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Xie C, Schaefer L, Iozzo RV. Global impact of proteoglycan science on human diseases. iScience 2023; 26:108095. [PMID: 37867945 PMCID: PMC10589900 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this comprehensive review, we will dissect the impact of research on proteoglycans focusing on recent developments involved in their synthesis, degradation, and interactions, while critically assessing their usefulness in various biological processes. The emerging roles of proteoglycans in global infections, specifically the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, and their rising functions in regenerative medicine and biomaterial science have significantly affected our current view of proteoglycans and related compounds. The roles of proteoglycans in cancer biology and their potential use as a next-generation protein-based adjuvant therapy to combat cancer is also emerging as a constructive and potentially beneficial therapeutic strategy. We will discuss the role of proteoglycans in selected and emerging areas of proteoglycan science, such as neurodegenerative diseases, autophagy, angiogenesis, cancer, infections and their impact on mammalian diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Xie
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Renato V. Iozzo
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Zhang J, Li K, Sun HR, Sun SK, Zhu YT, Ge YT, Wu YX, Zhou QY, Li GT, Chang XA, Sun P, Ding Y, Han X. The heparan sulfate mimetic Muparfostat aggravates steatohepatitis in obese mice due to its binding affinity to lipoprotein lipase. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:1803-1818. [PMID: 36735592 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Heparanase is the only confirmed endoglycosidase that cleaves heparan sulfate (HS), a ubiquitous glycosaminoglycan with various essential roles in multiple pathological processes. Thus, the development of heparanase inhibitors has become an attractive strategy for drug discovery, especially in tumour therapy, in which HS mimetics are the most promising compounds. The various biological effects of heparanase also suggest a role for HS mimetics in many non-cancer indications, such as type 1 diabetes. However, the potential benefits of HS mimetics in obesity-related type 2 diabetes have not been elucidated. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In this study, we investigated muparfostat (PI-88), a developed HS mimetic currently enrolled in Phase III clinical trials, in obese mouse models and in vitro cultured murine hepatocytes. KEY RESULTS Daily administration of muparfostat for 4 weeks caused hyperlipidaemia and aggravated hepatic steatosis in obese mice models, but not in lean animals. In cultured hepatocytes, muparfostat did not alter lipid accumulation. Acute tests suggested that muparfostat binds to lipoprotein lipase in competition with HS on vascular endothelial cell surfaces, thereby reducing the degradation of circulating triglycerides by lipoprotein lipase and subsequent uptake of fatty acids into vascular endothelial cells and causing hyperlipidaemia. This hyperlipidaemia aggravates hepatic steatosis and causes liver injury in muparfostat-treated obese mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The binding activity of HS mimetics to lipoprotein lipase should be investigated as an additional pharmacological effect during heparanase inhibitor drug discovery. This study also provides novel evidence for an increased risk of drug-induced liver injury in obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kai Li
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao-Ran Sun
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shao-Kun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ya-Ting Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Ting Ge
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Xuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qin-Yao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guan-Ting Li
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Ai Chang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Ding
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Masola V, Greco N, Gambaro G, Franchi M, Onisto M. Heparanase as active player in endothelial glycocalyx remodeling. Matrix Biol Plus 2022; 13:100097. [PMID: 35036899 PMCID: PMC8749438 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2021.100097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface of all animal cells is coated with a layer of carbohydrates linked in various ways to the outer side of the plasma membrane. These carbohydrates are mainly bound to proteins in the form of glycoproteins and proteoglycans and together with the glycolipids constitute the so-called glycocalyx. In particular, the endothelial glycocalyx that covers the luminal layer of the endothelium is composed of glycosaminoglycans (heparan sulphate -HS and hyaluronic acid -HA), proteoglycans (syndecans and glypicans) and adsorbed plasma proteins. Thanks to its ability to absorb water, this structure contributes to making the surface of the vessels slippery but at the same time acts by modulating the mechano-transduction of the vessels, the vascular permeability and the adhesion of leukocytes in thus regulating several physiological and pathological events. Among the various enzymes involved in the degradation of the glycocalyx, heparanase (HPSE) has been shown to be particularly involved. This enzyme is responsible for the cutting of heparan sulfate (HS) chains at the level of the proteoglycans of the endothelial glycocalyx whose dysfunction appears to have a role in organ fibrosis, sepsis and viral infection. In this mini-review, we describe the mechanisms by which HPSE contributes to glycocalyx remodeling and then examine the role of glycocalyx degradation in the development of pathological conditions and pharmacological strategies to preserve glycocalyx during disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Masola
- Renal Unit, Dept. of Medicine, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Nicola Greco
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Giovanni Gambaro
- Renal Unit, Dept. of Medicine, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marco Franchi
- Dept. of Life Quality Sciences, University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | - Maurizio Onisto
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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4
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Whitefield C, Hong N, Mitchell JA, Jackson CJ. Computational design and experimental characterisation of a stable human heparanase variant. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:341-349. [PMID: 35382258 PMCID: PMC8905545 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00239b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparanase is the only human enzyme known to hydrolyse heparin sulfate and is involved in many important physiological processes. However, it is also unregulated in many disease states, such as cancer, diabetes and Covid-19. It is thus an important drug target, yet the heterologous production of heparanase is challenging and only possible in mammalian or insect expression systems, which limits the ability of many laboratories to study it. Here we describe the computational redesign of heparanase to allow high yield expression in Escherchia coli. This mutated form of heparanase exhibits essentially identical kinetics, inhibition, structure and protein dynamics to the wild type protein, despite the presence of 26 mutations. This variant will facilitate wider study of this important enzyme and contributes to a growing body of literature that shows evolutionarily conserved and functionally neutral mutations can have significant effects on protein folding and expression. A mutant heparanase that exhibits wild type structure and activity but can be heterologously produced in bacterial protein expression systems.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassidy Whitefield
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Nansook Hong
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Joshua A. Mitchell
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Colin J. Jackson
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) exists as a dynamic network of biophysical and biochemical factors that maintain tissue homeostasis. Given its sensitivity to changes in the intra- and extracellular space, the plasticity of the ECM can be pathological in driving disease through aberrant matrix remodelling. In particular, cancer uses the matrix for its proliferation, angiogenesis, cellular reprogramming and metastatic spread. An emerging field of matrix biology focuses on proteoglycans that regulate autophagy, an intracellular process that plays both critical and contextual roles in cancer. Here, we review the most prominent autophagic modulators from the matrix and the current understanding of the cellular pathways and signalling cascades that mechanistically drive their autophagic function. We then critically assess how their autophagic functions influence tumorigenesis, emphasizing the complexities and stage-dependent nature of this relationship in cancer. We highlight novel emerging data on immunoglobulin-containing and proline-rich receptor-1, heparanase and thrombospondin 1 in autophagy and cancer. Finally, we further discuss the pro- and anti-autophagic modulators originating from the ECM, as well as how these proteoglycans and other matrix constituents specifically influence cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn G. Chen
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Renato V. Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Ni M, Stancanelli E, Kayal Y, Candido M, Guerrini M, Vlodavsky I, Naggi A, Liu J, Petitou M. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of D‐Glucaro‐δ‐lactam Containing Oligosaccharides as Putative Heparanase Inhibitors. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minghong Ni
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche “G. Ronzoni” via G. Colombo 81 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Eduardo Stancanelli
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche “G. Ronzoni” via G. Colombo 81 20133 Milan Italy
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Eshelman School of Pharmacy University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - Yasmin Kayal
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center Rappaport Faculty of Medicine Technion Haifa 31096 Israel
| | - Marialuisa Candido
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche “G. Ronzoni” via G. Colombo 81 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Marco Guerrini
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche “G. Ronzoni” via G. Colombo 81 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center Rappaport Faculty of Medicine Technion Haifa 31096 Israel
| | - Annamaria Naggi
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche “G. Ronzoni” via G. Colombo 81 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Eshelman School of Pharmacy University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - Maurice Petitou
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche “G. Ronzoni” via G. Colombo 81 20133 Milan Italy
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Abdi E, Latifi-Navid S, Abedi Sarvestani F, Esmailnejad MH. Emerging therapeutic targets for gastric cancer from a host- Helicobacter pylori interaction perspective. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:685-699. [PMID: 34410200 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1971195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gastric cancer (GC) has the higher genetic, cytologic, and architectural heterogeneity compared to other gastrointestinal cancers. By inducing gastric inflammation, Helicobacter pylori (HP) may lead to GC through combining bacterial factors with host factors. In this regard, identification of the major therapeutic targets against the host-HP interactions plays a critical role in GC prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. AREAS COVERED This study offers new insights into the promising therapeutic targets against the angiogenesis, invasion, or metastasis of GC from a host-HP interaction perspective. To this end, MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, AIM, and IndMed databases were searched for relevant articles since 1992. EXPERT OPINION Wnt signaling and COX pathway have a well-documented history in the genesis of GC by HP and might be considered as the most promising targets for early GC treatment. Destroying HP may decrease the risk of GC, but it cannot fully hinder the GC development induced by HP infection. Therefore, targeting HP-activated pathways, especially COX-2/Wnt/beta-catenin/VEGF, TLR2/TLR9/COX-2, COX2-PGE2, and NF-κB/COX-2, as well as EPHA2, MMPs, and miR-543/SIRT1 axis, can be an effective measure in the early treatment of GC. However, different clinical trials and large, multi-center cohorts are required to validate these potentially effective targets for GC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmat Abdi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Saeid Latifi-Navid
