history and with hypertension history. High blood Cd levels were associated with the high odds of low cognitive performance in old adults with diabetes and hypertension history. Elevated blood Mn levels were connected with low cognitive performance in old hypertensive people. High blood Pb levels were related to the high odds of low cognitive performance, especially in the elderly without diabetes and hypertension history. High blood Se levels were linked to the decreased risk of low cognitive performance in all the elderly. Appropriate Fe, Se supplementation and Fe-, Se-rich foods intake, while reducing exposure to Pb, Cd and Mn may be beneficial for cognitive function in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Lu
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan528403, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Liu
- President's Office, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan 528403, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- Department of Neurology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou511300, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianqiang Zhong
- Department of Neurology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou511300, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenri Ou
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan528403, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan528403, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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Helmuth TB, Kumari R, Palsa K, Neely EB, Slagle-Webb B, Simon SD, Connor JR. Common Mutation in the HFE Gene Modifies Recovery After Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Stroke 2023; 54:2886-2894. [PMID: 37750297 PMCID: PMC10996156 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.123.043799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is characterized by bleeding into the brain parenchyma. During an ICH, iron released from the breakdown of hemoglobin creates a cytotoxic environment in the brain through increased oxidative stress. Interestingly, the loss of iron homeostasis is associated with the pathological process of other neurological diseases. However, we have previously shown that the H63D mutation in the homeostatic iron regulatory (HFE) gene, prevalent in 28% of the White population in the United States, acts as a disease modifier by limiting oxidative stress. The following study aims to examine the effects of the murine homolog, H67D HFE, on ICH. METHODS An autologous blood infusion model was utilized to create an ICH in the right striatum of H67D and wild-type mice. The motor recovery of each animal was assessed by rotarod. Neurodegeneration was measured using fluorojade-B and mitochondrial damage was assessed by immunofluorescent numbers of CytC+ (cytochrome C) neurons and CytC+ astrocytes. Finally, the molecular antioxidant response to ICH was quantified by measuring Nrf2 (nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor), GPX4 (glutathione peroxidase 4), and FTH1 (H-ferritin) levels in the ICH-affected and nonaffected hemispheres via immunoblotting. RESULTS At 3 days post-ICH, H67D mice demonstrated enhanced performance on rotarod compared with wild-type animals despite no differences in lesion size. Additionally, H67D mice displayed higher levels of Nrf2, GPX4, and FTH1 in the ICH-affected hemisphere; however, these levels were not different in the contralateral, non-ICH-affected hemisphere. Furthermore, H67D mice showed decreased degenerated neurons, CytC+ Neurons, and CytC+ astrocytes in the perihematomal area. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the H67D mutation induces a robust antioxidant response 3 days following ICH through Nrf2, GPX4, and FTH1 activation. This activation could explain the decrease in degenerated neurons, CytC+ neurons, and CytC+ astrocytes in the perihematomal region, leading to the improved motor recovery. Based on this study, further investigation into the mechanisms of this neuroprotective response and the effects of the H63D HFE mutation in a population of patients with ICH is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy B Helmuth
- Department of Neurosurgery (T.B.H., K.P., E.B.N., B.S.-W., S.D.S., J.R.C.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Rashmi Kumari
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences (R.K.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Kondaiah Palsa
- Department of Neurosurgery (T.B.H., K.P., E.B.N., B.S.-W., S.D.S., J.R.C.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Elizabeth B Neely
- Department of Neurosurgery (T.B.H., K.P., E.B.N., B.S.-W., S.D.S., J.R.C.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Becky Slagle-Webb
- Department of Neurosurgery (T.B.H., K.P., E.B.N., B.S.-W., S.D.S., J.R.C.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Scott D Simon
- Department of Neurosurgery (T.B.H., K.P., E.B.N., B.S.-W., S.D.S., J.R.C.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - James R Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery (T.B.H., K.P., E.B.N., B.S.-W., S.D.S., J.R.C.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
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Cutuli D, Petrosini L, Gelfo F. Advance in Neurotoxicity Research from Development to Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15112. [PMID: 37894793 PMCID: PMC10606676 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A substance capable of inducing a consistent pattern of neural dysfunction in the chemistry or structure of the nervous system may be defined as neurotoxic [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Cutuli
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Petrosini
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Gelfo
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
- Department of Human Sciences, Guglielmo Marconi University, Via Plinio 44, 00193 Rome, Italy
