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Mohammed KAK, Madeddu P, Avolio E. MEK inhibitors: a promising targeted therapy for cardiovascular disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1404253. [PMID: 39011492 PMCID: PMC11247000 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1404253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) represents the leading cause of mortality and disability all over the world. Identifying new targeted therapeutic approaches has become a priority of biomedical research to improve patient outcomes and quality of life. The RAS-RAF-MEK (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase)-ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway is gaining growing interest as a potential signaling cascade implicated in the pathogenesis of CVD. This pathway is pivotal in regulating cellular processes like proliferation, growth, migration, differentiation, and survival, which are vital in maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis. In addition, ERK signaling is involved in controlling angiogenesis, vascular tone, myocardial contractility, and oxidative stress. Dysregulation of this signaling cascade has been linked to cell dysfunction and vascular and cardiac pathological remodeling, which contribute to the onset and progression of CVD. Recent and ongoing research has provided insights into potential therapeutic interventions targeting the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway to improve cardiovascular pathologies. Preclinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of targeted therapy with MEK inhibitors (MEKI) in attenuating ERK activation and mitigating CVD progression in animal models. In this article, we first describe how ERK signaling contributes to preserving cardiovascular health. We then summarize current knowledge of the roles played by ERK in the development and progression of cardiac and vascular disorders, including atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, and aortic aneurysm. We finally report novel therapeutic strategies for these CVDs encompassing MEKI and discuss advantages, challenges, and future developments for MEKI therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled A K Mohammed
- Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Paolo Madeddu
- Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa Avolio
- Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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2
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Bahar ME, Kim HJ, Kim DR. Targeting the RAS/RAF/MAPK pathway for cancer therapy: from mechanism to clinical studies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:455. [PMID: 38105263 PMCID: PMC10725898 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01705-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic dissemination of solid tumors, a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, underscores the urgent need for enhanced insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying metastasis, chemoresistance, and the mechanistic backgrounds of individuals whose cancers are prone to migration. The most prevalent signaling cascade governed by multi-kinase inhibitors is the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, encompassing the RAS-RAF-MAPK kinase (MEK)-extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) pathway. RAF kinase is a primary mediator of the MAPK pathway, responsible for the sequential activation of downstream targets, such as MEK and the transcription factor ERK, which control numerous cellular and physiological processes, including organism development, cell cycle control, cell proliferation and differentiation, cell survival, and death. Defects in this signaling cascade are associated with diseases such as cancer. RAF inhibitors (RAFi) combined with MEK blockers represent an FDA-approved therapeutic strategy for numerous RAF-mutant cancers, including melanoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, and thyroid cancer. However, the development of therapy resistance by cancer cells remains an important barrier. Autophagy, an intracellular lysosome-dependent catabolic recycling process, plays a critical role in the development of RAFi resistance in cancer. Thus, targeting RAF and autophagy could be novel treatment strategies for RAF-mutant cancers. In this review, we delve deeper into the mechanistic insights surrounding RAF kinase signaling in tumorigenesis and RAFi-resistance. Furthermore, we explore and discuss the ongoing development of next-generation RAF inhibitors with enhanced therapeutic profiles. Additionally, this review sheds light on the functional interplay between RAF-targeted therapies and autophagy in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Entaz Bahar
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, College of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Hyun Joon Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, College of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Deok Ryong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, College of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea.
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3
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Vitaliti A, De Luca A, Rossi L. Copper-Dependent Kinases and Their Role in Cancer Inception, Progression and Metastasis. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1520. [PMID: 36291728 PMCID: PMC9599708 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, copper function has been expanded beyond its consolidated role as a cofactor of enzyme catalysis. Recent papers have demonstrated a new dynamic role for copper in the regulation of cell signaling pathways through direct interaction with protein kinases, modulating their activity. The activation of these pathways is exacerbated in cancer cells to sustain the different steps of tumor growth and dissemination. This review will focus on a novel proposed role for the transition metal copper as a regulator of cell signaling pathways through direct interaction with known protein kinases, which exhibit binding domains for this metal. Activation of these pathways in cancer cells supports both tumor growth and dissemination. In addition to the description of the results recently reported in the literature on the subject, relevance will be given to the possibility of controlling the cellular levels of copper and its homeostatic regulators. Overall, these findings may be of central relevance in order to propose copper and its homeostatic regulators as possible targets for novel therapies, which may act synergistically to those already existing to control cancer growth and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Vitaliti
- PhD Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Anastasia De Luca
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Rossi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
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4
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Wang H, Chi L, Yu F, Dai H, Si X, Gao C, Wang Z, Liu L, Zheng J, Ke Y, Liu H, Zhang Q. The overview of Mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK)-based dual inhibitor in the treatment of cancers. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 70:116922. [PMID: 35849914 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (MEK1/2) are the critical components of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (MAPK/ERK1/2) signaling pathway which is one of the well-characterized kinase cascades regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, growth, metabolism, survival and mobility both in normal and cancer cells. The aberrant activation of MAPK/ERK1/2 pathway is a hallmark of numerous human cancers, therefore targeting the components of this pathway to inhibit its dysregulation is a promising strategy for cancer treatment. Enormous efforts have been done in the development of MEK1/2 inhibitors and encouraging advancements have been made, including four inhibitors approved for clinical use. However, due to the multifactorial property of cancer and rapidly arising drug resistance, the clinical efficacy of these MEK1/2 inhibitors as monotherapy are far from ideal. Several alternative strategies have been developed to improve the limited clinical efficacy, including the dual inhibitor which is a single drug molecule able to simultaneously inhibit two targets. In this review, we first introduced the activation and function of the MAPK/ERK1/2 components and discussed the advantages of MEK1/2-based dual inhibitors compared with the single inhibitors and combination therapy in the treatment of cancers. Then, we overviewed the MEK1/2-based dual inhibitors for the treatment of cancers and highlighted the theoretical basis of concurrent inhibition of MEK1/2 and other targets for development of these dual inhibitors. Besides, the status and results of these dual inhibitors in both preclinical and clinical studies were also the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Lingling Chi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Fuqiang Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hongling Dai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiaojie Si
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chao Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhengjie Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Limin Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jiaxin Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yu Ke
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Hongmin Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou 450052, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Qiurong Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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5
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Zhang T, Fassl A, Vaites LP, Fu S, Sicinski P, Paulo JA, Gygi SP. Interrogating Kinase-Substrate Relationships with Proximity Labeling and Phosphorylation Enrichment. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:494-506. [PMID: 35044772 PMCID: PMC9142857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Kinases govern many cellular responses through the reversible transfer of a phosphate moiety to their substrates. However, pairing a substrate with a kinase is challenging. In proximity labeling experiments, proteins proximal to a target protein are marked by biotinylation, and mass spectrometry can be used for their identification. Here, we combine ascorbate peroxidase (APEX) proximity labeling and a phosphorylation enrichment-based workflow, Phospho-APEX (pAPEX), to rapidly identify phosphorylated and biotinylated neighbor proteins which can be considered for candidate substrates. The pAPEX strategy enriches and quantifies differences in proximity for proteins and phosphorylation sites proximal to an APEX2-tagged kinase under the kinase "ON" and kinase "OFF" conditions. As a proof of concept, we identified candidate substrates of MAPK1 in HEK293T and HCT116 cells and candidate substrates of PKA in HEK293T cells. In addition to many known substrates, C15orf39 was identified and confirmed as a novel MAPK1 substrate. In all, we adapted the proximity labeling-based platform to accommodate phosphorylation analysis for kinase substrate identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Anne Fassl
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Laura P. Vaites
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Sipei Fu
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Piotr Sicinski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Joao A. Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Steven P. Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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6
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Prabhakar A, González B, Dionne H, Basu S, Cullen PJ. Spatiotemporal control of pathway sensors and cross-pathway feedback regulate a differentiation MAPK pathway in yeast. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs258341. [PMID: 34347092 PMCID: PMC8353523 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways control cell differentiation and the response to stress. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the MAPK pathway that controls filamentous growth (fMAPK) shares components with the pathway that regulates the response to osmotic stress (HOG). Here, we show that the two pathways exhibit different patterns of activity throughout the cell cycle. The different patterns resulted from different expression profiles of genes encoding mucin sensors that regulate the pathways. Cross-pathway regulation from the fMAPK pathway stimulated the HOG pathway, presumably to modulate fMAPK pathway activity. We also show that the shared tetraspan protein Sho1p, which has a dynamic localization pattern throughout the cell cycle, induced the fMAPK pathway at the mother-bud neck. A Sho1p-interacting protein, Hof1p, which also localizes to the mother-bud neck and regulates cytokinesis, also regulated the fMAPK pathway. Therefore, spatial and temporal regulation of pathway sensors, and cross-pathway regulation, control a MAPK pathway that regulates cell differentiation in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Paul J. Cullen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260-1300, USA
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7
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Tiwari A, Rahi S, Mehan S. Elucidation of Abnormal Extracellular Regulated Kinase (ERK) Signaling and Associations with Syndromic and Non-syndromic Autism. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 22:1071-1086. [PMID: 33081671 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666201020155010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Autism is a highly inherited and extremely complex disorder in which results from various cases indicate chromosome anomalies, unusual single-gene mutations, and multiplicative effects of particular gene variants, characterized primarily by impaired speech and social interaction and restricted behavior. The precise etiology of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is currently unclear. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling mechanism affects neurogenesis and neuronal plasticity during the development of the central nervous mechanism. In this regard, the pathway of ERK has recently gained significant interest in the pathogenesis of ASD. The mutation occurs in a few ERK components. Besides, the ERK pathway dysfunction lies in the upstream of modified translation and contributes to synapse pathology in syndromic types of autism. In this review, we highlight the ERK pathway as a target for neurodevelopmental disorder autism. In addition, we summarize the regulation of the ERK pathway with ERK inhibitors in neurological disorders. In conclusion, a better understanding of the ERK signaling pathway provides a range of therapeutic options for autism spectrum disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Tiwari
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Saloni Rahi
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
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8
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Ras Isoforms from Lab Benches to Lives-What Are We Missing and How Far Are We? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126508. [PMID: 34204435 PMCID: PMC8233758 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The central protein in the oncogenic circuitry is the Ras GTPase that has been under intense scrutiny for the last four decades. From its discovery as a viral oncogene and its non-oncogenic contribution to crucial cellular functioning, an elaborate genetic, structural, and functional map of Ras is being created for its therapeutic targeting. Despite decades of research, there still exist lacunae in our understanding of Ras. The complexity of the Ras functioning is further exemplified by the fact that the three canonical Ras genes encode for four protein isoforms (H-Ras, K-Ras4A, K-Ras4B, and N-Ras). Contrary to the initial assessment that the H-, K-, and N-Ras isoforms are functionally similar, emerging data are uncovering crucial differences between them. These Ras isoforms exhibit not only cell-type and context-dependent functions but also activator and effector specificities on activation by the same receptor. Preferential localization of H-, K-, and N-Ras in different microdomains of the plasma membrane and cellular organelles like Golgi, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and endosome adds a new dimension to isoform-specific signaling and diverse functions. Herein, we review isoform-specific properties of Ras GTPase and highlight the importance of considering these towards generating effective isoform-specific therapies in the future.