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
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Tang L, Tang B, Lei Y, Yang M, Wang S, Hu S, Xie Z, Liu Y, Vlodavsky I, Yang S. Helicobacter pylori-Induced Heparanase Promotes H. pylori Colonization and Gastritis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:675747. [PMID: 34220822 PMCID: PMC8248549 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.675747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic gastritis caused by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection has been widely recognized as the most important risk factor for gastric cancer. Analysis of the interaction between the key participants in gastric mucosal immunity and H. pylori infection is expected to provide important insights for the treatment of chronic gastritis and the prevention of gastric cancer. Heparanase is an endoglycosidase that degrades heparan sulfate, resulting in remodeling of the extracellular matrix thereby facilitating the extravasation and migration of immune cells towards sites of inflammation. Heparanase also releases heparan sulfate-bound cytokines and chemokines that further promote directed motility and recruitment of immune cells. Heparanase is highly expressed in a variety of inflammatory conditions and diseases, but its role in chronic gastritis has not been sufficiently explored. In this study, we report that H. pylori infection promotes up-regulation of heparanase in gastritis, which in turn facilitates the colonization of H. pylori in the gastric mucosa, thereby aggravating gastritis. By sustaining continuous activation, polarization and recruitment of macrophages that supply pro-inflammatory and pro-tumorigenic cytokines (i.e., IL-1, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, MIP-2, iNOS), heparanase participates in the generation of a vicious circle, driven by enhanced NFκB and p38-MAPK signaling, that supports the development and progression of gastric cancer. These results suggest that inhibition of heparanase may block this self-sustaining cycle, and thereby reduce the risk of gastritis and gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sumin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiping Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhuo Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yaojiang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shiming Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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9
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Melo CM, Nader HB, Justo GZ, Pinhal MAS. Heparanase modulation by Wingless/INT (Wnt). Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:3117-3125. [PMID: 33891270 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06348-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase is an endo-beta-glucuronidase, the only enzyme in mammals capable of cleaving heparan sulfate/heparin chains from proteoglycans. The oligosaccharides generated by heparanase present extensive biological functions since such oligosaccharides interact with adhesion molecules, growth factors, angiogenic factors and cytokines, modulating cell proliferation, migration, inflammation, and carcinogenesis. However, the regulation of heparanase activity is not fully understood. It is known that heparanase is synthesized as an inactive 65 kDa isoform and that post-translation processing forms an active 50 kDa enzyme. In the present study, we are interested in investigating whether heparanase is regulated by its own substrate as observed with many other enzymes. Wild-type Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griséus) ovary cells (CHO-K1) were treated with different doses of heparin. Heparanase expression was analyzed by Real-time PCR and flow cytometry. Also, heparanase activity was measured. The heparanase activity assay was performed using a coated plate with biotinylated heparan sulfate. In the present assay, a competitive heparin inhibition scenario was set aside. Exogenous heparin trigged a cell signaling pathway that increased heparanase mRNA and protein levels. The Wnt/beta-catenin pathway, judged by TCF-driven luciferase activity, seems to be involved to enhance heparanase profile during treatment with exogenous heparin. Lithium chloride treatment, an activator of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway, confirmed such mechanism of transduction in vivo using zebrafish embryos and in vitro using CHO-K1 cells. Taken together the results suggest that heparin modulates heparanase expression by Wnt/beta-catenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Mucciolo Melo
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio, 100, 4a. andar, Biologia Molecular, São Paulo, SP, 04044-020, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Avenida Príncipe de Gales, 821, Bioquímica, Santo André, SP, 09060-650, Brazil
| | - Helena Bonciani Nader
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio, 100, 4a. andar, Biologia Molecular, São Paulo, SP, 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Giselle Zenker Justo
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio, 100, 4a. andar, Biologia Molecular, São Paulo, SP, 04044-020, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Prof. Artur Riedel, no. 275 - Jd. Eldorado, Diadema, SP, CEP: 09972-270, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Silva Pinhal
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio, 100, 4a. andar, Biologia Molecular, São Paulo, SP, 04044-020, Brazil. .,Department of Biochemistry, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Avenida Príncipe de Gales, 821, Bioquímica, Santo André, SP, 09060-650, Brazil.
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Abstract
Diabetes is a complex disorder responsible for the mortality and morbidity of millions of individuals worldwide. Although many approaches have been used to understand and treat diabetes, the role of proteoglycans, in particular heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), has only recently received attention. The HSPGs are heterogeneous, highly negatively charged, and are found in all cells primarily attached to the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular matrix (ECM). HSPGs are involved in development, cell migration, signal transduction, hemostasis, inflammation, and antiviral activity, and regulate cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and enzymes. Hyperglycemia, accompanying diabetes, increases reactive oxygen species and upregulates the enzyme heparanase that degrades HSPGs or affects the synthesis of the HSPGs altering their structure. The modified HSPGs in the endothelium and ECM in the blood vessel wall contribute to the nephropathy, cardiovascular disease, and retinopathy seen in diabetes. Besides the blood vessel, other cells and tissues in the heart, kidney, and eye are affected by diabetes. Although not well understood, the adipose tissue, intestine, and brain also reveal HSPG changes associated with diabetes. Further, HSPGs are significantly involved in protecting the β cells of the pancreas from autoimmune destruction and could be a focus of prevention of type I diabetes. In some circumstances, HSPGs may contribute to the pathology of the disease. Understanding the role of HSPGs and how they are modified by diabetes may lead to new treatments as well as preventative measures to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with this complex condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Hiebert
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Ostrovsky O, Vlodavsky I, Nagler A. Mechanism of HPSE Gene SNPs Function: From Normal Processes to Inflammation, Cancerogenesis and Tumor Progression. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:231-249. [PMID: 32274712 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) is the substitution of a single nucleotide, stably inherited, highly abundant, and distributed throughout the genome. Up today 9746 SNPs were found in the HPSE gene. During 12 years 21 SNPs were analyzed in normal and pathological samples. The most prominent SNPs are rs4693608, rs11099592, rs4693084, and rs4364254. These SNPs were found in correlation with heparanase mRNA and protein expression among healthy persons. Moreover, an association of the HPSE gene SNPs with inflammatory processes, cancer development and progression was detected. SNP investigation allowed the identification of strong HPSE gene enhancer in the intron 2. In normal leukocytes, heparanase binds to the enhancer region and regulates HPSE gene expression via negative feedback in rs4693608 SNP-dependent manner. In malignant cells, heparanase halted self-regulation of the enhancer region. Instead of heparanase, the helicase-like transcription factor (HLTF) binds to the regulatory region. These and subsequent studies will elucidate how modification in the HPSE enhancer region could be applied to develop new approaches for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Ostrovsky
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel, Institute of Technology, Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Arnon Nagler
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
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El-Nadi M, Hassan H, Saleh ME, Nassar E, Ismail YM, Amer M, Greve B, Götte M, El-Shinawi M, Ibrahim SA. Induction of heparanase via IL-10 correlates with a high infiltration of CD163+ M2-type tumor-associated macrophages in inflammatory breast carcinomas. Matrix Biol Plus 2020; 6-7:100030. [PMID: 33543027 PMCID: PMC7852308 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2020.100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is the most aggressive and lethal form of breast cancer, characterized by a high infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages and poor prognosis. To identify new biomarkers and to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying IBC pathogenesis, we investigated the expression pattern of heparanase (HPSE) and its activator cathepsin L (CTSL). First, we quantitated the HPSE and CTSL mRNA levels in a cohort of breast cancer patients after curative surgery (20 IBC and 20-non-IBC). We discovered that both HPSE and CTSL mRNA levels were significantly induced in IBC tissue vis-à-vis non-IBC patients (p <0 .05 and p <0 .001, respectively). According to the molecular subtypes, HPSE mRNA levels were significantly higher in carcinoma tissues of triple negative (TN)-IBC as compared to TN-non-IBC (p <0 .05). Mechanistically, we discovered that pharmacological inhibition of HPSE activity resulted in a significant reduction of invasiveness in the IBC SUM149 cell line. Moreover, siRNA-mediated HPSE knockdown significantly downregulated the expression of the metastasis-related gene MMP2 and the cancer stem cell marker CD44. We also found that IBC tumors revealed robust heparanase immune-reactivity and CD163+ M2-type tumor-associated macrophages, with a positive correlation of both markers. Moreover, the secretome of axillary tributaries blood IBC CD14+ monocytes and the cytokine IL-10 significantly upregulated HPSE mRNA and protein expression in SUM149 cells. Intriguingly, massively elevated IL-10 mRNA expression with a trend of positive correlation with HPSE mRNA expression was detected in carcinoma tissue of IBC. Our findings highlight a possible role played by CD14+ monocytes and CD163+ M2-type tumor-associated macrophages in regulating HPSE expression possibly via IL-10. Overall, we suggest that heparanase, cathepsin L and CD14+ monocytes-derived IL-10 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of IBC and their targeting could have therapeutic implications.
