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Shi Y, Cao Z, Xie Y, Yuan Y, Chen X, Su Y, Niu X, Liu H, Yin L, Zhao B, Liu H, She N, Feng Y, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Ma L, Ren X. Association between obstructive sleep apnea and thyroid function: A 10-year retrospective study. Sleep Med 2023; 103:106-115. [PMID: 36774744 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2023.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore whether the obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has an impact on thyroid function in patients. METHOD The data of 853 patients were retrospectively collected from the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University in recent ten years. All the objects were divided into the control group, mild-moderate and severe OSA groups according to the result of polysomnography. RESULTS In the non-elderly population (age <60), there were significant differences in serum free triiodothyronine (FT3) and total triiodothyronine (TT3) between the mild-moderate and severe OSA groups (all p < 0.05). And there were differences in serum total thyroxine, anti-thyroid peroxidase, and antithyroglobulin between the control and mild-moderate OSA groups (all p < 0.05). Moreover, FT3 was associated with age (OR = 0.98, p < 0.05) and apnea-hypopnea index (OR = 1.01, p < 0.05). The occurrence of thyroid nodules was associated with average transcutaneous oxygen saturation (Mean SaO2) (OR = 0.97, p < 0.05). In the elderly (age ≥60), there was no difference in FT3 and TT3 between the mild-moderate and severe OSA. While the occurrence of thyroid nodules was also associated with Mean SaO2 (OR = 0.90, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION In the non-elderly population, the progress of OSA may promote the increase in thyroid hormone (especially FT3) levels, while in the elderly population not. In the whole age population, Mean SaO 2 is associated with the occurrence of thyroid nodules. Future research on the relationship between OSA and thyroid function, and age stratification is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yewen Shi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Zine Cao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Yushan Xie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Yuqi Yuan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Yonglong Su
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Xiaoxin Niu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Haiqin Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Libo Yin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Bingjie Zhao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Huizhe Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ningning She
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Yani Feng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Zitong Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Yitong Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China.
| | - Lina Ma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China.
| | - Xiaoyong Ren
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China.
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Dong S, Liu Q, Jiang M, Ma Q, Huang Q, Liu T, Li Y, Ni L, Shi Y. Xiao-Luo-Wan treats propylthiouracil-induced goiter with hypothyroidism in rats through the PI3K-AKT/RAS pathways based on UPLC/MS and network pharmacology. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 289:115045. [PMID: 35101570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Goiter with hypothyroidism occurs in several thyroid diseases. Xiao-Luo-Wan (XLW), which contains Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl., Fritillaria thunbergii Miq. and Ostrea gigas Thunberg, has been used as an effective Chinese medicine for the treatment of goiters in China for hundreds of years. Based on clinical observations and experimental studies, XLW also exerts a certain effect on hypothyroidism. However, the therapeutic mechanism of XLW remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of XLW on propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced goiter with hypothyroidism in rats and to uncover the underlying molecular mechanism using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS), network pharmacology, and molecular docking simulations. MATERIALS AND METHODS After successful modeling, the remaining rats were randomly divided into a model group, an Euthyrox group, an XLW group, and a control group. The corresponding drugs were given by gavage for four consecutive weeks. The growth status was monitored, the relative thyroid weight was calculated, and the total serum T3, T4, and TSH content were detected. Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining was used to observe the pathological changes in the thyroid glands. The chemical components of the XLW were identified by UPLC/MS and the putative targets of XLW were predicted using multiple databases. We performed network pharmacology based on the intersection of goiter/hypothyroidism-related targets and XLW targets. Then, we performed KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, and key targets were further screened using protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks. Finally, molecular docking was used to predict the binding ability of XLW identified components and the key targets. RESULTS XLW significantly increased the levels of T3 and T4, and reduced TSH, increased body weight, and decreased swollen thyroid glands in PTU-induced rats. XLW promoted the morphological recovery of thyroid follicles and epithelial cells. Twenty-one main chemical components of XLW were identified using UPLC/MS. 270 potential gene targets of XLW and 717 known targets of goiter/hypothyroidism disease were obtained by searching the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database (TCMSP), Swiss Target Prediction, and UniProt databases. A total of 83 KEGG pathways were enriched with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-protein kinase B (PI3K-AKT) and RAS signaling pathways. PPI analysis revealed nine key targets of kinase-protein kinase B (AKT) 1, interleukin (IL) 6, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), GTPase HRas (HRAS), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9, and heat shock protein 90 alpha family class A member 1 (HSP90AA1). Molecular docking verified which drug components had good binding ability to key targets (all ≤5 kcal/mol). CONCLUSION For PTU-induced goiter with hypothyroidism in rats, XLW improves thyroid function, reduces goiter, increases body weight, and promotes the recovery of thyroid follicles and epithelial cells. The underlying molecular mechanism suggests that XLW may regulate thyroid hormone signaling by regulating the PI3K-AKT, RAS, and other signaling pathways. This study provides a pharmacological and biological basis for using XLW to treat goiter with hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Dong
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Liangxiang University Town, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Qunying Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Liangxiang University Town, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Miao Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Liangxiang University Town, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Qihong Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Liangxiang University Town, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Qianqian Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Liangxiang University Town, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Tianhua Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Liangxiang University Town, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Yuan Li
- School of Management, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Liangxiang University Town, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Lei Ni
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Liangxiang University Town, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Liangxiang University Town, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102488, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Pingshan District, Shenzhen, 518118, China.
