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Carmen S. Microbial capability for the degradation of chemical additives present in petroleum-based plastic products: A review on current status and perspectives. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 402:123534. [PMID: 33254737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plastic additives are present as pollutants in the environment because they are released from plastics and have been reported to be toxic to mammals. Due to this toxicity, it is crucial to develop ecofriendly tools to decontaminate the environment. Microorganisms are a promising alternative for efficient and effective plastic additive removal. This review describes the current knowledge and significant advances in the microbial degradation of plastic additives (i.e. plasticizers, flame retardants, stabilizers and antioxidants) and biotechnological research strategies that are being used to accelerate the biodegradation process of these additives. It is expected that further research supported by advances in genomics, proteomics, gene expression, enzyme immobilization, protein design, and nanotechnology can substantially increase our knowledge to enhance the enzymatic degradation efficiency, which will accelerate plastic additive degradation and establish successful and cost-effective bioremediation processes. Investigations should also address the identification of the enzymes involved in the degradation process and their catalytic mechanisms to achieve full metabolization of organopollutants (i.e. plastic additives) while avoiding harmful plastic additive biodegradation products. Microorganisms and their enzymes undoubtedly represent a potential resource for developing promising environmental biotechnologies, as they have the best systems for pollutant degradation, and their actions are essential for decontaminating the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sánchez Carmen
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Research Centre for Biological Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Ixtacuixtla, C.P.90120, Tlaxcala, Mexico.
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Rajendran RK, Lee YW, Chou PH, Huang SL, Kirschner R, Lin CC. Biodegradation of the endocrine disrupter 4-t-octylphenol by the non-ligninolytic fungus Fusarium falciforme RRK20: Process optimization, estrogenicity assessment, metabolite identification and proposed pathways. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 240:124876. [PMID: 31542577 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
4-t-octylphenol (4-t-OP), a well-known endocrine disrupting compound, is frequently found in various environmental compartments at levels that may cause adverse effects to the ecosystem and public health. To date, most of the studies that investigate microbial transformations of 4-t-OP have focused on the process mediated by bacteria, ligninolytic fungi, or microbial consortia. There is no report on the complete degradation mechanism of 4-t-OP by non-ligninolytic fungi. In this study, we conducted laboratory experiments to explore and characterize the non-ligninolytic fungal strain Fusarium falciforme RRK20 to degrade 4-t-OP. Using the response surface methodology, the initial biomass concentration and temperature were the factors identified to be more influential on the efficiency of the biodegradation process as compared with pH. Under the optimized conditions (i.e., 28 °C, pH 6.5 with an initial inoculum density of 0.6 g L-1), 25 mg L-1 4-t-OP served as sole carbon source was completely depleted within a 14-d incubation; addition of low dosage of glucose was shown to significantly accelerate 4-t-OP degradation. The yeast estrogenic screening assay further confirmed the loss of estrogenic activity during the biodegradation process, though a longer incubation period was required for complete removal of estrogenicity. Metabolites identified by LC-MS/MS revealed that strain RRK20 might degrade 4-t-OP as sole energy source via alkyl chain oxidation and aromatic ring hydroxylation pathways. Together, these results not only suggest the potential use of non-ligninolytic fungi like strain RRK20 in remediation of 4-t-OP contaminated environments but may also improve our understanding of the environmental fate of 4-t-OP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi-Wen Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsin Chou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Shir-Ly Huang
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Roland Kirschner
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Chu-Ching Lin
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan.