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Baringer SL, Lukacher AS, Palsa K, Kim H, Lippmann ES, Spiegelman VS, Simpson IA, Connor JR. Amyloid-β exposed astrocytes induce iron transport from endothelial cells at the blood-brain barrier by altering the ratio of apo- and holo-transferrin. J Neurochem 2023; 167:248-261. [PMID: 37667496 PMCID: PMC10592116 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Excessive brain iron accumulation is observed early in the onset of Alzheimer's disease, notably prior to widespread proteinopathy. These findings suggest that increases in brain iron levels are due to a dysregulation of the iron transport mechanism at the blood-brain barrier. Astrocytes release signals (apo- and holo-transferrin) that communicate brain iron needs to endothelial cells in order to modulate iron transport. Here we use iPSC-derived astrocytes and endothelial cells to investigate how early-disease levels of amyloid-β disrupt iron transport signals secreted by astrocytes to stimulate iron transport from endothelial cells. We demonstrate that conditioned media from astrocytes treated with amyloid-β stimulates iron transport from endothelial cells and induces changes in iron transport pathway proteins. The mechanism underlying this response begins with increased iron uptake and mitochondrial activity by the astrocytes, which in turn increases levels of apo-transferrin in the amyloid-β conditioned astrocyte media leading to increased iron transport from endothelial cells. These novel findings offer a potential explanation for the initiation of excessive iron accumulation in early stages of Alzheimer's disease. What's more, these data provide the first example of how the mechanism of iron transport regulation by apo- and holo-transferrin becomes misappropriated in disease that can lead to iron accumulation. The clinical benefit from understanding early dysregulation in brain iron transport in AD cannot be understated. If therapeutics can target this early process, they could possibly prevent the detrimental cascade that occurs with excessive iron accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L. Baringer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Avraham S. Lukacher
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Kondaiah Palsa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Hyosung Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2201 West End Ave, Nashville, TN, USA, 37235
| | - Ethan S. Lippmann
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2201 West End Ave, Nashville, TN, USA, 37235
| | - Vladimir S. Spiegelman
- Department of Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Ian A. Simpson
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - James R. Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033
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LeVine SM. The Azalea Hypothesis of Alzheimer Disease: A Functional Iron Deficiency Promotes Neurodegeneration. Neuroscientist 2023:10738584231191743. [PMID: 37599439 PMCID: PMC10876915 DOI: 10.1177/10738584231191743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Chlorosis in azaleas is characterized by an interveinal yellowing of leaves that is typically caused by a deficiency of iron. This condition is usually due to the inability of cells to properly acquire iron as a consequence of unfavorable conditions, such as an elevated pH, rather than insufficient iron levels. The causes and effects of chlorosis were found to have similarities with those pertaining to a recently presented hypothesis that describes a pathogenic process in Alzheimer disease. This hypothesis states that iron becomes sequestered (e.g., by amyloid β and tau), causing a functional deficiency of iron that disrupts biochemical processes leading to neurodegeneration. Additional mechanisms that contribute to iron becoming unavailable include iron-containing structures not undergoing proper recycling (e.g., disrupted mitophagy and altered ferritinophagy) and failure to successfully translocate iron from one compartment to another (e.g., due to impaired lysosomal acidification). Other contributors to a functional deficiency of iron in patients with Alzheimer disease include altered metabolism of heme or altered production of iron-containing proteins and their partners (e.g., subunits, upstream proteins). A review of the evidence supporting this hypothesis is presented. Also, parallels between the mechanisms underlying a functional iron-deficient state in Alzheimer disease and those occurring for chlorosis in plants are discussed. Finally, a model describing the generation of a functional iron deficiency in Alzheimer disease is put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M. LeVine
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, US
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Baringer SL, Palsa K, Spiegelman VS, Simpson IA, Connor JR. Apo- and holo-transferrin differentially interact with hephaestin and ferroportin in a novel mechanism of cellular iron release regulation. J Biomed Sci 2023; 30:36. [PMID: 37277838 PMCID: PMC10243088 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-023-00934-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apo- (iron free) and holo- (iron bound) transferrin (Tf) participate in precise regulation of brain iron uptake at endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier. Apo-Tf indicates an iron-deficient environment and stimulates iron release, while holo-Tf indicates an iron sufficient environment and suppresses additional iron release. Free iron is exported through ferroportin, with hephaestin as an aid to the process. Until now, the molecular mechanisms of apo- and holo-Tf influence on iron release was largely unknown. METHODS Here we use a variety of cell culture techniques, including co-immunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assay, in iPSC-derived endothelial cells and HEK 293 cells to investigate the mechanism by which apo- and holo-Tf influence cellular iron release. Given the established role of hepcidin in regulating cellular iron release, we further explored the relationship of hepcidin to transferrin in this model. RESULTS We demonstrate that holo-Tf induces the internalization of ferroportin through the established ferroportin degradation pathway. Furthermore, holo-Tf directly interacts with ferroportin, whereas apo-Tf directly interacts with hephaestin. Only pathophysiological levels of hepcidin disrupt the interaction between holo-Tf and ferroportin, but similar hepcidin levels are unable to interfere with the interaction between apo-Tf and hephaestin. The disruption of the holo-Tf and ferroportin interaction by hepcidin is due to hepcidin's ability to more rapidly internalize ferroportin compared to holo-Tf. CONCLUSIONS These novel findings provide a molecular mechanism for apo- and holo-Tf regulation of iron release from endothelial cells. They further demonstrate how hepcidin impacts these protein-protein interactions, and offer a model for how holo-Tf and hepcidin cooperate to suppress iron release. These results expand on our previous reports on mechanisms mediating regulation of brain iron uptake to provide a more thorough understanding of the regulatory mechanisms mediating cellular iron release in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Baringer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Kondaiah Palsa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | | | - Ian A Simpson
