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Liu Z, Wan L, Zhang J, Bai D, Song C, Zhou Y, Shen H, Cao X. A novel strategy of bloom forming cyanobacteria Microcystis sp. in response to phosphorus deficiency: Using non-phosphorus lipids substitute phospholipids. HARMFUL ALGAE 2024; 138:102694. [PMID: 39244230 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2024.102694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Despite significant reductions in phosphorus (P) loads, lakes still experience cyanobacterial blooms. Little is known regarding cellular P regulation in response to P deficiency in widely distributed bloom causing species such as Microcystis. In this study, we investigated changes in P containing and non-P lipids contents and their ratios concomitantly with the determinations of expression levels of genes encoding these lipids in cultural and field Microcystis samples. In the culture, the content of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) decreased from 2.1 μg g-1 in P replete control to 1.2 μg g-1 in P-deficient treatment, while non-P lipids, like sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG) and monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), increased dramatically from 13.6 μg g-1 to 142.3 μg g-1, and from 0.9 μg g-1 to 16.74 μg g-1, respectively. The expression of the MGDG synthesis gene, mgdE, also increased under low P conditions. Significant positive relationships between soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and ratios of P-containing lipids (PG) to non-P lipids, including SQDG, MGDG and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) (P < 0.05) were observed in the field investigations. Both cultural and field data indicated that Microcystis sp. might increase non-P lipids proportion to lower P demand when suffering from P deficiency. Furthermore, despite lipid remodeling, photosynthetic activity remained stable, as indicated by comparable chlorophyll fluorescence and Fv/Fm ratios among cultural treatments. These findings suggested that Microcystis sp. may dominate in P-limited environments by substituting glycolipids and sulfolipids for phospholipids to reduce P demand without compromising the photosynthetic activity. This effective strategy in response to P deficiency meant a stricter P reduction threshold is needed in terms of Microcystis bloom control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghan Liu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7# Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Lingling Wan
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7# Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Jingjie Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7# Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Dong Bai
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7# Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Chunlei Song
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7# Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Yiyong Zhou
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7# Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Hong Shen
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7# Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, PR China; Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, institute of hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China
| | - Xiuyun Cao
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7# Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
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Ma B, Li A, Chen S, Guo H, Li N, Pan S, Chen K, Liu H, Kosolapov DB, Liu X, Zhi W, Chen Z, Mo Y, Sekar R, Huang T, Zhang H. Algicidal activity synchronized with nitrogen removal by actinomycetes: Algicidal mechanism, stress response of algal cells, denitrification performance, and indigenous bacterial community co-occurrence. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 470:134117. [PMID: 38554519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
The harmful algal blooms (HABs) can damage the ecological equilibrium of aquatic ecosystems and threaten human health. The bio-degradation of algal by algicidal bacteria is an environmentally friendly and economical approach to control HABs. This study applied an aerobic denitrification synchronization algicidal strain Streptomyces sp. LJH-12-1 (L1) to control HABs. The cell-free filtrate of the strain L1 showed a great algolytic effect on bloom-forming cyanobacterium, Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa). The optimal algicidal property of strain L1 was indirect light-dependent algicidal with an algicidal rate of 85.0%. The functional metabolism, light-trapping, light-transfer efficiency, the content of pigments, and inhibition of photosynthesis of M. aeruginosa decreased after the addition of the supernatant of the strain L1 due to oxidative stress. Moreover, 96.05% nitrate removal rate synchronized with algicidal activity was achieved with the strain L1. The relative abundance of N cycling functional genes significantly increased during the strain L1 effect on M. aeruginosa. The algicidal efficiency of the strain L1 in the raw water was 76.70% with nitrate removal efficiency of 81.4%. Overall, this study provides a novel route to apply bacterial strain with the property of denitrification coupled with algicidal activity in treating micro-polluted water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Pollution Control and Water Quality Security Assurance of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Provincial Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Water Quality in Qinling Mountains, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Anyi Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Pollution Control and Water Quality Security Assurance of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Provincial Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Water Quality in Qinling Mountains, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Shengnan Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Pollution Control and Water Quality Security Assurance of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Provincial Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Water Quality in Qinling Mountains, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Honghong Guo
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Pollution Control and Water Quality Security Assurance of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Provincial Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Water Quality in Qinling Mountains, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Nan Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Pollution Control and Water Quality Security Assurance of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Provincial Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Water Quality in Qinling Mountains, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Sixuan Pan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Pollution Control and Water Quality Security Assurance of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Provincial Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Water Quality in Qinling Mountains, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Kaige Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Pollution Control and Water Quality Security Assurance of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Provincial Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Water Quality in Qinling Mountains, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Hanyan Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Pollution Control and Water Quality Security Assurance of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Provincial Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Water Quality in Qinling Mountains, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Dmitry B Kosolapov
- Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters of Russian Academy of Sciences (IBIW RAS) 109, Borok, Nekouz, Yaroslavl 152742, Russia
| | - Xiang Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Pollution Control and Water Quality Security Assurance of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Provincial Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Water Quality in Qinling Mountains, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Wei Zhi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Pennsylvania State University, USA
| | - Zhongbing Chen
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha-Suchdol, 16500, Czech Republic
| | - Yuanyuan Mo
- Aquatic EcoHealth Group, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Raju Sekar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Tinglin Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Pollution Control and Water Quality Security Assurance of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Provincial Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Water Quality in Qinling Mountains, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Haihan Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Pollution Control and Water Quality Security Assurance of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Provincial Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Water Quality in Qinling Mountains, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
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Kim W, Park Y, Jung J, Jeon CO, Toyofuku M, Lee J, Park W. Biological and Chemical Approaches for Controlling Harmful Microcystis Blooms. J Microbiol 2024; 62:249-260. [PMID: 38587591 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-024-00115-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The proliferation of harmful cyanobacterial blooms dominated by Microcystis aeruginosa has become an increasingly serious problem in freshwater ecosystems due to climate change and eutrophication. Microcystis-blooms in freshwater generate compounds with unpleasant odors, reduce the levels of dissolved O2, and excrete microcystins into aquatic ecosystems, potentially harming various organisms, including humans. Various chemical and biological approaches have thus been developed to mitigate the impact of the blooms, though issues such as secondary pollution and high economic costs have not been adequately addressed. Red clays and H2O2 are conventional treatment methods that have been employed worldwide for the mitigation of the blooms, while novel approaches, such as the use of plant or microbial metabolites and antagonistic bacteria, have also recently been proposed. Many of these methods rely on the generation of reactive oxygen species, the inhibition of photosynthesis, and/or the disruption of cellular membranes as their mechanisms of action, which may also negatively impact other freshwater microbiota. Nevertheless, the underlying molecular mechanisms of anticyanobacterial chemicals and antagonistic bacteria remain unclear. This review thus discusses both conventional and innovative approaches for the management of M. aeruginosa in freshwater bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonjae Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yerim Park
- Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaejoon Jung
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Che Ok Jeon
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Masanori Toyofuku
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-0006, Japan
| | - Jiyoung Lee
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Woojun Park
- Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Ly NH, Barceló D, Vasseghian Y, Choo J, Joo SW. Sustainable bioremediation technologies for algal toxins and their ecological significance. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 341:122878. [PMID: 37967713 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of algal toxins in water ecosystems poses a significant ecological and human health concern. These toxins, produced by various algal species, can lead to harmful algal blooms, and have far-reaching consequences on biodiversity, food chains, and water quality. This review explores the types and sources of algal toxins, their ecological impacts, and the associated human health risks. Additionally, the review delves into the potential of bioremediation strategies to mitigate the effects of algal toxins. It discusses the role of microorganisms, enzymes, and algal-bacterial interactions in toxin removal, along with engineering approaches such as advanced oxidation processes and adsorbent utilization. Microbes and enzymes have been studied for their environmentally friendly and biocompatible properties, which make them useful for controlling or removing harmful algae and their toxins. The challenges and limitations of bioremediation are examined, along with case studies highlighting successful toxin control efforts. Finally, the review outlines future prospects, emerging technologies, and the need for continued research to effectively address the complex issue of algal toxins and their ecological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyễn Hoàng Ly
- Department of Chemistry, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Damià Barceló
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 1826, Barcelona, 08034, Spain; Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, UPES, Dehradun, 248007, India
| | - Yasser Vasseghian
- Department of Chemistry, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, Republic of Korea; School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon; University Centre for Research & Development, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, 140413, India; Department of Sustainable Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, India.
| | - Jaebum Choo
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Woo Joo
- Department of Chemistry, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Li D, Wang Y, Qi X, Huang W, Wang Y, Zhao X, Liu Y, Song X, Cao X. A photocatalytic-microbial coupling system for simultaneous removal of harmful algae and enhanced denitrification: Construction, performance and mechanism of action. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132233. [PMID: 37567143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Recently, harmful algal blooms (HABs) have become occurred with increasingly frequency worldwide. High nitrate content is one of the primary causes of eutrophication. Research has shown that photocatalytic materials enhance the effectiveness of microbial denitrification while removing other contaminants, despite some shortcomings. Based on this, we loaded TiO2/C3N4 heterojunctions onto weaveable, flexible carbon fibers and established a novel photocatalytically enhanced microbial denitrification system for the simultaneous removal of harmful algae and Microcystin-LR. We found that 99.35% of Microcystis aeruginosa and 95.34% of MC-LR were simultaneously and effectively removed. Compared to existing denitrification systems, the nitrate removal capacity improved by 72.33%. The denitrifying enzyme activity and electron transport system activity of microorganisms were enhanced by 3.54-3.86 times. Furthermore, the microbial community structure was optimized by the regulation of photogenerated electrons, and the relative abundance of main denitrifying bacteria increased from 50.72% to 66.45%, including Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. More importantly, we found that the increased secretion of extracellular polymeric substances by microorganisms may be responsible for the persistence of the reinforcing effect caused by photogenerated electrons in darkness. The higher removal of Microcystis aeruginosa and Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) achieved by the proposed system would reduce the frequency of HAB outbreaks and prevent the associated secondary pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongpeng Li
- Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xiang Qi
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Zhao
- Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yanbiao Liu
- Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xinshan Song
- Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xin Cao
- Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Qiao JC, Zhang CL. Identification of a Bacillus thuringiensis Q1 compound with algicidal activity. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17649. [PMID: 37539178 PMCID: PMC10395018 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis Q1, isolated from the eutrophic waters of the Haihe River in Tianjin, possesses remarkable algae dissolving character. We determined the lytic effect of B. thuringiensis Q1 fermentation broth, and it proved to be pH- and temperature-stable. Then, we investigated the structure of the algicidal compound by high performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and identified as purine-derived C12H15O5N5. To further understand B. thuringiensis Q1, we performed genome sequencing and analysis. The genome was 5341610 bp, with 35.31% GC content. Some elements involved in algicidal activity, such as quorum sensing pathway and ABC transporter were predicted. Our results reveal that B. thuringiensis Q1 can be used for biological control of harmful algal blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-cheng Qiao
- Department of Food Engineering, Tianjin Tianshi College, Tianjin, 301700, China
| | - Cheng-lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
- College of Bioengineer, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
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7
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Liu F, Qin L, Zhu S, Chen H, Al-Haimi AANM, Xu J, Zhou W, Wang Z. Applications-oriented algicidal efficacy research and in-depth mechanism of a novel strain Brevibacillus sp. on Microcystis aeruginosa. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 330:121812. [PMID: 37178955 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of algicidal bacteria for the control of harmful algal blooms (HABs) is a promising technology for ecological remediation. In our most recent publication, a novel strain of Brevibacillus sp. was isolated and proved to have significant algicidal activity and stability against Microcystis aeruginosa. In order to verify the algicidal effect of the strain in the practical application scenario, the algicidal efficacy of Brevibacillus sp. under conditions close to water in the environment was investigated. Results indicated that the algicidal threshold of Brevibacillus sp. culture was 3‰ inoculation concentration, and the removal rate of M. aeruginosa reached 100%. The process of Chl-a degradation followed a first-order kinetic model, which could be used to predict the degradation effect of M. aeruginosa in practical applications. Additionally, the inoculation of Brevibacillus sp. culture introduced additional nutrients, some of which remained in the water. Furthermore, the algicidal substances demonstrated good sustainability, with a removal rate of up to 78.53% at 144 h after three repeated uses. At 12 h, the algicidal substances caused a 78.65% increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) content in M. aeruginosa compared to the control group, thereby triggering the antioxidant system of M. aeruginosa. Moreover, algal cell fragments were observed to aggregate. This study provides a promising direction for treating cyanobacterial blooms using algicidal bacteria in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Lei Qin
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Shunni Zhu
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Huanjun Chen
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Akram Ali Nasser Mansoor Al-Haimi
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Jin Xu
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Weizheng Zhou
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Zhongming Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China.
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8
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Mankiewicz-Boczek J, Morón-López J, Serwecińska L, Font-Nájera A, Gałęzowska G, Jurczak T, Kokociński M, Wolska L. Algicidal activity of Morganella morganii against axenic and environmental strains of Microcystis aeruginosa: Compound combination effects. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 309:136609. [PMID: 36195129 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cyanoHABs) are a global problem with serious consequences for public health and many sectors of the economy. The use of algicidal bacteria as natural antagonists to control bloom-forming cyanobacteria is a topic of growing interest. However, there are still unresolved questions that need to be addressed to better understand their mode of action and to implement effective mitigation strategies. In this study, thirteen bacterial strains isolated from both scums and concentrated bloom samples exhibited algicidal activity on three Microcystis aeruginosa strains with different characteristics: the axenic microcystin (MC)-producing strain M. aeruginosa PCC7820 (MaPCC7820), and two environmental (non-axenic) M. aeruginosa strains isolated from two different water bodies in Poland, one MC-producer (MaSU) and another non-MC-producer (MaPN). The bacterial strain SU7S0818 exerted the highest average algicidal effect on the three cyanobacterial strains. This strain was identified as Morganella morganii (99.51% similarity) by the 16S rRNA gene analyses; hence, this is the first study that demonstrates the algicidal properties of these ubiquitous bacteria. Microscopic cell counting and qPCR analyses showed that M. morganii SU7S0818 removed 91%, 96%, and 98.5% of MaPCC7820, MaSU and MaPN cells after 6 days of co-culture, respectively. Interestingly, the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (UHPLC-MS/MS) analyses showed that this bacterium was involved on the release of several substances with algicidal potential. It was remarkable how the profile of some compounds evolved over time, as in the case of cadaverine, tyramine, cyclo[Pro-Gly] and cyclo[Pro-Val]. These dynamic changes could be attributed to the action of M. morganii SU7S0818 and the presence of associated bacteria with environmental cyanobacterial strains. Therefore, this study sheds light on how algicidal bacteria may adapt their action on cyanobacterial cells by releasing a combination of compounds, which is a crucial insight to exploit them as effective biological tools in the control of cyanoHABs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mankiewicz-Boczek
- European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Tylna, 90-364, Łódź, Poland.
| | - J Morón-López
- European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Tylna, 90-364, Łódź, Poland.
| | - L Serwecińska
- European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Tylna, 90-364, Łódź, Poland.
| | - A Font-Nájera
- European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Tylna, 90-364, Łódź, Poland.
| | - G Gałęzowska
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Debowa Str. 23A, 80-204, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - T Jurczak
- UNESCO Chair on Ecohydrology and Applied Ecology, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha, 90-237, Łódź, Poland.
| | - M Kokociński
- Department of Hydrobiology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 6 Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
| | - L Wolska
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Debowa Str. 23A, 80-204, Gdańsk, Poland.
