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Oron-Herman M, Kirmayer D, Lupp A, Schulz S, Kostenich G, Afargan M. Expression prevalence and dynamics of GPCR somatostatin receptors 2 and 3 as cancer biomarkers beyond NET: a paired immunohistochemistry approach. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20857. [PMID: 38012197 PMCID: PMC10682014 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47877-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin receptors are clinically validated GPCR biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment of various neuroendocrine tumors (NET). Among the five somatostatin receptors, SST2 and SST3 are associated with apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, making these receptor subtypes better differentiated targets in precision oncology. In this study we performed immunohistochemistry of paired tissue microarrays containing 1125 cores, representing 43 tumor types, each stained for SST2 and SST3. A 12-point immunoreactive scoring (IRS) range was used for interpretation of the staining results. We analyzed the results twice, using the conventional positivity IRS cutoffs ≥ 3 and more stringent ≥ 6. Evaluation of receptors expression dynamics was performed for tumor-nodes-metastases (TNM) defined subgroups (ovarian and hepatocellular adenocarcinomas) as a function of their tumor stage. Our results indicate that two-thirds of tested cores exhibit clinically significant expression of at least SST2 or SST3 (IRS ≥ 6). The expression prevalence of both receptors tends to decline with tumor progression. However, an unexpected upregulation of both SST2 and SST3 reemerged in metastases suggesting conserved receptors genetic potential during tumor life cycle. We suggest that SST2 and SST3 should be further explored as potential biomarkers and therapeutic tools for maximizing the efficiency of somatostatin-based precision oncology of solid tumors beyond NET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mor Oron-Herman
- Starget Pharma, 26 Snir st., 4704086, Ramat Hasharon, Israel.
| | - David Kirmayer
- Starget Pharma, 26 Snir st., 4704086, Ramat Hasharon, Israel
| | - Amelie Lupp
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Drackendorfer Str. 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Drackendorfer Str. 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Genady Kostenich
- Starget Pharma, 26 Snir st., 4704086, Ramat Hasharon, Israel
- The Advanced Technology Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 5262000, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Michel Afargan
- Starget Pharma, 26 Snir st., 4704086, Ramat Hasharon, Israel
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2
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Nie D, Li C, Zhang Y. PitNETs and the gut microbiota: potential connections, future directions. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1255911. [PMID: 38027221 PMCID: PMC10657991 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1255911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the gut microbiome has been widely discussed in numerous works of literature. The biggest concern is the association of the gut microbiome with the central nervous system through the microbiome-brain-gut axis in the past ten years. As more and more research has been done on the relationship between the disease of the central nervous system and gut microbes. This fact is being revealed that gut microbes seem to play an important role from the onset and progression of the disease to clinical symptoms, and new treatments. As a special tumor of the central nervous system, pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs)are closely related to metabolism, endocrinology, and immunity. These factors are the vectors through which intestinal microbes interact with the central nervous system. However, little is known about the effects of gut microbes on the PitNET. In this review, the relationship of gut microbiota in PitNETs is introduced, the potential effects of the gut-brain axis in this relationship are analyzed, and future research directions are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yazhuo Zhang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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3
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Liu GQ, Liu ZX, Lin ZX, Chen P, Yan YC, Lin QR, Hu YJ, Jiang N, Yu B. Effects of Dopamine on stem cells and its potential roles in the treatment of inflammatory disorders: a narrative review. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:230. [PMID: 37649087 PMCID: PMC10469852 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03454-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is the host's protective response against harmful external stimulation that helps tissue repair and remodeling. However, excessive inflammation seriously threatens the patient's life. Due to anti-inflammatory effects, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and monoclonal antibodies are used to treat various inflammatory diseases, but drug resistance, non-responsiveness, and severe side effect limit their development and application. Therefore, developing other alternative therapies has become essential in anti-inflammatory therapy. In recent years, the in-depth study of stem cells has made them a promising alternative drug for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, and the function of stem cells is regulated by a variety of signals, of which dopamine signaling is one of the main influencing factors. In this review, we review the effects of dopamine on various adult stem cells (neural stem cells, mesenchymal stromal cells, hematopoietic stem cells, and cancer stem cells) and their signaling pathways, as well as the application of some critical dopamine receptor agonists/antagonists. Besides, we also review the role of various adult stem cells in inflammatory diseases and discuss the potential anti-inflammation function of dopamine receptors, which provides a new therapeutic target for regenerative medicine in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Qiao Liu