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Barbosa R, Acevedo LA, Marmorstein R. The MEK/ERK Network as a Therapeutic Target in Human Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2021; 19:361-374. [PMID: 33139506 PMCID: PMC7925338 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway is the most well-studied of the MAPK cascades and is critical for cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Abnormalities in regulation resulting from mutations in components of this pathway, particularly in upstream proteins, RAS and RAF, are responsible for a significant fraction of human cancers and nearly all cutaneous melanomas. Activation of receptor tyrosine kinases by growth factors and various extracellular signals leads to the sequential activation of RAS, RAF, MEK, and finally ERK, which activates numerous transcription factors and facilitates oncogenesis in the case of aberrant pathway activation. While extensive studies have worked to elucidate the activation mechanisms and structural components of upstream MAPK components, comparatively less attention has been directed toward the kinases, MEK and ERK, due to the infrequency of oncogenic-activating mutations in these kinases. However, acquired drug resistance has become a major issue in the treatment of RAS- and RAF-mutated cancers. Targeting the terminal kinases in the MAPK cascade has shown promise for overcoming many of these resistance mechanisms and improving treatment options for patients with MAPK-aberrant cancers. Here, we will describe the role of MEK and ERK in MAPK signaling and summarize the current understanding of their interaction and activation mechanisms. We will also discuss existing approaches for targeting MEK and ERK, and the benefits of alternative strategies. Areas requiring further exploration will be highlighted to guide future research endeavors and aid in the development of alternative therapeutic strategies to combat surmounting drug resistance in treating MAPK-mediated cancers. VISUAL OVERVIEW: http://mcr.aacrjournals.org/content/molcanres/19/3/361/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee Barbosa
- School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lucila A Acevedo
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ronen Marmorstein
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Duchatel RJ, Jackson ER, Alvaro F, Nixon B, Hondermarck H, Dun MD. Signal Transduction in Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma. Proteomics 2019; 19:e1800479. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201800479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. Duchatel
- Cancer Signalling Research Group School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy Faculty of Health and Medicine University of Newcastle Callaghan NSW 2308 Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Cancer Research Innovation and Translation Hunter Medical Research Institute Lambton NSW 2305 Australia
| | - Evangeline R. Jackson
- Cancer Signalling Research Group School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy Faculty of Health and Medicine University of Newcastle Callaghan NSW 2308 Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Cancer Research Innovation and Translation Hunter Medical Research Institute Lambton NSW 2305 Australia
| | - Frank Alvaro
- Priority Research Centre for Cancer Research Innovation and Translation Hunter Medical Research Institute Lambton NSW 2305 Australia
- John Hunter Children's Hospital Faculty of Health and Medicine University of Newcastle New Lambton Heights NSW 2305 Australia
| | - Brett Nixon
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science School of Environmental and Life Sciences University of Newcastle Callaghan NSW 2308 Australia
| | - Hubert Hondermarck
- Priority Research Centre for Cancer Research Innovation and Translation Hunter Medical Research Institute Lambton NSW 2305 Australia
- Cancer Neurobiology Group School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy Faculty of Health and Medicine University of Newcastle Callaghan NSW 2308 Australia
| | - Matthew D. Dun
- Cancer Signalling Research Group School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy Faculty of Health and Medicine University of Newcastle Callaghan NSW 2308 Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Cancer Research Innovation and Translation Hunter Medical Research Institute Lambton NSW 2305 Australia
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11
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Di Meo S, Napolitano G, Venditti P. Mediators of Physical Activity Protection against ROS-Linked Skeletal Muscle Damage. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3024. [PMID: 31226872 PMCID: PMC6627449 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Unaccustomed and/or exhaustive exercise generates excessive free radicals and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species leading to muscle oxidative stress-related damage and impaired contractility. Conversely, a moderate level of free radicals induces the body's adaptive responses. Thus, a low oxidant level in resting muscle is essential for normal force production, and the production of oxidants during each session of physical training increases the body's antioxidant defenses. Mitochondria, NADPH oxidases and xanthine oxidases have been identified as sources of free radicals during muscle contraction, but the exact mechanisms underlying exercise-induced harmful or beneficial effects yet remain elusive. However, it is clear that redox signaling influences numerous transcriptional activators, which regulate the expression of genes involved in changes in muscle phenotype. The mitogen-activated protein kinase family is one of the main links between cellular oxidant levels and skeletal muscle adaptation. The family components phosphorylate and modulate the activities of hundreds of substrates, including transcription factors involved in cell response to oxidative stress elicited by exercise in skeletal muscle. To elucidate the complex role of ROS in exercise, here we reviewed the literature dealing on sources of ROS production and concerning the most important redox signaling pathways, including MAPKs that are involved in the responses to acute and chronic exercise in the muscle, particularly those involved in the induction of antioxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Di Meo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Gaetana Napolitano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, via Acton n. 38-I-80133 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Paola Venditti
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy.
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12
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Olea-Flores M, Zuñiga-Eulogio MD, Mendoza-Catalán MA, Rodríguez-Ruiz HA, Castañeda-Saucedo E, Ortuño-Pineda C, Padilla-Benavides T, Navarro-Tito N. Extracellular-Signal Regulated Kinase: A Central Molecule Driving Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2885. [PMID: 31200510 PMCID: PMC6627365 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a reversible cellular process, characterized by changes in gene expression and activation of proteins, favoring the trans-differentiation of the epithelial phenotype to a mesenchymal phenotype. This process increases cell migration and invasion of tumor cells, progression of the cell cycle, and resistance to apoptosis and chemotherapy, all of which support tumor progression. One of the signaling pathways involved in tumor progression is the MAPK pathway. Within this family, the ERK subfamily of proteins is known for its contributions to EMT. The ERK subfamily is divided into typical (ERK 1/2/5), and atypical (ERK 3/4/7/8) members. These kinases are overexpressed and hyperactive in various types of cancer. They regulate diverse cellular processes such as proliferation, migration, metastasis, resistance to chemotherapy, and EMT. In this context, in vitro and in vivo assays, as well as studies in human patients, have shown that ERK favors the expression, function, and subcellular relocalization of various proteins that regulate EMT, thus promoting tumor progression. In this review, we discuss the mechanistic roles of the ERK subfamily members in EMT and tumor progression in diverse biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monserrat Olea-Flores
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular del Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n Chilpancingo, Gro. 39090, Mexico.
| | - Miriam Daniela Zuñiga-Eulogio
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular del Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n Chilpancingo, Gro. 39090, Mexico.
| | - Miguel Angel Mendoza-Catalán
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n Chilpancingo, Gro. 39090, Mexico.
| | - Hugo Alberto Rodríguez-Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n Chilpancingo, Gro. 39090, Mexico.
| | - Eduardo Castañeda-Saucedo
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular del Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n Chilpancingo, Gro. 39090, Mexico.
| | - Carlos Ortuño-Pineda
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n Chilpancingo, Gro. 39090, Mexico.
| | - Teresita Padilla-Benavides
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Napoleón Navarro-Tito
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular del Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n Chilpancingo, Gro. 39090, Mexico.