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3
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Comparative Efficacy and Toxicity of Different Species of Sargassum in Haizao Yuhu Decoction in PTU-Induced Goiter Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:3526186. [PMID: 28713435 PMCID: PMC5497638 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3526186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Haizao Yuhu Decoction has been widely used to treat thyroid-related diseases especially goiter with few side effects in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), including herb pair Sargassum (HZ) and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (GC), as one of "eighteen antagonistic medicaments." The two different species of Sargassum, Sargassum fusiforme (Sf) and Sargassum pallidum (Sp), are not clearly differentiated in clinical use, so that herb pair Sf-GC and Sp-GC could show different effect and toxicity. METHODS We investigated the antigoitrous effect and toxicity and clarified the potential underlying mechanism of the two different species of Sargassum in HYD (HYDf and HYDp) in PTU-reduced goiter rats. RESULTS The results demonstrated that both HYDf and HYDp could exhibit antigoitrous effect through alterations in hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis and inhibition of the TPO gene expression; there is no difference in the antigoitrous effects between the two different species of Sargassum application in HYD. CONCLUSION This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of herb pair HZ-GC applied in HYD in goiter rats at molecular, cellular, and whole level and compared the two species of Sargassum further. We provide a reliable way to clarify the possible mechanism of the antagonistic medicament herb pair HZ-GC for its application.
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Tillman BN, Yanik M, Birkeland AC, Liu CJ, Hovelson DH, Cani AK, Palanisamy N, Carskadon S, Carey TE, Bradford CR, Tomlins SA, McHugh JB, Spector ME, Brenner JC. Fibroblast growth factor family aberrations as a putative driver of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in an epidemiologically low-risk patient as defined by targeted sequencing. Head Neck 2016; 38 Suppl 1:E1646-52. [PMID: 26849095 DOI: 10.1002/hed.24292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeted sequencing of patients with epidemiologically low-risk (ELR) head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) could help identify novel drivers or lost suppressors leading to precision medicine protocols and improved survival rates. METHODS A patient with ELR-HNSCC was selected for targeted sequencing. We then assessed next generation sequencing cohorts from the Oncomine Powertool Database, which contains pan-cancer data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). RESULTS Targeted sequencing revealed fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 (FGFR1) amplifications as a putative driver of the patient's tumor. Patients with HNSCC from TCGA data demonstrated fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family mutations, rearrangements, or amplifications in over 35% of HNSCC cases, with a statistically significant higher frequency in African American populations. FGF alterations were unique from activating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PIK3CA) mutations. CONCLUSION Together, these data suggest that FGF signaling may be critical for a subset of patients with HNSCC independent of other known pathways and provides rationale for leveraging patients with ELR-HNSCC to define molecular subsets of high-risk HNSCC. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E1646-E1652, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittny N Tillman
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Megan Yanik
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Andrew C Birkeland
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Chia-Jen Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Daniel H Hovelson
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Andi K Cani
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Nallasivam Palanisamy
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Shannon Carskadon
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Thomas E Carey
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Carol R Bradford
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Scott A Tomlins
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jonathan B McHugh
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Matthew E Spector
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - J Chad Brenner
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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5