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Key Words
- CD163+ M2-type tumor-associated macrophages
- CTSL, cathepsin L
- Cathepsin L
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- ER, estrogen receptor
- FFPE, Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded
- HER-2, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2
- HPSE, heparanase
- HSPGs, heparan sulfate proteoglycans
- Heparanase
- IBC, inflammatory breast cancer;
- IL-10
- IRB, Institutional Review Board
- Inflammatory breast cancer
- Invasion
- MMP2, matrix metalloproteinase2
- MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
- OGT 2115, 2-[4-[[3-(4-Bromophenyl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl]amino]-3-fluorophenyl]-5-benzoxazoleacetic acid
- PR, progesterone receptor
- TAMs, tumor-associated macrophages
- TN, triple negative
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- Triple negative subtype
- qPCR, quantitative real-time PCR
- rh IL-10, recombinant human interleukin-10
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Affiliation(s)
- Mennatullah El-Nadi
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Hebatallah Hassan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Moshira Ezzat Saleh
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Eyyad Nassar
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Yahia Mahmoud Ismail
- Medical Oncology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 11796, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Amer
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Burkhard Greve
- Department of Radiotherapy-Radiooncology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Mohamed El-Shinawi
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
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Zimering MB, Pulikeyil AT, Myers CE, Pang KC. Serotonin 2A Receptor Autoantibodies Increase in Adult Traumatic Brain Injury In Association with Neurodegeneration. JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND DIABETES 2020; 7:1-8. [PMID: 32671201 PMCID: PMC7362960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with an increased risk of late neurodegenerative complications via unknown mechanisms. Circulating neurotoxic 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) autoantibodies were reported to increase in subsets of obese type 2 diabetes having microvascular complications. We tested whether 5-HT2AR autoantibodies increase in adults following traumatic brain injury in association with neurodegenerative complications. METHODS Plasma from thirty-five middle-aged and older adult veterans (mean 65 years old) who had suffered traumatic brain injury was subjected to protein-A affinity chromatography. The resulting immunoglobulin (Ig) G fraction was tested for neurotoxicity (acute neurite retraction, and accelerated cell death) in mouse N2A neuroblastoma cells or for binding to a linear synthetic peptide corresponding to the second extracellular loop region of the human 5-HT2A receptor. RESULTS Nearly two-thirds of traumatic brain injured-patients harbored 5-HT2AR autoantibodies in their circulation. Active TBI autoantibodies caused neurite retraction in mouse N2A neuroblastoma cells and accelerated N2A cell loss which was substantially prevented by co-incubation with a two hundred and fifty nanomolar concentration of M100907, a highly selective 5-HT2AR antagonist. Antagonists of RhoA/Rho kinase and Gq11/phospholipase C/inositol triphosphate receptor signaling pathways blocked TBI autoantibody-induced neurite retraction. Following traumatic brain injury, autoantibody binding to a 5-HT2A receptor peptide was significantly increased in patients having co-morbid Parkinson's disease (n=3), dementia (n=5), and painful neuropathy (n=8) compared to TBI subsets without neurologic or microvascular complication (n=20). Autoantibody titer was significantly elevated in TBI subsets experiencing multiple neurotraumatic exposures vs. single TBI. Plasma white blood cell, a marker of systemic inflammation, correlated significantly (correlation coefficient r =0.52; P < 0.01) with, 5-HT2A receptor peptide binding of the TBI-autoantibody. CONCLUSION These data suggest that circulating neurotoxic 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor agonist autoantibodies increase in adults following traumatic brain injury in association with late neurodegenerative complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B. Zimering
- Veterans Affairs New Jersey Healthcare System, East Orange, NJ
- Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
| | | | - Catherine E. Myers
- Veterans Affairs New Jersey Healthcare System, East Orange, NJ
- Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Kevin C. Pang
- Veterans Affairs New Jersey Healthcare System, East Orange, NJ
- Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
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14
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Karimabad MN, Niknia S, Golnabadi MB, Poor SF, Hajizadeh MR, Mahmoodi M. Effect of Citrullus colocynthis Extract on Glycated Hemoglobin Formation (In Vitro). Eurasian J Med 2020; 52:47-51. [PMID: 32158314 DOI: 10.5152/eurasianjmed.2020.19223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Diabetes mellitus (DM) is typically a disorder of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. It develops due to a lack of or loss associated with insulin and/or resistance to insulin. Regarding complications of chemical substance use, drugs with few complications and high-reliability tannins are needed. This study aimed to determine the effect and mechanism of action of Citrullus colocynthis extract on the formation of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Materials and Methods A solution containing hemoglobin and glucose was incubated for 1, 2, 3, 4, 30, and 60 days by adding Citrullus colocynthis extract or glutathione. Quantitative measurement of HbA1c was performed using ion-exchange chromatography. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and two-way repeated measures test. A p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The Citrullus colocynthis extract in hyperglycemic conditions and with increasing time reduced the formation of HbA1c and thus inhibited the production of glycated proteins. By increasing the time and after initiation of reaction of extract concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 1 g/dL), presently, there was a significant decrease in the formation of HbA1C compared to those in the control group (p<0.05). The decrease in glycation has been dose dependent. Conclusion Therefore, Citrullus colocynthis could directly reduce the formation of HbA1c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Noroozi Karimabad
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Niknia
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Bemani Golnabadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Shirin Fattah Poor
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Hajizadeh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mahmoodi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Afzalipoor Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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15
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Lorente-Gea L, García B, Martín C, Ordiales H, García-Suárez O, Piña-Batista KM, Merayo-Lloves J, Quirós LM, Fernández-Vega I. Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans Undergo Differential Expression Alterations in Alzheimer Disease Brains. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 79:474-483. [PMID: 32232475 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlaa016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) promote amyloid-beta peptide and tau fibrillization in Alzheimer disease (AD) and provide resistance against proteolytic breakdown. We compared the expression levels of 17 HSPG core proteins in 18 AD cases and 6 controls. RT-PCR was used to analyze transcription levels. Immunohistochemistry was performed to localize HSPGs in the brain tissue. We detected expression of all HSPG genes investigated. SDC1, GPC3, and CD44v3 showed the lowest levels of expression, while SDC3 and GPC1 showed the highest. Remarkably, SDC4 and SRGN were overexpressed in most of the areas analyzed. Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of both SDC4 and SRGN mostly associated with tau and amyloid-β pathology throughout the AD brains. In conclusion, in view of the involvement of HSPGs in AD pathology, especially SDC4 and SRGN, there would seem to be a relationship between the regulation of core protein expression and the pathological features suggesting HSPGs are potential inducers of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lorente-Gea
- From the Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario de Araba - Txagorritxu, Spain
| | - Beatriz García
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Carla Martín
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Helena Ordiales
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Kelvin M Piña-Batista
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Luís M Quirós
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Iván Fernández-Vega
- From the Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario de Araba - Txagorritxu, Spain.,Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Oviedo, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo (IF-V) Biobank of Principality of Asturias, Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.,Biobanco Vasco para la Investigación (O+eHun), Brain Bank, Hospital Universitario Araba, Spain
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16
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Abassi Z, Armaly Z, Heyman SN. Glycocalyx Degradation in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:752-767. [PMID: 32035883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The glycocalyx is a layer coating the luminal surface of vascular endothelial cells. It is vital for endothelial function as it participates in microvascular reactivity, endothelium interaction with blood constituents, and vascular permeability. Structural and functional damage to glycocalyx occurs in various disease states. A prominent clinical situation characterized by glycocalyx derangement is ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) of the whole body as well as during selective I/R to organs such as the kidney, heart, lung, or liver. Degradation of the glycocalyx is now considered a cornerstone in I/R-related endothelial dysfunction, which further impairs local microcirculation with a feed-forward loop of organ damage, due to vasoconstriction, leukocyte adherence, and activation of the immune response. Glycocalyx damage during I/R is evidenced by rising plasma levels of its principal constituents, heparan sulfate and syndecan-1. By contrast, the concentrations of these compounds in the circulation decrease after successful protective interventions in I/R, suggesting their use as surrogate biomarkers of endothelial integrity. In light of the importance of the glycocalyx in preserving endothelial cell integrity and its involvement in pathologic conditions, several promising therapeutic strategies to restore the damaged glycocalyx and to attenuate its deleterious consequences have been suggested. This review focuses on alterations of glycocalyx during I/R injury in general (to vital organs in particular), and on maneuvers aimed at glycocalyx recovery during I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaid Abassi
- Department of Physiology, The Ruth & Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israeli Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; Laboratory Medicine, Rambam Health Campus, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Zaher Armaly
- Department of Nephrology, Nazareth Hospital, Nazareth, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine-Bar Ilan University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Samuel N Heyman
- Department of Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel
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Arokiasamy S, King R, Boulaghrasse H, Poston RN, Nourshargh S, Wang W, Voisin MB. Heparanase-Dependent Remodeling of Initial Lymphatic Glycocalyx Regulates Tissue-Fluid Drainage During Acute Inflammation in vivo. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2316. [PMID: 31636638 PMCID: PMC6787176 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycocalyx is a dense layer of carbohydrate chains involved in numerous and fundamental biological processes, such as cellular and tissue homeostasis, inflammation and disease development. Composed of membrane-bound glycoproteins, sulfated proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycan side-chains, this structure is particularly essential for blood vascular barrier functions and leukocyte diapedesis. Interestingly, whilst the glycocalyx of blood vascular endothelium has been extensively studied, little is known about the composition and function of this glycan layer present on tissue-associated lymphatic vessels (LVs). Here, we applied confocal microscopy to characterize the composition of endothelial glycocalyx of initial lymphatic capillaries in murine cremaster muscles during homeostatic and inflamed conditions using an anti-heparan sulfate (HS) antibody and a panel of lectins recognizing different glycan moieties of the glycocalyx. Our data show the presence of HS, α-D-galactosyl moieties, α2,3-linked sialic acids and, to a lesser extent, N-Acetylglucosamine moieties. A similar expression profile was also observed for LVs of mouse and human skins. Interestingly, inflammation of mouse cremaster tissues or ear skin as induced by TNF-stimulation induced a rapid (within 16 h) remodeling of the LV glycocalyx, as observed by reduced expression of HS and galactosyl moieties, whilst levels of α2,3-linked sialic acids remains unchanged. Furthermore, whilst this response was associated with neutrophil recruitment from the blood circulation and their migration into tissue-associated LVs, specific neutrophil depletion did not impact LV glycocalyx remodeling. Mechanistically, treatment with a non-anticoagulant heparanase inhibitor suppressed LV HS degradation without impacting neutrophil migration into LVs. Interestingly however, inhibition of glycocalyx degradation reduced the capacity of initial LVs to drain interstitial fluid during acute inflammation. Collectively, our data suggest that rapid remodeling of endothelial glycocalyx of tissue-associated LVs supports drainage of fluid and macromolecules but has no role in regulating neutrophil trafficking out of inflamed tissues via initial LVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Arokiasamy
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ross King
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hidayah Boulaghrasse
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin N. Poston
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sussan Nourshargh
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wen Wang
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mathieu-Benoit Voisin
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Masola V, Zaza G, Gambaro G, Franchi M, Onisto M. Role of heparanase in tumor progression: Molecular aspects and therapeutic options. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 62:86-98. [PMID: 31348993 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Heparanase (HPSE) is an endoglycosidase that catalyses the cutting of the side chains of heparan-sulphate proteoglycans (HS), thus determining the remodelling of the extracellular matrix and basement membranes, as well as promoting the release of different HS-related molecules as growth factors, cytokines and enzymes. Ever since the HPSE was identified in the late 1980s, several experimental studies have shown that its overexpression was instrumental in increasing tumor growth, metastatic dissemination, angiogenesis and inflammation. More recently, HPSE involvment has also been demonstrated in mediating tumor-host crosstalk, in inducing gene transcription, in the activation of signaling pathways and in the formation of exosomes and in autophagy. All of these activities (enzymatic and non-enzymatic) together make heparanase a multifunctional molecule that increases the aggressiveness and chemo-resistance of tumor cells. Conversely, heparanase gene-silencing or tumor treatment with compounds that inhibit heparanase activity have been shown to significantly attenuate tumor progression in different animal models of tumorigenesis, further emphasizing the therapeutic potential of anti-heparanase therapy for several types of neoplasms. This review focuses on present knowledge and recent development in the study of heparanase in cancer progression as well as on novel mechanisms by which heparanase regulates tumor metastasis and chemo-resistance. Moreover, recent advances in strategies for its inhibition as a potential therapeutic option will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Masola
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy; Dept. of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Zaza
- Dept. of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Marco Franchi
- Dept. of Life Quality Sciences, University of Bologna, Corso D'Augusto 237, 47921, Rimini, Italy
| | - Maurizio Onisto
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy.