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13
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Maik-Rachline G, Hacohen-Lev-Ran A, Seger R. Nuclear ERK: Mechanism of Translocation, Substrates, and Role in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051194. [PMID: 30857244 PMCID: PMC6429060 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK) are central signaling components that regulate stimulated cellular processes such as proliferation and differentiation. When dysregulated, these kinases participate in the induction and maintenance of various pathologies, primarily cancer. While ERK is localized in the cytoplasm of resting cells, many of its substrates are nuclear, and indeed, extracellular stimulation induces a rapid and robust nuclear translocation of ERK. Similarly to other signaling components that shuttle to the nucleus upon stimulation, ERK does not use the canonical importinα/β mechanism of nuclear translocation. Rather, it has its own unique nuclear translocation signal (NTS) that interacts with importin7 to allow stimulated shuttling via the nuclear pores. Prevention of the nuclear translocation inhibits proliferation of B-Raf- and N/K-Ras-transformed cancers. This effect is distinct from the one achieved by catalytic Raf and MEK inhibitors used clinically, as cells treated with the translocation inhibitors develop resistance much more slowly. In this review, we describe the mechanism of ERK translocation, present all its nuclear substrates, discuss its role in cancer and compare its translocation to the translocation of other signaling components. We also present proof of principle data for the use of nuclear ERK translocation as an anti-cancer target. It is likely that the prevention of nuclear ERK translocation will eventually serve as a way to combat Ras and Raf transformed cancers with less side-effects than the currently used drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galia Maik-Rachline
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Avital Hacohen-Lev-Ran
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Rony Seger
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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14
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Xu YM, Hao GM, Gao BL. Application of Growth Hormone in in vitro Fertilization. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:502. [PMID: 31396161 PMCID: PMC6663998 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is a peptide hormone secreted mainly by the anterior part of the pituitary gland and plays a critical role in cell growth, development, and metabolism throughout the body. GH can not only directly influence human oocytes and cumulus cells but also indirectly improve oocyte quality through activating synthesis of insulin-like growth factor-I or promoting follicle-stimulating hormone-induced ovarian steroidogenesis. Since GH can regulate female and male infertility, it has been applied in the management of infertility for many years, especially in patients with poor ovarian response or poor prognosis. During ovarian stimulation, GH administration might improve the success rate of in vitro fertilization (IVF) probably through the beneficial effects of GH on oocyte quality as indicated by a higher number of mature oocytes and embryos arriving at the transfer stage and a higher fertility rate in GH-treated patients. However, there is still great controversy in the application of GH in IVF. While some researchers showed that pregnancy, implantation and live birth rates could be increased by ovarian pretreatment with GH, others did not support GH as an effective adjuvant for infertility treatment because the live birth rate was not increased. This study reviewed and summarized recent advancements and benefits in clinical application of GH, trying to reach a just unbiased conclusion regarding the effect of GH therapy in IVF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Ming Xu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The Second Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Gui-Min Hao
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The Second Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- *Correspondence: Gui-Min Hao
| | - Bu-Lang Gao
- Department of Medical Research, Shijiazhuang First Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Bu-Lang Gao
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15
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Hey F, Andreadi C, Noble C, Patel B, Jin H, Kamata T, Straatman K, Luo J, Balmanno K, Jones DT, Collins VP, Cook SJ, Caunt CJ, Pritchard C. Over-expressed, N-terminally truncated BRAF is detected in the nucleus of cells with nuclear phosphorylated MEK and ERK. Heliyon 2018; 4:e01065. [PMID: 30603699 PMCID: PMC6304467 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e01065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BRAF is a cytoplasmic protein kinase, which activates the MEK-ERK signalling pathway. Deregulation of the pathway is associated with the presence of BRAF mutations in human cancer, the most common being V600E BRAF, although structural rearrangements, which remove N-terminal regulatory sequences, have also been reported. RAF-MEK-ERK signalling is normally thought to occur in the cytoplasm of the cell. However, in an investigation of BRAF localisation using fluorescence microscopy combined with subcellular fractionation of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)-tagged proteins expressed in NIH3T3 cells, surprisingly, we detected N-terminally truncated BRAF (ΔBRAF) in both nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments. In contrast, ΔCRAF and full-length, wild-type BRAF (WTBRAF) were detected at lower levels in the nucleus while full-length V600EBRAF was virtually excluded from this compartment. Similar results were obtained using ΔBRAF tagged with the hormone-binding domain of the oestrogen receptor (hbER) and with the KIAA1549-ΔBRAF translocation mutant found in human pilocytic astrocytomas. Here we show that GFP-ΔBRAF nuclear translocation does not involve a canonical Nuclear Localisation Signal (NLS), but is suppressed by N-terminal sequences. Nuclear GFP-ΔBRAF retains MEK/ERK activating potential and is associated with the accumulation of phosphorylated MEK and ERK in the nucleus. In contrast, full-length GFP-WTBRAF and GFP-V600EBRAF are associated with the accumulation of phosphorylated ERK but not phosphorylated MEK in the nucleus. These data have implications for cancers bearing single nucleotide variants or N-terminal deleted structural variants of BRAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Hey
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Catherine Andreadi
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, Clinical Sciences Building, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Catherine Noble
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Bipin Patel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Hong Jin
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Tamihiro Kamata
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, Clinical Sciences Building, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Kees Straatman
- Core Biotechnology Services, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Jinli Luo
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, Clinical Sciences Building, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Kathryn Balmanno
- Signalling Laboratory, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - David T.W. Jones
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular Histopathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - V. Peter Collins
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular Histopathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Simon J. Cook
- Signalling Laboratory, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Christopher J. Caunt
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Catrin Pritchard
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, Clinical Sciences Building, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
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16
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Maik-Rachline G, Zehorai E, Hanoch T, Blenis J, Seger R. The nuclear translocation of the kinases p38 and JNK promotes inflammation-induced cancer. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/525/eaao3428. [PMID: 29636389 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aao3428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The stimulated nuclear translocation of signaling proteins, such as MAPKs, is a necessity for the initiation and regulation of their physiological functions. Previously, we determined that nuclear translocation of the MAPKs p38 and JNK involves binding to heterodimers comprising importin 3 and either importin 7 or importin 9. Here, we identified the importin-binding region in p38 and JNK and developed a myristoylated peptide targeting this site that we called PERY. The PERY peptide specifically blocked the interaction of p38 and JNK with the importins, restricted their nuclear translocation, and inhibited phosphorylation of their nuclear (but not cytoplasmic) substrates. Through these effects, the PERY peptide reduced the proliferation of several (but not all) cancer cell lines in culture and inhibited the growth of a human breast cancer xenograft in mice. In addition, the PERY peptide substantially inhibited inflammation in mice, as manifested in models of colitis and colitis-associated colon cancer. The PERY peptide more effectively prevented colon cancer development than did a commercial p38 inhibitor. In vivo analysis further suggested that this effect was mediated by PERY peptide-induced prevention of the nuclear translocation of p38 in macrophages. Together, these results support the use of the nuclear translocation of p38 and JNK as a novel drug target to treat various cancers and inflammation-induced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galia Maik-Rachline
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Elder Zehorai
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Tamar Hanoch
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - John Blenis
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Rony Seger
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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17
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Aksam VKMD, Chandrasekaran VM, Pandurangan S. Cancer drug target identification and node-level analysis of the network of MAPK pathways. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13721-018-0165-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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18
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Abstract