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Bacterial enzyme based spectrophotometric determination of phthalate esters in drinking water stored in PET bottles. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-019-00139-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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González-Márquez A, Loera-Corral O, Santacruz-Juárez E, Tlécuitl-Beristain S, García-Dávila J, Viniegra-González G, Sánchez C. Biodegradation patterns of the endocrine disrupting pollutant di(2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate by Fusarium culmorum. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 170:293-299. [PMID: 30530181 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.11.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a widely used plasticizer, which is considered an endocrine disrupting pollutant. Growth kinetics and esterases activity by biochemical tests and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were characterized for Fusarium culmorum grown in DEHP-supplemented (1000 mg/L) medium as the only carbon source and in control medium with glucose. Intermediate compounds of biodegraded DEHP were identified by GC-MS. F. culmorum degraded 92% of DEHP within 36 h. DEHP was degraded to butanol, hexanal, catechol and acetic acid. It is suggested that the first two compounds would transform into butanediol and the last two would enter into the Krebs cycle and would be mineralized to CO2 and H2O. DEHP induced eight esterase isoforms, which were different to those constitutive isoforms produced in the control medium. It is suggested that five enzymes (25.7, 29.5, 31.8, 97.6 and 144.5 kDa) detected during the first 36 h be involved in the primary biodegradation of DEHP. The rest of the enzymes (45.9, 66.6 and 202.9 kDa) might be involved in the final steps for DEHP metabolism. F. culmorum has a promising practical application in the treatment of DEHP-contaminated environments because it can secrete specific esterase to breakdown high concentrations of DEHP in a short period of time. This research represents the first approach for the study of esterase involved in the DEHP degradation by fungi using this phthalate as the sole source of carbon and energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel González-Márquez
- Doctorado en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco N° 186, Col. Vicentina, C.P. 09340 Iztapalapa, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Octavio Loera-Corral
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco N° 186, Col. Vicentina, C.P. 09340 Iztapalapa, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Ericka Santacruz-Juárez
- Universidad Politécnica de Tlaxcala, San Pedro Xalcatzinco, Tepeyanco, Tlaxcala C.P. 90180, Mexico
| | - Saúl Tlécuitl-Beristain
- Universidad Politécnica de Tlaxcala, San Pedro Xalcatzinco, Tepeyanco, Tlaxcala C.P. 90180, Mexico
| | - Jorge García-Dávila
- Universidad Politécnica de Tlaxcala, San Pedro Xalcatzinco, Tepeyanco, Tlaxcala C.P. 90180, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Viniegra-González
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco N° 186, Col. Vicentina, C.P. 09340 Iztapalapa, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Carmen Sánchez
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Research Centre for Biological Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Ixtacuixtla C.P. 90062, Tlaxcala, Mexico.
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Grześkowiak T, Czarczyńska-Goślińska B, Zgoła-Grześkowiak A. Biodegradation of Selected Endocrine Disrupting Compounds. METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7425-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Rajendran RK, Lin CC, Huang SL, Kirschner R. Enrichment, isolation, and biodegradation potential of long-branched chain alkylphenol degrading non-ligninolytic fungi from wastewater. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 125:416-425. [PMID: 28964501 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
4-t-Octylphenol (4-t-OP) has become a serious environmental concern due to the endocrine disruption in animals and humans. The biodegradation of 4-t-OP by pure cultures has been extensively investigated only in bacteria and wood-decaying fungi. In this study we isolated and identified 14 filamentous fungal strains from wastewater samples in Taiwan using 4-t-OP as a sole carbon and energy source. The isolates were identified based on sequences from different DNA regions. Of 14 fungal isolates, 10 strains grew effectively on solid medium with a wide variety of endocrine disrupting chemicals as the sole carbon and energy source. As revealed by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis, the most effective 4-t-OP degradation (>70%) in liquid medium was observed in Fusarium falciforme after 15days. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the degradation of 4-t-OP as a sole carbon and energy source by non-ligninolytic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjith Kumar Rajendran
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, No. 300, Zhongda Rd., Zhongli District, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Ching Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, No. 300, Zhongda Rd., Zhongli District, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan
| | - Shir-Ly Huang
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Roland Kirschner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, No. 300, Zhongda Rd., Zhongli District, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan.