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19
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The endothelial tumor suppressor p53 is essential for venous thrombus formation in aged mice. Blood Adv 2019; 2:1300-1314. [PMID: 29891592 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017014050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in elderly people. Increased expression of tumor suppressor protein 53 (p53) has been implicated in vascular senescence. Here, we examined the importance of endothelial p53 for venous thrombosis and whether endothelial senescence and p53 overexpression are involved in the exponential increase of VTE with age. Mice with conditional, endothelial-specific deletion of p53 (End.p53-KO) and their wild-type littermates (End.p53-WT) underwent subtotal inferior vena cava (IVC) ligation to induce venous thrombosis. IVC ligation in aged (12-month-old) End.p53-WT mice resulted in higher rates of thrombus formation and greater mean thrombus size vs adult (12-week-old) End.p53-WT mice, whereas aged End.p53-KO mice were protected from vein thrombosis. Analysis of primary endothelial cells from aged mice or human vein endothelial cells after induction of replicative senescence revealed significantly increased early growth response gene-1 (Egr1) and heparanase expression, and plasma factor Xa levels were elevated in aged End.p53-WT, but not in End.p53-KO mice. Increased endothelial Egr1 and heparanase expression also was observed after doxorubicin-induced p53 overexpression, whereas p53 inhibition using pifithrin-α reduced tissue factor (TF) expression. Importantly, inhibition of heparanase activity using TF pathway inhibitor-2 (TFPI2) peptides prevented the enhanced venous thrombus formation in aged mice and restored it to the thrombotic phenotype of adult mice. Our findings suggest that p53 accumulation and heparanase overexpression in senescent endothelial cells are critically involved in mediating the increased risk of venous thrombosis with age and that heparanase antagonization may be explored as strategy to ameliorate the prothrombotic endothelial phenotype with age.
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20
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Christensen G, Herum KM, Lunde IG. Sweet, yet underappreciated: Proteoglycans and extracellular matrix remodeling in heart disease. Matrix Biol 2019; 75-76:286-299. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Gao P, Zhao Z, Zhang C, Wang C, Long K, Guo L, Li B. The therapeutic effects of traditional Chinese medicine Fusu agent in LPS-induced acute lung injury model rats. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:3867-3878. [PMID: 30518997 PMCID: PMC6239118 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s181798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Acute lung injury (ALI) is a common and fatal oxidative stress in the lung, mainly induced by endothelial injury and capillary leakage. In our previous study, “Fusu agent”, a traditional Chinese medicine, was found to exert preventive effect on endothelial damage in lipopoly-saccharide (LPS)-induced ALI model rats partially via inhibiting heparanase1 (HPA1) activation and inhibiting the inflammatory factors. However, it is still unknown whether Fusu agent exerts its therapeutic effect in LPS-induced ALI model rats and its potential mechanism. Materials and methods Rats were injected with LPS (3 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) to induced ALI, and the prepared Fusu agent was given (2, 4 or 6 g/kg) 2 hours after LPS challenge. Twenty-four or 48 hours after Fusu agent administration, the biochemical changes in the plasma and lung tissues and the morphological/histological changes in the lung associated with inflammation and injury were evaluated. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were employed to confirm the therapeutic effects of Fusu agent and investigate its mechanisms, that is, affecting ROS accumulation, mitochondrial transmembrane potential (MTP) maintenance and decreasing the expression levels of HPA1. Results Administration of Fusu agent obviously improved the lung injury and recovered vascular endothelium loss and injury. CD31 signal, which is a specific marker for endothelial vascular lesions, was decreased after Fusu agent treatment in LPS-induced ALI model rats, indicating its therapeutic effect against endothelial surface layer injury. Meanwhile, Fusu agent also decreased HPA1 expression and inflammatory responses. In vitro, Fusu agent-medicated serum decreased injury and cell death induced by LPS in HUVECs by stabilizing MTP and decreasing the leakage of lactate dehydrogenase. Consistently, Fusu agent-medicated serum downregulated HPA1 induced by LPS stimulation. Conclusion These findings suggest that Fusu agent exerts its therapeutic effect in both LPS-induced ALI model rats and HUVECs potentially via suppressing HPA1 expression, and thus exerts prosurvival effect via maintaining MTP and attenuating cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyang Gao
- Intensive Care Unit, The Teaching Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ziyi Zhao
- Central Laboratory, The Teaching Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuantao Zhang
- Intensive Care Unit, The Teaching Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunxia Wang
- Intensive Care Unit, The Teaching Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Kunlan Long
- Intensive Care Unit, The Teaching Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Liuxue Guo
- Intensive Care Unit, The Teaching Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Baixue Li
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China,
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Liu LP, Sheng XP, Shuai TK, Zhao YX, Li B, Li YM. Helicobacter pylori promotes invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer by enhancing heparanase expression. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:4565-4577. [PMID: 30386106 PMCID: PMC6209574 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i40.4565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To detect the mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in the invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer (GC).
METHODS Specimens from 99 patients with GC were collected. The correlation among H. pylori infection, heparanase (HPA) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) expression, which was determined by immunohistochemistry, and the clinical features of GC was analysed using SPSS 22.0. Overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS) of GC patients were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Independent and multiple factors of HPA and MAPK with prognosis were determined with COX proportional hazards models. HPA and MAPK expression in MKN-45 cells infected with H. pylori was analysed using Western blot.
RESULTS H. pylori infection was observed in 70 of 99 patients with GC (70.7%), which was significantly higher than that in healthy controls. H. pylori infection was related to lymph metastasis and expression of HPA and MAPK (P < 0.05); HPA expression was relevant to MAPK expression (P = 0.024). HPA and MAPK expression in MKN-45 cells was significantly upregulated following H. pylori infection and peaked at 24 h and 60 min, before decreasing (P < 0.05). SB203580, an inhibitor of MAPK, significantly decreased HPA expression. HPA was related to lymph metastasis and invasive depth. HPA positive GC cases and H. pylori positive GC cases showed poorer prognosis than HPA negative cases (P < 0.05). COX models showed that the prognosis of GC was connected with HPA expression, lymph metastasis, tissue differentiation, and invasive depth.
