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Goyal K, Goel H, Baranwal P, Dixit A, Khan F, Jha NK, Kesari KK, Pandey P, Pandey A, Benjamin M, Maurya A, Yadav V, Sinh RS, Tanwar P, Upadhyay TK, Mittan S. Unravelling the molecular mechanism of mutagenic factors impacting human health. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:61993-62013. [PMID: 34410595 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15442-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Environmental mutagens are chemical and physical substances in the environment that has a potential to induce a wide range of mutations and generate multiple physiological, biochemical, and genetic modifications in humans. Most mutagens are having genotoxic effects on the following generation through germ cells. The influence of germinal mutations on health will be determined by their frequency, nature, and the mechanisms that keep a specific mutation in the population. Early prenatal lethal mutations have less public health consequences than genetic illnesses linked with long-term medical and social difficulties. Physical and chemical mutagens are common mutagens found in the environment. These two environmental mutagens have been associated with multiple neurological disorders and carcinogenesis in humans. Thus in this study, we aim to unravel the molecular mechanism of physical mutagens (UV rays, X-rays, gamma rays), chemical mutagens (dimethyl sulfate (DMS), bisphenol A (BPA), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 5-chlorocytosine (5ClC)), and several heavy metals (Ar, Pb, Al, Hg, Cd, Cr) implicated in DNA damage, carcinogenesis, chromosomal abnormalities, and oxidative stress which leads to multiple disorders and impacting human health. Biological tests for mutagen detection are crucial; therefore, we also discuss several approaches (Ames test and Mutatox test) to estimate mutagenic factors in the environment. The potential risks of environmental mutagens impacting humans require a deeper basic knowledge of human genetics as well as ongoing research on humans, animals, and their tissues and fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshav Goyal
- Department of Microbiology, Ram Lal Anand College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Harsh Goel
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Pritika Baranwal
- Department of Microbiology, Ram Lal Anand College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Aman Dixit
- Department of Microbiology, Ram Lal Anand College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Fahad Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology, 19, Knowledge Park-II, Institutional Area, Greater Noida, 201306, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | | | - Pratibha Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology, 19, Knowledge Park-II, Institutional Area, Greater Noida, 201306, India
| | - Avanish Pandey
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mercilena Benjamin
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ankit Maurya
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vandana Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rana Suryauday Sinh
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre, Maharaja Sayajirao University, Baroda, India
| | - Pranay Tanwar
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tarun Kumar Upadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences & Centre of Research for Development, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.
| | - Sandeep Mittan
- Department of Cardiology, Ichan School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
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Salicylate or Phthalate: The Main Intermediates in the Bacterial Degradation of Naphthalene. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9111862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widely presented in the environment and pose a serious environmental threat due to their toxicity. Among PAHs, naphthalene is the simplest compound. Nevertheless, due to its high toxicity and presence in the waste of chemical and oil processing industries, naphthalene is one of the most critical pollutants. Similar to other PAHs, naphthalene is released into the environment via the incomplete combustion of organic compounds, pyrolysis, oil spills, oil processing, household waste disposal, and use of fumigants and deodorants. One of the main ways to detoxify such compounds in the natural environment is through their microbial degradation. For the first time, the pathway of naphthalene degradation was investigated in pseudomonades. The salicylate was found to be a key intermediate. For some time, this pathway was considered the main, if not the only one, in the bacterial destruction of naphthalene. However, later, data emerged which indicated that gram-positive bacteria in the overwhelming majority of cases are not capable of the formation/destruction of salicylate. The obtained data made it possible to reveal that protocatechoate, phthalate, and cinnamic acids are predominant intermediates in the destruction of naphthalene by rhodococci. Pathways of naphthalene degradation, the key enzymes, and genetic regulation are the main subjects of the present review, representing an attempt to summarize the current knowledge about the mechanism of the microbial degradation of PAHs. Modern molecular methods are also discussed in the context of the development of “omics” approaches, namely genomic, metabolomic, and proteomic, used as tools for studying the mechanisms of microbial biodegradation. Lastly, a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of the formation of specific ecosystems is also provided.