The ERK1 and ERK2 (ERK1/2) cascade is a central signaling pathway activated by a wide variety of extracellular agents that transmit the messages of G Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) and Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs). Being such a central pathway, the activity of the cascade is well regulated, including by dynamic changes of the subcellular localization of components of the ERK1/2 cascade. In resting cells, ERK1/2 are localized in the cytosol due to their interactions with different anchoring proteins. After stimulation, ERK1/2 are phosphorylated by MEK1/2 on their regulatory TEY motif, which permits their detachment from the anchoring proteins. This detachment exposes ERK1/2 to additional phosphorylation on two serine residues (SPS motif) within the nuclear translocation signal (NTS) of the kinases. This additional phosphorylation allows ERK1/2 to interact with importin7, which consequently promotes their translocation to the nucleus. More studies are still required in order to better understand the mechanism and consequence of the nuclear translocation of ERK1/2. In this chapter, we describe some of the techniques used to study nuclear translocation of ERK1/2 in mammalian cells. We briefly mention methods such as digitonin permeabilization and cellular fractionation, as well as overexpression of reporter constructs. More thoroughly, we describe immunofluorescence, immunoprecipitation, and proximity ligation assay (PLA) approaches that are routinely used in our laboratory. Hopefully, the increase of knowledge based on these methods will open more opportunities for the identification of new therapeutic targets for diseases where the ERK1/2 cascade is dysregulated, such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise A Berti
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Rony Seger
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
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19
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Bridges RJ, Bradbury NA. Cystic Fibrosis, Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator and Drugs: Insights from Cellular Trafficking. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2018; 245:385-425. [PMID: 29460152 DOI: 10.1007/164_2018_103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The eukaryotic cell is organized into membrane-delineated compartments that are characterized by specific cadres of proteins sustaining biochemically distinct cellular processes. The appropriate subcellular localization of proteins is key to proper organelle function and provides a physiological context for cellular processes. Disruption of normal trafficking pathways for proteins is seen in several genetic diseases, where a protein's absence for a specific subcellular compartment leads to organelle disruption, and in the context of an individual, a disruption of normal physiology. Importantly, several drug therapies can also alter protein trafficking, causing unwanted side effects. Thus, a deeper understanding of trafficking pathways needs to be appreciated as novel therapeutic modalities are proposed. Despite the promising efficacy of novel therapeutic agents, the intracellular bioavailability of these compounds has proved to be a potential barrier, leading to failures in treatments for various diseases and disorders. While endocytosis of drug moieties provides an efficient means of getting material into cells, the subsequent release and endosomal escape of materials into the cytosol where they need to act has been a barrier. An understanding of cellular protein/lipid trafficking pathways has opened up strategies for increasing drug bioavailability. Approaches to enhance endosomal exit have greatly increased the cytosolic bioavailability of drugs and will provide a means of investigating previous drugs that may have been shelved due to their low cytosolic concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Bridges
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Neil A Bradbury
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL, USA.
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20
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Jin C, Zhang BN, Wei Z, Ma B, Pan Q, Hu P. Effects of WD‑3 on tumor growth and the expression of integrin αvβ3 and ERK1/2 in mice bearing human gastric cancer using the 18F‑RGD PET/CT imaging system. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:9295-9300. [PMID: 29152665 PMCID: PMC5779982 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the vitronectin receptor αvβ3 and the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 are critical events during tumor development and progression. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of WD-3, a formula used in traditional Chinese medicine, on integrin αvβ3 and ERK1/2 expression in vivo using a nude mouse-human gastric cancer xenograft model combined with non-invasive, real-time 18F-Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) positron emission tomography (PET)/computerized tomography (CT) imaging methods. SGC-7901 human gastric cancer cells were subcutaneously injected into BALB/c nude mice. Following tumor development, animals were randomly assigned into the following 4 groups (n=6 mice/group): Control group (CG), Chinese medicine group (CMG), Western medicine group (WMG) and Chinese and Western medicine combination group (CMG + WMG). Mice in the CG and CMG received daily intragastric injections of 0.5 ml saline and 0.5 ml WD-3, respectively. Mice in the WMG received an intravenous injection of albumin-bound paclitaxel (25 mg/kg) on days 0, 2 and 4 Mice in the CMG + WMG received combination therapy of WD-3 and albumin-bound paclitaxel. Tumor growth was monitored using standard caliper technique and via PET imaging. 18F-RGD PET/CT analysis was performed on days 3, 7, 18 and 24 following drug administration. Radioactivity uptake was measured and expressed as the percentage of injected dose (ID) per tissue weight (%ID/g) and the standardized uptake value (SUV). Animals were sacrificed at 30 days following treatment and tumor weight was measured. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of phosphorylated (p)-ERK1/2 protein in tumor tissue samples. No statistically significant differences were observed in %ID/g and SUV among the various groups prior to treatment. At the end of treatment, mice in the CMG, WMG and CMG + WMG exhibited significantly reduced tumor mass when compared with mice in the CG. In addition, mice in the CMG and CMG + WMG demonstrated reduced %ID/g and SUV when compared with mice in the CG. Conversely, mice in the WMG exhibited no significant difference in %ID/g and SUV compared with the CG. Furthermore, p-ERK1/2 expression was significantly reduced in mice from all treatment groups when compared with those in the CG. The results of the present study suggest that the traditional Chinese formula WD-3 may inhibit gastric tumor growth, potentially via the downregulation of integrin αvβ3 and the inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Jin
- Department of Oncology, Wuxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214000, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Nan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Wuxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214000, P.R. China
| | - Zhipeng Wei
- Department of Oncology, Wuxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214000, P.R. China
| | - Bo Ma
- Department of Surgery, Affiliated Central Hospital of Huzhou Teachers College, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, P.R. China
| | - Qi Pan
- Department of Oncology, The Second Wuxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214000, P.R. China
| | - Pingping Hu
- Department of Oncology, Wuxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214000, P.R. China
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21
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Kim SJ, Xiao J, Cohen P, Yen K. Subcellular Fractionation for ERK Activation Upon Mitochondrial-derived Peptide Treatment. J Vis Exp 2017:56496. [PMID: 28994791 PMCID: PMC5752322 DOI: 10.3791/56496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs) are a new class of peptides that are encoded by small open reading frames within other known genes of the mitochondrial genome. MDPs have a wide variety of biological effects such as protecting neurons from apoptosis, improving metabolic markers, and protecting cells from chemotherapy. Humanin was the first MDP to be discovered and is the most studied peptide among the MDP family. The membrane receptors and downstream signaling pathways of humanin have been carefully characterized. Additional MDPs such as MOTS-c and SHLP1-6 have been more recently discovered and the signaling mechanisms have yet to be elucidated. Here we describe a cell culture based method to determine the function of these peptides. In particular, cell fractionation techniques in combination with western blotting allow for the quantitative determination of activation and translocation of important signaling molecule. While there are other methods of cell fractionation, the one described here is an easy and straightforward method. These methods can be used to further elucidate the mechanism of action of these peptides and other therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jeong Kim
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California
| | - Jialin Xiao
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California
| | - Pinchas Cohen
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California
| | - Kelvin Yen
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California;
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22
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Rivera-Carvantes MC, Jarero-Basulto JJ, Feria-Velasco AI, Beas-Zárate C, Navarro-Meza M, González-López MB, Gudiño-Cabrera G, García-Rodríguez JC. Changes in the expression level of MAPK pathway components induced by monosodium glutamate-administration produce neuronal death in the hippocampus from neonatal rats. Neuroscience 2017; 365:57-69. [PMID: 28954212 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Excessive Glutamate (Glu) release may trigger excitotoxic cellular death by the activation of intracellular signaling pathways that transduce extracellular signals to the cell nucleus, which determines the onset of a death program. One such signaling pathway is the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), which is involved in both survival and cell death. Experimental evidences from the use of specific inhibitors supports the participation of some MAPK pathway components in the excitotoxicity mechanism, but the complete process of this activation, which terminates in cell damage and death, is not clearly understood. The present work, we investigated the changes in the expression level of some MAPK-pathway components in hippocampal excitotoxic cell death in the neonatal rats using an experimental model of subcutaneous monosodium glutamate (MSG) administration on postnatal days (PD) 1, 3, 5 and 7. Data were collected at different ages through PD 14. Cell viability was evaluated using fluorescein diacetate mixed with propidium iodide (FDA-PI), and the Nissl-staining technique was used to evaluate histological damage. Transcriptional changes were also investigated in 98 components of the MAPK pathway that are associated with cell damage. These results are an evidence of that repetitive use of MSG, in neonatal rats, induces cell damage-associated transcriptional changes of MAPK components, that might reflect a differential stage of both biochemical and molecular brain maturation. This work also suggests that some of the proteins evaluated such as phosphorylated retinoblastoma (pRb) protein, which was up-regulated, could regulate the response to excitotoxic through modulation of the process of re-entry into the cell cycle in the hippocampus of rats treated with MSG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Catalina Rivera-Carvantes
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico.