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Delmarcelle AS, Villacorte M, Hick AC, Pierreux CE. An ex vivo culture system to study thyroid development. J Vis Exp 2014. [PMID: 24961920 DOI: 10.3791/51641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The thyroid is a bilobated endocrine gland localized at the base of the neck, producing the thyroid hormones T3, T4, and calcitonin. T3 and T4 are produced by differentiated thyrocytes, organized in closed spheres called follicles, while calcitonin is synthesized by C-cells, interspersed in between the follicles and a dense network of blood capillaries. Although adult thyroid architecture and functions have been extensively described and studied, the formation of the "angio-follicular" units, the distribution of C-cells in the parenchyma and the paracrine communications between epithelial and endothelial cells is far from being understood. This method describes the sequential steps of mouse embryonic thyroid anlagen dissection and its culture on semiporous filters or on microscopy plastic slides. Within a period of four days, this culture system faithfully recapitulates in vivo thyroid development. Indeed, (i) bilobation of the organ occurs (for e12.5 explants), (ii) thyrocytes precursors organize into follicles and polarize, (iii) thyrocytes and C-cells differentiate, and (iv) endothelial cells present in the microdissected tissue proliferate, migrate into the thyroid lobes, and closely associate with the epithelial cells, as they do in vivo. Thyroid tissues can be obtained from wild type, knockout or fluorescent transgenic embryos. Moreover, explants culture can be manipulated by addition of inhibitors, blocking antibodies, growth factors, or even cells or conditioned medium. Ex vivo development can be analyzed in real-time, or at any time of the culture by immunostaining and RT-qPCR. In conclusion, thyroid explant culture combined with downstream whole-mount or on sections imaging and gene expression profiling provides a powerful system for manipulating and studying morphogenetic and differentiation events of thyroid organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mylah Villacorte
- Pole of Cell Biology, Université catholique de Louvain & de Duve Institute
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Squillacioti C, De Luca A, Alì S, Ciarcia R, Germano G, Vittoria A, Mirabella N. Presence and distribution of urocortin and corticotrophin-releasing hormone receptors in the bovine thyroid gland. Anat Histol Embryol 2013; 43:429-34. [PMID: 24219151 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Urocortin (UCN), a 40 amino acid peptide, is a corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH)-related peptide. The biological actions of CRH family peptides are mediated via two types of G-protein-coupled receptors, CRH type 1 (CRHR1) and CRH type 2 (CRHR2). The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of UCN, CRHR1 and CRHR2 by immunoprecipitation, Western blot, immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR in the bovine thyroid gland. Immunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis showed that tissue extracts reacted with the anti-UCN, anti-CRHR1 and anti-CRHR2 antibodies. RT-PCR experiments demonstrated that mRNAs of UCN, CRHR1 and CRHR2 were expressed. UCN immunoreactivity (IR) and CRHR2-IR were found in the thyroid follicular and parafollicular cells and CRHR1-IR in the smooth muscle of the blood vessels. These results suggest that a regulatory system exists in the bovine thyroid gland based on UCN, CRHR1 and CRHR2 and that UCN plays a role in the regulation of thyroid physiological functions through an autocrine/paracrine mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Squillacioti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni animali, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via Federico Delpino, 1-80137, Napoli, Italia
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7
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Redler A, Di Rocco G, Giannotti D, Frezzotti F, Bernieri MG, Ceccarelli S, D’Amici S, Vescarelli E, Mitterhofer AP, Angeloni A, Marchese C. Fibroblast growth factor receptor-2 expression in thyroid tumor progression: potential diagnostic application. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72224. [PMID: 23977259 PMCID: PMC3747152 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor-2 (FGFR-2) plays an important role in tumorigenesis. In thyroid cancer it has been observed a FGFR-2 down-modulation, but the role of this receptor has not been yet clarified. Therefore, we decided to examine the expression of both FGFR-2 isoform, FGFR-2-IIIb and FGFR-2-IIIc, in different histological thyroid variants such as hyperplasia, follicular adenoma and papillary carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry and quantitative Real-Time PCR analyses were performed on samples of hyperplasia, follicular adenoma and papillary carcinoma, compared with normal thyroid tissue. Thyroid hyperplasia did not show statistically significant reduction in FGFR-2 protein and mRNA levels. Interestingly, in both follicular adenoma and papillary carcinoma samples we observed a strongly reduced expression of both FGFR-2 isoforms. We speculate that FGFR-2 down-modulation might be an early event in thyroid carcinogenesis. Furthermore, we suggest the potential use of FGFR-2 as an early marker for thyroid cancer diagnosis.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoma/diagnosis
- Adenoma/genetics
- Adenoma/metabolism
- Adenoma/pathology
- Adult
- Aged
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinogenesis/genetics
- Carcinogenesis/metabolism
- Carcinogenesis/pathology
- Carcinoma, Papillary/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Papillary/genetics
- Carcinoma, Papillary/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Papillary/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Hyperplasia/diagnosis
- Hyperplasia/genetics
- Hyperplasia/metabolism
- Hyperplasia/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Thyroid Gland/metabolism