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3
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Dey S, Ballav P, Samanta P, Mandal A, Patra A, Das S, Mondal AK, Ghosh AR. Time-Dependent Naphthalene Toxicity in Anabas testudineus (Bloch): A Multiple Endpoint Biomarker Approach. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:317-326. [PMID: 33458483 PMCID: PMC7807757 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Polyaromatic compounds are the major, widespread contaminants in the aquatic environment. However, the adverse impacts of these compounds on blood pathophysiology (hematological profiling and serum biochemical responses) are poorly understood. As a consequence, this study was intended to evaluate the toxic effects of naphthalene, one of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, on the blood pathophysiology of Anabas testudineus using multiple end-point biomarker approach. A. testudineus was exposed to short-term (1 and 5 d) and long-term (10, 15, and 21 d) naphthalene concentrations, that is, T1 (0.71 mg/L indicates 25% of LC50) and T2 (1.42 mg/L indicates 50% of LC50 value). The results disclosed significant decrease in red blood cells, hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume, and platelet levels, while other blood parameters, namely, white blood cells, percent lymphocyte, mean cell volume, mean corpuscular Hb, and mean corpuscular Hb concentration showed enhanced levels under naphthalene intoxication. Results were more detrimental under T2 concentration. Cholesterol, glucose, calcium, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein levels gradually increased throughout the different exposure periods under T1 and T2 concentrations, while the triglyceride level gradually decreased during exposure periods. Finally, integrated biomarker responses (IBR) analysis indicated that serum biochemical parameters are more powerful than hematological parameters for determining the naphthalene-induced fish health status. Additionally, the IBR study clearly identified that long-term (>5 d) exposure was more harmful than short-term (<5 d) naphthalene exposure. So, these responses may be derived as biomarkers for monitoring naphthalene pollution in an aquatic ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhendu Dey
- Department
of Environmental Science, The University
of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Puspita Ballav
- Department
of Environmental Science, The University
of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Palas Samanta
- Department
of Environmental Science, Sukanta Mahavidyalaya, University of North Bengal, Dhupguri 735210, West Bengal, India
| | - Arghya Mandal
- Department
of Environmental Science, The University
of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Atanu Patra
- Department
of Environmental Science, The University
of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Subhas Das
- Department
of Environmental Science, The University
of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Arnab Kumar Mondal
- Department
of Environmental Science, The University
of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Apurba Ratan Ghosh
- Department
of Environmental Science, The University
of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India
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Honda M, Suzuki N. Toxicities of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons for Aquatic Animals. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E1363. [PMID: 32093224 PMCID: PMC7068426 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17041363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are organic compounds that are widely distributed in the air, water, and soil. Recently, the amount of PAHs derived from fuels and from incomplete combustion processes is increasing. In the aquatic environment, oil spills directly cause PAH pollution and affect marine organisms. Oil spills correlate very well with the major shipping routes. Furthermore, accidental oil spills can seriously impact the marine environment toxicologically. Here, we describe PAH toxicities and related bioaccumulation properties in aquatic animals, including invertebrates. Recent studies have revealed the toxicity of PAHs, including endocrine disruption and tissue-specific toxicity, although researchers have mainly focused on the carcinogenic toxicity of PAHs. We summarize the toxicity of PAHs regarding these aspects. Additionally, the bioaccumulation properties of PAHs for organisms, including invertebrates, are important factors when considering PAH toxicity. In this review, we describe the bioaccumulation properties of PAHs in aquatic animals. Recently, microplastics have been the most concerning environmental problem in the aquatic ecosystem, and the vector effect of microplastics for lipophilic compounds is an emerging environmental issue. Here, we describe the correlation between PAHs and microplastics. Thus, we concluded that PAHs have a toxicity for aquatic animals, indicating that we should emphasize the prevention of aquatic PAH pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Honda
- Botanical Garden, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan;
| | - Nobuo Suzuki
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ogi, Noto-cho, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan
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Lee J, Kim T, Yoon SJ, Kim S, Lee AH, Kwon BO, Allam AA, Al-Khedhairy AA, Lee H, Kim JJ, Hong S, Khim JS. Multiple evaluation of the potential toxic effects of sediments and biota collected from an oil-polluted area around Abu Ali Island, Saudi Arabia, Arabian Gulf. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 183:109547. [PMID: 31408817 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