- Division of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Southern Medical University Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Southern Medical University Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zi-Xian Liu
- Division of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Southern Medical University Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Southern Medical University Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Ze-Xin Lin
- Division of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Southern Medical University Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Southern Medical University Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Division of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Southern Medical University Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Southern Medical University Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yu-Chi Yan
- Division of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Southern Medical University Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Southern Medical University Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Qing-Rong Lin
- Division of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Southern Medical University Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yan-Jun Hu
- Division of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Southern Medical University Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Division of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Southern Medical University Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Southern Medical University Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Bin Yu
- Division of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Southern Medical University Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Southern Medical University Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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Ilie MD, Tabarin A, Vasiljevic A, Bonneville JF, Moreau-Grangé L, Schillo F, Delemer B, Barlier A, Figarella-Branger D, Bisot-Locard S, Santos A, Chanson P, Raverot G. Predictive Factors of Somatostatin Receptor Ligand Response in Acromegaly-A Prospective Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:2982-2991. [PMID: 36136828 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Somatostatin receptor ligands (SRLs) are the cornerstone medical treatments for acromegaly; however, many patients remain unresponsive to SRLs. Well-established predictive markers of response are needed. OBJECTIVE We aimed to explore the relationship between responsiveness to SRLs relative to somatostatin (SST)2A and 5 receptor expression, adenoma granularity, and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal intensity (T2WSI). METHODS We conducted a multicentric, prospective, observational cohort study, in France. Forty-nine naïve patients (ie, patients without preoperative SRL treatment) with active acromegaly following surgery were treated with octreotide (group 1; n = 47), or pasireotide if uncontrolled under first-generation SRLs (group 2; n = 9). Data were collected at baseline and months 3 and 6. Biochemical measurements, immunohistochemistry studies, and MRI readings were centralized. RESULTS In group 1, IGF-I decrease from baseline to month 6 positively correlated with SST2A immunoreactive score (IRS), P = 0.01. Densely granulated/intermediate adenomas had a greater IGF-I and GH decrease under octreotide compared with sparsely granulated adenomas (P = 0.02 and P = 0.006, respectively), and expressed greater levels of SST2A (P < 0.001), coupled with lower levels of SST5 (P = 0.004). T2WSI changed between preoperative MRI and month 6 MRI in one-half of the patients. Finally, SST5 IRS was higher in preoperative hyperintense compared with preoperative hypointense adenomas (P = 0.04), and most sparsely granulated and most hyperintense adenomas expressed high SST5 levels. CONCLUSION We prospectively confirm that SST2A and adenoma granularity are good predictors of response to octreotide. We propose the IRS for scoring system harmonization. MRI sequences must be optimized to be able to use the T2WSI as a predictor of treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirela-Diana Ilie
- Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon 69001, France
- Endocrinology Department, "C.I. Parhon" National Institute of Endocrinology, Bucharest 011863, Romania
| | - Antoine Tabarin
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Bordeaux University Hospital, Pessac 33600, France
| | - Alexandre Vasiljevic
- Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon 69001, France
- Pathology Department, "Groupement Hospitalier Est" Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron 69500, France
| | - Jean-François Bonneville
- Departments of Medical Imaging and Endocrinology, Liège University Hospital, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Lucile Moreau-Grangé
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen 76000, France
| | - Franck Schillo
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Besançon University Hospital, Besançon 25030, France
| | - Brigitte Delemer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Reims University Hospital, Reims 51092, France
| | - Anne Barlier
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Conception University Hospital, AP-HM, Marseille 13005, France
- Aix-Marseille University, Inserm, MMG, Marseille 13011, France
| | | | | | | | - Philippe Chanson
- Department of Endocrinology and Reproduction Disorders, Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre 94270, France