- Thyroid Gland/pathology
- Thyroid Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics
- Thyroid Neoplasms/metabolism
- Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Redler
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Di Rocco
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Giannotti
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Maria Giulia Bernieri
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Ceccarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Sirio D’Amici
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrica Vescarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Angeloni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Marchese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Hick AC, Delmarcelle AS, Bouquet M, Klotz S, Copetti T, Forez C, Van Der Smissen P, Sonveaux P, Collet JF, Feron O, Courtoy PJ, Pierreux CE. Reciprocal epithelial:endothelial paracrine interactions during thyroid development govern follicular organization and C-cells differentiation. Dev Biol 2013; 381:227-40. [PMID: 23707896 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The thyroid is a highly vascularized endocrine gland, displaying a characteristic epithelial organization in closed spheres, called follicles. Here we investigate how endothelial cells are recruited into the developing thyroid and if they control glandular organization as well as thyrocytes and C-cells differentiation. We show that endothelial cells closely surround, and then invade the expanding thyroid epithelial cell mass to become closely associated with nascent polarized follicles. This close and sustained endothelial:epithelial interaction depends on epithelial production of the angiogenic factor, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A (VEGF-A), as its thyroid-specific genetic inactivation reduced the endothelial cell pool of the thyroid by > 90%. Vegfa KO also displayed decreased C-cells differentiation and impaired organization of the epithelial cell mass into follicles. We developed an ex vivo model of thyroid explants that faithfully mimicks bilobation of the thyroid anlagen, endothelial and C-cells invasion, folliculogenesis and differentiation. Treatment of thyroid explants at e12.5 with a VEGFR2 inhibitor ablated the endothelial pool and reproduced ex vivo folliculogenesis defects observed in conditional Vegfa KO. In the absence of any blood supply, rescue by embryonic endothelial progenitor cells restored folliculogenesis, accelerated lumen expansion and stimulated calcitonin expression by C-cells. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that, in developing mouse thyroid, epithelial production of VEGF-A is necessary for endothelial cells recruitment and expansion. In turn, endothelial cells control epithelial reorganization in follicles and C-cells differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Christine Hick
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
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Colin IM, Denef JF, Lengelé B, Many MC, Gérard AC. Recent insights into the cell biology of thyroid angiofollicular units. Endocr Rev 2013; 34:209-38. [PMID: 23349248 PMCID: PMC3610675 DOI: 10.1210/er.2012-1015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In thyrocytes, cell polarity is of crucial importance for proper thyroid function. Many intrinsic mechanisms of self-regulation control how the key players involved in thyroid hormone (TH) biosynthesis interact in apical microvilli, so that hazardous biochemical processes may occur without detriment to the cell. In some pathological conditions, this enzymatic complex is disrupted, with some components abnormally activated into the cytoplasm, which can lead to further morphological and functional breakdown. When iodine intake is altered, autoregulatory mechanisms outside the thyrocytes are activated. They involve adjacent capillaries that, together with thyrocytes, form the angiofollicular units (AFUs) that can be considered as the functional and morphological units of the thyroid. In response to iodine shortage, a rapid expansion of the microvasculature occurs, which, in addition to nutrients and oxygen, optimizes iodide supply. These changes are triggered by angiogenic signals released from thyrocytes via a reactive oxygen species/hypoxia-inducible factor/vascular endothelial growth factor pathway. When intra- and extrathyrocyte autoregulation fails, other forms of adaptation arise, such as euthyroid goiters. From onset, goiters are morphologically and functionally heterogeneous due to the polyclonal nature of the cells, with nodules distributed around areas of quiescent AFUs containing globules of compact thyroglobulin (Tg) and surrounded by a hypotrophic microvasculature. Upon TSH stimulation, quiescent AFUs are activated with Tg globules undergoing fragmentation into soluble Tg, proteins involved in TH biosynthesis being expressed and the local microvascular network extending. Over time and depending on physiological needs, AFUs may undergo repetitive phases of high, moderate, or low cell and tissue activity, which may ultimately culminate in multinodular goiters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ides M Colin
- Pôle de Morphologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Secteur des Sciences de la Santé, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), UCL-5251, 52 Avenue E. Mounier, B-1200, Bruxelles, Belgium.