| | - José Jaime Jarero-Basulto
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico
| | - Alfredo Ignacio Feria-Velasco
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico
| | - Carlos Beas-Zárate
- Regeneration and Neural Development Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico
| | - Mónica Navarro-Meza
- Department of Health and Wellness, CUSur, University of Guadalajara, Ciudad Guzman, Jal., Mexico
| | - Mariana Berenice González-López
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico
| | - Graciela Gudiño-Cabrera
- Regeneration and Neural Development Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico
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23
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Birkner K, Wasser B, Loos J, Plotnikov A, Seger R, Zipp F, Witsch E, Bittner S. The Role of ERK Signaling in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091990. [PMID: 28914804 PMCID: PMC5618639 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling plays a crucial role in regulating immune cell function and has been implicated in autoimmune disorders. To date, all commercially available inhibitors of ERK target upstream components, such as mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase/ERK kinase (MEKs), but not ERK itself. Here, we directly inhibit nuclear ERK translocation by a novel pharmacological approach (Glu-Pro-Glu (EPE) peptide), leading to an increase in cytosolic ERK phosphorylation during T helper (Th)17 cell differentiation. This was accompanied by diminished secretion of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), a cytokine influencing the encephalitogenicity of Th17 cells. Neither the production of the cytokine interleukin (IL)-17 nor the proliferation rate of T cells was affected by the EPE peptide. The in vivo effects of ERK inhibition were challenged in two independent variants of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Overall, ERK inhibition had only a very minor impact on the clinical disease course of EAE. This indicates that while ERK translocation might promote encephalitogenicity in T cells in vitro by facilitating GM-CSF production, this effect is overcome in more complex in vivo animal models of central nervous system (CNS) autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Birkner
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Beatrice Wasser
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Julia Loos
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Alexander Plotnikov
- The Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Rony Seger
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Frauke Zipp
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Esther Witsch
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Stefan Bittner
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
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24
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Baba H, Kurano M, Nishida T, Hatta H, Hokao R, Tsuneyama K. Facilitatory effect of insulin treatment on hepatocellular carcinoma development in diabetes. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:478. [PMID: 28903776 PMCID: PMC5597995 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2783-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the effect of insulin treatment on the incidence and/or severity of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in a mouse model of HCC based on diabetes. METHODS We recently reported that neonatal streptozotocin (STZ) treatment causes type 1 diabetes and subsequent HCC in ddY, Institute for Animal Reproduction (DIAR) mice. Newborn male DIAR mice were divided into three groups based on STZ and insulin (INS) treatment. STZ was subcutaneously injected (60 mg/g) into the STZ-treated group (DIAR-nSTZ mice, N = 13) and the STZ/insulin-treated group (DIAR-nSTZ/INS mice, N = 20). A physiologic solution was injected into the control group (DIAR-control mice, N = 8) 1.5 days after birth. Insulin was subcutaneously injected into the DIAR-nSTZ/INS mice according to the following protocol: 2 IU/day at 4-5 weeks of age, 3 IU/day at 5-7 weeks of age, and 4 IU/day at 7-12 weeks of age. All mice were fed a normal diet and were subjected to physiological and histopathological assessments at 12 weeks of age. RESULTS DIAR-nSTZ mice had significantly lower body weight and higher blood glucose levels than DIAR-control mice, whereas no significant differences were observed between DIAR-nSTZ/INS mice and control mice. At 12 weeks of age, lower weight of paratesticular fat and higher levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and free fatty acids were observed in DIAR-nSTZ mice compared to DIAR-control mice, whereas there were no significant differences between DIAR-nSTZ/INS mice and DIAR-control mice. In the livers of DIAR-nSTZ mice, HCC was observed in 15% of cases, and dysplastic nodules were observed in 77% of cases. In the livers of DIAR-nSTZ/INS mice, HCC was observed in 39% of cases and dysplastic nodules were observed in 61% of cases (p = 0.011). Moreover, the average tumor size was significantly larger in STZ/INS-treated mice than in STZ-treated mice. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that the expression of ERK1/2, downstream substrates of insulin signaling that activate cell proliferation, was significantly higher in STZ/INS-treated mice compared to STZ-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS Insulin treatment promoted, rather than inhibited, the progression of liver carcinogenesis in DIAR-nSTZ mice. Hyperinsulinemia rather than hyperglycemia can accelerate the progression of HCC via insulin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Baba
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.,Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Makoto Kurano
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nishida
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hideki Hatta
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Ryoji Hokao
- Institute for Animal Reproduction, 1103 Fukaya, Kasumigaura, Ibaraki, 300-0134, Japan
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
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Ramirez-Ardila D, Timmermans AM, Helmijr JA, Martens JWM, Berns EMJJ, Jansen MPHM. Increased MAPK1/3 Phosphorylation in Luminal Breast Cancer Related with PIK3CA Hotspot Mutations and Prognosis. Transl Oncol 2017; 10:854-866. [PMID: 28886403 PMCID: PMC5591392 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: While mutations in PIK3CA are most frequently (45%) detected in luminal breast cancer, downstream PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway activation is predominantly observed in the basal subtype. The aim was to identify proteins activated in PIK3CA mutated luminal breast cancer and the clinical relevance of such a protein in breast cancer patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Expression levels of 171 signaling pathway (phospho-)proteins established by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) using reverse phase protein arrays (RPPA) were in silico examined in 361 breast cancers for their relation with PIK3CA status. MAPK1/3 phosphorylation was evaluated with immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays (TMA) containing 721 primary breast cancer core biopsies to explore the relationship with metastasis-free survival. RESULTS: In silico analyses revealed increased phosphorylation of MAPK1/3, p38 and YAP, and decreased expression of p70S6K and 4E–BP1 in PIK3CA mutated compared to wild-type luminal breast cancer. Augmented MAPK1/3 phosphorylation was most significant, i.e. in luminal A for both PIK3CA exon 9 and 20 mutations and in luminal B for exon 9 mutations. In 290 adjuvant systemic therapy naïve lymph node negative (LNN) breast cancer patients with luminal cancer, high MAPK phosphorylation in nuclei (HR = 0.49; 95% CI, 0.25–0.95; P = .036) and in tumor cells (HR = 0.37; 95% CI, 0.18–0.79; P = .010) was related with favorable metastasis-free survival in multivariate analyses including traditional prognostic factors. CONCLUSION: Enhanced MAPK1/3 phosphorylation in luminal breast cancer is related to PIK3CA exon-specific mutations and correlated with favorable prognosis especially when located in the nuclei of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Ramirez-Ardila
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - A Mieke Timmermans
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jean A Helmijr
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - John W M Martens
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Els M J J Berns
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Maurice P H M Jansen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Sipthorp J, Lebraud H, Gilley R, Kidger AM, Okkenhaug H, Saba-El-Leil M, Meloche S, Caunt CJ, Cook SJ, Heightman TD. Visualization of Endogenous ERK1/2 in Cells with a Bioorthogonal Covalent Probe. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:1677-1683. [PMID: 28449575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway has been intensively studied in oncology, with RAS known to be mutated in ∼30% of all human cancers. The recent emergence of ERK1/2 inhibitors and their ongoing clinical investigation demands a better understanding of ERK1/2 behavior following small-molecule inhibition. Although fluorescent fusion proteins and fluorescent antibodies are well-established methods of visualizing proteins, we show that ERK1/2 can be visualized via a less-invasive approach based on a two-step process using inverse electron demand Diels-Alder cycloaddition. Our previously reported trans-cyclooctene-tagged covalent ERK1/2 inhibitor was used in a series of imaging experiments following a click reaction with a tetrazine-tagged fluorescent dye. Although limitations were encountered with this approach, endogenous ERK1/2 was successfully imaged in cells, and "on-target" staining was confirmed by over-expressing DUSP5, a nuclear ERK1/2 phosphatase that anchors ERK1/2 in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Sipthorp
- Signalling Laboratory, The Babraham Institute , Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, U.K
| | - Honorine Lebraud
- Astex Pharmaceuticals , 436 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Rebecca Gilley
- Signalling Laboratory, The Babraham Institute , Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, U.K
| | - Andrew M Kidger
- Signalling Laboratory, The Babraham Institute , Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, U.K
| | - Hanneke Okkenhaug
- Signalling Laboratory, The Babraham Institute , Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, U.K
| | - Marc Saba-El-Leil
- Institute of Research in Immunology and Cancer and Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal , Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Sylvain Meloche
- Institute of Research in Immunology and Cancer and Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal , Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Christopher J Caunt
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath , Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Simon J Cook
- Signalling Laboratory, The Babraham Institute , Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, U.K
| | - Tom D Heightman
- Astex Pharmaceuticals , 436 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
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Mardirosian MN, Ceschin DG, Lascano CI, Venturino A. Molecular effectors in the chronic exposure to arsenic as early and sensitive biomarkers in developing Rhinella arenarum toads. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 186:19-27. [PMID: 28249226 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic, a natural element of ecological relevance, is one of the most toxic elements present in various regions of the world. It can be found in natural water sources throughout Argentina in concentrations between 0.01 and 15mgL-1. The Argentinean autochthonous toad Rhinella arenarum was selected to study the molecular mechanisms involved in the effects and response to the chronic As exposure along its embryonic and larval development. We evaluated the effects on MAPK signal transduction pathway and transcription factors c-FOS and c-JUN, and the regulation of the expression at protein levels of different antioxidant enzymes. Our results indicated that As is modulating the MAPK pathway, increasing MEK and ERK levels both in the nuclear and post-nuclear fraction along the embryonic development and mainly at the beginning of the larval stage. Through this pathway, As can upregulate transcription factors like c-FOS and c-JUN, impacting the antioxidant response of the exposed embryos and larvae through antioxidant enzymes and recycling of GSH. Arsenic triggered specifically the synthesis of antioxidant enzymes in exposed R. arenarum embryo and larvae. In particular, the expression levels of SOD, CAT and GST enzymes analyzed by Western blot showed a similar behavior to their enzymatic activities in our previous work. This fact suggests that not only the synthesis of these antioxidant enzymes but also their rapid degradation after inactivation would be regulated in response to ROS levels. Antioxidant enzymes may show dual responses of induction and inactivation followed by degradation depending on the levels of oxidative stress and impact on ROS targets when the exposure is sustained in time and intensity. We also performed a probability of exceedence analysis including our previous results to visualize a progression of the response in time and also established the best early-responding biomarkers at the lowest As concentrations. As a conclusion, the molecular biomarkers such as the MAPKs MEK and ERK and transcription factors c-FOS and c-JUN are early induced in the response of developing toad embryos exposed to very low As concentrations in water. The advantage of counting with molecular biomarkers early responding to low concentrations of As in a chronic exposure is that they may anticipate the irreversible damage at later developmental stages due to the constant oxidative challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Noelia Mardirosian
- Center for Research in Environmental Toxicology and Agrobiotechnology of Comahue, National Council of Scientific and Technical Research-National University of Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, Neuquén, CP 8300 Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Danilo Guillermo Ceschin
- Center for Research in Environmental Toxicology and Agrobiotechnology of Comahue, National Council of Scientific and Technical Research-National University of Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, Neuquén, CP 8300 Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Inés Lascano
- Center for Research in Environmental Toxicology and Agrobiotechnology of Comahue, National Council of Scientific and Technical Research-National University of Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, Neuquén, CP 8300 Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Andrés Venturino
- Center for Research in Environmental Toxicology and Agrobiotechnology of Comahue, National Council of Scientific and Technical Research-National University of Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, Neuquén, CP 8300 Neuquén, Argentina.
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Olianas MC, Dedoni S, Onali P. The GABA B positive allosteric modulators CGP7930 and GS39783 stimulate ERK1/2 signalling in cells lacking functional GABA B receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 794:135-146. [PMID: 27876620 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study shows that the GABAB positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) CGP7930 and GS39783 stimulate extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) signalling in cells that do not express functional GABAB receptors. In human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, CGP7930 and GS39783 induced a time- and concentration-dependent increase in ERK1/2 phosphorylation with potencies similar to those displayed as GABAB PAMs. Conversely, γ-aminobutyric acid and the GABAB receptor agonists (-)baclofen and SKF97541 were completely inactive. CGP7930 and GS39783 enhanced the nuclear localization of phospho-ERK1/2 and CGP7930 promoted the phosphorylation of the transcription factors Elk-1 and CREB. CGP7930-induced ERK1/2 stimulation was insensitive to pertussis toxin, the Gq/11 antagonist YM254890 and the phospholipase C-β inhibitor U-73122, but was completely blocked by the MEK1/2 inhibitor PD98059. Inhibition of insulin-like growth factor-1, platelet--derived growth factor, phosphoinositide 3-kinase and Akt activities potentiated CGP7930-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation. CGP7930 enhanced the phosphorylation of myristoylated alanine-rich protein kinase C (PKC) substrate and inhibition of PKC attenuated the ERK1/2 stimulation. Over-expression of N17Ras, a dominant negative mutant of c-Ras, or inhibition of c-Raf by GW5074 partially antagonized CGP7930-induced ERK1/2 activation. CGP7930 enhanced the phosphorylation of transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK-1) and TAK-1 inhibition by 5Z-7-oxozeaenol reduced CGP7930-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation. CGP7930 activated ERK1/2 in CHO-K1 fibroblasts, which lack endogenous GABAB receptors, but not in HEK-293 cells, indicating that the response displayed cell type specificity. These data demonstrate that CGP7930 and GS39783 can trigger ERK1/2 signalling, a critical modulator of mood and drug addiction, independently of an action on GABAB receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Olianas
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Section of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Simona Dedoni
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Section of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Onali
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Section of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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29
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Gomez-Millan J, Pajares B, Perez-Villa L, Carnero A, Alvarez M, De Luque V, Rivas F, Trigo JM, Toledo MD, Alba E, Medina JA. Subcellular localisation of pMEK has a different prognosis in locally advanced head and neck cancer treated with concomitant radiochemotherapy. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:829. [PMID: 27793200 PMCID: PMC5084350 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2869-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MEK1 (MAP2K1) and MEK2 (MAP2K2) are closely related dual-specificity protein kinases which function by phosphorylating both serine/threonine and tyrosine residues of their substrates ERK1 and ERK2, controlling fundamental cellular processes that include cell growth and proliferation. To investigate the prognostic significance of pMEK expression in the nucleus and cytoplasm among patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer treated with concurrent radiochemotherapy. Methods Immunohistochemistry was performed on the retrieved archival tissue of 96 patients to detect pMEK, p53 and Ki-67. Results Sixty-six percent of patients were positive for pMEK expression in the nucleus and 41 % in cytoplasm. On univariate analysis, high nuclear pMEK was predictive of worse 5y-DFS and 5y-OS, with a trend to significance (26 % vs. 41 %, p = 0.09; 36 % vs. 47 %, p = 0.07). High cytoplasmic pMEK was predictive of better 5-y OS and 5-y DFS outcomes (61 % vs. 27 %, p = 0.01; 46 % vs. 22 %, p = 0.02). On multivariate analysis, low cytoplasmic pMEK and high nuclear pMEK predicted worse DFS and OS (p = 0.01; p = 0.04 and p = 0.02; p = 0.02 respectively). Conclusions Subcellular localisation of pMEK has different prognosis in locally advanced head and neck cancer treated with radiochemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gomez-Millan
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Campus Teatinos s/n, 29010, Malaga, Spain.
| | - B Pajares
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Campus Teatinos s/n, 29010, Malaga, Spain.