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - James R Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
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Baringer SL, Lukacher AS, Palsa K, Kim H, Lippmann ES, Spiegelman VS, Simpson IA, Connor JR. Amyloid-β exposed astrocytes induce iron transport from endothelial cells at the blood-brain barrier by altering the ratio of apo- and holo-transferrin. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.15.540795. [PMID: 37292926 PMCID: PMC10245582 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.15.540795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Excessive brain iron accumulation is observed in early in the onset of Alzheimer's disease, notably prior to widespread proteinopathy. These findings suggest that increases in brain iron levels are due to a dysregulation of the iron transport mechanism at the blood-brain barrier. Astrocytes release signals (apo- and holo-transferrin) that communicate brain iron needs to endothelial cells in order to modulate iron transport. Here we use iPSC-derived astrocytes and endothelial cells to investigate how early-disease levels of amyloid-β disrupt iron transport signals secreted by astrocytes to stimulate iron transport from endothelial cells. We demonstrate that conditioned media from astrocytes treated with amyloid-β stimulates iron transport from endothelial cells and induces changes in iron transport pathway protein levels. The mechanism underlying this response begins with increased iron uptake and mitochondrial activity by the astrocytes which in turn increases levels of apo-transferrin in the amyloid-β conditioned astrocyte media leading to increased iron transport from endothelial cells. These novel findings offer a potential explanation for the initiation of excessive iron accumulation in early stages of Alzheimer's disease. What's more, these data provide the first example of how the mechanism of iron transport regulation by apo- and holo-transferrin becomes misappropriated in disease to detrimental ends. The clinical benefit from understanding early dysregulation in brain iron transport in AD cannot be understated. If therapeutics can target this early process, they could possibly prevent the detrimental cascade that occurs with excessive iron accumulation. Significance Statement Excessive brain iron accumulation is hallmark pathology of Alzheimer's disease that occurs early in the disease staging and before widespread proteinopathy deposition. This overabundance of brain iron has been implicated to contribute to disease progression, thus understandingthe mechanism of early iron accumulation has significant therapeutic potential to slow to halt disease progression. Here, we show that in response to low levels of amyloid-β exposure, astrocytes increase their mitochondrial activity and iron uptake, resulting in iron deficient conditions. Elevated levels of apo (iron free)-transferrin stimulate iron release from endothelial cells. These data are the first to propose a mechanism for the initiation of iron accumulation and the misappropriation of iron transport signaling leading to dysfunctional brain iron homeostasis and resultant disease pathology.
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Wu L, Cui F, Zhang S, Ding X, Gao W, Chen L, Ma J, Niu P. Associations between multiple heavy metals exposure and neural damage biomarkers in welders: A cross-sectional study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 869:161812. [PMID: 36706997 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both occupational and environmental exposure to heavy metals are associated with various neurodegenerative diseases. However, limited evidence is available on the potential effects of exposure to metallic mixtures and neural damage. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the association between metal mixtures in urine and neural damage biomarkers in welders. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, a total of 186 workers were recruited from steel mills. Twenty-three metals in urine were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Serum neural damage biomarkers, including neurofilament light chain (NfL), sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), prolactin (PRL), and dopamine (DA) were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Multivariable linear regression, Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR), and Quantile g-computation (QG-C) were employed to estimate the association between metals exposure and neural damage biomarkers. RESULTS Inverted u-shaped associations of nickel with NfL, S1P, and DA were observed in the BKMR model. A non-linear relationship was also found between Fe and PRL. Urinary cobalt was positively associated with serum PRL and had the strongest positive weights in the QG-C model. Urinary lead was associated with higher serum S1P levels. We also found the interaction among nickel, zinc, arsenic, strontium, iron, and lead with the neural damage biomarkers. CONCLUSION This study provides new evidence of a direct association between metal mixture exposure and the serum biomarkers of neural damage. Several metals Ni, Co, Pb, Sr, As and Fe, may have adverse effects on the nervous system, while Zn may have neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luli Wu
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China
| | - Fengtao Cui
- Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Hospital of Huaibei Mining Co., Ltd, Huaibei, Anhui Province 235000, China
| | - Shixuan Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China
| | - Xinping Ding
- Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Hospital of Huaibei Mining Co., Ltd, Huaibei, Anhui Province 235000, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Hospital of Huaibei Mining Co., Ltd, Huaibei, Anhui Province 235000, China
| | - Li Chen
- Experimental Teaching Center, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Junxiang Ma
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China.
| | - Piye Niu
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China.