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11
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Vickers AE, Heale J, Sinclair JR, Morris S, Rowe JM, Fisher RL. Thyroid organotypic rat and human cultures used to investigate drug effects on thyroid function, hormone synthesis and release pathways. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 260:81-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Ruggeri RM, Vitarelli E, Barresi G, Trimarchi F, Benvenga S, Trovato M. The tyrosine kinase receptor c-met, its cognate ligand HGF and the tyrosine kinase receptor trasducers STAT3, PI3K and RHO in thyroid nodules associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: an immunohistochemical characterization. Eur J Histochem 2010; 54:e24. [PMID: 20558345 PMCID: PMC3167304 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2010.e24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 03/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) exerts proliferative activities in thyrocytes upon binding to its tyrosine kinase receptor c-met and is also expressed in benign thyroid nodules as well as in Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). The simultaneous expression of HGF/c-met and three trasducers of tyrosine kinase receptors (STAT3, PI3K, RHO) in both the nodular and extranodular tissues were studied by immunohistochemistry in 50 benign thyroid nodules (NGs), 25 of which associated with HT. The ligand/tyrosine kinase receptor pair HGF/c-met and the two trasducers PI3K and RHO were expressed in NGs, regardless of association with HT, with a higher positive cases percentage in HT-associated NGs compared to not HT-associated NGs (25/25 or 100% vs 7/25 or 28%; P<0.001). HGF, PI3K and RHO expression was only stromal (fibroblasts and endothelial cells), in all 32 reactive NGs, while c-met localization was consistently epithelial (thyrocyes). Immunoreactions for HGF, c-met, PI3K and RHO were also apparent in the extra-nodular tissue of HT specimens, where HGF and PI3K were expressed not only in stromal cells but also in thyrocyes along with the c-met. Finally, a positive correlation was observed between the proportion of HGF, c-met, PI3K follicular cells and the grade of lymphoid aggregates in HT. In conclusion, HGF, c-met, PI3K are much more frequently and highly expressed in HT compared to NGs, and among all NGs in those present in the context of HT. A paracrine effect of HFG/c-met on nodule development, based on the prevalent stromal expression, may be suggested along with a major role of HGF/c-met and PI3K in HT. Finally, the expression of such molecules in HT may be regulated by lymphoid infiltrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Ruggeri
- Unit of Endocrinology, Clinical-Experimental, Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Martín-Lacave I, Borrero MJ, Utrilla JC, Fernández-Santos JM, de Miguel M, Morillo J, Guerrero JM, García-Marín R, Conde E. C cells evolve at the same rhythm as follicular cells when thyroidal status changes in rats. J Anat 2010; 214:301-9. [PMID: 19245497 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01044.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
C cells are primarily known for producing calcitonin, a hypocalcemic and hypophosphatemic hormone. Nevertheless, besides their role in calcium homeostasis, C cells may be involved in the intrathyroidal regulation of follicular cells, suggesting a possible interrelationship between the two endocrine populations. If this premise is true, massive changes induced by different agents in the activity of follicular cells may also affect calcitonin-producing cells. To investigate the behaviour of C cells in those circumstances, we have experimentally induced two opposite functional thyroid states. We hyperstimulated the follicular cells using a goitrogen (propylthiouracil), and we suppressed thyroid hormone synthesis by oral administration of thyroxine. In both scenarios, we measured T(4), TSH, calcitonin, and calcium serum levels. We also completely sectioned the thyroid gland, specifically immunostained the C cells, and rigorously quantified this endocrine population. In hypothyroid rats, not only follicular cells but also C cells displayed hyperplastic and hypertrophic changes as well as increased calcitonin levels. When exogenous thyroxine was administered to the rats, the opposite effect was noted as a decrease in the number and size of C cells, as well as decreased calcitonin levels. Additionally, we noted that the two cell types maintain the same numerical relation (10 +/- 2.5 follicular cells per C cell), independent of the functional activity of the thyroid gland. Considering that TSH serum levels are increased in hypothyroid rats and decreased in thyroxine-treated rats, we discuss the potential involvement of thyrotropin in the observed results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Martín-Lacave
- Department of Normal and Pathological Cytology and Histology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Av. Sánchez Pizjuán S/N, Seville, Spain.