After the Gulf War Oil Spill, there have been many investigations about distributions of oil-derived pollutants nearby areas, but lacking in ecotoxicological assessment. We evaluated the potential toxicity of asphalt mats, sediments, and biota (polychaetes, chitons, snapping shrimps, and crabs) by combining two bioassays (H4IIE-luc and Vibrio fischeri) and in situ microbial community (eDNA). Samples were collected from Abu Ali Island, and organic extracts were bioassayed and further fractionated according to the chemical polarity using silica gel column. Great aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated potencies and inhibition of bioluminescence were mainly found in aromatics (F2) and saturates (F1) fractions of asphalt mat and sediments, respectively, while great toxicological responses in biota samples were found in resins and polar (F3) fraction. We also confirmed that potential toxicities of biota were species-specific; great AhR-mediated potencies were found in polychaetes and great bioluminescence inhibitions were found in crabs. In microbial communities, most genera (up to 90%) were associated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)-degrading bacteria, supporting that PAHs are the primary stressors of the benthic community around Abu Ali Island. The present study provides useful information on the contamination status, risk assessment of environmental matrices and benthic organisms in Abu Ali Island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyun Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taewoo Kim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Joon Yoon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonju Kim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Aslan Hwanhwi Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Oh Kwon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahmed A Allam
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | | | - Hanbyul Lee
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Jin Kim
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjin Hong
- Department of Ocean Environmental Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Seong Khim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Gajski G, Žegura B, Ladeira C, Novak M, Sramkova M, Pourrut B, Del Bo' C, Milić M, Gutzkow KB, Costa S, Dusinska M, Brunborg G, Collins A. The comet assay in animal models: From bugs to whales - (Part 2 Vertebrates). MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2019; 781:130-164. [PMID: 31416573 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The comet assay has become one of the methods of choice for the evaluation and measurement of DNA damage. It is sensitive, quick to perform and relatively affordable for the evaluation of DNA damage and repair at the level of individual cells. The comet assay can be applied to virtually any cell type derived from different organs and tissues. Even though the comet assay is predominantly used on human cells, the application of the assay for the evaluation of DNA damage in yeast, plant and animal cells is also quite high, especially in terms of biomonitoring. The present extensive overview on the usage of the comet assay in animal models will cover both terrestrial and water environments. The first part of the review was focused on studies describing the comet assay applied in invertebrates. The second part of the review, (Part 2) will discuss the application of the comet assay in vertebrates covering cyclostomata, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals, in addition to chordates that are regarded as a transitional form towards vertebrates. Besides numerous vertebrate species, the assay is also performed on a range of cells, which includes blood, liver, kidney, brain, gill, bone marrow and sperm cells. These cells are readily used for the evaluation of a wide spectrum of genotoxic agents both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the use of vertebrate models and their role in environmental biomonitoring will also be discussed as well as the comparison of the use of the comet assay in vertebrate and human models in line with ethical principles. Although the comet assay in vertebrates is most commonly used in laboratory animals such as mice, rats and lately zebrafish, this paper will only briefly review its use regarding laboratory animal models and rather give special emphasis to the increasing usage of the assay in domestic and wildlife animals as well as in various ecotoxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Gajski
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Bojana Žegura
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Carina Ladeira
- H&TRC - Health & Technology Research Center, Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Centro de Investigação e Estudos em Saúde de Publica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Matjaž Novak
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Monika Sramkova
- Biomedical Research Center, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Bertrand Pourrut
- EcoLab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Cristian Del Bo'
- DeFENS-Division of Human Nutrition, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mirta Milić
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Solange Costa
- Environmental Health Department, National Health Institute Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Dusinska
- Health Effects Laboratory, Department of Environmental Chemistry-MILK, NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Gunnar Brunborg
- Department of Molecular Biology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrew Collins
- Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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7