CONCLUSION H. pylori may promote the invasion and metastasis of GC by increasing HPA expression that may associate with MAPK activation, thus causing a poorer prognosis of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Liu
- The Second Clinical Medical School of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Donggang District of First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, Gansu Province, China
| | - Xi-Ping Sheng
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Tian-Kui Shuai
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Donggang District of First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, Gansu Province, China
| | - Yong-Xun Zhao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Yu-Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, The Second Clinical Medical School of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
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Liu L, Zhao Y, Fan G, Shuai T, Li B, Li Y. Helicobacter pylori infection enhances heparanase leading to cell proliferation via mitogen‑activated protein kinase signalling in human gastric cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:5733-5741. [PMID: 30320396 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is the most important factor in the development of gastric cancer. Heparanase (HPA) is involved in tissue remodelling and cell migration, which leads to inflammation and tumour metastasis. The current study aimed was to explore whether a H. pylori infection leads to an increase in the level of HPA in gastric cancer and to investigate the specific mechanism underlying this association. Reverse transcription‑polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were used to detect HPA mRNA and protein expression, respectively, in MKN‑45 cells infected by H. pylori, MKN‑45 cells treated with the mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor SB203580 and MKN‑45 cells transfected with small interfering RNA against HPA. MAPK and nuclear factor (NF)‑κB expression were determined by western blotting in the different cells group. Cell Counting Kit‑8, Transwell method, and Scratch and Clone tests were conducted to detect proliferation, invasion, migration and clone formation ability of gastric cancer cells. It was demonstrated that HPA mRNA expression was highest at 6 h post‑infection, while the expression of the HPA protein was highest at 24 h post‑infection in H. pylori‑infected gastric cancer cells. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that H. pylori infection significantly enhanced the expression of MAPK and NF‑κB in MKN‑45 cells at the mRNA and protein levels. SB203580 significantly decreased the expression of NF‑κB in MKN‑45 cells infected with H. pylori. Exposure to SB203580 also significantly decreased the expression of HPA. In the present study, the inhibition of HPA significantly lowered H. pylori‑induced cell proliferation, suggesting that H. pylori infection induces the proliferation of gastric cancer cells through the upregulation of HPA. Taken together, the results of the present study demonstrated that HPA serves a critical role in the development of gastric cancer in H. pylori‑infected cells, which may be an important mechanism through which H. pylori infection leads to gastric cancer. In addition, H. pylori infection promotes the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer cells through the upregulation of HPA expression, and this is likely mediated via the MAPK and NF‑κB signalling pathways. These data suggest that HPA can be used as a therapeutic target in gastric cancer, particularly in cases induced by H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Liu
- The Second Clinical Medical School of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Yongxun Zhao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Guangrui Fan
- The Second Clinical Medical School of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Tiankui Shuai
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Donggang Branch of The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Yumin Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
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24
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Gordts PLSM, Esko JD. The heparan sulfate proteoglycan grip on hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. Matrix Biol 2018; 71-72:262-282. [PMID: 29803939 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are found at the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix, where they interact with a plethora of proteins involved in lipid homeostasis and inflammation. Over the last decade, new insights have emerged regarding the mechanism and biological significance of these interactions in the context of cardiovascular disease. The majority of cardiovascular disease-related deaths are caused by complications of atherosclerosis, a disease that results in narrowing of the arterial lumen, thereby reducing blood flow to critical levels in vital organs, such as the heart and brain. Here, we discuss novel insights into how heparan sulfate proteoglycans modulate risk factors such as hyperlipidemia and inflammation that drive the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic plaques to their clinical critical endpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip L S M Gordts
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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25
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García B, Martín C, García-Suárez O, Muñiz-Alonso B, Ordiales H, Fernández-Menéndez S, Santos-Juanes J, Lorente-Gea L, Castañón S, Vicente-Etxenausia I, Piña Batista KM, Ruiz-Díaz I, Caballero-Martínez MC, Merayo-Lloves J, Guerra-Merino I, Quirós LM, Fernández-Vega I. Upregulated Expression of Heparanase and Heparanase 2 in the Brains of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 58:185-192. [PMID: 28387673 DOI: 10.3233/jad-161298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) promote amyloid-β peptide and tau fibrillization in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and provide resistance against proteolytic breakdown. Heparanase (HPSE) is the only enzyme that cleaves heparan sulfate (HS). Heparanase 2 (HPSE2) lacks HS-degrading activity, although it is able to interact with HS with high affinity. OBJECTIVE To analyze HPSE and HPSE2 expressions at different stages of AD. METHODS RT-PCR was used to analyze transcription levels of both heparanases at different stages of AD, and immunohistochemistry was performed to localize each one in different parts of the brain. RESULTS Both proteins appeared overexpressed at different stages of AD. Immunohistochemistry indicated that the presence of the heparanases was related to AD pathology, with intracellular deposits found in degenerated neurons. At the extracellular level, HPSE was observed only in neuritic plaques with a fragmented core, while HPSE2 appeared in those with compact cores as well. CONCLUSION Given the involvement of HSPGs in AD pathology, there would seem to be a relationship between the regulation of heparanase expression, the features of the disease, and a possible therapeutic alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz García
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Carla Martín
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Olivia García-Suárez
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Oviedo, Spain.,Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Helena Ordiales
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Jorge Santos-Juanes
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Laura Lorente-Gea
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario de Araba-Txagorritxu, Spain
| | - Sonia Castañón
- Department of Biotechnology, Neiker-Tecnalia Arkaute, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | | | | | - Irune Ruiz-Díaz
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Donostia, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - María Cristina Caballero-Martínez
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Donostia, Gipuzkoa, Spain.,Biobanco Vasco para la Investigación (O+eHun), Brain Bank Hospital Universitario Donostia, Spain
| | | | | | - Luis M Quirós
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Iván Fernández-Vega
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Oviedo, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario de Araba-Txagorritxu, Spain.,Biobanco Vasco para la Investigación (O+eHun), Brain Bank, Hospital Universitario Araba, Spain
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26
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Heindryckx F, Li JP. Role of proteoglycans in neuro-inflammation and central nervous system fibrosis. Matrix Biol 2018; 68-69:589-601. [PMID: 29382609 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is defined as the thickening and scarring of connective tissue, usually as a consequence of tissue damage. The central nervous system (CNS) is special in the sense that fibrogenic cells are restricted to vascular and meningeal areas. Inflammation and the disruption of the blood-brain barrier can lead to the infiltration of fibroblasts and trigger fibrotic response. While the initial function of the fibrotic tissue is to restore the blood-brain barrier and to limit the site of injury, it also demolishes the structure of extracellular matrix and impedes the healing process by producing inhibitory molecules and forming a physical and biochemical barrier that prevents axon regeneration. As a major constituent in the extracellular matrix, proteoglycans participate in the neuro-inflammation, modulating the fibrotic process. In this review, we will discuss the pathophysiology of fibrosis during acute injuries of the CNS, as well as during chronic neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis and age-related neurodegeneration with focus on the functional roles of proteoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke Heindryckx
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology/SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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27
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Ozkok A, Ozkok S, Takır M, Yakar Hİ, Kanbay A. Serum heparanase levels are associated with endothelial dysfunction in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2017; 12:1693-1699. [PMID: 29087043 DOI: 10.1111/crj.12731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is well-known to be associated with high risk for cardiovascular (CV) diseases. Heparanase has been recently shown to be related to increased inflammation and vulnerability of the atherosclerotic plaques. Herein we aimed to investigate the relationships between OSAS, heparanase and endothelial dysfunction. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 120 patients with varying severity of OSAS and 31 controls without OSAS were enrolled. Flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) was measured as an indicator of endothelial dysfunction. Serum heparanase levels were measured with ELISA. RESULTS Serum heparanase levels increased in a stepwise fashion from controls to patients with more severe OSAS. When FMD was compared with controls and various degrees of severity of OSAS, a stepwise decrease in FMD was observed. Serum heparanase levels were found to be significantly associated with apnea hypopnea index (AHI) (r = .57, P < .001) and FMD (r= -.37, P < .001) in patients with OSAS. Serum heparanase levels were significantly associated with hemoglobin-A1c and body mass index in patients with OSAS. Serum heparanase and uric acid levels were independent predictors of FMD in linear regression analysis (R2 = .506, P < .001; P < .001 and P = .001 respectively). CONCLUSIONS Serum heparanase levels were significantly increased in patients with OSAS and associated with the severity of OSAS (AHI) and endothelial dysfunction (FMD). Increased heparanase activity in OSAS may be related to increased cardiovascular risk in patients with OSAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Ozkok
- Section of Nephorology, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Goztepe Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sercin Ozkok
- Department of Radiology, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Goztepe Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mumtaz Takır
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Goztepe Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Halil İbrahim Yakar
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Asiye Kanbay
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
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28
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Sanderson RD, Bandari SK, Vlodavsky I. Proteases and glycosidases on the surface of exosomes: Newly discovered mechanisms for extracellular remodeling. Matrix Biol 2017; 75-76:160-169. [PMID: 29106944 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Emergence of the field of exosome biology has opened an exciting door to better understand communication between cells. These tiny nanovesicles act as potent regulators of biological function by delivering proteins, lipids and nucleic acids from the cell of origin to target cells. Recently, several enzymes including membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP), insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), sialidase and heparanase, among others, were localized on the surface of exosomes secreted by various cell types. These exosomal surface enzymes retain their activity and can degrade their natural substrates present within extracellular spaces. To date, enzymes on exosome surfaces have been associated with the mobilization of growth factors, degradation of extracellular matrix macromolecules and destruction of amyloid β plaques. This review focuses on the emerging role of exosomal surface enzymes and how this mechanism of remodeling within the extracellular space may regulate disease progression as related to cancer, inflammation and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph D Sanderson
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology, Birmingham 35294, USA.