| | - L Perez-Villa
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Campus Teatinos s/n, 29010, Malaga, Spain
| | - A Carnero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Consejo superior de investigaciones científicas, Campus Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Avda, Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - M Alvarez
- Pathology Department, Facultad de Medicina, UMA, Campus Teatinos s/n, 29010, Malaga, Spain
| | - V De Luque
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Campus Teatinos s/n, 29010, Malaga, Spain
| | - F Rivas
- Agencia Sanitaria Costa del Sol, Unidad de Investigación, Autovia A-7, Km 187, 29063, Marbella, Málaga, Spain.,Red Nacional de Investigación de Servicios de Salud en Enfermedades crónicas (REDISSEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - J M Trigo
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Campus Teatinos s/n, 29010, Malaga, Spain
| | - M D Toledo
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Campus Teatinos s/n, 29010, Malaga, Spain
| | - E Alba
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Campus Teatinos s/n, 29010, Malaga, Spain
| | - J A Medina
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Campus Teatinos s/n, 29010, Malaga, Spain
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Carter-Su C, Schwartz J, Argetsinger LS. Growth hormone signaling pathways. Growth Horm IGF Res 2016; 28:11-15. [PMID: 26421979 PMCID: PMC7644140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Over 20years ago, our laboratory showed that growth hormone (GH) signals through the GH receptor-associated tyrosine kinase JAK2. We showed that GH binding to its membrane-bound receptor enhances binding of JAK2 to the GHR, activates JAK2, and stimulates tyrosyl phosphorylation of both JAK2 and GHR. The activated JAK2/GHR complex recruits a variety of signaling proteins, thereby initiating multiple signaling pathways and cellular responses. These proteins and pathways include: 1) Stat transcription factors implicated in the expression of multiple genes, including the gene encoding insulin-like growth factor 1; 2) Shc adapter proteins that lead to activation of the grb2-SOS-Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK1,2 pathway; 3) insulin receptor substrate proteins implicated in the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and Akt pathway; 4) signal regulatory protein α, a transmembrane scaffold protein that recruits proteins including the tyrosine phosphatase SHP2; and 5) SH2B1, a scaffold protein that can activate JAK2 and enhance GH regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. Our recent work has focused on the function of SH2B1. We have shown that SH2B1β is recruited to and phosphorylated by JAK2 in response to GH. SH2B1 localizes to the plasma membrane, cytoplasm and focal adhesions; it also cycles through the nucleus. SH2B1 regulates the actin cytoskeleton and promotes GH-dependent motility of RAW264.7 macrophages. Mutations in SH2B1 have been found in humans exhibiting severe early-onset childhood obesity and insulin resistance. These mutations impair SH2B1 enhancement of GH-induced macrophage motility. As SH2B1 is expressed ubiquitously and is also recruited to a variety of receptor tyrosine kinases, our results raise the possibility that effects of SH2B1 on the actin cytoskeleton in various cell types, including neurons, may play a role in regulating body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Carter-Su
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and of Internal Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| | - Jessica Schwartz
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and of Internal Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Lawrence S Argetsinger
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and of Internal Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
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Reyland ME, Jones DNM. Multifunctional roles of PKCδ: Opportunities for targeted therapy in human disease. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 165:1-13. [PMID: 27179744 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The serine-threonine protein kinase, protein kinase C-δ (PKCδ), is emerging as a bi-functional regulator of cell death and proliferation. Studies in PKCδ-/- mice have confirmed a pro-apoptotic role for this kinase in response to DNA damage and a tumor promoter role in some oncogenic contexts. In non-transformed cells, inhibition of PKCδ suppresses the release of cytochrome c and caspase activation, indicating a function upstream of apoptotic pathways. Data from PKCδ-/- mice demonstrate a role for PKCδ in the execution of DNA damage-induced and physiologic apoptosis. This has led to the important finding that inhibitors of PKCδ can be used therapeutically to reduce irradiation and chemotherapy-induced toxicity. By contrast, PKCδ is a tumor promoter in mouse models of mammary gland and lung cancer, and increased PKCδ expression is a negative prognostic indicator in Her2+ and other subtypes of human breast cancer. Understanding how these distinct functions of PKCδ are regulated is critical for the design of therapeutics to target this pathway. This review will discuss what is currently known about biological roles of PKCδ and prospects for targeting PKCδ in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Reyland
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - David N M Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Hidalgo C, Arias-Cavieres A. Calcium, Reactive Oxygen Species, and Synaptic Plasticity. Physiology (Bethesda) 2016; 31:201-15. [DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00038.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review article, we address how activity-dependent Ca2+ signaling is crucial for hippocampal synaptic/structural plasticity and discuss how changes in neuronal oxidative state affect Ca2+ signaling and synaptic plasticity. We also analyze current evidence indicating that oxidative stress and abnormal Ca2+ signaling contribute to age-related synaptic plasticity deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Hidalgo
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; and
- Center of Molecular Studies of the Cell and Physiology and Biophysics Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Arias-Cavieres
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; and
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Holck S, Bonde J, Pedersen H, Petersen AA, Chaube A, Nielsen HJ, Larsson LI. Localization of active, dually phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 in colorectal cancer with or without activating BRAF and KRAS mutations. Hum Pathol 2016; 54:37-46. [PMID: 27036313 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancers (CRC) often show activating mutations of the KRAS or BRAF genes, which stimulate the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, thus increasing cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis. However, immunohistochemical results on ERK activation in such tumors differ greatly. Recently, using a highly optimized immunohistochemical method, we obtained evidence that high levels of ERK activation in rectal adenocarcinomas were associated with resistance to radiochemotherapy. In order to determine whether KRAS and/or BRAF mutations correlate to immunohistochemically detectable increases in phosphorylation of ERK (pERK), we stained biopsies from 36 CRC patients with activating mutations in the BRAF gene (BRAFV600E: BRAF(m)), the KRAS gene (KRAS(m)) or in neither (BRAF/KRAS(n)) with this optimized method. Staining was scored in blind-coded specimens by two observers. Staining of stromal cells was used as a positive control. BRAF(m) or KRAS(m) tumors did not show higher staining scores than BRAF/KRAS(n) tumors. Although BRAFV600E staining occurred in over 90% of cancer cells in all 9 BRAF(m) tumors, 3 only showed staining for pERK in less than 10% of cancer cell nuclei. The same applied to 4 of the 14 KRAS(m) tumors. A phophorylation-insensitive antibody demonstrated that lack of pERK staining did not reflect defect expression of ERK1/2 protein. Thus, increased staining for pERK does not correlate to BRAF or KRAS mutations even with a highly optimized procedure. Further studies are required to determine whether this reflects differences in expression of counterregulatory molecules, including ERK phosphatases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Holck
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK -2650, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Jesper Bonde
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK -2650, Hvidovre, Denmark; Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK -2650, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Helle Pedersen
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK -2650, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Anja Alex Petersen
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK -2650, Hvidovre, Denmark; Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK -2650, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Amita Chaube
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK -2650, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Hans Jørgen Nielsen
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK -2650, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Lars-Inge Larsson
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK -2650, Hvidovre, Denmark; Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK -2650, Hvidovre, Denmark.
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The dynamic subcellular localization of ERK: mechanisms of translocation and role in various organelles. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2016; 39:15-20. [PMID: 26827288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic subcellular localization of ERK in resting and stimulated cells plays an important role in its regulation. In resting cells, ERK localizes in the cytoplasm, and upon stimulation, it translocates to its target substrates and organelles. ERK signaling initiated from different places in resting cells has distinct outcomes. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of ERK1/2 translocation to the nucleus and mitochondria, and of ERK1c to the Golgi. We also show that ERK1/2 translocation to the nucleus is a useful anti cancer target. Unraveling the complex subcellular localization of ERK and its dynamic changes upon stimulation provides a better understanding of the regulation of ERK signaling and may result in the development of new strategies to combat ERK-related diseases.
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35
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Zhang Y, Du J, Zheng J, Liu J, Xu R, Shen T, Zhu Y, Chang J, Wang H, Zhang Z, Meng F, Wang Y, Chen Y, Xu Y, Gu L. EGF-reduced Wnt5a transcription induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition via Arf6-ERK signaling in gastric cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:7244-61. [PMID: 25779663 PMCID: PMC4466682 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt5a, a ligand for activating the non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway, is commonly associated with Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer cell metastasis. Here, we show that downregulation of Wnt5a mRNA and protein by EGF is necessary for EGF-induced EMT in gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells. To further explore the mechanisms, we investigated the effect of EGF signaling on Wnt5a expression. EGF increased Arf6 and ERK activity, while blockade of Arf6 activation repressed ERK activity, up-regulated Wnt5a expression and repressed EMT in response to EGF. We also demonstrate that EGF inactivated Wnt5a transcription by direct recruitment of ERK to the Wnt5a promoter. On the other hand, inhibition of ERK phosphorylation resulted in decreased movement of ERK from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, following rescued Wnt5a mRNA and protein expression and favored an epithelial phenotype of SGC-7901 cells. In addition, we notice that kinase-dead, nuclear-localised ERK has inhibitory effect on Wnt5a transcription. Analysis of gastric cancer specimens revealed an inverse correlation between P-ERK and Wnt5a protein levels and an association between Wnt5a expression and better prognosis. These findings indicate that Wnt5a is a potential suppressor of EMT and identify a novel Arf6/ERK signaling pathway for EGF-regulated Wnt5a expression at transcriptional level of gastric cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhang
- Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.,Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Jun Du
- Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.,Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Jianchao Zheng
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Jiaojing Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Biotechnology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Tian Shen
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Yichao Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Jun Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Fanqing Meng
- Department of Pathophysiology, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, China
| | - Yongchang Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Luo Gu
- Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.,Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
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36
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Maik-Rachline G, Seger R. The ERK cascade inhibitors: Towards overcoming resistance. Drug Resist Updat 2016; 25:1-12. [PMID: 27155372 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The RAS-ERK pathway plays a major regulatory role in various cellular processes. This pathway is hyperactivated and takes an active part in the malignant transformation of more than 85% of cancers. The hyperactivation is mainly due to oncogenic activating mutations in the pathway's components RAS, RAF and MEK, but also due to indirect mechanisms in cells transformed by other oncogenes. Various inhibitors targeting the different tiers of the cascade have been successfully developed and clinically approved, while some are still undergoing preclinical and clinical evaluation. Treatments with the clinically approved RAF and MEK inhibitors have substantially improved the clinical outcome of metastatic mutated-BRAF melanoma. However, the rapid emergence of drug resistance of initially responsive cancers and limited efficacy towards other cancers has led to only marginal patient benefit. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying intrinsic or acquired resistance is a necessity in order to enhance the treatment efficacy of ERK-addicted cancers. Therefore, many studies in the past 5 years embarked on this campaign, revealing several resistance mechanisms. These include, expression of drug-resistant RAF isoforms, molecular or genetic alterations of active downstream components, overexpression of upstream components of the cascade that can reactivate ERK and other survival-related pathways. The understanding of these molecular resistance mechanisms led to further development of drugs that can overcome drug resistance, including our own effort aiming to prevent the nuclear translocation of ERK without affecting its activation. In this review we will focus on the mechanisms underlying drug resistance and efforts to develop activity-independent, more efficacious, antitumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galia Maik-Rachline
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Rony Seger