- Paris-Saclay University, Inserm, "Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes", Le Kremlin-Bicêtre 91190, France
| | - Gérald Raverot
- Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon 69001, France
- Endocrinology Department, "Groupement Hospitalier Est" Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron 69500, France
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5
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Araki T, Tone Y, Yamamoto M, Kameda H, Ben-Shlomo A, Yamada S, Takeshita A, Yamamoto M, Kawakami Y, Tone M, Melmed S. Two Distinctive POMC Promoters Modify Gene Expression in Cushing Disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e3346-e3363. [PMID: 34061962 PMCID: PMC8372657 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Mechanisms underlying pituitary corticotroph adenoma adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) production are poorly understood, yet circulating ACTH levels closely correlate with adenoma phenotype and clinical outcomes. OBJECTIVE We characterized the 5' ends of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene transcripts, which encode the precursor polypeptide for ACTH, in order to investigate additional regulatory mechanisms of POMC gene transcription and ACTH production. METHODS We examined 11 normal human pituitary tissues, 32 ACTH-secreting tumors, as well as 6 silent corticotroph adenomas (SCAs) that immunostain for but do not secrete ACTH. RESULTS We identified a novel regulatory region located near the intron 2/exon 3 junction in the human POMC gene, which functions as a second promoter and an enhancer. In vitro experiments demonstrated that CREB binds the second promoter and regulates its transcriptional activity. The second promoter is highly methylated in SCAs, partially demethylated in normal pituitary tissue, and highly demethylated in pituitary and ectopic ACTH-secreting tumors. In contrast, the first promoter is demethylated in all POMC-expressing cells and is highly demethylated only in pituitary ACTH-secreting tumors harboring the ubiquitin-specific protease 8 (USP8) mutation. Demethylation patterns of the second promoter correlate with clinical phenotypes of Cushing disease. CONCLUSION We identified a second POMC promoter regulated by methylation status in ACTH-secreting pituitary tumors. Our findings open new avenues for elucidating subcellular regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and suggest the second POMC promoter may be a target for therapeutic intervention to suppress excess ACTH production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Araki
- Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Yukiko Tone
- Pacific Heart, Lung, & Blood Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Masaaki Yamamoto
- Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hiraku Kameda
- Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anat Ben-Shlomo
- Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shozo Yamada
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Takeshita
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Yamamoto
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Yasuhiko Kawakami
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Masahide Tone
- Pacific Heart, Lung, & Blood Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shlomo Melmed
- Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Correspondence: Shlomo Melmed, MD, Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Plaza North, Room 2015, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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Cuny T, Graillon T, Defilles C, Datta R, Zhang S, Figarella-Branger D, Dufour H, Mougel G, Brue T, Landsman T, Halem HA, Culler MD, Barlier A, Saveanu A. Characterization of the ability of a, second-generation SST-DA chimeric molecule, TBR-065, to suppress GH secretion from human GH-secreting adenoma cells. Pituitary 2021; 24:351-358. [PMID: 33433890 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-020-01113-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Somatostatin (SST) and dopamine (DA) inhibit growth hormone (GH) secretion and proliferation of GH-secreting pituitary adenomas (GHomas) through binding to SSTR2 and D2R receptors. Chimeric SST-DA compounds (Dopastatins) display increased potency in inhibiting GH secretion, as compared with individual SST or DA analogs (alone or combined). OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy of a second-generation dopastatin, TBR-065, in suppressing GH secretion from human GH- and GH/prolactin(PRL)-omas. DESIGN We compared the ability of TBR-065 to inhibit GH secretion from primary cultures of human GH- or GH/PRLoma cells to that of the first generation dopastatin, TBR-760 (formerly BIM-23A760), octreotide (OCT) and cabergoline (CAB), the later either alone or combined. We investigated whether there was any impact of BIM-133, the metabolite of TBR-065, on the ability of TBR-065 to inhibit GH in these cultures. METHODS 17 GH- and GH/PRLomas were included in this study. Inhibition of GH secretion by TBR-065, TBR-760, OCT and CAB (0.1 pM to 0.1 µM) was assessed over a period of 8 h. RESULTS All tumors expressed SSTR2 and D2R mRNAs. GH suppression was higher with TBR-065 as compared with TBR-760 (Emax = 57 ± 5.6% vs. 41.1 ± 12.5%, respectively, p < 0.001) or with OCT + CAB (Emax = 56.8 ± 7.2% vs. 44.4 ± 9.4%, p < 0.001). BIM-133 did not have any impact on the activity of TBR-065. CONCLUSION TBR-065 has significantly improved efficacy in suppressing GH secretion as compared to current available therapies and may represent a new promising option for the treatment of acromegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Cuny
- Service d'Endocrinologie, Aix Marseille University, APHM, Marseille Medical Genetics, Inserm U1251, Hôpital de la Conception, 147 Boulevard Baille, 13005, Marseille, France.