| | - Shyam K Bandari
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology, Birmingham 35294, USA
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
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29
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Zong C, Venot A, Li X, Lu W, Xiao W, Wilkes JSL, Salanga CL, Handel TM, Wang L, Wolfert MA, Boons GJ. Heparan Sulfate Microarray Reveals That Heparan Sulfate-Protein Binding Exhibits Different Ligand Requirements. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:9534-9543. [PMID: 28651046 PMCID: PMC5588662 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfates (HS) are linear sulfated polysaccharides that modulate a wide range of physiological and disease-processes. Variations in HS epimerization and sulfation provide enormous structural diversity, which is believed to underpin protein binding and regulatory properties. The ligand requirements of HS-binding proteins have, however, been defined in only a few cases. We describe here a synthetic methodology that can rapidly provide a library of well-defined HS oligosaccharides. It is based on the use of modular disaccharides to assemble several selectively protected tetrasaccharides that were subjected to selective chemical modifications such as regioselective O- and N-sulfation and selective de-sulfation. A number of the resulting compounds were subjected to enzymatic modifications by 3-O-sulfotransferases-1 (3-OST1) to provide 3-O-sulfated derivatives. The various approaches for diversification allowed one tetrasaccharide to be converted into 12 differently sulfated derivatives. By employing tetrasaccharides with different backbone compositions, a library of 47 HS-oligosaccharides was prepared and the resulting compounds were used to construct a HS microarray. The ligand requirements of a number of HS-binding proteins including fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2), and the chemokines CCL2, CCL5, CCL7, CCL13, CXCL8, and CXCL10 were examined using the array. Although all proteins recognized multiple compounds, they exhibited clear differences in structure-binding characteristics. The HS microarray data guided the selection of compounds that could interfere in biological processes such as cell proliferation. Although the library does not cover the entire chemical space of HS-tetrasaccharides, the binding data support a notion that changes in cell surface HS composition can modulate protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengli Zong
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Andre Venot
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Xiuru Li
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Weigang Lu
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Wenyuan Xiao
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Jo-Setti L. Wilkes
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Catherina L. Salanga
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California—San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC0684, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Tracy M. Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California—San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC0684, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Lianchun Wang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Margreet A. Wolfert
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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30
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Investigating Glycol-Split-Heparin-Derived Inhibitors of Heparanase: A Study of Synthetic Trisaccharides. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21111602. [PMID: 27886097 PMCID: PMC6274180 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparanase is the only known endoglycosidase able to cleave heparan sulfate. Roneparstat and necuparanib, heparanase inhibitors obtained from heparin and currently being tested in man as a potential drugs against cancer, contain in their structure glycol-split uronic acid moieties probably responsible for their strong inhibitory activity. We describe here the total chemical synthesis of the trisaccharide GlcNS6S-GlcA-1,6anGlcNS (1) and its glycol-split (gs) counterpart GlcNS6S-gsGlcA-1,6anGlcNS (2) from glucose. As expected, in a heparanase inhibition assay, compound 2 is one order of magnitude more potent than 1. Using molecular modeling techniques we have created a 3D model of 1 and 2 that has been validated by NOESY NMR experiments. The pure synthetic oligosaccharides have allowed the first in depth study of the conformation of a glycol-split glucuronic acid. Introducing a glycol-split unit in the structure of 1 increases the conformational flexibility and shortens the distance between the two glucosamine motives, thus promoting interaction with heparanase. However, comparing the relative activities of 2 and roneparstat, we can conclude that the glycol-split motive is not the only determinant of the strong inhibitory effect of roneparstat.
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31
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Zong C, Huang R, Condac E, Chiu Y, Xiao W, Li X, Lu W, Ishihara M, Wang S, Ramiah A, Stickney M, Azadi P, Amster IJ, Moremen KW, Wang L, Sharp JS, Boons GJ. Integrated Approach to Identify Heparan Sulfate Ligand Requirements of Robo1. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:13059-13067. [PMID: 27611601 PMCID: PMC5068570 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b08161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An integrated methodology is described to establish ligand requirements for heparan sulfate (HS) binding proteins based on a workflow in which HS octasaccharides are produced by partial enzymatic degradation of natural HS followed by size exclusion purification, affinity enrichment using an immobilized HS-binding protein of interest, putative structure determination of isolated compounds by a hydrophilic interaction chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry platform, and chemical synthesis of well-defined HS oligosaccharides for structure-activity relationship studies. The methodology was used to establish the ligand requirements of human Roundabout receptor 1 (Robo1), which is involved in a number of developmental processes. Mass spectrometric analysis of the starting octasaccharide mixture and the Robo1-bound fraction indicated that Robo1 has a preference for a specific set of structures. Further analysis was performed by sequential permethylation, desulfation, and pertrideuteroacetylation followed by online separation and structural analysis by MS/MS. Sequences of tetrasaccharides could be deduced from the data, and by combining the compositional and sequence data, a putative octasaccharide ligand could be proposed (GlA-GlcNS6S-IdoA-GlcNS-IdoA2S-GlcNS6S-IdoA-GlcNAc6S). A modular synthetic approach was employed to prepare the target compound, and binding studies by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) confirmed it to be a high affinity ligand for Robo1. Further studies with a number of tetrasaccharides confirmed that sulfate esters at C-6 are critical for binding, whereas such functionalities at C-2 substantially reduce binding. High affinity ligands were able to reverse a reduction in endothelial cell migration induced by Slit2-Robo1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengli Zong
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Rongrong Huang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Eduard Condac
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Yulun Chiu
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Wenyuan Xiao
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Xiuru Li
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Weigang Lu
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Mayumi Ishihara
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Shuo Wang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Annapoorani Ramiah
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Morgan Stickney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - I. Jonathan Amster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Kelley W. Moremen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Lianchun Wang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Joshua S. Sharp
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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32
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Kong G, Huang X, Wang L, Li Y, Sun T, Han S, Zhu W, Ma M, Xu H, Li J, Zhang X, Liu X, Wang X. Astilbin alleviates LPS-induced ARDS by suppressing MAPK signaling pathway and protecting pulmonary endothelial glycocalyx. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 36:51-58. [PMID: 27111514 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a devastating disorder that is characterized by increased vascular endothelial permeability and inflammation. Unfortunately, no effective treatment beyond supportive care is available for ARDS. Astilbin, a flavonoid compound isolated from Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae, has been used for anti-hepatic, anti-arthritic, and anti-renal injury treatments. This study examined the effects of Astilbin on pulmonary inflammatory activation and endothelial cell barrier dysfunction caused by Gram-negative bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Endothelial cells from human umbilical veins or male Kunming mice were pretreated with Astilbin 24h before LPS stimulation. Results showed that Astilbin significantly attenuated the pulmonary histopathological changes and neutrophil infiltration 6h after the LPS challenge. Astilbin suppressed the activities of myeloperoxidase and malondialdehyde, as well as the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 in vivo and in vitro. As indices of pulmonary edema, lung wet-to-dry weight ratios, were markedly decreased by Astilbin pretreatment. Western blot analysis also showed that Astilbin inhibited LPS-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in lung tissues. Furthermore, Astilbin significantly inhibited the activity of heparanase and reduced the production of heparan sulfate in the blood serum as determined by ELISA. These findings indicated that Astilbin can alleviate LPS-induced ARDS, which potentially contributed to the suppression of MAPK pathway activation and the degradation of endothelial glycocalyx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiqing Kong
- Department of Intensive Care Unit Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou 256603, Shandong Province, China; Department of Biotechnology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiao Huang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou 256603, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lipeng Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou 256603, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou 256603, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ting Sun
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou 256603, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shasha Han
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou 256603, Shandong Province, China
| | - Weiwei Zhu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou 256603, Shandong Province, China
| | - Mingming Ma
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Hulunbeier People's Hospital, Hulunbeier 021000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Haixiao Xu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou 256603, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jiankui Li
- Department of Intensive Care Unit Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou 256603, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Xiangyong Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Xiaozhi Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou 256603, Shandong Province, China.
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33
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Leist SR, Pilzner C, van den Brand JMA, Dengler L, Geffers R, Kuiken T, Balling R, Kollmus H, Schughart K. Influenza H3N2 infection of the collaborative cross founder strains reveals highly divergent host responses and identifies a unique phenotype in CAST/EiJ mice. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:143. [PMID: 26921172 PMCID: PMC4769537 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2483-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza A virus is a zoonotic pathogen that poses a major threat to human and animal health. The severe course of influenza infection is not only influenced by viral virulence factors but also by individual differences in the host response. To determine the extent to which the genetic background can modulate severity of an infection, we studied the host responses to influenza infections in the eight genetically highly diverse Collaborative Cross (CC) founder mouse strains. RESULTS We observed highly divergent host responses between the CC founder strains with respect to survival, body weight loss, hematological parameters in the blood, relative lung weight and viral load. Mouse strain was the main factor with highest effect size on body weight loss after infection, demonstrating that this phenotype was highly heritable. Sex represented another significant main effect, although it was less strong. Analysis of survival rates and mean time to death suggested three groups of susceptibility phenotypes: highly susceptible (A/J, CAST/EiJ, WSB/EiJ), intermediate susceptible (C57BL/6J, 129S1/SvImJ, NOD/ShiLtJ) and highly resistant strains (NZO/HlLtJ, PWK/PhJ). These three susceptibility groups were significantly different with respect to death/survival counts. Viral load was significantly different between susceptible and resistant strains but not between intermediate and highly susceptible strains. CAST/EiJ mice showed a unique phenotype. Despite high viral loads in their lungs, CAST/EiJ mice exhibited low counts of infiltrating granulocytes and showed increased numbers of macrophages in the lung. Histological studies of infected lungs and transcriptome analyses of peripheral blood cells and lungs confirmed an abnormal response in the leukocyte recruitment in CAST/EiJ mice. CONCLUSIONS The eight CC founder strains exhibited a large diversity in their response to influenza infections. Therefore, the CC will represent an ideal mouse genetic reference population to study the influence of genetic variation on the susceptibility and resistance to influenza infections which will be important to understand individual variations of disease severity in humans. The unique phenotype combination in the CAST/EiJ strain resembles human leukocyte adhesion deficiency and may thus represent a new mouse model to understand this and related abnormal immune responses to infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Leist
- Department of Infection Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig and University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Inhoffenstr.7, D-38124, Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carolin Pilzner
- Department of Infection Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig and University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Inhoffenstr.7, D-38124, Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Leonie Dengler
- Department of Infection Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig and University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Inhoffenstr.7, D-38124, Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert Geffers
- Genome Analytics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rudi Balling
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Heike Kollmus
- Department of Infection Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig and University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Inhoffenstr.7, D-38124, Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - Klaus Schughart
- Department of Infection Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig and University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Inhoffenstr.7, D-38124, Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany. .,University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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Theocharis AD, Skandalis SS, Gialeli C, Karamanos NK. Extracellular matrix structure. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 97:4-27. [PMID: 26562801 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1327] [Impact Index Per Article: 165.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) is a non-cellular three-dimensional macromolecular network composed of collagens, proteoglycans/glycosaminoglycans, elastin, fibronectin, laminins, and several other glycoproteins. Matrix components bind each other as well as cell adhesion receptors forming a complex network into which cells reside in all tissues and organs. Cell surface receptors transduce signals into cells from ECM, which regulate diverse cellular functions, such as survival, growth, migration, and differentiation, and are vital for maintaining normal homeostasis. ECM is a highly dynamic structural network that continuously undergoes remodeling mediated by several matrix-degrading enzymes during normal and pathological conditions. Deregulation of ECM composition and structure is associated with the development and progression of several pathologic conditions. This article emphasizes in the complex ECM structure as to provide a better understanding of its dynamic structural and functional multipotency. Where relevant, the implication of the various families of ECM macromolecules in health and disease is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achilleas D Theocharis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Spyros S Skandalis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Chrysostomi Gialeli
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece; Division of Medical Protein Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine Malmö, Lund University, S-20502 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Nikos K Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece.