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Baringer S, Palsa K, Simpson IA, Connor JR. Apo- and holo- transferrin differentially interact with ferroportin and hephaestin to regulate iron release at the blood-brain barrier. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2429356. [PMID: 36711476 PMCID: PMC9882672 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2429356/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background : Apo- (iron free) and holo- (iron bound) transferrin (Tf) participate in precise regulation of brain iron uptake at endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier. Apo-Tf indicates an iron deficient environment and stimulates iron release, while holo-Tf indicates an iron sufficient environment and suppresses additional iron release. Free iron is exported through ferroportin, with hephaestin as an aid to the process. Until now, the molecular mechanism of apo- and holo-Tf's influence on iron release was largely unknown. Methods : Here we use a variety of cell culture techniques, including co-immunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assay, in iPSC-derived endothelial cells and HEK 293 cells to investigate the mechanism of apo- and holo-Tf's influence over iron release. We placed our findings in physiological context by further deciphering how hepcidin played a role in this mechanism as well. Results : We demonstrate that holo-Tf induces the internalization of ferroportin through the established ferroportin degradation pathway. Furthermore, holo-Tf directly binds to ferroportin, whereas apo-Tf directly binds to hephaestin. Only pathological levels of hepcidin disrupt the interaction between holo-Tf and ferroportin, and no amount of hepcidin disrupts the interaction between apo-Tf and hephaestin. The disruption of the holo-Tf and ferroportin interaction by hepcidin is due to hepcidin's ability to rapidly internalize ferroportin compared to holo-Tf. Conclusions : These novel findings provide a molecular mechanism for apo- and holo-Tf regulation of iron release from endothelial cells. They further demonstrate how hepcidin impacts these protein-protein interactions, and offer a model for how holo-Tf and hepcidin corporate to suppress iron release. We have established a more thorough understanding of the mechanisms behind iron release regulation with great clinical impact for a variety of neurological conditions in which iron release is dysregulated.
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Baringer SL, Palsa K, Simpson IA, Connor JR. Apo- and holo- transferrin differentially interact with ferroportin and hephaestin to regulate iron release at the blood-brain barrier. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.10.522344. [PMID: 36712094 PMCID: PMC9882075 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.10.522344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background Apo- (iron free) and holo- (iron bound) transferrin (Tf) participate in precise regulation of brain iron uptake at endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier. Apo-Tf indicates an iron deficient environment and stimulates iron release, while holo-Tf indicates an iron sufficient environment and suppresses additional iron release. Free iron is exported through ferroportin, with hephaestin as an aid to the process. Until now, the molecular mechanism of apo- and holo-Tf's influence on iron release was largely unknown. Methods Here we use a variety of cell culture techniques, including co-immunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assay, in iPSC-derived endothelial cells and HEK 293 cells to investigate the mechanism of apo- and holo-Tf's influence over iron release. We placed our findings in physiological context by further deciphering how hepcidin played a role in this mechanism as well. Results We demonstrate that holo-Tf induces the internalization of ferroportin through the established ferroportin degradation pathway. Furthermore, holo-Tf directly binds to ferroportin, whereas apo-Tf directly binds to hephaestin. Only pathological levels of hepcidin disrupt the interaction between holo-Tf and ferroportin, and no amount of hepcidin disrupts the interaction between apo-Tf and hephaestin. The disruption of the holo-Tf and ferroportin interaction by hepcidin is due to hepcidin's ability to rapidly internalize ferroportin compared to holo-Tf. Conclusions These novel findings provide a molecular mechanism for apo- and holo-Tf regulation of iron release from endothelial cells. They further demonstrate how hepcidin impacts these protein-protein interactions, and offer a model for how holo-Tf and hepcidin corporate to suppress iron release. We have established a more thorough understanding of the mechanisms behind iron release regulation with great clinical impact for a variety of neurological conditions in which iron release is dysregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kondaiah Palsa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Ian A. Simpson
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - James R. Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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13
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Sundar V, Ramasamy T, Doke M, Samikkannu T. Psychostimulants influence oxidative stress and redox signatures: the role of DNA methylation. Redox Rep 2022; 27:53-59. [PMID: 35227168 PMCID: PMC8890556 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2022.2043224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Psychostimulant use induces oxidative stress and alters redox imbalance, influencing epigenetic signatures in the central nervous system (CNS). Among the various epigenetic changes, DNA methylation is directly linked to oxidative stress metabolism via critical redox intermediates such as NAD+, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), and 2-oxoglutarate. Fluctuations in these intermediates directly influence epigenetic signatures, which leads to detectable alterations in gene expression and protein modification. This review focuses on recent advances in the impact of psychostimulant use on redox-imbalance-induced DNA methylation to develop novel epigenetics-based early interventions. Methods: This review is based on collective research data obtained from the PubMed, Science Direct, and Medline databases. The keywords used in the electronic search in these databases were redox, substance use disorder, psychostimulants, DNA methylation, and neurological diseases. Results: Instability in DNA methylation levels and redox expression effects are reported in various behavioral models stimulated by psychostimulants and opioids, indicating the widespread involvement of epigenetic changes in DNA methylation signatures in neurological disorders. Discussion: This review summarizes the need for more studies and experimental evaluations of DNA-methylation-based strategies that may help to understand the association between psychostimulant use and oxidative stress or redox-linked metabolic recalibration influencing neuronal impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishnavi Sundar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, Texas, USA