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7
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Gao DW, Wen ZD. Phthalate esters in the environment: A critical review of their occurrence, biodegradation, and removal during wastewater treatment processes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 541:986-1001. [PMID: 26473701 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 466] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters are one of the most frequently detected persistent organic pollutants in the environment. A better understanding of their occurrence and degradation in the environment and during wastewater treatment processes will facilitate the development of strategies to reduce these pollutants and to bioremediate contaminated freshwater and soil. Phthalate esters occur at measurable levels in different environments worldwide. For example, the concentrations of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) in atmospheric particulate matter, fresh water and sediments, soil, and landfills are N.D.-10.4 ng/m(3), N.D.-31.7 μg/L, N.D.-316 μg/kg dry weight, and N.D.-200 μg/kg dry weight, N.D.-43.27 μg/L, respectively. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) are primary phthalate ester pollutants. Urbanization has increased the discharge of phthalate esters to atmospheric and aquatic environments, and the use of agricultural plastics has exacerbated soil contamination by phthalate esters in rural areas. Aerobic biodegradation is the primary manner of phthalate ester mineralization in the environment, and this process has been widely studied. Phthalate esters can be removed during wastewater treatment processes. The combination of different wastewater treatment technologies showed greater efficiency in the removal of phthalate esters than individual treatment steps, such as the combination of anaerobic wastewater treatment with a membrane bioreactor would increase the efficiency of phthalate ester removal from 65%-71% to 95%-97%. This review provides a useful framework to identify future research objectives to achieve the mineralization and elimination of phthalate esters in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Wen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Zhi-Dan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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Benjamin S, Pradeep S, Josh MS, Kumar S, Masai E. A monograph on the remediation of hazardous phthalates. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 298:58-72. [PMID: 26004054 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates or phthalic acid esters are a group of xenobiotic and hazardous compounds blended in plastics to enhance their plasticity and versatility. Enormous quantities of phthalates are produced globally for the production of plastic goods, whose disposal and leaching out into the surroundings cause serious concerns to the environment, biota and human health. Though in silico computational, in vitro mechanistic, pre-clinical animal and clinical human studies showed endocrine disruption, hepatotoxic, teratogenic and carcinogenic properties, usage of phthalates continues due to their cuteness, attractive chemical properties, low production cost and lack of suitable alternatives. Studies revealed that microbes isolated from phthalate-contaminated environmental niches efficiently bioremediate various phthalates. Based upon this background, this review addresses the enumeration of major phthalates used in industry, routes of environmental contamination, evidences for health hazards, routes for in situ and ex situ microbial degradation, bacterial pathways involved in the degradation, major enzymes involved in the degradation process, half-lives of phthalates in environments, etc. Briefly, this handy module would enable the readers, environmentalists and policy makers to understand the impact of phthalates on the environment and the biota, coupled with the concerted microbial efforts to alleviate the burden of ever increasing load posed by phthalates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailas Benjamin
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, Biotechnology Division, Department of Botany, University of Calicut, Kerala 673 635, India.
| | - Selvanesan Pradeep
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, Biotechnology Division, Department of Botany, University of Calicut, Kerala 673 635, India
| | - Moolakkariyil Sarath Josh
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, Biotechnology Division, Department of Botany, University of Calicut, Kerala 673 635, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Division, CSIR-NEERI Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440 020, India
| | - Eiji Masai
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2137, Japan