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Petrovich E, Feigelson SW, Stoler-Barak L, Hatzav M, Solomon A, Bar-Shai A, Ilan N, Li JP, Engelhardt B, Vlodavsky I, Alon R. Lung ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 support spontaneous intravascular effector lymphocyte entrapment but are not required for neutrophil entrapment or emigration inside endotoxin-inflamed lungs. FASEB J 2016; 30:1767-78. [PMID: 26823454 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201500046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The pulmonary vasculature constitutively expresses the integrin lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 ligands intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and -2. In this study, effector T cells were temporarily entrapped by the lung vasculature on their way to inflamed lymph nodes, and this entrapment was strongly reduced in ICAM-1 and -2 double-deficient mice (79 and 86% reduction for CD8(+) and CD4(+) effectors, respectively, compared with wild-type mice). Although the pulmonary vasculature has been suggested to be masked by the heparan sulfate-containing glycocalyx, which is susceptible to heparanase-mediated shedding, lung and lymphocyte heparanase have been found to be unnecessary for this entrapment. Systemic LPS induced rapid neutrophil entrapment in the lung vasculature, but in contrast to T-cell entrapment, this sequestration was ICAM-1, ICAM-2, and heparanase independent. Furthermore, neutrophil migration into the bronchoalveolar space induced by LPS inhalation and LPS-induced leakage of red blood cells into this space were not dependent on lung ICAMs or heparanase activity. Nevertheless, heparanase was critical for neutrophil accumulation in smoke-exposed lungs. Our results indicate that, whereas T cells use ICAM-1 and -2 for temporary pulmonary entrapment, neutrophils get sequestered and extravasate into inflamed lungs independent of ICAMs. This is the first demonstration that the pulmonary vasculature is differentially recognized by T cells and neutrophils.-Petrovich, E., Feigelson, S. W., Stoler-Barak, L., Hatzav, M., Solomon, A., Bar-Shai, A., Ilan, N., Li, J.-P., Engelhardt, B., Vlodavsky, I., Alon, R. Lung ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 support spontaneous intravascular effector lymphocyte entrapment but are not required for neutrophil entrapment or emigration inside endotoxin-inflamed lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Petrovich
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sara W Feigelson
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Liat Stoler-Barak
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Miki Hatzav
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adam Solomon
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Amir Bar-Shai
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Neta Ilan
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden; and
| | | | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ronen Alon
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel;
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Pala D, Rivara S, Mor M, Milazzo FM, Roscilli G, Pavoni E, Giannini G. Kinetic analysis and molecular modeling of the inhibition mechanism of roneparstat (SST0001) on human heparanase. Glycobiology 2016; 26:640-54. [PMID: 26762172 PMCID: PMC4847616 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparanase is a β-d-glucuronidase which cleaves heparan sulfate chains in the extracellular matrix and on cellular membranes. A dysregulated heparanase activity is intimately associated with cell invasion, tumor metastasis and angiogenesis, making heparanase an attractive target for the development of anticancer therapies. SST0001 (roneparstat; Sigma-Tau Research Switzerland S.A.) is a non-anticoagulant 100% N-acetylated and glycol-split heparin acting as a potent heparanase inhibitor, currently in phase I in advanced multiple myeloma. Herein, the kinetics of heparanase inhibition by roneparstat is reported. The analysis of dose-inhibition curves confirmed the high potency of roneparstat (IC50 ≈ 3 nM) and showed, at higher concentrations, a Hill coefficient consistent with the engagement of two molecules of inhibitor. A homology model of human heparanase GS3 construct was built and used for docking experiments with inhibitor fragments. The model has high structural similarity with the recently reported crystal structure of human heparanase. Different interaction schemes are proposed, which support the hypothesis of a complex binding mechanism involving the recruitment of one or multiple roneparstat chains, depending on its concentration. In particular, docking solutions were obtained in which (i) a single roneparstat molecule interacts with both heparin-binding domains (HBDs) of heparanase or (ii) two fragments of roneparstat interact with either HBD-1 or HBD-2, consistent with the possibility of different inhibitor:enzyme binding stoichiometries. This study provides unique insights into the mode of action of roneparstat as well as clues of its interaction with heparanase at a molecular level, which could be exploited to design novel potential inhibitor molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Pala
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Silvia Rivara
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Marco Mor
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Maria Milazzo
- R&D Sigma-Tau Industrie Farmaceutiche Riunite S.p.A., Via Pontina Km 30,400, Pomezia, Roma 00071, Italy
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Giannini
- R&D Sigma-Tau Industrie Farmaceutiche Riunite S.p.A., Via Pontina Km 30,400, Pomezia, Roma 00071, Italy
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Iozzo RV, Schaefer L. Proteoglycan form and function: A comprehensive nomenclature of proteoglycans. Matrix Biol 2015; 42:11-55. [PMID: 25701227 PMCID: PMC4859157 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 789] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We provide a comprehensive classification of the proteoglycan gene families and respective protein cores. This updated nomenclature is based on three criteria: Cellular and subcellular location, overall gene/protein homology, and the utilization of specific protein modules within their respective protein cores. These three signatures were utilized to design four major classes of proteoglycans with distinct forms and functions: the intracellular, cell-surface, pericellular and extracellular proteoglycans. The proposed nomenclature encompasses forty-three distinct proteoglycan-encoding genes and many alternatively-spliced variants. The biological functions of these four proteoglycan families are critically assessed in development, cancer and angiogenesis, and in various acquired and genetic diseases where their expression is aberrant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Stoler-Barak L, Petrovich E, Aychek T, Gurevich I, Tal O, Hatzav M, Ilan N, Feigelson SW, Shakhar G, Vlodavsky I, Alon R. Heparanase of murine effector lymphocytes and neutrophils is not required for their diapedesis into sites of inflammation. FASEB J 2015; 29:2010-21. [PMID: 25634957 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-265447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase, the exclusive mammalian heparan sulfate-degrading enzyme, has been suggested to be utilized by leukocytes to penetrate through the dense basement membranes surrounding blood venules. Despite its established role in tumor cell invasion, heparanase function in leukocyte extravasation has never been demonstrated. We found that TH1/TC1-type effector T cells are highly enriched for this enzyme, with a 3.6-fold higher heparanase mRNA expression compared with naive lymphocytes. Using adoptive transfer of wild-type and heparanase-deficient effector T cells into inflamed mice, we show that T-cell heparanase was not required for extravasation inside inflamed lymph nodes or skin. Leukocyte extravasation through acute inflamed skin vessels was also heparanase independent. Furthermore, neutrophils emigrated to the inflamed peritoneal cavity independently of heparanase expression on either the leukocytes or on the endothelial and mesothelial barriers, and overexpression of the enzyme on neutrophils did not facilitate their emigration. However, heparanase absence significantly reduced monocyte emigration into the inflamed peritoneal cavity. These results collectively suggest that neither leukocyte nor endothelial heparanase is required for T-cell and neutrophil extravasation through inflamed vascular barriers, whereas this enzyme is required for optimal monocyte recruitment to inflamed peritoneum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liat Stoler-Barak
- *Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; and Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ekaterina Petrovich
- *Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; and Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tegest Aychek
- *Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; and Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Irina Gurevich
- *Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; and Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Orna Tal
- *Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; and Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Miki Hatzav
- *Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; and Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Neta Ilan
- *Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; and Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Sara W Feigelson
- *Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; and Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Guy Shakhar
- *Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; and Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- *Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; and Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ronen Alon
- *Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; and Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
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Douglass S, Goyal A, Iozzo RV. The role of perlecan and endorepellin in the control of tumor angiogenesis and endothelial cell autophagy. Connect Tissue Res 2015; 56:381-91. [PMID: 26181327 PMCID: PMC4769797 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2015.1045297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
During tumor growth and angiogenesis there is a dynamic remodeling of tissue architecture often accompanied by the release of extracellular matrix constituents full of biological activity. One of the key constituents of the tumor microenvironment is the large heparan sulfate proteoglycan perlecan. This proteoglycan, strategically located at cell surfaces and within basement membranes, is a well-defined pro-angiogenic molecule when intact. However, when partially processed by proteases released during cancer remodeling and invasion, the C-terminal fragment of perlecan, known as endorepellin, has opposite effects than its parent molecule. Endorepellin is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis by exerting a dual receptor antagonism by simultaneously engaging VEGFR2 and α2β1 integrin. Signaling through the α2β1 integrin leads to actin disassembly and block of endothelial cell migration, necessary for capillary morphogenesis. Signaling through the VEGFR2 induces dephosphorylation of the receptor via activation of SHP-1 and suppression of downstream proangiogenic effectors, especially attenuating VEGFA expression. A novel and emerging role of endorepellin is its ability to evoke autophagy by activating Peg3 and various canonical autophagic markers. This effect is specific for endothelial cells as these are the primary cells expressing both VEGFR2 and α2β1 integrin. Thus, an endogenous fragment of a ubiquitous proteoglycan can regulate both angiogenesis and autophagy through a dual receptor antagonism. The biological properties of this natural endogenous protein place endorepellin as a potential therapeutic agent against cancer or diseases where angiogenesis is prominent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Douglass