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14
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Morpurgo G, Fioretti B, Catacuzzeno L. The main product of specialized tissues regulates cell life and may cause neoplastic transformation. Med Hypotheses 2009; 74:847-54. [PMID: 20036074 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Many tissues and cells in vertebrates are highly specialized and devoted to a single function through the action of a single molecule, that we call the "main product" (MP) of the cell. The hypothesis here proposed is that these MPs control all aspects of the cell life, namely activity, division, differentiation and apoptosis. Evidences supporting this hypothesis are reported for the immune system, pancreatic beta-cells, melanocytes, connective tissues, thyroid cells, skin and erythroid cells. In all cases cell division and differentiation is promoted by a normal activity of the MP, while hyperactivity leads to cell apoptosis. Evidences are also provided that alterations of the activity of the MP may elicit pathological disorders; in particular mutations altering the structure of the MP may elicit tumoural transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Morpurgo
- Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e Ambientale, Universita' di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine tumor and is increasing in incidence. The aim of this study was to review mouse models of differentiated thyroid cancer and how they elucidate human thyroid cancer biology. SUMMARY Differentiated thyroid cancer, primarily papillary and follicular, comprises the majority of thyroid cancers. There has been tremendous growth in the cross-talk between basic science and clinical practice for thyroid cancer management. Insight into the framework of genes responsible for differentiated thyroid cancer has been gained through the use of mouse models. Common genetic alterations found in human papillary thyroid cancer such as RET/PTC rearrangements or the BRAF(V600E) mutation have genetically modified mouse counterparts. These and other preclinical mouse models have validated the importance of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). RAS mutations have a role in both papillary and follicular thyroid cancer development. Mice with overactivation of the phosphatidylinol-3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT and/or thyrotropin-regulated signaling pathways have been found to develop follicular thyroid cancer. Additional mouse models of thyroid cancer that utilize inducible expression systems are in development or are being characterized and will better reflect the majority of human thyroid cancers which are non-hereditary. Advances in in vivo imaging of mice allow for earlier detection of metastasis and the ability to follow tumor growth or regression which may be used in evaluation of pharmaceutical agents. CONCLUSIONS Mouse models have expanded our understanding of the altered signaling pathways that contribute to thyroid cancer tumorigenesis and provide a powerful tool to develop novel diagnostic approaches and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline S. Kim
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xuguang Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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16
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Morillo-Bernal J, Fernández-Santos JM, Utrilla JC, de Miguel M, García-Marín R, Martín-Lacave I. Functional expression of the thyrotropin receptor in C cells: new insights into their involvement in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. J Anat 2009; 215:150-8. [PMID: 19493188 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01095.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid C cells, or parafollicular cells, are mainly known for producing calcitonin, a hormone involved in calcium homeostasis with hypocalcemic and hypophosphatemic effects. Classically, the main endocrine activity of this cell population has been believed to be restricted to its roles in serum calcium and bone metabolism. Nonetheless, in the last few years evidence has been accumulating in the literature with regard to local regulatory peptides secreted by C cells, such as somatostatin, ghrelin, thyrotropin releasing hormone or the recently described cocaine- and amphetamine-related transcript, which could modify thyroid function. As thyrotropin is the main hormone controlling the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and, accordingly, thyroid function, we have examined the functional expression of the thyrotropin receptor in C-cell lines and in thyroid tissues. We have found that rat and human C-cell lines express the thyrotropin receptor at both mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, incubation of C cells with thyrotropin resulted in a 10-fold inhibition of thyrotropin-receptor expression, and a concomitant decrease of the steady-state mRNA levels for calcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptide determined by quantitative real-time PCR was found. Finally, thyrotropin receptor expression by C cells was confirmed at protein level in both normal and pathological thyroid tissues by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. These results confirm that C cells, under regulation by thyrotropin, are involved in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and suggest a putative role in local fine-tuning of follicular cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Morillo-Bernal
- Department of Normal and Pathological Cytology and Histology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Spain
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17