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Kong Y, Wang Y, Miao L, Mo S, Li J, Zheng X. Recent Advances in the Research on the Anticyanobacterial Effects and Biodegradation Mechanisms of Microcystis aeruginosa with Microorganisms. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061136. [PMID: 35744654 PMCID: PMC9229865 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have attracted great attention around the world due to the numerous negative effects such as algal organic matters and cyanobacterial toxins in drinking water treatments. As an economic and environmentally friendly technology, microorganisms have been widely used for pollution control and remediation, especially in the inhibition/biodegradation of the toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa in eutrophic water; moreover, some certain anticyanobacterial microorganisms can degrade microcystins at the same time. Therefore, this review aims to provide information regarding the current status of M. aeruginosa inhibition/biodegradation microorganisms and the acute toxicities of anticyanobacterial substances secreted by microorganisms. Based on the available literature, the anticyanobacterial modes and mechanisms, as well as the in situ application of anticyanobacterial microorganisms are elucidated in this review. This review aims to enhance understanding the anticyanobacterial microorganisms and provides a rational approach towards the future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Kong
- College of Resources and Environment, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China; (S.M.); (J.L.); (X.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-27-69111182
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China;
| | - Lihong Miao
- School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China;
| | - Shuhong Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China; (S.M.); (J.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Jiake Li
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China; (S.M.); (J.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China; (S.M.); (J.L.); (X.Z.)
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Microalgae Cultivation on Nutrient Rich Digestate: The Importance of Strain and Digestate Tailoring under PH Control. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12115429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The bioremediation of digestate using microalgae presents a solution to the current eutrophication issue in Northwest Europe, where the use of digestate as soil fertiliser is limited, thus resulting in an excess of digestate. Ammonium is the main nutrient of interest in digestate for microalgal cultivation, and improving its availability and consequent uptake is crucial for optimal bioremediation. This work aimed to determine the influence of pH on ammonium availability in cultures of two green microalgae, additionally screened for their growth performances on three digestates produced from different feedstocks, demonstrating the importance of tailoring a microalgal strain and digestate for bioremediation purposes. Results showed that an acidic pH of 6–6.5 resulted in a better ammonium availability in the digestate media, translated into better growth yields for both S. obliquus (GR: 0.099 ± 0.001 day−1; DW: 0.23 ± 0.02 g L−1) and C. vulgaris (GR: 0.09 ± 0.001 day−1; DW: 0.49 ± 0.012 g L−1). This result was especially true when considering larger-scale applications where ammonium loss via evaporation should be avoided. The results also demonstrated that digestates from different feedstocks resulted in different growth yields and biomass composition, especially fatty acids, for which, a digestate produced from pig manure resulted in acid contents of 6.94 ± 0.033% DW and 4.91 ± 0.3% DW in S. obliquus and C. vulgaris, respectively. Finally, this work demonstrated that the acclimation of microalgae to novel nutrient sources should be carefully considered, as it could convey significant advantages in terms of biomass composition, especially fatty acids and carbohydrate, for which, this study also demonstrated the importance of harvesting time.
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Coyne KJ, Wang Y, Johnson G. Algicidal Bacteria: A Review of Current Knowledge and Applications to Control Harmful Algal Blooms. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:871177. [PMID: 35464927 PMCID: PMC9022068 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.871177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between bacteria and phytoplankton in aqueous ecosystems are both complex and dynamic, with associations that range from mutualism to parasitism. This review focuses on algicidal interactions, in which bacteria are capable of controlling algal growth through physical association or the production of algicidal compounds. While there is some evidence for bacterial control of algal growth in the field, our understanding of these interactions is largely based on laboratory culture experiments. Here, the range of these algicidal interactions is discussed, including specificity of bacterial control, mechanisms for activity, and insights into the chemical and biochemical analysis of these interactions. The development of algicidal bacteria or compounds derived from bacteria for control of harmful algal blooms is reviewed with a focus on environmentally friendly or sustainable methods of application. Potential avenues for future research and further development and application of bacterial algicides for the control of algal blooms are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J. Coyne
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE, United States
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12
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Intrahabitat Differences in Bacterial Communities Associated with Corbicula fluminea in the Large Shallow Eutrophic Lake Taihu. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0232821. [PMID: 35285714 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02328-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Asian clam Corbicula fluminea is a keystone zoobenthos in freshwater ecosystems. However, its associated microbiome is not well understood. We investigated the bacterial communities of this clam and its surrounding environment, including sediment and water simultaneously, in a large lake by means of 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Approximately two-thirds of the bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) associated with clams were observed in the surrounding environment and mostly from particle-associated samples. The associated bacterial communities were site specific and more similar to environmental bacteria from the same site than those at other sites, suggesting a local environmental influence on host bacteria. However, the significant differences in bacterial diversities and compositions between the clam and the environment also indicated strong host selection pressure on bacteria from the surrounding environment. Bacteria affiliated with Firmicutes, Spirochaetes, Tenericutes, Bacteroidetes, Epsilonbacteraeota, Patescibacteria, and Fusobacteria were found to be significantly enriched in the clams in comparison to their local environment. Oligotyping analyses of the core-associated bacterial OTUs also demonstrated that most of the core OTUs had lower relative abundances and occurrence frequencies in environmental samples. The core bacterial OTUs were found to play an important role in maintaining the stability of the bacterial community network. These core bacteria included the two most abundant taxa Romboutsia and Paraclostridium with the potential function of fermenting polysaccharides for assisting host clams in food digestion. Overall, we demonstrate that clam-associated bacteria were spatially dynamic and site specific, which were mainly structured both by local environments and host selection. IMPORTANCE The Asian clam Corbicula fluminea is an important benthic clam in freshwater ecosystems due to its high population densities and high filtering efficiency for particulate organic matter. While the associated microbiota is believed to be vital for host living, our knowledge about the compositions, sources, and potential functions is still lacking. We found that C. fluminea offers a unique ecological niche for specific lake bacteria. We also observed high intrahabitat variation in the associated bacterial communities. Such variations were driven mainly by local environments, followed by host selection pressure. While the local microbes served as a source of the clam-associated bacteria, host selection resulted in enrichments of bacterial taxa with the potential for assisting the host in organic matter digestion. These results significantly advance our current understanding of the origins and ecological roles of the microbiota associated with a keynote clam in freshwater ecosystems.