- a Department of Pathology , Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signalling Program, Kimmel Cancer Centre, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Atul Goyal
- a Department of Pathology , Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signalling Program, Kimmel Cancer Centre, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- a Department of Pathology , Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signalling Program, Kimmel Cancer Centre, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
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Billings PC, Pacifici M. Interactions of signaling proteins, growth factors and other proteins with heparan sulfate: mechanisms and mysteries. Connect Tissue Res 2015; 56:272-80. [PMID: 26076122 PMCID: PMC4785798 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2015.1045066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a component of cell surface and matrix-associated proteoglycans (HSPGs) that, collectively, play crucial roles in many physiologic processes including cell differentiation, organ morphogenesis and cancer. A key function of HS is to bind and interact with signaling proteins, growth factors, plasma proteins, immune-modulators and other factors. In doing so, the HS chains and HSPGs are able to regulate protein distribution, bio-availability and action on target cells and can also serve as cell surface co-receptors, facilitating ligand-receptor interactions. These proteins contain an HS/heparin-binding domain (HBD) that mediates their association and contacts with HS. HBDs are highly diverse in sequence and predicted structure, contain clusters of basic amino acids (Lys and Arg) and possess an overall net positive charge, most often within a consensus Cardin-Weintraub (CW) motif. Interestingly, other domains and residues are now known to influence protein-HS interactions, as well as interactions with other glycosaminoglycans, such as chondroitin sulfate. In this review, we provide a description and analysis of HBDs in proteins including amphiregulin, fibroblast growth factor family members, heparanase, sclerostin and hedgehog protein family members. We discuss HBD structural and functional features and important roles carried out by other protein domains, and also provide novel conformational insights into the diversity of CW motifs present in Sonic, Indian and Desert hedgehogs. Finally, we review progress in understanding the pathogenesis of a rare pediatric skeletal disorder, Hereditary Multiple Exostoses (HME), characterized by HS deficiency and cartilage tumor formation. Advances in understanding protein-HS interactions will have broad implications for basic biology and translational medicine as well as for the development of HS-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C. Billings
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Maurizio Pacifici
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Casu B, Naggi A, Torri G. Re-visiting the structure of heparin. Carbohydr Res 2014; 403:60-8. [PMID: 25088334 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The sulfated polysaccharide heparin has been used as a life-saving anticoagulant in clinics well before its detailed structure was known. This mini-review is a survey of the evolution in the discovery of the primary and secondary structure of heparin. Highlights in this history include elucidation and synthesis of the specific sequence that binds to antithrombin, the development of low-molecular-weight heparins currently used as antithrombotic drugs, and the most promising start of chemo-enzymatic synthesis. Special emphasis is given to peculiar conformational properties contributing to interaction with proteins that modulate different biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benito Casu
- G. Ronzoni Institute for Chemical and Biochemical Research, via G. Colombo, 81 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Naggi
- G. Ronzoni Institute for Chemical and Biochemical Research, via G. Colombo, 81 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giangiacomo Torri
- G. Ronzoni Institute for Chemical and Biochemical Research, via G. Colombo, 81 20133 Milan, Italy
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Anders HJ, Schaefer L. Beyond tissue injury-damage-associated molecular patterns, toll-like receptors, and inflammasomes also drive regeneration and fibrosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:1387-400. [PMID: 24762401 PMCID: PMC4073442 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue injury initiates an inflammatory response through the actions of immunostimulatory molecules referred to as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). DAMPs encompass a group of heterogenous molecules, including intracellular molecules released during cell necrosis and molecules involved in extracellular matrix remodeling such as hyaluronan, biglycan, and fibronectin. Kidney-specific DAMPs include crystals and uromodulin released by renal tubular damage. DAMPs trigger innate immunity by activating Toll-like receptors, purinergic receptors, or the NLRP3 inflammasome. However, recent evidence revealed that DAMPs also trigger re-epithelialization upon kidney injury and contribute to epithelial-mesenchymal transition and, potentially, to myofibroblast differentiation and proliferation. Thus, these discoveries suggest that DAMPs drive not only immune injury but also kidney regeneration and renal scarring. Here, we review the data from these studies and discuss the increasingly complex connection between DAMPs and kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Joachim Anders
- Nephrological Center, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, University of Munich, Munich, Germany; and
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institute of General Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe-University of Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Nadanaka S, Purunomo E, Takeda N, Tamura JI, Kitagawa H. Heparan sulfate containing unsubstituted glucosamine residues: biosynthesis and heparanase-inhibitory activity. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:15231-43. [PMID: 24753252 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.545343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Degradation of heparan sulfate (HS) in the extracellular matrix by heparanase is linked to the processes of tumor invasion and metastasis. Thus, a heparanase inhibitor can be a potential anticancer drug. Because HS with unsubstituted glucosamine residues accumulates in heparanase-expressing breast cancer cells, we assumed that these HS structures are resistant to heparanase and can therefore be utilized as a heparanase inhibitor. As expected, chemically synthetic HS-tetrasaccharides containing unsubstituted glucosamine residues, GlcAβ1-4GlcNH3 (+)(6-O-sulfate)α1-4GlcAβ1-4GlcNH3 (+)(6-O-sulfate), inhibited heparanase activity and suppressed invasion of breast cancer cells in vitro. Bifunctional NDST-1 (N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase-1) catalyzes the modification of N-acetylglucosamine residues within HS chains, and the balance of N-deacetylase and N-sulfotransferase activities of NDST-1 is thought to be a determinant of the generation of unsubstituted glucosamine. We also report here that EXTL3 (exostosin-like 3) controls N-sulfotransferase activity of NDST-1 by forming a complex with NDST-1 and contributes to generation of unsubstituted glucosamine residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Nadanaka
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 658-8558, Japan
| | - Eko Purunomo
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 658-8558, Japan
| | - Naoko Takeda
- the Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyamacho-Minami, Tottori 680-8552, Japan, and
| | - Jun-ichi Tamura
- the Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyamacho-Minami, Tottori 680-8552, Japan, and the Department of Regional Environment, Faculty of Regional Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori, Tottori 680-8551, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 658-8558, Japan,
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Stoler-Barak L, Moussion C, Shezen E, Hatzav M, Sixt M, Alon R. Blood vessels pattern heparan sulfate gradients between their apical and basolateral aspects. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85699. [PMID: 24465652 PMCID: PMC3899079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of immune cell trafficking is directional guidance via gradients of soluble or surface bound chemokines. Vascular endothelial cells produce, transport and deposit either their own chemokines or chemokines produced by the underlying stroma. Endothelial heparan sulfate (HS) was suggested to be a critical scaffold for these chemokine pools, but it is unclear how steep chemokine gradients are sustained between the lumenal and ablumenal aspects of blood vessels. Addressing this question by semi-quantitative immunostaining of HS moieties around blood vessels with a pan anti-HS IgM mAb, we found a striking HS enrichment in the basal lamina of resting and inflamed post capillary skin venules, as well as in high endothelial venules (HEVs) of lymph nodes. Staining of skin vessels with a glycocalyx probe further suggested that their lumenal glycocalyx contains much lower HS density than their basolateral extracellular matrix (ECM). This polarized HS pattern was observed also in isolated resting and inflamed microvascular dermal cells. Notably, progressive skin inflammation resulted in massive ECM deposition and in further HS enrichment around skin post capillary venules and their associated pericytes. Inflammation-dependent HS enrichment was not compromised in mice deficient in the main HS degrading enzyme, heparanase. Our results suggest that the blood vasculature patterns steep gradients of HS scaffolds between their lumenal and basolateral endothelial aspects, and that inflammatory processes can further enrich the HS content nearby inflamed vessels. We propose that chemokine gradients between the lumenal and ablumenal sides of vessels could be favored by these sharp HS scaffold gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liat Stoler-Barak
- Department of Immunology, the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Elias Shezen
- Department of Immunology, the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Miki Hatzav
- Department of Immunology, the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michael Sixt
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Ronen Alon
- Department of Immunology, the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- * E-mail:
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