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Ding J, Wang C, Xie Z, Li J, Yang Y, Mu Y, Tang X, Xu B, Zhou J, Huang Z. Properties of a newly identified esterase from Bacillus sp. K91 and its novel function in diisobutyl phthalate degradation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119216. [PMID: 25746227 PMCID: PMC4352063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The widely used plasticizer phthalate esters (PAEs) have become a public concern because of their effects on environmental contamination and toxicity on mammals. However, the biodegradation of PAEs, especially diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), remains poorly understood. In particular, genes involved in the hydrolysis of these compounds were not conclusively identified. In this study, the CarEW gene, which encodes an enzyme that is capable of hydrolyzing ρ-nitrophenyl esters of fatty acids, was cloned from a thermophilic bacterium Bacillus sp. K91 and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 using the pEASY-E2 expression system. The enzyme showed a monomeric structure with a molecular mass of approximately 53.76 kDa and pI of 4.88. The enzyme exhibited maximal activity at pH 7.5 and 45 °C, with ρ-NP butyrate as the best substrate. The enzyme was fairly stable within the pH range from 7.0 to 8.5. High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) were employed to detect the catabolic pathway of DiBP. Two intermediate products were identified, and a potential biodegradation pathway was proposed. Altogether, our findings present a novel DiBP degradation enzyme and indicate that the purified enzyme may be a promising candidate for DiBP detoxification and for environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmei Ding
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Chaofan Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhenrong Xie
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Junjun Li
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yunjuan Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuelin Mu
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Xianghua Tang
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | | | - Zunxi Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
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Pradeep S, Josh MKS, Binod P, Devi RS, Balachandran S, Anderson RC, Benjamin S. Achromobacter denitrificans strain SP1 efficiently remediates di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 112:114-121. [PMID: 25463861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study describes how Achromobacter denitrificans strain SP1, a novel isolate from heavily plastics-contaminated sewage sludge efficiently consumed the hazardous plasticizer, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) as carbon source supplemented in a simple basal salt medium (BSM). Response surface methodology was employed for the statistical optimization of the process parameters such as temperature (32°C), agitation (200 rpm), DEHP concentration (10 mM), time (72 h) and pH (8.0). At these optimized conditions, experimentally observed DEHP degradation was 63%, while the predicted value was 59.2%; and the correlation coefficient between them was 0.998, i.e., highly significant and fit to the predicted model. Employing GC-MS analysis, the degradation pathway was partially deduced with intermediates such as mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and 2-ethyl hexanol. Briefly, this first report describes A. denitrificans strain SP1 as a highly efficient bacterium for completely remediating the hazardous DEHP (10 mM) in 96 h in BSM (50% consumed in 60 h), which offers great potentials for efficiently cleaning the DEHP-contaminated environments such as soil, sediments and water upon its deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pradeep
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, Biotechnology Division, Department of Botany, University of Calicut, Malappuram 673635, Kerala, India
| | - M K Sarath Josh
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, Biotechnology Division, Department of Botany, University of Calicut, Malappuram 673635, Kerala, India
| | - P Binod
- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, CSIR, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, Kerala, India
| | - R Sudha Devi
- Department of Chemistry, Mahatma Gandhi College, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram 695004, Kerala, India
| | - S Balachandran
- Department of Chemistry, Mahatma Gandhi College, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram 695004, Kerala, India
| | - Robin C Anderson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Sailas Benjamin
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, Biotechnology Division, Department of Botany, University of Calicut, Malappuram 673635, Kerala, India.
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Pradeep S, Benjamin S. Mycelial fungi completely remediate di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, the hazardous plasticizer in PVC blood storage bag. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 235-236:69-77. [PMID: 22858127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This pioneering work describes how simply, inexpensively and efficiently novel fungi utilize the alarming plasticizer, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) blended in PVC blood storage bags (BB). In order to quantify total DEHP (33.5%, w/w) present in BB, it was extracted using n-hexane and confirmed by GC-MS. Three mycelial fungi, viz., Aspergillus parasiticus, Fusarium subglutinans and Penicillium funiculosum isolated in our laboratory form heavily plastics-contaminated soil - either singly or in consortium - completely consumed intact DEHP physically bound to BB by static submerged growth (28 °C) in simple basal salt medium (BSM). A two-stage cultivation strategy was adopted for the complete removal of DEHP from BB in situ. During the first growth stage, almost 70% DEHP contained in the BB was consumed in 2 weeks, accompanied by increased fungal biomass (~0.15-0.35 g/g BB; OD ~7 at 600 nm) and a sharp declining (3.3) of initial pH (7.2). Spent BSM was replaced at this stagnant growth state (low pH), thus in the second stage, remaining DEHP bound to BB utilized completely (over 99%). Furthermore, A. parasiticus and F. subglutinans also grew well on scrapes of PVC water pipes in BSM. F. subglutinans was as efficient independently as consortium in completely utilizing the DEHP bound to BB, and these fungi offer great potentials for the inexpensive and eco-friendly bioremediation of phthalates in medical and allied PVC wastes on a large scale through a batch process in alleviating the plactics waste management issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pradeep