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Yu X, Zhang W, Liu X, Lei J, Lin Z, Yao Z, Yao X, Jin X, Yang H, Huang H. The distribution of and biodegradation impact on spilled oil in sediments from Dalian Bay, NE China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 135:1007-1015. [PMID: 30300994 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Three cores collected in the area of 16th July 2010 oil spill by box crab in May 2013 and July 2014 at the Dalian Bay have been geochemically characterized to investigate the fate of chemical components in sediments. The total organic carbon, extractable organic matter contents and biomarker compositions have been applied for the differentiation of alien organic matters from in situ ones and evaluation of the biodegradation impact. Multivariate statistical analysis suggests four groups of sediments. Except a few samples at deepest part of BQ050, majority samples have certain affinity with the spilled oil. The most contaminated sediments occur at site BQ050 and the spilled oil has migrated to 8-12 cm depth. The degree of contamination can be ranked by the similarity of molecular compositions with spilled oil. Variable biomarker components in sediment extracts were also altered by ongoing biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguo Yu
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, Second Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Weiyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, Second Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Xing Liu
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jijiang Lei
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, Second Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Zhongsheng Lin
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ziwei Yao
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xuying Yao
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, Second Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Xiaobing Jin
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, Second Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Haili Yang
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, Second Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Haiping Huang
- School of Energy Resource, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China; Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
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8
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Liu X, Jung D, Zhou K, Lee S, Noh K, Khim JS, Giesy JP, Yim UH, Shim WJ, Choi K. Characterization of endocrine disruption potentials of coastal sediments of Taean, Korea employing H295R and MVLN assays-Reconnaissance at 5years after Hebei Spirit oil spill. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 127:264-272. [PMID: 29475662 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting potentials were assessed for sediment samples collected near Hebei Spirit oil spill (HSOS) site, between December 2007 and January 2012. For comparison, major crude oil (CO) of HSOS, or its weathered form were assessed. Both raw extracts (REs) and their fractionated samples were tested using H295R and MVLNluc bioassays. In H295R cells, REs of crude and weathered oil (WO), and nine of 14 sediments significantly increased E2 levels, which were correlated with the concentrations of PAHs. Steroidogenic disruption potentials of the sediments generally decreased over time. Among silica fractions of all REs, aromatic hydrocarbons (F2) and polar compounds (F3) caused greater E2 levels. While, in MVLN cell bioassay, only three of 14 sediment REs showed estrogen receptor binding potencies, and no temporal trend was observed. In conclusion, oil spill can cause endocrine disruption in the affected ecosystem through steroidogenic alteration for years, and such potencies attenuate over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshan Liu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Dawoon Jung
- School of Public Health & Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Korea Environment Institute, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Kairu Zhou
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Sangwoo Lee
- School of Public Health & Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiwan Noh
- School of Public Health & Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Seong Khim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences & Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Un Hyuk Yim
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Geoje, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Joon Shim
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Geoje, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- School of Public Health & Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Yim UH, Khim JS, Kim M, Jung JH, Shim WJ. Environmental Impacts and Recovery After the Hebei Spirit Oil Spill in Korea. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 73:47-54. [PMID: 28695258 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-017-0375-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Hebei Spirit oil spill (HSOS) on December 7, 2007 was the worst oil spill recorded in Korea, with the release of approximately 10,900 tons of crude oil and 375 km of coastline polluted along the west coast of Korea. Cleanup operation was conducted by official and contract responders as well as volunteers for massive oil containment and removal of heavy accumulations of stranded oil. Together with the oil cleanup, a long-term environmental impact assessment (EIA) of the HSOS was initiated based on the Marine Environmental Management Act, which covers oil contamination in a multimedia environment, toxic effects on organisms, and ecosystem injury. This review summarizes the long-term monitoring results of HSOS EIA focused on (1) pollution status of seawater, sediment, and bivalves, (2) ecotoxicological effects, and (3) ecosystem recovery. Overall, concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons in the environment indicated that their concentrations were well down to at or near background or pre-spill contamination levels at most sites after 1 year. The potential toxic effects of residual oils in sediments have decreased to background levels in most coastal areas of Taean. The entire ecosystem in the most affected area of the Taean coasts appear to be considerably, but not fully, recovered at present, namely after 8 years of the HSOS. The presence of lingering oil and elevated contamination levels at several sites still require continuous long-term monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- U H Yim
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea.