| | - Tamizhselvi Ramasamy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, Texas, USA
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Mayur Doke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, Texas, USA
| | - Thangavel Samikkannu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, Texas, USA
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14
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Pal A, Cerchiaro G, Rani I, Ventriglia M, Rongioletti M, Longobardi A, Squitti R. Iron in Alzheimer's Disease: From Physiology to Disease Disabilities. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1248. [PMID: 36139084 PMCID: PMC9496246 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a key role in the neurodegeneration processes. Increased oxidative stress damages lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids in brain tissue, and it is tied to the loss of biometal homeostasis. For this reason, attention has been focused on transition metals involved in several biochemical reactions producing ROS. Even though a bulk of evidence has uncovered the role of metals in the generation of the toxic pathways at the base of Alzheimer's disease (AD), this matter has been sidelined by the advent of the Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis. However, the link between metals and AD has been investigated in the last two decades, focusing on their local accumulation in brain areas known to be critical for AD. Recent evidence revealed a relation between iron and AD, particularly in relation to its capacity to increase the risk of the disease through ferroptosis. In this review, we briefly summarize the major points characterizing the function of iron in our body and highlight why, even though it is essential for our life, we have to monitor its dysfunction, particularly if we want to control our risk of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Pal
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Kalyani 741245, West Bengal, India
| | - Giselle Cerchiaro
- Center for Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Avenida dos Estados, 5001, Bl.B, Santo André 09210-580, SP, Brazil
| | - Isha Rani
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar University (MMU), Mullana, Ambala 133203, Haryana, India
| | - Mariacarla Ventriglia
- Fatebenefratelli Foundation for Health Research and Education, AFaR Division, 00186 Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Rongioletti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Research and Development Division, Fatebenefratelli Isola Tiberina, Gemelli Isola, 00186 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Longobardi
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy
| | - Rosanna Squitti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Research and Development Division, Fatebenefratelli Isola Tiberina, Gemelli Isola, 00186 Rome, Italy
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15
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Iron Deposition in Brain: Does Aging Matter? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710018. [PMID: 36077413 PMCID: PMC9456423 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The alteration of iron homeostasis related to the aging process is responsible for increased iron levels, potentially leading to oxidative cellular damage. Iron is modulated in the Central Nervous System in a very sensitive manner and an abnormal accumulation of iron in the brain has been proposed as a biomarker of neurodegeneration. However, contrasting results have been presented regarding brain iron accumulation and the potential link with other factors during aging and neurodegeneration. Such uncertainties partly depend on the fact that different techniques can be used to estimate the distribution of iron in the brain, e.g., indirect (e.g., MRI) or direct (post-mortem estimation) approaches. Furthermore, recent evidence suggests that the propensity of brain cells to accumulate excessive iron as a function of aging largely depends on their anatomical location. This review aims to collect the available data on the association between iron concentration in the brain and aging, shedding light on potential mechanisms that may be helpful in the detection of physiological neurodegeneration processes and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.
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16
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Baringer SL, Neely EB, Palsa K, Simpson IA, Connor JR. Regulation of brain iron uptake by apo- and holo-transferrin is dependent on sex and delivery protein. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:49. [PMID: 35689283 PMCID: PMC9188189 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00345-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The brain requires iron for a number of processes, including energy production. Inadequate or excessive amounts of iron can be detrimental and lead to a number of neurological disorders. As such, regulation of brain iron uptake is required for proper functioning. Understanding both the movement of iron into the brain and how this process is regulated is crucial to both address dysfunctions with brain iron uptake in disease and successfully use the transferrin receptor uptake system for drug delivery. Methods Using in vivo steady state infusions of apo- and holo-transferrin into the lateral ventricle, we demonstrate the regulatory effects of brain apo- and holo-transferrin ratios on the delivery of radioactive 55Fe bound to transferrin or H-ferritin in male and female mice. In discovering sex differences in the response to apo- and holo-transferrin infusions, ovariectomies were performed on female mice to interrogate the influence of circulating estrogen on regulation of iron uptake. Results Our model reveals that apo- and holo-transferrin significantly regulate iron uptake into the microvasculature and subsequent release into the brain parenchyma and their ability to regulate iron uptake is significantly influenced by both sex and type of iron delivery protein. Furthermore, we show that cells of the microvasculature act as reservoirs of iron and release the iron in response to cues from the interstitial fluid of the brain. Conclusions These findings extend our previous work to demonstrate that the regulation of brain iron uptake is influenced by both the mode in which iron is delivered and sex. These findings further emphasize the role of the microvasculature in regulating brain iron uptake and the importance of cues regarding iron status in the extracellular fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth B Neely
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Kondaiah Palsa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Ian A Simpson
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - James R Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA. .,Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, 17033, Hershey, PA, United States.