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, Biotechnology Division, Department of Botany, University of Calicut, Kerala 673 635, India
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Fungal biodegradation of phthalate plasticizer in situ. Biodegradation 2012; 24:257-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s10532-012-9584-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Luo ZH, Wu YR, Chow R, Luo JJ, Gu JD, Vrijmoed L. Purification and characterization of an intracellular esterase from a Fusarium species capable of degrading dimethyl terephthalate. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Degradation of Phthalate Esters by Fusarium sp. DMT-5-3 and Trichosporon sp. DMI-5-1 Isolated from Mangrove Sediments. BIOLOGY OF MARINE FUNGI 2012; 53:299-328. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-23342-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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15
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Luo ZH, Wu YR, Pang KL, Gu JD, Vrijmoed LLP. Comparison of initial hydrolysis of the three dimethyl phthalate esters (DMPEs) by a basidiomycetous yeast, Trichosporon DMI-5-1, from coastal sediment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 18:1653-1660. [PMID: 21626443 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-011-0525-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dimethyl phthalate esters (DMPEs) are a group of plasticizers commonly detected in the environment with potential adverse human health impact. The degradation of DMPEs by fungal systems has been studied to a limited extent, particularly by yeasts. In this study, a basidiomycetous yeast Trichosporon DMI-5-1 capable of degrading DMPEs was obtained and the degradation pathways were investigated. RESULTS A DMPE-degrading yeast was isolated from costal sediment by enrichment culture technique and was identified as Trichosporon sp. DMI-5-1 based on microscopic morphology and 18S rDNA sequence. Comparative investigations on biodegradation of three isomers of DMPEs, namely dimethyl phthalate (DMP), dimethyl isophthalate (DMI), and dimethyl terephthalate (DMT), were carried out with this yeast strain. Trichosporon sp. DMI-5-1 could not mineralize DMPEs completely but transform them to respective monomethyl phthalate or phthalic acid. Biochemical degradation pathways for the three DMPE isomers by Trichosporon sp. DMI-5-1 were apparently different. The yeast carried out one-step ester hydrolysis of DMP and DMI to respective monoesters (monomethyl phthalate and monomethyl isophthalate, respectively) and no further metabolism of these two monoesters. Meanwhile, DMT was transformed by the yeast to monomethyl terephthalate and subsequently to terephthalic acid by stepwise hydrolysis of the two ester bonds. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that different catalytic processes are involved in the transformation of DMPEs by the basidiomycetous yeast Trichosporon sp. DMI-5-1 and suggests that its esterases, responsible for the initial hydrolyzing the two ester bonds of DMPEs, are highly substrate specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu-Hua Luo
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China.
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Yuan SY, Huang IC, Chang BV. Biodegradation of dibutyl phthalate and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and microbial community changes in mangrove sediment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2010; 184:826-831. [PMID: 20875923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.08.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the microbial degradation of the phthalate esters (PAEs) dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and change in microbial communities in mangrove sediment collected from 5 sampling sites along the Tanshui River in Taiwan. Aerobic degradation half-lives (t(1/2)) of DBP and DEHP ranged from 1.6 to 2.9 d and 5.0 to 8.3d, respectively. The addition of yeast extract (5mg/L), hydrogen peroxide (1mg/L), brij 35 (91 μM), humic acid (0.5 g/L), cellulose (0.96 mg/L), and sodium chloride (1%) enhanced PAE aerobic degradation. Sediment samples were separated into fractions with various particle size ranges from 0.1-0.45 to 500-2000 μm. Sediment fractions with smaller particle sizes demonstrated higher PAE biodegradation rates. Of the microorganism strains isolated from the mangrove sediment, strains J2, J4, and J8 (all identified as Bacillus sp.) expressed the best biodegrading ability. Our results showed that Bacillus sp. was the dominant bacteria in the process of PAE aerobic degradation in the mangrove sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaw-Ying Yuan
- Department of Biotechnology, Transworld University, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - I-Chun Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bea-Ven Chang
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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