- Marine Environmental Science Major, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - J S Khim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Research, Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - M Kim
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea
- Marine Environmental Science Major, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - J-H Jung
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea
- Marine Environmental Science Major, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - W J Shim
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea
- Marine Environmental Science Major, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
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10
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Kim M, Jung JH, Ha SY, An JG, Shim WJ, Yim UH. Long-Term Monitoring of PAH Contamination in Sediment and Recovery After the Hebei Spirit Oil Spill. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 73:93-102. [PMID: 28695253 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-017-0365-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 10,900 t of crude oil was released 10 km off the west coast of Korea after the collision between the oil tanker Hebei Spirit and a barge carrying a crane in December 2007. To assess the areal extent and temporal trends of PAH contamination, 428 sediment samples were collected from December 2007 through May 2015 for PAH analysis. Sedimentary PAH concentrations measured immediately after the spill ranged from 3.2 to 71,200 ng g-1, with a mean of 3800 ng g-1. Increases in PAH concentrations were observed at stations 7-23, which were heavily oiled due to tidal currents and northwesterly wind that transported the spilled oil to these locations. Mean and maximum PAH concentrations decreased drastically from 3800 to 88.5 and 71,200 to 1700 ng g-1, respectively, 4 months after the spill. PAH concentrations highly fluctuated until September 2008 and then decreased slowly to background levels. Reduction rate was much faster at the sandy beaches (k = 0.016) than in the muddy sites (k = 0.001). In muddy sediments, low attenuation due to low flushing rate in the mostly anaerobic sediment possibly contributed the persistence of PAHs. By May 2015 (~7.5 years after the spill), mean and maximum PAH concentrations decreased by 54 and 481 times, respectively, compared with the peak concentrations. The sedimentary PAH concentrations in the monitoring area have returned to regional background levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moonkoo Kim
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Hyun Jung
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yong Ha
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Geon An
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Joon Shim
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Un Hyuk Yim
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Jung D, Kim JA, Park MS, Yim UH, Choi K. Human health and ecological assessment programs for Hebei Spirit oil spill accident of 2007: Status, lessons, and future challenges. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 173:180-189. [PMID: 28110007 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Hebei Spirit oil spill (HSOS) of December 2007 is one of the worst oil spill accidents that occurred in Yellow Sea. The affected coastline along the west coast of Korean Peninsula hosts one of the largest tidal flats worldwide, and is home to tens of thousands of human residents. Based on nation-wide concerns on ecosystem damages and adverse human health effects, two separate surveillance programs on ecosystem and human health were initiated: a 10-year follow-up program by Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries to assess ecological impacts of the oil spill, and an exposure and health effect assessment program by Ministry of Environment for the residents of Taean and its vicinity. For the past eight years, extensive monitoring and surveillance data on ecosystem and humans have been accumulated through these programs. But these studies have been conducted mostly independently, and collaborations were seldom made between two programs. The lack of communication resulted in gaps and overlaps between the programs which led to loss of critical information and efficiency. As oil spill can affect both humans and ecosystem through various pathways, collaboration and communication between human and ecosystem health surveillance programs are necessary, and will synergize the success of both programs. Such concerted efforts will provide better platform for understanding the status of impact, and for developing approaches to address human and ecosystem health challenges that may be faced following environmental disasters like HSOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawoon Jung
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Institute of Health and Environment, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Korea Environment Institute, Sejong 30147, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Ah Kim
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Taean Environmental Health Center, Taean 32148, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Sook Park
- Taean Environmental Health Center, Taean 32148, Republic of Korea
| | - Un Hyuk Yim
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Institute of Health and Environment, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Lee J, Han I, Kang BR, Kim SH, Sul WJ, Lee TK. Degradation of crude oil in a contaminated tidal flat area and the resilience of bacterial community. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 114:296-301. [PMID: 27671845 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Crude oil spills, Hebei Spirit in South Korea, is considered as one of the worst environmental disasters of the region. Our understanding on activation of oil-degrading bacteria and resilience of microbial community in oil contaminated sites are limited due to scarcity of such event. In the present study, tidal flat sediment contaminated by the oil spill were investigated for duration of 13months to identify temporal change in microbial community and functional genes responsible for PAH-degradation. The results showed predominance of previously known oil-degrading genera, such as Cycloclasticus, Alcanivorax, and Thalassolituus, displaying significant increase within first four months of the accident. The disturbance caused by the oil spill altered the microbial community and its functional structures, but they were almost restored to the original state after 13months. Present study demonstrated high detoxification capacity of indigenous bacterial populations in the tidal flat sediments and its resilience of microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaejin Lee