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Guo J, Wei J, Huang F, Massey IY, Luo J, Yang F. Optimization of microcystin biodegradation by bacterial community YFMCD4 using response surface method. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 274:129897. [PMID: 33979923 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The increasing production of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) causing animal and human health issues is found in eutrophic water bodies, marine habitats and desert environments. The health threat posed by MC-LR has led to the establishment of World Health Organization's water guideline value of 1 μg/mL. Combating this has increased the search for cost-effective approach to degrade MC-LR. The study aimed to optimize the MC-degrading environmental factors of bacterial community YFMCD4. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to evaluate the influence of varying temperatures, pH and initial MC-LR concentration on the biodegradation efficiency of MC-LR by bacterial community YFMCD4. The optimal MC-LR biodegradation environmental factors were found to be 30 °C, pH 7 and 2 μg/mL initial MC-LR. The biodegradation rate reached 100% after 10 h. YFMCD4 mainly consisted of genera Alacligenes, Sphingobacterium and Pseudomonas using High-throughput pyrosequencing technology. The mlrA gene encoding MlrA enzyme considered most important for MC-LR biodegradation was obtained from YFMCD4. Data demonstrated that the bacterial structure and biodegradation efficiency of YFMCD4 varied with the change of environmental factors including temperature, pH and MC-LR concentrations. RSM is considered a good method to examine the optimal biodegradation environmental conditions for MC-LR. To date, RSM and High-throughput pyrosequencing technology are employed to optimize the biodegradation conditions (30 °C, pH 7 and 2 μg/mL initial MC-LR) and analyze the structure of bacterial community for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Guo
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
| | - Jia Wei
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.
| | - Feiyu Huang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.
| | - Isaac Yaw Massey
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.
| | - Jiayou Luo
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.
| | - Fei Yang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.
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14
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Optimization of a Completely Mixed Anaerobic Biofilm Reactor (CMABR), Based on Brewery Wastewater Treatment. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13050606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, brewery wastewater was used as the treatment in exploring the optimal conditions and maximum processing efficiency of the completely mixed anaerobic biofilm reactor (CMABR) under the conditions of hydraulic retention time (HRT) (18 h, 24 h, and 30 h) with a rotational speed (70 rpm, 100 rpm, and 130 rpm) and influent total alkalinity (TA) (20 mmol/L, 25 mmol/L, and 30 mmol/L), which was measured by the response surface methodology (RSM). The results indicated that the maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal ratio was achieved under the following conditions: HRT of 21.42 h, rotational speed of 101.34 rpm, and influent TA of 25.22 mmol/L. Analysis by scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that the microorganisms were successfully immobilized on the polyurethane fillers before the reactor began operation. High-throughput sequencing indicated that Methanothrix and Methanospirillum were the dominant contributors for COD removal in the CAMBR under these optimum conditions.
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15
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Crettaz-Minaglia M, Fallico M, Aranda O, Juarez I, Pezzoni M, Costa C, Andrinolo D, Giannuzzi L. Effect of temperature on microcystin-LR removal and lysis activity on Microcystis aeruginosa (cyanobacteria) by an indigenous bacterium belonging to the genus Achromobacter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:44427-44439. [PMID: 32767213 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09901-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microcystis is a frequent cyanobacterium bloom-forming with cosmopolitan distribution which can produce a hepatotoxin group called microcystins (MCs). These MCs are resistant to the traditional processes employed in the water treatment plants and they are often detected after conventional treatments. Because of this, the bio-removal studies have obtained a great interest in the last decades. In this work, a bacterial strain namely LG1 with the ability to remove microcystin-LR (MC-LR) under laboratory conditions was isolated from Rio de la Plata River and it was identified as Achromobacter spp. This ubiquitous bacterium was able to remove 79.5% MC-LR in 7 days with average removal time of 3.33 ± 0.08, 3.06 ± 0.05, and 2.77 ± 0.05 days at 28, 32, and 36 ± 1 °C, being higher at high temperature (36 °C) with an activation energy = 16.79 ± 1.99 kJ mol-1. LG1 grew better at higher temperature (from 28 to 36 ± 1 °C) increasing the specific growth rate (μ) and reducing 2-fold the lag phase duration (LPD) without significant differences (p > 0.05) between maximum population density (MPD). In addition, LG1 showed a lysis activity on two M. aeruginosa native strains in 7 days measured as chlorophyll a (Chl-a) concentration. The lysis activity increased around 2-fold when increasing the temperature from 28 to 36 ± 1 °C. This is the first report of an indigenous bacterium belonging to the genus Achromobacter spp. isolated from the Rio de la Plata River with the capacity to remove MC-LR and lysis activity on M. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Crettaz-Minaglia
- Laboratorio de Toxicología General, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP, La Plata, Argentina.
- CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Maximiliano Fallico
- Laboratorio de Toxicología General, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Oswaldo Aranda
- Laboratorio de Toxicología General, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Ivan Juarez
- CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos, UNLP-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Magdalena Pezzoni
- Departamento de Radiobiología, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cristina Costa
- Departamento de Radiobiología, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dario Andrinolo
- Laboratorio de Toxicología General, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
- CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leda Giannuzzi
- CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos, UNLP-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
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16
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The characteristics and algicidal mechanisms of cyanobactericidal bacteria, a review. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:188. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02965-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Hu Z, Li D, Guan D. Water quality retrieval and algae inhibition from eutrophic freshwaters with iron-rich substrate based ecological floating beds treatment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 712:135584. [PMID: 31791781 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ecological floating rafts in restoration of eutrophic freshwaters were deemed to a frequently used method. In this study, a manipulative experiment using ecological floating rafts based on iron-rich substrate (IRS) was conducted. The approach was attempted to study the nutrient removal efficiency and algae inhibition effect of IRS. The results showed that 98.2% chlorophyll-a (chl-a) removal rate was achieved in 7-day restoration by IRS accompanied with high nutrient removal efficiency. In addition, iron-rich substrate based ecological floating beds could reached 82.1% chl-a removal rate and 98.5% total phosphorus (TP) removal rate with the increasing activity of aquatic organisms through a 50-day pilot scale experiment. The findings imply that iron-rich substrate-based ecological floating beds are an alternative method for ecological restoration of eutrophic freshwaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Hu
- School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, PR China.
| | - Desheng Li
- School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, Beijing 100044, PR China.
| | - Detian Guan
- Beijing Management Division of North Grand Canal, 101100 Beijing, PR China
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18
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Yuan R, Li J, Li Y, Ren L, Wang S, Kong F. Formation mechanism of the Microcystis aeruginosa bloom in the water with low dissolved phosphorus. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 148:194-201. [PMID: 31430706 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of phosphorus by algae in the low-phosphorus state has drawn wide concerns due to the high risk of forming algal blooms. The cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) grew well under low-phosphorus condition by hydrolyzing dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) to dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) through alkaline phosphatase (AP). There was a negative correlation between DIP concentration and AP activity of algae. AP activity significantly increased at 0-3 d (p < 0.05), and reached the peak values of 43.06 and 49.11 King unit/gprot on day 5 for DIP (0.1 mg/L) and DOP (4.0 mg/L), respectively. The relative expression of phosphate transporter gene increased with decreasing phosphorus concentrations. The catalase activity under low-phosphorus condition increased significantly (p < 0.05) after one week, and was generally higher than 0.15 U/mgprot on day 14. Understanding the utilization efficiency and mechanism of DIP and DOP in the low-phosphorus state would help to inhibit the formation of algal blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Yuan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jihua Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yue Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ling Ren
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Sen Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Fanlong Kong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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19
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Liu J, Yang C, Chi Y, Wu D, Dai X, Zhang X, Igarashi Y, Luo F. Algicidal characterization and mechanism of Bacillus licheniformis
Sp34 against Microcystis aeruginosa
in Dianchi Lake. J Basic Microbiol 2019; 59:1112-1124. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201900112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory, Research Center of Bioenergy and Bioremediation, College of Resources and Environment; Southwest University; Chongqing China
| | - Caiyun Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory, Research Center of Bioenergy and Bioremediation, College of Resources and Environment; Southwest University; Chongqing China
| | - Yuxin Chi
- Chongqing Key Laboratory, Research Center of Bioenergy and Bioremediation, College of Resources and Environment; Southwest University; Chongqing China
| | - Donghao Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory, Research Center of Bioenergy and Bioremediation, College of Resources and Environment; Southwest University; Chongqing China
| | - Xianzhu Dai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory, Research Center of Bioenergy and Bioremediation, College of Resources and Environment; Southwest University; Chongqing China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory, Research Center of Bioenergy and Bioremediation, College of Resources and Environment; Southwest University; Chongqing China
| | - Yasuo Igarashi
- Chongqing Key Laboratory, Research Center of Bioenergy and Bioremediation, College of Resources and Environment; Southwest University; Chongqing China
| | - Feng Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory, Research Center of Bioenergy and Bioremediation, College of Resources and Environment; Southwest University; Chongqing China
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Bacteria as biological control agents of freshwater cyanobacteria: is it feasible beyond the laboratory? Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:9911-9923. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9391-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Algicidal Activity of Novel Marine Bacterium Paracoccus sp. Strain Y42 against a Harmful Algal-Bloom-Causing Dinoflagellate, Prorocentrum donghaiense. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.01015-18. [PMID: 30054369 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01015-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prorocentrum donghaiense blooms occur frequently in the Yangtze River estuary and the adjacent East China Sea. These blooms have damaged marine ecosystems and caused enormous economic losses over the past 2 decades. Thus, highly efficient, low-cost, ecofriendly approaches must be developed to control P. donghaiense blooms. In this study, a bacterial strain (strain Y42) was identified as Paracoccus sp. and was used to lyse P. donghaiense The supernatant of the strain Y42 culture was able to lyse P. donghaiense, and the algicidal activity of this Y42 supernatant was stable with different temperatures and durations of light exposure and over a wide pH range. In addition to P. donghaiense, Y42 showed high algicidal activity against Alexandrium minutum, Scrippsiella trochoidea, and Skeletonema costatum, suggesting that it targets primarily Pyrrophyta. To clarify the algicidal effects of Y42, we assessed algal lysis and determined the chlorophyll a contents, photosynthetic activity, and malondialdehyde contents of P. donghaiense after exposure to the Y42 supernatant. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analyses showed that the Y42 supernatant disrupted membrane integrity and caused algal cell breakage at the megacytic zone. Photosynthetic pigment loss and significant declines in both photosynthetic efficiency and the electron transport rate indicated that the Y42 supernatant damaged the photosynthetic system of P. donghaiense Malondialdehyde overproduction indicated that the Y42 supernatant caused lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage to membrane systems in the algal cell, ultimately leading to death. The findings of this study reveal the potential of Y42 to remove algal cells from P. donghaiense blooms.IMPORTANCEP. donghaiense is one of the most common dinoflagellate species that form harmful algal blooms, which frequently cause serious ecological pollution and pose health hazards to humans and other animals. Screening for bacteria with high algicidal activity against P. donghaiense and studying their algicidal processes and characteristics will contribute to an understanding of their algicidal effects and provide a theoretical basis for preventing algal blooms and reducing their harm to the environment. This study reports the algicidal activity and characteristics of Paracoccus against P. donghaiense The stability of the algicidal activity of Paracoccus in different environments (including different temperature, pH, and sunlight conditions) indicates its potential for use in the control of P. donghaiense blooms.