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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Sipieter F, Cappe B, Gonzalez Pisfil M, Spriet C, Bodart JF, Cailliau-Maggio K, Vandenabeele P, Héliot L, Riquet FB. Novel Reporter for Faithful Monitoring of ERK2 Dynamics in Living Cells and Model Organisms. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140924. [PMID: 26517832 PMCID: PMC4627772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncoupling of ERK1/2 phosphorylation from subcellular localization is essential towards the understanding of molecular mechanisms that control ERK1/2-mediated cell-fate decision. ERK1/2 non-catalytic functions and discoveries of new specific anchors responsible of the subcellular compartmentalization of ERK1/2 signaling pathway have been proposed as regulation mechanisms for which dynamic monitoring of ERK1/2 localization is necessary. However, studying the spatiotemporal features of ERK2, for instance, in different cellular processes in living cells and tissues requires a tool that can faithfully report on its subcellular distribution. We developed a novel molecular tool, ERK2-LOC, based on the T2A-mediated coexpression of strictly equimolar levels of eGFP-ERK2 and MEK1, to faithfully visualize ERK2 localization patterns. MEK1 and eGFP-ERK2 were expressed reliably and functionally both in vitro and in single living cells. We then assessed the subcellular distribution and mobility of ERK2-LOC using fluorescence microscopy in non-stimulated conditions and after activation/inhibition of the MAPK/ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Finally, we used our coexpression system in Xenopus laevis embryos during the early stages of development. This is the first report on MEK1/ERK2 T2A-mediated coexpression in living embryos, and we show that there is a strong correlation between the spatiotemporal subcellular distribution of ERK2-LOC and the phosphorylation patterns of ERK1/2. Our approach can be used to study the spatiotemporal localization of ERK2 and its dynamics in a variety of processes in living cells and embryonic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Sipieter
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Inflammation Research Center (IRC), VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Equipe Biophotonique Cellulaire Fonctionnelle, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules (PhLAM), CNRS-UMR 8523, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
- Regulation of Signal Division Team, Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit (UGSF), CNRS-UMR 8576, Lille 1 University, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
- Groupement de Recherche Microscopie Imagerie du Vivant, GDR2588 MIV-CNRS, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Benjamin Cappe
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Inflammation Research Center (IRC), VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Groupement de Recherche Microscopie Imagerie du Vivant, GDR2588 MIV-CNRS, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Mariano Gonzalez Pisfil
- Equipe Biophotonique Cellulaire Fonctionnelle, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules (PhLAM), CNRS-UMR 8523, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
- Groupement de Recherche Microscopie Imagerie du Vivant, GDR2588 MIV-CNRS, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Corentin Spriet
- TISBio, Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit (UGSF), CNRS-UMR 8576, FR3688, Lille 1 University, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Jean-François Bodart
- Regulation of Signal Division Team, Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit (UGSF), CNRS-UMR 8576, Lille 1 University, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Katia Cailliau-Maggio
- Regulation of Signal Division Team, Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit (UGSF), CNRS-UMR 8576, Lille 1 University, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Inflammation Research Center (IRC), VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Methusalem Program, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laurent Héliot
- Equipe Biophotonique Cellulaire Fonctionnelle, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules (PhLAM), CNRS-UMR 8523, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
- Groupement de Recherche Microscopie Imagerie du Vivant, GDR2588 MIV-CNRS, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Franck B. Riquet
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Inflammation Research Center (IRC), VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit (UGSF), CNRS-UMR 8576, Lille 1 University, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
- Groupement de Recherche Microscopie Imagerie du Vivant, GDR2588 MIV-CNRS, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
- * E-mail:
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38
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Abstract
Kavain, an extract from the shrub Piper Methysticum, was recently reported to modulate TNF-α expression in both human and mouse cells via regulation of LPS-Induced TNF-Alpha Factor (LITAF). The purpose of the present study was to define the molecular pathway(s) associated with Kavain effects on TNF modulation. In vitro studies using WT mouse primary macrophages showed that Kavain significantly reduced E.coli LPS-induced TNF-α production but this effect was almost abrogated in LITAF-/- and ERK2-/- cells. Therefore we reintroduced the ERK2 gene in ERK2-/- cells and partially restored E.coli LPS-induced LITAF-mediated TNF-α production. The translocation of LITAF into to nucleus was found to be dependent on ERK2 S206 residue. Kavain inhibits LITAF/TNF-α expression via dephosphorylation of ERK2 in response to E.coli LPS. Finally, in vivo, Kavain had a significant anti-inflammatory effect on wild type mice that developed Collagen Antibody Induced Arthritis (CAIA), but only a minor effect in ERK2-/- mice also affected by CAIA. Based on these findings, we concluded that ERK2 may be the kinase upstream of LITAF with its Serine residue 206 being crucial for the regulation of LPS-induced TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoren Tang
- Center for Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutics, Molecular & Cell Biology Department, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118 USA
| | - Salomon Amar
- Center for Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutics, Molecular & Cell Biology Department, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118 USA
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39
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Ciomperlik JJ, Basta HA, Palmenberg AC. Three cardiovirus Leader proteins equivalently inhibit four different nucleocytoplasmic trafficking pathways. Virology 2015; 484:194-202. [PMID: 26115166 PMCID: PMC4567469 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovirus infections inhibit nucleocytoplasmic trafficking by Leader protein-induced phosphorylation of Phe/Gly-containing nucleoporins (Nups). Recombinant Leader from encephalomyocarditis virus, Theiler׳s murine encephalomyelitis virus and Saffold virus target the same subset of Nups, including Nup62 and Nup98, but not Nup50. Reporter cell lines with fluorescence mCherry markers for M9, RS and classical SV40 import pathways, as well as the Crm1-mediated export pathway, all responded to transfection with the full panel of Leader proteins, showing consequent cessation of path-specific active import/export. For this to happen, the Nups had to be presented in the context of intact nuclear pores and exposed to cytoplasmic extracts. The Leader phosphorylation cascade was not effective against recombinant Nup proteins. The findings support a model of Leader-dependent Nup phosphorylation with the purpose of disrupting Nup-transportin interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Ciomperlik
- Institute for Molecular Virology, and Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Holly A Basta
- Department of Biology, Rocky Mountain College, Billings, MT, United States
| | - Ann C Palmenberg
- Institute for Molecular Virology, and Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.
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40
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Bauer NC, Doetsch PW, Corbett AH. Mechanisms Regulating Protein Localization. Traffic 2015; 16:1039-61. [PMID: 26172624 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cellular functions are dictated by protein content and activity. There are numerous strategies to regulate proteins varying from modulating gene expression to post-translational modifications. One commonly used mode of regulation in eukaryotes is targeted localization. By specifically redirecting the localization of a pool of existing protein, cells can achieve rapid changes in local protein function. Eukaryotic cells have evolved elegant targeting pathways to direct proteins to the appropriate cellular location or locations. Here, we provide a general overview of these localization pathways, with a focus on nuclear and mitochondrial transport, and present a survey of the evolutionarily conserved regulatory strategies identified thus far. We end with a description of several specific examples of proteins that exploit localization as an important mode of regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Bauer
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Current address: Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Paul W Doetsch
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Anita H Corbett
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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41
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Martín MJ, Calvo N, de Boland AR, Gentili C. Molecular mechanisms associated with PTHrP-induced proliferation of colon cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2015; 115:2133-45. [PMID: 25053227 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid Hormone-related Protein (PTHrP) is normally produced in many tissues and is recognized for its endocrine, paracrine, autocrine and intracrine modes of action. PTHrP is also implicated in different types of cancer and its expression correlates with the severity of colon carcinoma. Using the human colon cell line Caco-2 we recently obtained evidence that PTHrP, through a paracrine pathway, exerts a protective effect under apoptotic conditions. However, if exogenous PTHrP is able or not to induce the proliferation of these intestinal tumor cells is not known. We found that PTHrP treatment increases the number of live Caco-2 cells. The hormone induces the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of ERK 1/2, α p38 MAPK, and Akt, without affecting JNK phosphorylation. In addition, PTHrP-dependent ERK phosphorylation is reverted when PI3K activity was inhibited. Following MAPKs nuclear translocation, the transcription factors ATF-1 and CREB were activated in a biphasic manner. In addition PTHrP induces the translocation into the nucleus of β-catenin, protein that plays key role in maintaining the growth and proliferation of colorectal cancer, and increases the amount of both positive cell cycle regulators c-Myc and Cyclin D. Studies with ERK1/2, α p38 MAPK, and PI3K specific inhibitors showed that PTHrP regulates Caco-2 cell proliferation via these signaling pathways. In conclusion, the results obtained in this work expand our knowledge on the role of exogenous PTHrP in intestinal tumor cells and identify the signaling pathways that are involved in the mitogenic effect of the hormone on Caco-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Julia Martín
- Departamento Biología Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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42
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Yan R, Hu X, Zhang W, Song L, Wang J, Yin Y, Chen S, Zhao S. The mouse radial spoke protein 3 is a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein that promotes neurogenesis. Histochem Cell Biol 2015; 144:309-19. [PMID: 26082196 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-015-1338-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Radial spoke protein 3 (RSP3) was first identified in Chlamydomonas as a component of radial spoke, which is important for flagellar motility. The mammalian homolog of the Chlamydomonas RSP3 protein is found to be a mammalian protein kinase A-anchoring protein that binds ERK1/2. Here we show that mouse RSP3 is a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein. The full-length RSP3-EGFP fusion protein is mainly located in the cytoplasm of Chinese hamster ovary cells. However, by using deletion mutants of RSP3, we identified two nuclear localization signals and a nuclear export signal in RSP3. Moreover, using in utero electroporation, we found that overexpression of RSP3 in the developing cerebral cortex promotes neurogenesis. The layer II/III of the neocortex was much thicker in the RSP3-transfected region than that of the untransfected region in the neocortex. We also show that RSP3 is specifically located in the primary cilia of the radial glial cells, where it acts as a signaling mediator that regulates neurogenesis. Thus, our results suggest that RSP3 is a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein and plays an essential role in neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runchuan Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinde Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingzhen Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiutao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yupeng Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shulin Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanting Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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43
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The nuclear translocation of ERK1/2 as an anticancer target. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6685. [PMID: 25819065 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of the ERK1/2 functioning is their nuclear translocation, which is mainly required for the induction of proliferation. Activated ERK1/2 molecules that remain in the cytoplasm initiate other activities, including immediate feedback loops. Prevention of the nuclear translocation should therefore inhibit proliferation, without affecting cytoplasm-induced cellular processes. Here we present an NTS-derived myristoylated phosphomimetic peptide, which blocks the interaction of importin7 and ERK1/2, and consequently the nuclear translocation of the latter. In culture, the peptide induces apoptosis of melanoma cells inhibits the viability of other cancer cells, but has no effect on non-transformed, immortalized cells. It even inhibits the viability of PLX4032- and U0126-resistant melanoma cells. In xenograft models, the peptide inhibits several cancers, and acts much better than PLX4032 in preventing melanoma recurrence. This study provides a proof of concept for using the nuclear translocation of ERK1/2 as a drug target for the combat of various ERK1/2-related cancers.
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44
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Abstract
Leishmania amazonensis is an intracellular protozoan parasite responsible for chronic cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). CL is a neglected tropical disease responsible for infecting millions of people worldwide. L. amazonensis promotes alteration of various signaling pathways that are essential for host cell survival. Specifically, through parasite-mediated phosphorylation of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK), L. amazonensis inhibits cell-mediated parasite killing and promotes its own survival by co-opting multiple host cell functions. In this review, we highlight Leishmania-host cell signaling alterations focusing on those specific to (1) motor proteins, (2) prevention of NADPH subunit phosphorylation impairing reactive oxygen species production, and (3) localized endosomal signaling to up-regulate ERK phosphorylation. This review will focus upon mechanisms and possible explanations as to how Leishmania spp. evades the various layers of defense employed by the host immune response.