- Unit of Antarctic K-route Expedition, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Han
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Ram Kang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Heon Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Jun Sul
- Department of System Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Kwon Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Horodesky A, Abilhoa V, Zeni TDO, Montanhini Neto R, Castilho-Westphal GG, Ostrensky A. Ecological analysis of the ichthyofaunal community ten years after a diesel oil spill at Serra do Mar, Paraná state, Brazil. Glob Ecol Conserv 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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14
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Jeong HJ, Lee HJ, Hong S, Khim JS, Shim WJ, Kim GB. DNA damage caused by organic extracts of contaminated sediment, crude, and weathered oil and their fractions recovered up to 5 years after the 2007 Hebei Spirit oil spill off Korea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 95:452-457. [PMID: 25869203 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We examined the degree of DNA damage caused by three fractions (F1, aliphatic hydrocarbons; F2, aromatic hydrocarbons; and F3, polar compounds) of the organic extract of sediments taken from Taean, Korea, following the Hebei Spirit oil spill. DNA damage was measured using the comet assay with blood cells of the striped beakfish (Oplegnathus fasciatus). DNA damage was also examined for fractions of crude oil (Iranian Heavy Crude Oil, IHC), weathered oil and six subfractions (F2.1-F2.6). The greatest DNA damage was found from the Sinduri dune region and DNA damage decreased to 40% weathered oil in F2 fraction compared with crude oil. The DNA damage of the sum of fractions was found higher than the organic extracts of sediments, suggesting antagonistic interactions between the genotoxic compounds. This study confirmed the persistence of potential genotoxicity in sediments of the severely affected regions as long as 5 years after the oil spill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Jin Jeong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Lee
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjin Hong
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Seong Khim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Joon Shim
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute, Geoje, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Beum Kim
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong, Republic of Korea; The Institute of Marine Industry College of Marine Science Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Hong S, Lee S, Choi K, Kim GB, Ha SY, Kwon BO, Ryu J, Yim UH, Shim WJ, Jung J, Giesy JP, Khim JS. Effect-directed analysis and mixture effects of AhR-active PAHs in crude oil and coastal sediments contaminated by the Hebei Spirit oil spill. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 199:110-118. [PMID: 25645060 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The major AhR-active PAHs were identified in crude oil and oil-contaminated sediments by use of effect-directed analysis. As part of the study, an enhanced potency balance analysis was conducted by establishing the novel relative potency values of (alkyl)-PAHs from the H4IIE-luc bioassay. Silica gel column fractionation of crude oil resulted in greater AhR-mediated potencies in fractions of aromatics (F2) and resins (F3), and such trend was also observed for field collected sediment samples. AhR-mediated potencies of six F2 sub-fractions from HPLC indicated that the majority of F2 responses were attributable to 3-4 ring aromatics. Target PAHs including C4-phenanthrene, C1-chrysene, and C3-chrysene in sediments explained ∼ 18% of the bioassay-derived TCDD-EQs, however, the unknown AhR agonists and potential mixture effects remain in question. Overall, the AhR-potency and antagonistic potential of residual oil in sediment tended to decrease over time, thus monitoring of weathering process would be key for the post management of oil-contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongjin Hong
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Environmental Sciences and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwoo Lee
- Department of Environmental Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- Department of Environmental Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Beum Kim
- Institute of Marine Industry, Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yong Ha
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Geoje, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Oh Kwon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongseong Ryu
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Anyang University, Ganghwa-gun, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Un Hyuk Yim
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Geoje, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Joon Shim
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Geoje, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Jung