| | - Thomas Graillon
- Service de Neurochirurgie, Aix Marseille University, APHM, Marseille Medical Genetics, Inserm U1251, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Célines Defilles
- Aix Marseille University, APHM, Marseille Medical Genetics, Inserm U1251, Marseille, France
| | - Rakesh Datta
- Ipsen Bioscience (Formers Employees), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shengwen Zhang
- Ipsen Bioscience (Formers Employees), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Henry Dufour
- Service de Neurochirurgie, Aix Marseille University, APHM, Marseille Medical Genetics, Inserm U1251, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Grégory Mougel
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Biochimie, Aix Marseille University, APHM, Marseille Medical Genetics, Inserm U1251, Hôpital de la Conception, Marseille, France
| | - Thierry Brue
- Service d'Endocrinologie, Aix Marseille University, APHM, Marseille Medical Genetics, Inserm U1251, Hôpital de la Conception, 147 Boulevard Baille, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Tanya Landsman
- Ipsen Bioscience (Formers Employees), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Anne Barlier
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Biochimie, Aix Marseille University, APHM, Marseille Medical Genetics, Inserm U1251, Hôpital de la Conception, Marseille, France
| | - Alexandru Saveanu
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Biochimie, Aix Marseille University, APHM, Marseille Medical Genetics, Inserm U1251, Hôpital de la Conception, Marseille, France
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Dicitore A, Cantone MC, Gaudenzi G, Saronni D, Carra S, Borghi MO, Albertelli M, Ferone D, Hofland LJ, Persani L, Vitale G. Efficacy of a Novel Second-Generation Somatostatin-Dopamine Chimera (TBR-065) in Human Medullary Thyroid Cancer: A Preclinical Study. Neuroendocrinology 2021; 111:937-950. [PMID: 33075795 DOI: 10.1159/000512366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Somatostatin and dopamine (DA) receptors have a pivotal role in controlling hormone secretion and cell proliferation in different neuroendocrine neoplasms, including medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). In the present preclinical study, we evaluated the anti-tumor activity of TBR-065 (formerly BIM-23B065), a second-generation somatostatin-DA chimera, in 2 human MTC cell lines. METHODS The effects of lanreotide (LAN) and TBR-065 on cell growth and proliferation, calcitonin (CT) secretion, cell cycle, apoptosis, cell migration, and tumor-induced angiogenesis have been evaluated through 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, DNA flow cytometry with propidium iodide (PI), Annexin V-FITC/PI staining, electrochemiluminescence immuno assay, wound-healing assay, and zebrafish platform, respectively. RESULTS TBR-065 exerted a more prominent anti-tumor activity than LAN in both MTC cell lines, as shown by inhibition of cell proliferation (maximal inhibition in TT: -50.3 and -37.6%, respectively; in MZ-CRC-1: -58.8 and -27%, respectively) and migration (in TT: -42.7 and -22.9%, respectively; in MZ-CRC-1: -75.5 and -58.2%, respectively). Only the new chimera decreased significantly the fraction of cells in S phase (TT: -33.8%; MZ-CRC-1: -18.8%) and increased cells in G2/M phase (TT: +13%; MZ-CRC-1: +30.5%). In addition, TBR-065 exerted a more prominent pro-apoptotic effect than LAN in TT cells. A concomitant decrease in CT secretion was observed after 2 days of incubation with both drugs, with a more relevant effect of TBR-065. However, neither LAN nor TBR-065 showed any effect on tumor-induced angiogenesis, as evaluated using a zebrafish/tumor xenograft model. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION In MTC cell lines, a second-generation somatostatin-DA analog, TBR-065, exerts a more relevant anti-tumor activity than LAN, through modulation of cell cycle, induction of apoptosis, and reduction in migration. Further studies are required to establish whether TBR-065 has comparable potent inhibitory effects on tumor growth in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Dicitore
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (DISCCO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Celeste Cantone
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Germano Gaudenzi
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Laboratory of Geriatric and Oncologic Neuroendocrinology Research, Cusano Milanino, Italy
| | - Davide Saronni
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Carra
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Orietta Borghi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (DISCCO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Experimental Laboratory of Immuno-Rheumatology, Cusano Milanino, Italy
| | - Manuela Albertelli
- Endocrinology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI) and Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Diego Ferone
- Endocrinology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI) and Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Leo J Hofland
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Persani
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Vitale
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), University of Milan, Milan, Italy,
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Laboratory of Geriatric and Oncologic Neuroendocrinology Research, Cusano Milanino, Italy,
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8
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van Esdonk MJ, Stevens J, Stuurman FE, de Boon WMI, Dehez M, van der Graaf PH, Burggraaf J. The Pharmacodynamic Effects of a Dopamine-Somatostatin Chimera Agonist on the Cardiovascular System. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2020; 74:128-136. [PMID: 31306369 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The quantification of the effect of pharmacological treatment on the cardiovascular system is complicated because of the high level of interindividual and circadian variability. Recently, a dopamine-somatostatin chimera, BIM23B065, was under investigation to concurrently target the somatostatin and dopamine D2 receptors for the treatment of neuroendocrine tumors. However, both dopamine and somatostatin interact with different components of the cardiovascular system. This study established the response of the heart rate and the systolic blood pressure after administration of BIM23B065 in healthy male volunteers by analysis of the rate-pressure product (RPP), in a model-informed analysis. The RPP in the supine position of placebo-treated subjects showed a clear circadian component, best described by 2 cosine functions. The pharmacokinetics of BIM23B065 and its metabolite were best described using 2-compartment models with different forms of elimination kinetics. The administration of BIM23B065 gave a statistically significant reduction in the RPP, after which the effect diminished because of the tolerance to the cardiovascular effects after prolonged exposure to BIM23B065. This model provided insight in the circadian rhythm of the RPP in the supine position and the level of interindividual variability in healthy male volunteers. The developed population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model quantified the interaction between BIM23B065 and the RPP, informing on the clinical pharmacological properties of BIM23B065.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Joost van Esdonk
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jasper Stevens
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Piet Hein van der Graaf
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Certara QSP, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Jacobus Burggraaf
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
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9
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Kim J, Oh JH, Harlem H, Culler MD, Ku CR, Lee EJ. Therapeutic Effect of a Novel Chimeric Molecule Targeting Both Somatostatin and Dopamine Receptors on Growth Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Adenomas. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2020; 35:177-187. [PMID: 32207278 PMCID: PMC7090307 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2020.35.1.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acromegaly is a rare disease primarily caused by growth hormone (GH)-secreting pituitary adenomas, and its treatment is costly. Moreover, some patients are unresponsive to treatment. Hence, there are increasing efforts to develop new drugs with improved effectiveness for this disease. BIM23B065 is a novel chimeric molecule that acts on both somatostatin and dopamine receptors. This study aimed to investigate the effects of BIM23B065 compared with those of a somatostatin receptor analog and a dopamine agonist. METHODS The effects of BIM23B065 on the proliferation, GH and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and cyclic AMP response element binding (CREB) phosphorylation of GH3 cells were investigated with MTS assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Western blotting, respectively. The dosage and treatment duration of BIM23B065 were tested in animal models of GH-secreting pituitary adenoma. The effect of BIM23B065 (3 mg/kg/day) on changes in IGF-1 levels before and after treatment was further investigated. RESULTS In vitro, BIM23B065 treatment decreased GH release in the culture media and downregulated ERK 1/2 and CREB phosphorylation to 22% and 26%, respectively. In vivo, IGF-1 expression decreased to 50 % after 4 weeks of treatment with BIM23B065 using an osmotic pump implant. Moreover, magnetic resonance imaging results showed that the tumor size decreased significantly following treatment with BIM23B065 for 4 weeks. CONCLUSION The novel chimeric molecule was effective in decreasing IGF-1 and GH levels and may serve as an effective therapeutic agent for acromegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Kim
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
- Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju Hun Oh
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
- Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heather Harlem
- Endocrinology Research, Ipsen Bioscience Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael D Culler
- Endocrinology Research, Ipsen Bioscience Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Cheol Ryong Ku
- Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Eun Jig Lee
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
- Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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10
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Vázquez-Borrego MC, Gupta V, Ibáñez-Costa A, Gahete MD, Venegas-Moreno E, Toledano-Delgado Á, Cano DA, Blanco-Acevedo C, Ortega-Salas R, Japón MA, Barrera-Martín A, Vasiljevic A, Hill J, Zhang S, Halem H, Solivera J, Raverot G, Gálvez MA, Soto-Moreno A, Paez-Pereda M, Culler MD, Castaño JP, Luque RM. A Somatostatin Receptor Subtype-3 (SST 3) Peptide Agonist Shows Antitumor Effects in Experimental Models of Nonfunctioning Pituitary Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:957-969. [PMID: 31624102 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-2154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Somatostatin analogues (SSA) are efficacious and safe treatments for a variety of neuroendocrine tumors, especially pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNET). Their therapeutic effects are mainly mediated by somatostatin receptors SST2 and SST5. Most SSAs, such as octreotide/lanreotide/pasireotide, are either nonselective or activate mainly SST2. However, nonfunctioning pituitary tumors (NFPTs), the most common PitNET type, mainly express SST3 and finding peptides that activate this particular somatostatin receptor has been very challenging. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to identify SST3-agonists and characterize their effects on experimental NFPT models. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Binding to SSTs and cAMP level determinations were used to screen a peptide library and identify SST3-agonists. Key functional parameters (cell viability/caspase activity/chromogranin-A secretion/mRNA expression/intracellular signaling pathways) were assessed on NFPT primary cell cultures in response to SST3-agonists. Tumor growth was assessed in a preclinical PitNET mouse model treated with a SST3-agonist. RESULTS We successfully identified the first SST3-agonist peptides. SST3-agonists lowered cell viability and chromogranin-A secretion, increased apoptosis in vitro, and reduced tumor growth in a preclinical PitNET model. As expected, inhibition of cell viability in response to SST3-agonists defined two NFPT populations: responsive and unresponsive, wherein responsive NFPTs expressed more SST3 than unresponsive NFPTs and exhibited a profound reduction of MAPK, PI3K-AKT/mTOR, and JAK/STAT signaling pathways upon SST3-agonist treatments. Concurrently, SSTR3 silencing increased cell viability in a subset of NFPTs. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that SST3-agonists activate signaling mechanisms that reduce NFPT cell viability and inhibit pituitary tumor growth in experimental models that expresses SST3, suggesting that targeting this receptor could be an efficacious treatment for NFPTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari C Vázquez-Borrego