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45
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Li J, Chai QY, Zhang Y, Li BX, Wang J, Qiu XB, Liu CH. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mce3E suppresses host innate immune responses by targeting ERK1/2 signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3756-67. [PMID: 25780035 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Crucial to the pathogenesis of the tuberculosis (TB)-causing pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis is its ability to subvert host immune defenses to promote its intracellular survival. The mammalian cell entry protein 3E (Mce3E), located in the region of difference 15 of the M. tuberculosis genome and absent in Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin, has an essential role in facilitating the internalization of mammalian cells by mycobacteria. However, relatively little is known about the role of Mce3E in modulation of host innate immune responses. In this study, we demonstrate that Mce3E inhibits the activation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway, leading to the suppression of Tnf and Il6 expression, and the promotion of mycobacterial survival within macrophages. Mce3E interacts and colocalizes with ERK1/2 at the endoplasmic reticulum in a DEF motif (an ERK-docking motif)-dependent manner, relocates ERK1/2 from cytoplasm to the endoplasmic reticulum, and finally reduces the association of ERK1/2 with MEK1 and blocks the nuclear translocation of phospho-ERK1/2. A DEF motif mutant form of Mce3E (F294A) loses its ability to suppress Tnf and Il6 expression and to promote intracellular survival of mycobacteria. Inhibition of the ERK1/2 pathway in macrophages using U0126, a specific inhibitor of the ERK pathway, also leads to the suppressed Tnf and Il6 expression and the enhanced intracellular survival of mycobacteria. Taken together, these results suggest that M. tuberculosis Mce3E exploits the ERK1/2 signaling pathway to suppress host innate immune responses, providing a potential Mce3E-ERK1/2 interface-based drug target against M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; and
| | - Qi-Yao Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; and
| | - Yong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; and
| | - Bing-Xi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; and
| | - Jing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; and
| | - Xiao-Bo Qiu
- Department of Cell Biology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Cui Hua Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; and
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46
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Sotomayor V, Chiriotto TS, Pechen AM, Venturino A. Biochemical biomarkers of sublethal effects in Rhinella arenarum late gastrula exposed to the organophosphate chlorpyrifos. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 119:48-53. [PMID: 25868816 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We determined the biochemical and molecular effects of the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) in the late gastrula embryonic stage of the South American toad Rhinella arenarum continuously exposed from fertilization (24 h). Our objective was to evaluate these responses as potential biomarkers at low, sublethal levels of the toxicant. We first established the EC50 for embryo arrest in 21.3 mg/L, with a LOEC of 16 mg/L. At 4 mg/L CPF, some embryos were unable to complete the dorsal lip of the blastopore and the yolk plug became blur, probably because of abnormal cell migration. Acetylcholinesterase activity, the specific biomarker for organophosphates, was unaffected by any of the tested concentrations of CPF (2-14 mg/L). In turn, 2 mg/L CPF increased the reduced glutathione levels and inhibited glutathione-S-transferase activity, suggesting an oxidative stress and antioxidant response. Catalase was induced by CPF exposure at higher concentrations (8 and 14 mg/L). We also studied transcription factor c-Fos as a signaling event related to development in early embryogenesis. Analysis of nuclear c-Fos protein showed two bands, both enhanced in embryos exposed to 2 and 8 mg/L CPF. While nuclear Erk protein was practically unaffected, Mek protein levels were induced by the OP. Transcription factor c-Fos may be then linking oxidative stress with developmental alterations observed due to CPF exposure. These molecular and biochemical responses observed in R. arenarum gastrula at sublethal CPF exposures may replace non-responsive AChE as very early biomarkers in toad gastrula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Sotomayor
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Bioquímicas y Químicas del Ambiente (LIBIQUIMA), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional del Comahue - CONICET, Buenos Aires 1400, 8300 Neuquén, Argentina; Facultad de CienciasMédicas, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Toschi y Arrayanes, 8324, Cipolletti, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Tai S Chiriotto
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Bioquímicas y Químicas del Ambiente (LIBIQUIMA), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional del Comahue - CONICET, Buenos Aires 1400, 8300 Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Ana M Pechen
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Bioquímicas y Químicas del Ambiente (LIBIQUIMA), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional del Comahue - CONICET, Buenos Aires 1400, 8300 Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Andrés Venturino
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Bioquímicas y Químicas del Ambiente (LIBIQUIMA), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional del Comahue - CONICET, Buenos Aires 1400, 8300 Neuquén, Argentina; Facultad de CienciasAgrarias, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Ruta 151 Km 12.5, 8303, CincoSaltos, Río Negro, Argentina.
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47
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Karunarathne WKA, O'Neill PR, Gautam N. Subcellular optogenetics - controlling signaling and single-cell behavior. J Cell Sci 2014; 128:15-25. [PMID: 25433038 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.154435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Variation in signaling activity across a cell plays a crucial role in processes such as cell migration. Signaling activity specific to organelles within a cell also likely plays a key role in regulating cellular functions. To understand how such spatially confined signaling within a cell regulates cell behavior, tools that exert experimental control over subcellular signaling activity are required. Here, we discuss the advantages of using optogenetic approaches to achieve this control. We focus on a set of optical triggers that allow subcellular control over signaling through the activation of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), receptor tyrosine kinases and downstream signaling proteins, as well as those that inhibit endogenous signaling proteins. We also discuss the specific insights with regard to signaling and cell behavior that these subcellular optogenetic approaches can provide.
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Affiliation(s)
- W K Ajith Karunarathne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Patrick R O'Neill
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Narasimhan Gautam
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Musazzi L, Seguini M, Mallei A, Treccani G, Pelizzari M, Tornese P, Racagni G, Tardito D. Time-dependent activation of MAPK/Erk1/2 and Akt/GSK3 cascades: modulation by agomelatine. BMC Neurosci 2014; 15:119. [PMID: 25332063 PMCID: PMC4207903 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-014-0119-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The novel antidepressant agomelatine, a melatonergic MT1/MT2 agonist combined with 5-HT2c serotonin antagonist properties, showed antidepressant action in preclinical and clinical studies. There is a general agreement that the therapeutic action of antidepressants needs the activation of slow-onset adaptations in downstream signalling pathways finally regulating neuroplasticity. In the last several years, particular attention was given to cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB)-related pathways, since it was shown that chronic antidepressants increase CREB phosphorylation and transcriptional activity, through the activation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent (CaM) and mitogen activated protein kinase cascades (MAPK/Erk1/2). Aim of this work was to analyse possible effects of chronic agomelatine on time-dependent changes of different intracellular signalling pathways in hippocampus and prefrontal/frontal cortex of male rats. To this end, measurements were performed 1 h or 16 h after the last agomelatine or vehicle injection. RESULTS We have found that in naïve rats chronic agomelatine, contrary to traditional antidepressants, did not increase CREB phosphorylation, but modulates the time-dependent regulation of MAPK/Erk1/2 and Akt/glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) pathways. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the intracellular molecular mechanisms modulated by chronic agomelatine may be partly different from those of traditional antidepressants and involve the time-dependent regulation of MAPK/Erk1/2 and Akt/GSK-3 signalling pathways. This could exert a role in the antidepressant efficacy of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Musazzi
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEND), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, Milano, 20133, Italy.
| | - Mara Seguini
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEND), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, Milano, 20133, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Mallei
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEND), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, Milano, 20133, Italy.
| | - Giulia Treccani
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEND), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, Milano, 20133, Italy.
| | - Mariagrazia Pelizzari
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEND), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, Milano, 20133, Italy.
| | - Paolo Tornese
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEND), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, Milano, 20133, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Racagni
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEND), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, Milano, 20133, Italy. .,Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Centro S. Giovanni di Dio-Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Daniela Tardito
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEND), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, Milano, 20133, Italy.
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Dave S, Nanduri R, Dkhar HK, Bhagyaraj E, Rao A, Gupta P. Nuclear MEK1 sequesters PPARγ and bisects MEK1/ERK signaling: a non-canonical pathway of retinoic acid inhibition of adipocyte differentiation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100862. [PMID: 24959884 PMCID: PMC4069188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled adipogenesis and adipocyte proliferation have been connected to human comorbidities. Retinoic acid (RA) is known to inhibit adipocyte differentiation, however the underlying mechanisms have not been adequately understood. This study reports that RA acting as a ligand to RA receptors (RARs and RXRs) is not a sine qua non to the inhibition of adipogenesis. Our intriguing observation of a negative correlation between increased retinoylation and adipogenesis led us to explore retinoylated proteins in adipocytes. Exportin (CRM1) was found to be retinoylated, which in turn can affect the spatio-temporal regulation of the important signaling molecule mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK1), likely by disrupting its export from the nucleus. Nuclear enrichment of MEK1 physically sequesters peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), the master regulator of adipogenesis, from its target genes and thus inhibits adipogenesis while also disrupting the MEK1-extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) signaling cascade. This study is first to report the inhibition of adipocyte differentiation by retinoylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Dave
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | | | | | - Ella Bhagyaraj
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Alka Rao
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pawan Gupta
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
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50
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Michailovici I, Harrington HA, Azogui HH, Yahalom-Ronen Y, Plotnikov A, Ching S, Stumpf MPH, Klein OD, Seger R, Tzahor E. Nuclear to cytoplasmic shuttling of ERK promotes differentiation of muscle stem/progenitor cells. Development 2014; 141:2611-20. [PMID: 24924195 DOI: 10.1242/dev.107078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The transition between the proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cells is a key step in organogenesis, and alterations in this process can lead to developmental disorders. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK) signaling pathway is one of the most intensively studied signaling mechanisms that regulates both proliferation and differentiation. How a single molecule (e.g. ERK) can regulate two opposing cellular outcomes is still a mystery. Using both chick and mouse models, we shed light on the mechanism responsible for the switch from proliferation to differentiation of head muscle progenitors and implicate ERK subcellular localization. Manipulation of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-ERK signaling pathway in chick embryos in vitro and in vivo demonstrated that blockage of this pathway accelerated myogenic differentiation, whereas its activation diminished it. We next examined whether the spatial subcellular localization of ERK could act as a switch between proliferation (nuclear ERK) and differentiation (cytoplasmic ERK) of muscle progenitors. A myristoylated peptide that blocks importin 7-mediated ERK nuclear translocation induced robust myogenic differentiation of muscle progenitor/stem cells in both head and trunk. In the mouse, analysis of Sprouty mutant embryos revealed that increased ERK signaling suppressed both head and trunk myogenesis. Our findings, corroborated by mathematical modeling, suggest that ERK shuttling between the nucleus and the cytoplasm provides a switch-like transition between proliferation and differentiation of muscle progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Michailovici
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Heather A Harrington
- Theoretical Systems Biology, Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Hadar Hay Azogui
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Yfat Yahalom-Ronen
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Alexander Plotnikov
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Saunders Ching
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial and Mesenchymal Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0430, USA
| | - Michael P H Stumpf
- Theoretical Systems Biology, Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial and Mesenchymal Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0430, USA Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0442, USA
| | - Rony Seger
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Eldad Tzahor
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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