- Division of Environmental Sciences and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences & Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Zoology & Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Biology and Chemistry & State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Jong Seong Khim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Han E, Park HJ, Bergamino L, Choi KS, Choy EJ, Yu OH, Lee TW, Park HS, Shim WJ, Kang CK. Stable isotope analysis of a newly established macrofaunal food web 1.5 years after the Hebei Spirit oil spill. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 90:167-180. [PMID: 25467873 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We examined trophic relationships in a newly established community 1.5 years after the Hebei Spirit oil spill on the west coast of Korea. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios in consumers and their potential food sources were compared between the oil-spill site and reference site, located 13.5 km from the oil-spill spot. The isotopic mixing model and a novel circular statistics rejected the influx of petrogenic carbon into the community and identified spatial consistencies such as the high contributions of microphytobenthos, food-chain length, and the isotopic niche of each feeding guild between sites. We suggested that high level of trophic plasticity and the prevalence of omnivory of consumers may promote the robustness of food web against the oil contamination. Furthermore, we highlighted the need of holistic approaches including different functional groups to quantify changes in the food web structure and assess the influence of different perturbations including oil spill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunah Han
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea; Ocean Science and Technology Institute, Pohang University of Sciences and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Je Park
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea; Ocean Science and Technology Institute, Pohang University of Sciences and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Leandro Bergamino
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Sik Choi
- School of Marine Biomedical Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jung Choy
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok Hwan Yu
- Marine Ecosystem Research Division, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Ansan 426-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Won Lee
- Department of Oceanography and Ocean Environmental Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung-Sik Park
- Marine Ecosystem Research Division, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Ansan 426-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Joon Shim
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje-shi 656-834, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Keun Kang
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Seo JY, Kim M, Lim HS, Choi JW. The macrofaunal communities in the shallow subtidal areas for the first 3 years after the Hebei Spirit oil spill. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 82:208-220. [PMID: 24655946 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to detect the early impact of the Hebei Spirit oil spill on the shallow subtidal macrozoobenthic communities, macrobenthic fauna were collected seasonally for 3 years. The alkylated PAHs concentrations within sediments near Mallipo beach remained as high as 129 ng g(-)(1) DW one month after the oil spill, but the concentration decreased below the background level thereafter. The number of species and density decreased in 4 months compared to those before the oil spill. An opportunistic polychaete, Prionospio paradisea, occurred as a dominant species at subtidal area near Mallipo beach in 10 months after the oil spill. Any mass mortality of amphipods and any clear dominance of opportunistic species were not detected except for the stations near Mallipo and Hagampo beaches. The macrobenthic communities at the shallow subtidal stations seemed to have a relatively stable faunal composition, even not fully recovered, in 3 years after the Hebei Spirit oil spill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Young Seo
- South Sea Environment Research Division, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Jangmok 1-gil 41, Geoje 656-830, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonkoo Kim
- Oil and Pops Research Group, KIOST, Jangmok 1-gil 41, Geoje 656-830, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Sig Lim
- Department of Marine Fisheries Resources, Mokpo National University, Muan 534-729, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Choi
- South Sea Environment Research Division, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Jangmok 1-gil 41, Geoje 656-830, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Khim JS, Hong S. Assessment of trace pollutants in Korean coastal sediments using the triad approach: a review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 470-471:1450-1462. [PMID: 23972325 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Here we summarize and review the previous efforts on sediment assessment together with major scientific findings that were conducted in the Korean coastal waters since late 1990s. Towards integrated triad analysis, sediment data (>1700 samples) reported from the Korean coasts were collected and reviewed of which data collectively includes three components of chemical, toxicological, and ecological measures. First, the chemistry data suggested widespread and historic distribution of sedimentary pollutants along the Korean coasts. Spatial distributions suggested that their sources were independent of each other, while some localized areas (highlighted for Lake Shihwa, Masan Bay, and Ulsan Bay) and zones with extremely high pressures of certain pollutants were also identified. The mass balance analyses and/or direct correlations linking triad components reflected a general agreement between endpoints. The benthic community responses given by species occurrence and diversity also reflected the type and degree of sediment contamination, however, could not be fully explained by the known target chemicals. Overall, the triad assessment of trace pollutants in Korean coastal sediments seemed to be useful and much powerful when all the components are fully addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Seong Khim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research, Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seongjin Hong
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research, Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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