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | | | - Alejandro Ibáñez-Costa
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Manuel D Gahete
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Eva Venegas-Moreno
- Metabolism and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Álvaro Toledano-Delgado
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.,Service of Neurosurgery, HURS, Cordoba, Spain
| | - David A Cano
- Metabolism and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Cristóbal Blanco-Acevedo
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.,Service of Neurosurgery, HURS, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Rosa Ortega-Salas
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.,Anatomical Pathology Service, HURS, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Miguel A Japón
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana Barrera-Martín
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.,Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, IMIBIC, HURS, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Alexandre Vasiljevic
- Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Centre de Pathologie et de Biologie, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jason Hill
- IPSEN Bioscience, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Juan Solivera
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.,Service of Neurosurgery, HURS, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Gérald Raverot
- Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Fédération d'endocrinologie, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - María A Gálvez
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.,Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, IMIBIC, HURS, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Alfonso Soto-Moreno
- Metabolism and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | - Justo P Castaño
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain. .,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Raúl M Luque
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain. .,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
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11
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Vázquez-Borrego MC, L-López F, Gálvez-Moreno MA, Fuentes-Fayos AC, Venegas-Moreno E, Herrera-Martínez AD, Blanco-Acevedo C, Solivera J, Landsman T, Gahete MD, Soto-Moreno A, Culler MD, Castaño JP, Luque RM. A New Generation Somatostatin-Dopamine Analogue Exerts Potent Antitumoral Actions on Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor Cells. Neuroendocrinology 2020; 110:70-82. [PMID: 31272096 DOI: 10.1159/000500812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) represent approximately 15% of all intracranial tumors and usually are associated with severe comorbidities. Unfortunately, a relevant number of patients do not respond to currently available pharmacological treatments, that is, somatostatin analogs (SSAs) or dopamine-agonists (DA). Thus, novel, chimeric somatostatin/dopamine compounds (dopastatins) that could improve medical treatment of PitNETs have been designed. OBJECTIVE This study aims to determine the direct therapeutic effects of a new-generation dopastatin, BIM-065, on primary cell cultures from different PitNETs subtypes. METHODS Thirty-one PitNET-derived cell cultures (9 corticotropinomas, 9 somatotropinomas, 11 nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas [NFPAs], and 2 prolactinomas), were treated with BIM-065, and key functional endpoints were assessed (cell viability, apoptosis, hormone secretion, expression levels of key genes, free cytosolic [Ca2+]i dynamics, etc.). AtT-20 cell line was used to evaluate signaling pathways in response to BIM-065. RESULTS This chimeric compound decreased cell viability in all corticotropinomas and somatotropinomas tested, but not in NFPAs. BIM-065 reduced ACTH, GH, chromogranin-A and PRL secretion, and increased apoptosis in corticotropinomas, somatotropinomas, and NFPAs. These effects were possibly mediated through modulation of pivotal signaling cascades like [Ca2+]i kinetic and Akt- or ERK1/2-phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS Our results unveil a robust antitumoral effect in vitro of the novel chimeric compound BIM-065 on the main PitNET subtypes, inform on the mechanisms involved, and suggest that BIM-065 could be an efficacious therapeutic option to be considered in the treatment of PitNETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari C Vázquez-Borrego
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Fernando L-López
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - María A Gálvez-Moreno
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, IMIBIC, HURS, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Antonio C Fuentes-Fayos
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Eva Venegas-Moreno
- Metabolism and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Aura D Herrera-Martínez
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, IMIBIC, HURS, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Cristóbal Blanco-Acevedo
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Service of Neurosurgery, HURS, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Juan Solivera
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Service of Neurosurgery, HURS, Cordoba, Spain
| | | | - Manuel D Gahete
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Alfonso Soto-Moreno
- Metabolism and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Justo P Castaño
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Raúl M Luque
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain,
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain,
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain,
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain,
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12