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Kim J, Lyu XM, Lee JJL, Zhao G, Chin SF, Yang L, Chen WN. Metabolomics analysis of Pseudomonas chlororaphis JK12 algicidal activity under aerobic and micro-aerobic culture condition. AMB Express 2018; 8:131. [PMID: 30128639 PMCID: PMC6102160 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-018-0660-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Utilization of algicidal bacteria as a biological agent have been receiving significant interest for controlling harmful algal blooms. While various algicidal bacterial strains have been identified, limited studies have explored the influence of bacterial culture conditions on its algicidal activity. Here, the effect of oxygen on the algicidal activity of a novel bacterium JK12, against a model diatom, Phaeodactylum tricornutum (P. tricornutum) was studied. Strain JK12 showed high algicidal activity against P. tricornutum and was identified as Pseudomonas chlororaphis (P. chlororaphis) by 16S ribosomal RNA gene analysis. JK12 culture supernatant exhibited strong algicidal activity while washed JK12 cells showed no obvious activity, indicating that JK12 indirectly attacks algae by secreting extracellular algicidal metabolites. Micro-aerobic culture condition dramatically enhanced the algicidal activity of JK12 by 50%, compared to that cultured under aerobic condition in 24 h. Extracellular metabolomic profiling of JK12 using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis revealed significantly higher amounts of allantoic acid, urocanic acid, cytidine 2′,3′-cyclic phosphate, uridine 2′,3′-cyclic phosphate, and chlorinated tryptophan in the micro-aerobic culture. This is the first report to demonstrate the important role of oxygen on the algicidal activity of a non-pathogenic strain P. chlororaphis. In addition, the metabolomics analysis provided insights into the algicidal mechanism of P. chlororaphis.
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23
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Su JF, Liang DH, Fu L, Wei L, Ma M. Biological floating bed and bio-contact oxidation processes for landscape water treatment: simultaneous removal of Microcystis aeruginosa, TOC, nitrogen and phosphorus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:24220-24229. [PMID: 29948705 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2417-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify algicidal bacteria J25 against the Microcystis aeruginosa (90.14%), Chlorella (78.75%), Scenedesmus (not inhibited), and Oscillatoria (90.12%). Meanwhile, we evaluate the SOD activity and efficiency of denitrification characteristics with Acinetobacter sp. J25. A novel hybrid bioreactor combined biological floating bed with bio-contact oxidation (BFBO) was designed for treating the landscape water, and the average removal efficiencies of nitrate-N, ammonia-N, nitrite-N, TN, TP, TOC, and algal cells were 91.14, 50, 87.86, 88.83, 33.07, 53.95, and 53.43%, respectively. A 454-pyrosequencing technology was employed to investigate the microbial communities of the BFBO reactor samples. The results showed that Acinetobacter sp. J25 was the dominant contributor for effective removal of N, algal cells, and TOC in the BFBO reactor. And the relative abundance of Acinetobacter showed increase trend with the delay of reaction time. Graphical abstract Biological floating bed and bio-contact oxidation (BFBO) as a novel hybrid bioreactor designed for simultaneous removal Microcystis aeruginosa, TOC, nitrogen, and phosphorus. And high-throughput sequencing data demonstrated that Acinetobacter sp. J25 was the dominate species in the reactor and played key roles in the removal of N, TOC, and M. aeruginosa. Proposed reaction mechanism of the BFBO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Feng Su
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Dong Hui Liang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Le Fu
- North China Municipal Engineering Design and Research institute Co., LTD, Tianjin, 300381, China
| | - Li Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Min Ma
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
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Simultaneous nitrification–denitrification and microbial community profile in an oxygen-limiting intermittent aeration SBBR with biodegradable carriers. Biodegradation 2018; 29:473-486. [DOI: 10.1007/s10532-018-9845-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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25
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Rohrlack T. Low temperatures can promote cyanobacterial bloom formation by providing refuge from microbial antagonists. AIMS Microbiol 2018; 4:304-318. [PMID: 31294217 PMCID: PMC6604935 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2018.2.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Freshwater cyanobacteria are prone to a wide range of highly potent microbial antagonists. Most of these exploit their prey in a frequency-dependent manner and are therefore particularly well suited to prevent any accumulation of cyanobacteria. Mass developments of cyanobacteria, the so-called blooms, should therefore be rare events, which is in striking contrast to what we actually see in nature. Laboratory experiments of the present study showed that the temperature range 5.8–10 °C forms a thermal refuge, inside which the cyanobacterium Planktothrix can grow without being exploited by two otherwise highly potent microbial antagonists. In nature, access of Planktothrix to this refuge was associated with positive net growth and a high probability of bloom formation, confirming that refuge temperatures indeed allow Planktothrix to grow with a minimum of biomass loss caused by microbial antagonists. Contact to higher temperatures, in contrast, was associated with decreases in net growth rate and in probability of bloom formation, with population collapses and with the occurrence of parasite infection. This is in agreement with the finding of laboratory experiments that above 10 °C exploitation of Planktothrix by multiple microbes increases in a temperature-dependent manner. Taken together, above findings suggest that temperature modulates the microbial control of natural Planktothrix populations. Low temperatures form a thermal refuge that may promote Planktothrix bloom formation by shielding the cyanobacterium from otherwise highly potent microbial antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rohrlack