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17
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Zanella I, Zacchi E, Fornari C, Fumarola B, Antoni MD, Zizioli D, Quiros-Roldan E. An exploratory pilot study on the involvement of APOE, HFE, C9ORF72 variants and comorbidities in neurocognitive and physical performance in a group of HIV-infected people. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:1569-1583. [PMID: 35353274 PMCID: PMC8964929 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-00975-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive decline of aging is modulated by chronic inflammation and comorbidities. In people with HIV-infection (PWH) it may also be affected by HIV-induced inflammation, lifestyle and long-term effects of antiretroviral therapies (ART). The role of genetics in the susceptibility to HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) is not fully understood. Here we explored the possible relations among variants in 3 genes involved in inflammation and neurodegenerative disorders (APOE: ε2/ε3/ε4; HFE: H63D; C9ORF72: hexanucleotide expansions ≥ 9 repeats), cognitive/functional impairment (MiniMental State Examination MMSE, Clock Drawing Test CDT, Short Physical Performance Battery SPPB), comorbidities and HIV-related variables in a cohort of > 50 years old PWH (n = 60) with at least 10 years efficient ART. Patients with diabetes or hypertension showed significantly lower MMSE (p = .031) or SPPB (p = .010) scores, respectively, while no relations between HIV-related variables and cognitive/functional scores were observed. Patients with at least one APOEε3 allele had higher CDT scores (p = .019), APOEε2/ε4 patients showing the lowest scores in all tests. Patients with HFE-H63D variant showed more frequently hypertriglyceridemia (p = .023) and those harboring C9ORF72 expansions > 9 repeats had higher CD4+-cell counts (p = .032) and CD4% (p = .041). Multiple linear regression analysis computed to verify possible associations among cognitive/functional scores and all variables further suggested positive association between higher CDT scores and the presence of at least one APOEε3 allele (2,2; 95% CI [0,03 0,8]; p = .037), independent of other variables, although the model did not reach the statistical significance (p = .14). These data suggest that in PWH on efficient ART cognitive abilities and physical performances may be partly associated with comorbidities and genetic background. However, further analyses are needed to establish whether they could be also dependent and influenced by comorbidities and genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Zanella
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics Section, Diagnostic Department, ASST Spedali Civili Di Brescia, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Eliana Zacchi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123, Brescia, Italy
- Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, ASST Spedali Civili Di Brescia, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Fornari
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123, Brescia, Italy
- Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, ASST Spedali Civili Di Brescia, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Benedetta Fumarola
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123, Brescia, Italy
- Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, ASST Spedali Civili Di Brescia, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Melania Degli Antoni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123, Brescia, Italy
- Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, ASST Spedali Civili Di Brescia, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniela Zizioli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Eugenia Quiros-Roldan
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123, Brescia, Italy
- Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, ASST Spedali Civili Di Brescia, 25123, Brescia, Italy
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18
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de Jesus JR, Galazzi RM, Lopes Júnior CA, Arruda MAZ. Trace element homeostasis in the neurological system after SARS-CoV-2 infection: Insight into potential biochemical mechanisms. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2022; 71:126964. [PMID: 35240553 PMCID: PMC8881805 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.126964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have suggested that COVID-19 is a systemic disease that can affect several organs, including the brain. In the brain, specifically, viral infection can cause dyshomeostasis of some trace elements that promote complex biochemical reactions in specialized neurological functions. OBJECTIVE Understand the neurovirulence of SARS-CoV-2 and the relationship between trace elements and neurological disorders after infection, and provide new insights on the drug development for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infections. METHODS The main databases were used to search studies published up September 2021, focusing on the role of trace elements during viral infection and on the correct functioning of the brain. RESULTS The imbalance of important trace elements can accelerate SARS-CoV-2 neurovirulence and increase the neurotoxicity since many neurological processes can be associated with the homeostasis of metal and metalloproteins. Some studies involving animals and humans have suggested the synapse as a vulnerable region of the brain to neurological disorders after viral infection. Considering the combined evidence, some mechanisms have been suggested to understand the relationship between neurological disorders and imbalance of trace elements in the brain after viral infection. CONCLUSION Trace elements play important roles in viral infections, such as helping to activate immune cells, produce antibodies, and inhibit virus replication. However, the relationship between trace elements and virus infections is complex since the specific functions of several elements remain largely undefined. Therefore, there is still a lot to be explored to understand the biochemical mechanisms involved between trace elements and viral infections, especially in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemmyson Romário de Jesus
- Research Laboratory in Bionanomaterials, LPbio, Brazil; Chemistry Department, Federal University of Viçosa, UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Moretto Galazzi
- Analytical Instrumentation Division, Analytik Jena GmbH, an Endress & Hauser Company, São Paulo, SP 04029-901, Brazil.
| | - Cícero Alves Lopes Júnior
- Grupo de Estudos em Bioanalítica - GEBIO, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Piauí, 64049-550 Teresina, PI, Brazil.
| | - Marco Aurélio Zezzi Arruda
- Spectrometry, Sample Preparation and Mechanization Group, GEPAM, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Bioanalytics, Brazil.