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Ruggeri RM, Sciacchitano S, Vitale A, Cardelli P, Galletti M, Vitarelli E, Barresi G, Benvenga S, Trimarchi F, Trovato M. Serum hepatocyte growth factor is increased in Hashimoto's thyroiditis whether or not it is associated with nodular goiter as compared with healthy non-goitrous individuals. J Endocrinol Invest 2009; 32:465-9. [PMID: 19468262 DOI: 10.1007/bf03346487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some growth factors and cytokines are known to cooperate with TSH in thyroid nodular growth, but few data are available on their circulating levels in Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). AIM To evaluate in HT patients whether thyroid nodules are associated with variations in serum levels of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). SUBJECTS AND METHODS Serum levels of HGF and IL-6 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 176 euthyroid subjects, subdivided into 4 groups: A) HT patients with nodular goiter (no.=42); B) non-goitrous HT patients (no.=36); C) non-HT patients with nodular goiter (no.=48), and D) healthy subjects without thyroid disease (no.=50). RESULTS The highest concentrations of serumHGF were found in patients with nodular goiter, irrespective of the presence of associated HT (groups A and C). Nevertheless, in group A serum HGF levels were significantly higher than in group C (860.8+/-333.6 pg/ml vs 691.5+/-156 pg/ml, p<0.01). Moreover, though serum HGF levels in group B (578.3+/-217 pg/ml) were lower than in group A, they were significantly higher than in healthy controls (group D, 512.7+/-170.4 pg/ml, p<0.001). Serum IL-6 levels were similar in the two HT groups (A and B), and increased with respect to groups C and D. CONCLUSIONS Serum HGF is increased in HT, especially associated to thyroid nodules, as compared with healthy non-goitrous individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Ruggeri
- Unit of Endocrinology, Clinical-Experimental Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
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18
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Susarla R, Watkinson JC, Eggo MC. Regulation of plasminogen activators in human thyroid follicular cells and their relationship to differentiated function. J Cell Physiol 2007; 212:643-54. [PMID: 17458906 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Human thyroid cells in culture take up and organify (125)I when cultured in TSH (acting through cAMP) and insulin. They also secrete urokinase (uPA) and tissue-type (tPA) plasminogen activators (5-100 IU/10(6)cells/day). TSH and insulin both decreased secreted PA activity (PAA), uPA and tPA protein and their mRNAs. Autocrine fibroblast growth factor increased secreted PAA and inhibited thyroid cell (125)I uptake. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and the protein kinase C (PKC) activator, TPA significantly increased PAA and inhibited thyroid differentiated function, (TPA > EGF). For TPA, effects were rapid, increased PAA secretion and decreased (125)I uptake being seen at 4 h whereas for EGF, a 24 h incubation was required. qRT-PCR showed significantly increased mRNA expression of uPA with lesser effects on tPA. Aprotinin, which inhibits PAA, increased (125)I uptake but did not abrogate the effects of TPA and EGF. The MEKK inhibitor, PD98059 partially reversed the effects of EGF and TPA on PAA, and largely reversed the effects of EGF but not TPA on differentiated function. PKC inhibitors bisindoylmaleimide 1, and the specific PKCbeta inhibitor, LY379196 completely reversed the effects of TPA on (125)I uptake and PAA whereas EGF effects were unaffected. TPA inhibited follicle formation and this effect was blocked by LY379196 but not PD98059. We conclude that in thyroid cells, MAPK activation inversely correlates with (125)I uptake and directly correlates with PA expression, in contrast to the effects of cAMP. TPA effects on iodide metabolism, dissolution of follicles and uPA synthesis are mediated predominantly through PKCbeta whereas EGF exerts its effects through MAPK but not PKCbeta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Susarla
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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19
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Huang CM. In vivo secretome sampling technology for proteomics. Proteomics Clin Appl 2007; 1:953-62. [PMID: 21136749 DOI: 10.1002/prca.200700031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Secretome is a critical mediator for cell-cell and microbe-cell interaction. Identification of secretome will endow researchers with important biomarkers and therapeutic targets as well as reinforce the current methods used in the systems biology research of cell-cell interactions. Here, we introduce an in vivo sampling technique using capillary ultrafiltration (CUF) probes that are capable of continuously collecting pure in vivo secretome from tissue microenvironments. Great benefits of CUF probes when compared with other current sampling techniques have been acknowledged. CUF probes can be designed to fit various in vivo models and they are easily adapted to different protein-detection systems including mass spectrometers. The future challenges and clinical advantages of CUF probe sampling are also highlighted in this review. Many prospective properties such as simple manipulation, dynamic sampling, pathogen clearance, online mass spectrometric coupling, and disease treatment and monitoring have made CUF probes attractive for clinical uses in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ming Huang
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; La Jolla Institute for Molecular Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA; VA San Diego Healthcare Center, San Diego, CA, USA.