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty for Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Postbox 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
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26
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Su JF, Liang DH, Huang TL, Wei L, Ma M, Lu J. Enhancement of simultaneous algicidal and denitrification of immobilized Acinetobacter sp. J25 with magnetic Fe 3O 4 nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:17853-17860. [PMID: 28612313 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9380-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, immobilization technique was employed to improve simultaneous algicidal and denitrification of immobilized Acinetobacter sp. J25 with magnetic Fe3O4 in eutrophic landscape water. After 7 days of operation, the maximum superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (54.43 U mg-1), nitrate removal efficiency (100% (0.2127 mg L-1 h-1)), and chlorophyll-a removal efficiency (89.71%) were obtained from the immobilized J25 with magnetic Fe3O4. The results suggest that immobilized J25 with magnetic Fe3O4 had better nitrogen removal efficiency and algicidal activity in eutrophic landscape water. High-throughput sequencing data profiled the strain J25 that was immobilized with magnetic Fe3O4 which changed the composition of the microbial community. The results indicated a novel concept of enhancing the algicidal and denitrification property of immobilized bacteria with magnetic Fe3O4 in eutrophic landscape water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Feng Su
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Dong Hui Liang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Ting Lin Huang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Li Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Min Ma
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Jinsuo Lu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
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27
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Optimization of continuous-flow solid-phase denitrification via coupling carriers in enhancing simultaneous removal of nitrogen and organics for agricultural runoff purification. Biodegradation 2017; 28:275-285. [DOI: 10.1007/s10532-017-9795-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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28
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Xuan H, Dai X, Li J, Zhang X, Yang C, Luo F. A Bacillus sp. strain with antagonistic activity against Fusarium graminearum kills Microcystis aeruginosa selectively. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 583:214-221. [PMID: 28104332 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs) cause severe environmental problems, economic losses and threaten human health seriously. In the present study, a Bacillus sp. strain, designated as AF-1, with strong antagonistic activity against plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum was isolated from purple soil. Bacillus sp. AF-1 selectively killed Microcystis aeruginosa at low cell density (1.6×103cfu/mL), and showed the strongest bactericidal activity against M. aeruginosa NIES-843 (Ae=93%, t=6d). The algicidal substances originated from strain AF-1 were stable in the temperature range of 35-100°C, and pH range of 3-11. Cell-free filtrate of AF-1 culture caused excessive accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell death and the efflux of intracellular components of M. aeruginosa NIES-843 cells. The expression of genes recA, psbA1, psbD1, rbcL and mcyB, involved in DNA repair, photosynthesis and microcystin synthesis of NIES 843, were significantly influenced by the cell-free filtrate of AF-1 culture. Bacillus sp. AF-1 has the potential to be developed as a bifunctional biocontrol agent to control CyanoHABs and F. graminearum caused plant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanling Xuan
- Research Center of Bioenergy and Bioremediation, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xianzhu Dai
- Research Center of Bioenergy and Bioremediation, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Jing Li
- Research Center of Bioenergy and Bioremediation, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Research Center of Bioenergy and Bioremediation, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Caiyun Yang
- Research Center of Bioenergy and Bioremediation, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Feng Luo
- Research Center of Bioenergy and Bioremediation, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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29
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Su JF, Shi JX, Huang TL, Ma F. Kinetic analysis of simultaneous denitrification and biomineralization of novel Acinetobacter sp. CN86. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 109:87-94. [PMID: 27287863 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel aerobic denitrification and biomineralization strain CN86 was isolated from the Qu Jiang artificial lake. Based on phylogenetic characteristics, the isolated strain was identified as Acinetobacter species. Strain CN86 was confirmed to have the ability to perform simultaneous denitrification and biomineralization. Exponential decay equation was used for the matching of kinetic processes on denitrification and biomineralization. A highest nitrate removal rate was achieved at the pH7.0, organic concentration of 1.5g/L and temperature of 30°C. An optimal hardness removal rate was obtained at the pH9.0, organic concentration of 2.0g/L and temperature of 30°C. Strain CN86 is a suitable candidate for the simultaneous removal of nitrate and hardness in groundwater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Feng Su
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jing-Xin Shi
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Ting-Lin Huang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Fang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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