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Vázquez-Borrego MC, Fuentes-Fayos AC, Herrera-Martínez AD, Venegas-Moreno E, L-López F, Fanciulli A, Moreno-Moreno P, Alhambra-Expósito MR, Barrera-Martín A, Dios E, Blanco-Acevedo C, Solivera J, Granata R, Kineman RD, Gahete MD, Soto-Moreno A, Gálvez-Moreno MA, Castaño JP, Luque RM. Statins Directly Regulate Pituitary Cell Function and Exert Antitumor Effects in Pituitary Tumors. Neuroendocrinology 2020; 110:1028-1041. [PMID: 31940630 DOI: 10.1159/000505923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs), the most abundant of all intracranial tumors, entail severe comorbidities. First-line therapy is transsphenoidal surgery, but subsequent pharmacological therapy is often required. Unfortunately, many patients are/become unresponsive to available drugs (somatostatin analogues [SSAs]/dopamine agonists), underscoring the need for new therapies. Statins are well-known drugs commonly prescribed to treat hyperlipidemia/cardiovascular diseases, but can convey additional beneficial effects, including antitumor actions. The direct effects of statins on normal human pituitary or PitNETs are poorly known. Thus, we aimed to explore the direct effects of statins, especially simvastatin, on key functional parameters in normal and tumoral pituitary cells, and to evaluate the combined effects of simvastatin with metformin (MF) or SSAs. METHODS Effects of statins in cell proliferation/viability, hormone secretion, and signaling pathways were evaluated in normal pituitary cells from a primate model (Papio anubis), tumor cells from corticotropinomas, somatotropinomas, nonfunctioning pituitary tumors, and PitNET cell-lines (AtT20/GH3-cells). RESULTS All statins decreased AtT20-cell proliferation, simvastatin showing stronger effects. Indeed, simvastatin reduced cell viability and/or hormone secretion in all PitNETs subtypes and cell-lines, and ACTH/GH/PRL/FSH/LH secretion (but not expression), in primate cell cultures, by modulating MAPK/PI3K/mTOR pathways and expression of key receptors (GH-releasing hormone-receptor/ghrelin-R/Kiss1-R) regulating pituitary function. Addition of MF or SSAs did not enhance simvastatin antitumor effects. CONCLUSION Our data reveal direct antitumor effects of simvastatin on PitNET-cells, paving the way to explore these compounds as a possible tool to treat PitNETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari C Vázquez-Borrego
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Antonio C Fuentes-Fayos
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Aura D Herrera-Martínez
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, IMIBIC, HURS, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Eva Venegas-Moreno
- Metabolism and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Fernando L-López
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Alessandro Fanciulli
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and Città Della Salute e Della Scienza Hopital, Turin, Italy
| | - Paloma Moreno-Moreno
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, IMIBIC, HURS, Cordoba, Spain
| | - María R Alhambra-Expósito
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, IMIBIC, HURS, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Ana Barrera-Martín
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, IMIBIC, HURS, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Elena Dios
- Metabolism and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Cristóbal Blanco-Acevedo
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Service of Neurosurgery, HURS, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Juan Solivera
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Service of Neurosurgery, HURS, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Riccarda Granata
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and Città Della Salute e Della Scienza Hopital, Turin, Italy
| | - Rhonda D Kineman
- Division of Research and Developments, Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Manuel D Gahete
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Alfonso Soto-Moreno
- Metabolism and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - María A Gálvez-Moreno
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, IMIBIC, HURS, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Justo P Castaño
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Raúl M Luque
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain,
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain,
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain,
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain,
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13
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Vázquez-Borrego MC, Fuentes-Fayos AC, Herrera-Martínez AD, L-López F, Ibáñez-Costa A, Moreno-Moreno P, Alhambra-Expósito MR, Barrera-Martín A, Blanco-Acevedo C, Dios E, Venegas-Moreno E, Solivera J, Gahete MD, Soto-Moreno A, Gálvez-Moreno MA, Castaño JP, Luque RM. Biguanides Exert Antitumoral Actions in Pituitary Tumor Cells Through AMPK-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:3501-3513. [PMID: 30860580 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2019-00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) are a commonly underestimated pathology in terms of incidence and associated morbimortality. Currently, an appreciable subset of patients are resistant or poorly responsive to the main current medical treatments [i.e., synthetic somatostatin analogs (SSAs) and dopamine agonists]. Thus, development and optimization of novel and available medical therapies is necessary. Biguanides (metformin, buformin, and phenformin) are antidiabetic drugs that exert antitumoral actions in several tumor types, but their pharmacological effects on PitNETs are poorly known. OBJECTIVE We aimed to explore the direct effects of biguanides on key functions (cell viability, hormone release, apoptosis, and signaling pathways) in primary cell cultures from human PitNETs and cell lines. Additionally, we evaluated the effect of combined metformin with SSAs on cell viability and hormone secretion. DESIGN A total of 13 corticotropinomas, 13 somatotropinomas, 13 nonfunctioning PitNETs, 3 prolactinomas, and 2 tumoral pituitary cell lines (AtT-20 and GH3) were used to evaluate the direct effects of biguanides on cell viability, hormone release, apoptosis, and signaling pathways. RESULTS Biguanides reduced cell viability in all PitNETs and cell lines (with phenformin being the most effective biguanide) and increased apoptosis in somatotropinomas. Moreover, buformin and phenformin, but not metformin, reduced hormone secretion in a cell type-specific manner. Combination metformin/SSA therapy did not increase SSA monotherapy effectiveness. Effects of biguanides on PitNETs could involve the modulation of AMP-activated protein kinase-dependent ([Ca2+]i, PI3K/Akt) and independent (MAPK) mechanisms. CONCLUSION Altogether, our data unveil clear antitumoral effects of biguanides on PitNET cells, opening avenues to explore their potential as drugs to treat these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari C Vázquez-Borrego