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20
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Laezza C, Mazziotti G, Fiorentino L, Gazzerro P, Portella G, Gerbasio D, Carella C, Matarese G, Bifulco M. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors inhibit rat propylthiouracil-induced goiter by modulating the ras-MAPK pathway. J Mol Med (Berl) 2006; 84:967-73. [PMID: 16947002 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-006-0079-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate in vivo the antiproliferative effect of an inhibitor of isoprenoids metabolism, lovastatin, in an experimental model of propylthiouracil-induced goiter. In thyroid cells, thyrotropin (TSH)-induced proliferation requires active isoprenoid synthesis, and the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors have antiproliferative effects in vitro. Propylthiouracil treatment (PTU) of rats led to thyroid hypertrophy and hyperplasia by TSH-induced activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Immunohistochemistry showed an increased number of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells in the thyroid gland of PTU-treated rats. Moreover, the phosphorylation of ERK1 and ERK2 was increased in the extract from goiter tissue as compared with the thyroid tissue of untreated rats. To determine whether the inhibition of selected pro-survival pathways (i.e., p21ras-MAPK) was sufficient to affect goitrogenesis, thyroids from 12 PTU-treated rats were injected in vivo with an adenovirus transducing a dominant-negative ras gene (Rad-L61.S186) and another set of 12 rats were injected with a pharmacological inhibitor of MAPK (PD98059). Both Rad-L61.S186 and PD98059 were able to inhibit the PTU-induced goiter. It is interesting to note that lovastatin, when administered in drinking water, significantly prevented the thyroid gland enlargement. Therefore, lovastatin-treated thyroid glands were significantly smaller than those treated with PTU alone. In addition, the lovastatin-treated glands also showed a decreased expression of phosphorylated ERK1/2 and a number of PCNA-positive cells. Our data suggest that lovastatin is an efficient inhibitor of goitrogenesis and provide a rationale for innovative therapeutic strategies employing statins in the treatment of nodular goiter in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Laezza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
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Ramsden JD, Buchanan MA, Egginton S, Watkinson JC, Mautner V, Eggo MC. Complete inhibition of goiter in mice requires combined gene therapy modification of angiopoietin, vascular endothelial growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor signaling. Endocrinology 2005; 146:2895-902. [PMID: 15817662 DOI: 10.1210/en.2005-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In goiter, increased expression of growth factors and their receptors occurs. We have inhibited the action of some of these growth factors, alone and in combination, to determine which are important in goitrogenesis. Recombinant adenovirus vectors (RAds) expressing truncated, secreted forms of human Tie2 (RAd-sTie2) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (RAd-sVEGFR1) or a truncated, dominant-negative fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (RAdDN-FGFR1) were used. Goiters in mice were induced by feeding an iodide-deficient diet, containing methimazole and sodium perchlorate. RAds were administered to mice simultaneously with the goitrogenic regimen, which was continued for 14 d. RAd treatment did not significantly affect increases in TSH or reductions in thyroid hormone or thyroid hyperactivity seen in goitrogen-treated controls mice, suggesting no effect on pituitary or thyroid responses to hypothyroidism. In control goiters, a 4-fold increase in vascular volume accompanied a 2-fold increase in thyroid mass. Complete inhibition of these increases was found when animals were treated with the three RAds in combination. In thyroids from three RAd-treated animals, there was marked, significant inhibition of Tie2, FGFR1, VEGFR1, FGF-2, and VEGF expression, compared with control goiters. When used individually, RAdDN-FGFR1 partially prevented goiter and RAd-sVEGFR1 partially reduced vascular volume. Their effects were not additive. RAd-sTie2 did not reduce goiter mass or vascular volume when used alone but was essential for complete goiter inhibition. VEGF and VEGFR1 expression was reduced in these thyroids. Limitation of physiologic organ growth is complex, requiring inhibition of multiple, interdependent growth factor axes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Ramsden
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Ezzat S, Huang P, Dackiw A, Asa SL. Dual Inhibition of RET and FGFR4 Restrains Medullary Thyroid Cancer Cell Growth. Clin Cancer Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.1336.11.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Medullary thyroid cancer is frequently an aggressive form of carcinoma for which there are currently no effective forms of systemic therapy. These carcinomas arise as a result of activating mutations in the RET proto-oncogene transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor. We, therefore, examined the potential efficacy of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI571 on the growth of human TT medullary cancer cells in vitro and in xenografted severe combined immunodeficiency mice. Treatment with STI571 resulted in inhibition of RET phosphorylation, cell proliferation, tumor growth and invasiveness. Based on the profile of expression of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR), we examined the effects of FGFR tyrosine kinase inhibition using the small molecule FGFR inhibitor PD173074. This inhibitor resulted in abrogation of fibroblast growth factor-1-mediated FGFR4 phosphorylation in TT cells, an effect that was accompanied by significant arrest of cell proliferation and tumor growth in vivo. Moreover, the combination of STI571 and PD173074 resulted in greater suppression of cell proliferation in vitro and tumor control in vivo than that achieved with either agent alone. These data highlight RET and FGFR4 as therapeutic targets and suggest a potential role for the combined use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the management of inoperable medullary thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alan Dackiw
- 2Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital and University of Toronto, and
| | - Sylvia L. Asa
- 3Department of Pathology, University Health Network and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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