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19
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Starčević Čizmarević N, Ćurko-Cofek B, Barac-Latas V, Peterlin B, Ristić S. Lack of association between C282Y and H63D polymorphisms in the hemochromatosis gene and risk of multiple sclerosis: A meta-analysis. Biomed Rep 2022; 16:12. [PMID: 34987796 DOI: 10.3892/br.2021.1495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the potential role of iron metabolism in multiple sclerosis (MS). Previous studies examining the association between polymorphisms of the hemochromatosis gene (HFE) and susceptibility to MS have yielded inconsistent results. In the present study, a meta-analysis of 7 studies was performed conducted in populations of Caucasian origin using the Comprehensive Meta-analysis 3.0 software. The strength of association between the C282Y and H63D polymorphisms in HFE and MS risk was estimated by odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Cochran's Q statistic and I2 tests were applied to quantify heterogeneity between studies. An Egger's test was used to estimate publication bias. The C282Y and H63D polymorphisms had no significant association with increased MS risk (all P≥0.05) in the following genetic comparison models: Dominant model (YY + CY vs. CC or DD + HD vs. HH) and allele contrast (Y vs. C or D vs. H). No apparent publication bias or significant heterogeneity was found between studies. These results suggest that the HFE polymorphisms C282Y and H63D are not associated with susceptibility to MS in populations of Caucasian origin. Further studies should be performed in a larger series of MS patients to evaluate the contribution of HFE and other genetic variants associated with iron regulation in the development and progression of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Starčević Čizmarević
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Božena Ćurko-Cofek
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Vesna Barac-Latas
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Borut Peterlin
- Clinical Institute of Genomic Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Smiljana Ristić
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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20
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Kingdom R, Wright CF. Incomplete Penetrance and Variable Expressivity: From Clinical Studies to Population Cohorts. Front Genet 2022; 13:920390. [PMID: 35983412 PMCID: PMC9380816 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.920390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The same genetic variant found in different individuals can cause a range of diverse phenotypes, from no discernible clinical phenotype to severe disease, even among related individuals. Such variants can be said to display incomplete penetrance, a binary phenomenon where the genotype either causes the expected clinical phenotype or it does not, or they can be said to display variable expressivity, in which the same genotype can cause a wide range of clinical symptoms across a spectrum. Both incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity are thought to be caused by a range of factors, including common variants, variants in regulatory regions, epigenetics, environmental factors, and lifestyle. Many thousands of genetic variants have been identified as the cause of monogenic disorders, mostly determined through small clinical studies, and thus, the penetrance and expressivity of these variants may be overestimated when compared to their effect on the general population. With the wealth of population cohort data currently available, the penetrance and expressivity of such genetic variants can be investigated across a much wider contingent, potentially helping to reclassify variants that were previously thought to be completely penetrant. Research into the penetrance and expressivity of such genetic variants is important for clinical classification, both for determining causative mechanisms of disease in the affected population and for providing accurate risk information through genetic counseling. A genotype-based definition of the causes of rare diseases incorporating information from population cohorts and clinical studies is critical for our understanding of incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity. This review examines our current knowledge of the penetrance and expressivity of genetic variants in rare disease and across populations, as well as looking into the potential causes of the variation seen, including genetic modifiers, mosaicism, and polygenic factors, among others. We also considered the challenges that come with investigating penetrance and expressivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline F Wright
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
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21
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Wang C, Yang T, Liang M, Xie J, Song N. Astrocyte dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: from the perspectives of transmitted α-synuclein and genetic modulation. Transl Neurodegener 2021; 10:39. [PMID: 34657636 PMCID: PMC8522040 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-021-00265-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects the elderly. While the etiology of PD is likely multifactorial with the involvement of genetic, environmental, aging and other factors, α-synuclein (α-syn) pathology is a pivotal mechanism underlying the development of PD. In recent years, astrocytes have attracted considerable attention in the field. Although astrocytes perform a variety of physiological functions in the brain, they are pivotal mediators of α-syn toxicity since they internalize α-syn released from damaged neurons, and this triggers an inflammatory response, protein degradation dysfunction, mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Astrocytes are indispensable coordinators in the background of several genetic mutations, including PARK7, GBA1, LRRK2, ATP13A2, PINK1, PRKN and PLA2G6. As the most abundant glial cells in the brain, functional astrocytes can be replenished and even converted to functional neurons. In this review, we discuss astrocyte dysfunction in PD with an emphasis on α-syn toxicity and genetic modulation and conclude that astrocyte replenishment is a valuable therapeutic approach in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjing Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Tongtong Yang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Meiyu Liang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Junxia Xie
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Ning Song
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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22
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Papasavva M, Vikelis M, Katsarou MS, Siokas V, Dermitzakis E, Papademetriou C, Karakostis K, Lazopoulos G, Dardiotis E, Drakoulis N. Evidence That HFE H63D Variant Is a Potential Disease Modifier in Cluster Headache. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 72:393-400. [PMID: 34570359 PMCID: PMC8840935 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01913-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cluster headache (CH) is a primary headache disorder with a complex genetic background. Several studies indicate a potential link between iron homeostasis and the pathophysiology of primary headaches. The HFE gene encodes for a protein involved in iron metabolism, while genetic variants in HFE have been associated with hereditary hemochromatosis (HH), an iron overload disorder. The objective of the current study was to examine the association of the more common HFE H63D variant, with the susceptibility to develop CH and diverse clinical phenotypes in a population of Southeastern European Caucasian (SEC) origin. Genomic DNA samples from 128 CH patients and 294 neurologically healthy controls were genotyped for the HFE rs1799945 (H63D) variant. H63D genotypic and allelic frequency distribution did not differ significantly between patients and controls (p > 0.05). Subgroup analysis revealed a significantly more frequent occurrence of the variant G allele in chronic compared to episodic CH patients, indicative for a possible correlation of the HFE gene with the susceptibility for disease chronification. Although homozygosity for the less prevalent H63D variant G allele was minimal in the CH cohort, the results of the present study are in accordance with previous studies in CH and migraine patients, suggesting that HFE H63D variant modifies the disease clinical characteristics. Hence, despite the absence of a per se association with CH susceptibility in the current SEC cohort, variability in HFE gene may be potentially regarded as a disease modifier genetic factor in CH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Papasavva
- Research Group of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Martha-Spyridoula Katsarou
- Research Group of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasileios Siokas
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University Hospital of Larissa, Greece, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | | | - Christoforos Papademetriou
- Research Group of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | | | - George Lazopoulos
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University General Hospital of Heraklion, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Efthimios Dardiotis
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University Hospital of Larissa, Greece, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Drakoulis
- Research Group of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece.
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Gong Z, Song W, Gu M, Zhou X, Tian C. Association between serum iron concentrations and cognitive impairment in older adults aged 60 years and older: A dose-response analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255595. [PMID: 34339453 PMCID: PMC8328322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence on peripheral iron and cognitive impairment in older adults is sparse and limited. Results on serum iron and cognitive impairment in older adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey have not been reported. Data on serum iron and cognitive impairment from individuals ≥ 60 years of age were obtained from the 2011–2014 NHANES (N = 3,131). Serum iron concentrations were determined with DcX800 method. Cognitive impairment was assessed with four cognitive tests: the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), the Animal Fluency (AF), the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease Delayed Recall (CERAD-DR) and Word Learning (CERAD-WL) tests. Logistic regression and restricted cubic splines were adopted to explore the dose-response relationship between serum iron concentrations and cognitive impairment. Comparing the highest to lowest tertile of serum iron concentrations, the multivariate-adjusted odds ratios of scoring low on the DSST were 0.70 (0.49–1.00), 0.88 (0.65–1.20) for CERAD-WL, 0.65 (0.48–0.88) for CERAD-DR, and 0.78 (0.53–1.15) for AF. Stratified analyses by sex showed that the above-mentioned associations were mainly found in men; however, the interaction with sex was not significant. Dose-response analysis showed that relationships between serum iron and cognitive impairment evaluated by DSST and CERAD-DR were linear, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonglin Gong
- Department of Integrated Services, Kunshan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenlei Song
- Department of Integrated Services, Kunshan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
| | - Minjun Gu
- Department of Disease Control, Kunshan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhou
- Department of Integrated Services, Kunshan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
| | - Changwei Tian
- Department of Integrated Services, Kunshan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail:
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Cheng Y, Chen Y, Shang H. Aberrations of biochemical indicators in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Transl Neurodegener 2021; 10:3. [PMID: 33419478 PMCID: PMC7792103 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-020-00228-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has suggested that the pathological changes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are not only confined to the central nervous system but also occur in the peripheral circulating system. Here, we performed a meta-analysis based on the PubMed, EMBASE, EBSCO, and CNKI databases, to find out biochemical indicators associated with energy metabolism, iron homeostasis, and muscle injury that are altered in ALS patients and their correlations with ALS phenotypes. Forty-six studies covering 17 biochemical indicators, representing 5454 ALS patients and 7986 control subjects, were included in this meta-analysis. Four indicators, including fasting blood glucose level (weighted mean difference [WMD] = 0.13, 95% CI [0.06–0.21], p = 0.001), serum ferritin level (WMD = 63.42, 95% CI [48.12–78.73], p < 0.001), transferrin saturation coefficient level (WMD = 2.79, 95% CI [1.52–4.05], p < 0.001), and creatine kinase level (WMD = 80.29, 95% CI [32.90–127.67], p < 0.001), were significantly higher in the ALS patients, whereas the total iron-binding capacity (WMD = − 2.42, 95% CI [− 3.93, − 0.90], p = 0.002) was significantly lower in ALS patients than in the control subjects. In contrast, the other 12 candidates did not show significant differences between ALS patients and controls. Moreover, pooled hazard ratios (HR) showed significantly reduced survival (HR = 1.38, 95% CI [1.02–1.88], p = 0.039) of ALS patients with elevated serum ferritin levels. These findings suggest that abnormalities in energy metabolism and disruption of iron homeostasis are involved in the pathogenesis of ALS. In addition, the serum ferritin level is negatively associated with the overall survival of ALS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangfan Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yongping Chen
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Huifang Shang
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Ballesteros JI, Caleja-Ballesteros HJR, Villena MC. Digital image-based method for iron detection using green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract as natural colorimetric reagent. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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de Jesus JR, Arruda MAZ. Unravelling neurological disorders through metallomics-based approaches. Metallomics 2020; 12:1878-1896. [PMID: 33237082 DOI: 10.1039/d0mt00234h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the biological process involving metals and biomolecules in the brain is essential for establishing the origin of neurological disorders, such as neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. From this perspective, this critical review presents recent advances in this topic, showing possible mechanisms involving the disruption of metal homeostasis and the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. We also discuss the main challenges observed in metallomics studies associated with neurological disorders, including those related to sample preparation and analyte quantification.
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