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Antonio C Fuentes-Fayos
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Aura D Herrera-Martínez
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Fernando L-López
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Alejandro Ibáñez-Costa
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Paloma Moreno-Moreno
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
| | - María R Alhambra-Expósito
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Ana Barrera-Martín
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Cristóbal Blanco-Acevedo
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
- Service of Neurosurgery, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Elena Dios
- Metabolism and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Eva Venegas-Moreno
- Metabolism and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan Solivera
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
- Service of Neurosurgery, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Manuel D Gahete
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Alfonso Soto-Moreno
- Metabolism and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - María A Gálvez-Moreno
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Justo P Castaño
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Raúl M Luque
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Cordoba, Spain
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14
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de Boon WMI, van Esdonk MJ, Stuurman FE, Biermasz NR, Pons L, Paty I, Burggraaf J. A Novel Somatostatin-Dopamine Chimera (BIM23B065) Reduced GH Secretion in a First-in-Human Clinical Trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:883-891. [PMID: 30371791 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-01364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT A somatostatin-dopamine chimera (BIM23B065) was under investigation to reduce GH secretion for the treatment of pituitary adenomas. OBJECTIVE To determine pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability and to monitor hormonal changes after single and multiple subcutaneous BIM23B065 administrations. DESIGN Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group design with five single and three 13-day multiple ascending-dose cohorts. PATIENTS A total of 63 healthy male white volunteers were enrolled (47 active, 16 placebo). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Pharmacokinetics, GH, prolactin (PRL), IGF-1, GH after GHRH administration, and general clinical safety criteria. RESULTS The maximum dosage of BIM23B065 administered in this study was 1.5 mg. BIM23B065 reduced the mean GH concentrations after 8 and 13 days of treatment. A decrease in GH release after GHRH administration indicated inhibition of the hypothalamic-pituitary-somatotropic axis. IGF-1 was not altered after single doses but showed a significant change from baseline after multiple dosing. PRL secretion was reduced in all subjects who were treated. Orthostatic hypotension and injection site reactions were commonly observed at high dosages. A 6-day uptitration period was included to successfully lower the cardiovascular effects in the multiple ascending dose part of the study. CONCLUSIONS Proof of pharmacology of BIM23B065 was shown by a reduction in GH, IGF-1, and PRL concentrations in healthy male volunteers, supporting activity of the somatostatin analog and dopamine agonist moieties. The safety and tolerability of the higher dosing regions was limited mainly by orthostatic hypotension.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michiel J van Esdonk
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, Netherlands
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Frederik E Stuurman
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Nienke R Biermasz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jacobus Burggraaf
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, Netherlands
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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Fujisawa S, Komatsubara M, Ogura-Ochi K, Tsukamoto-Yamauchi N, Toma K, Inagaki K, Wada J, Otsuka F. Orexin A modulates prolactin production by regulating BMP-4 activity in rat pituitary lactotorope cells. Peptides 2019; 113:35-40. [PMID: 30721716 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The impact of orexins on anterior pituitary function has yet to be clarified. We studied the effects of orexin A and its interaction with the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) system on the regulatory role of prolactin synthesis using rat lactotrope GH3 cells expressing BMP-4. Orexin type 1 receptor (OX1R), but not type 2 receptor (OX2R), was predominantly expressed in GH3 cells. Orexin A suppressed forskolin-induced, but not basal, prolactin mRNA expression without reducing cAMP levels. Of note, orexin A suppressed BMP-4-induced prolactin mRNA and cAMP synthesis. Impairment of the effects of orexin by chemical inhibitors suggested involvement of the P38 pathway in the OX1R activity that suppresses BMP-4-induced PRL expression. Given that inhibition of BMP-receptor signaling reduced prolactin mRNA levels, endogenous BMP action is likely to be linked to the activation of prolactin synthesis by GH3 cells. Orexin A was revealed to suppress Smad1/5/9 phosphorylation and Id-1 transcription induced by BMP-4, which was restored in the presence of orexin-receptor antagonists, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of orexin A occurred via OX1R. Orexin A also reduced ALK-3 expression but increased inhibitory Smad6/7 expression, while BMP-4 treatment downregulated OX1R expression. These results indicated that orexin A plays an inhibitory role in prolactin production through suppression of endogenous BMP activity in GH3 cells, suggesting that a new functional role of the interaction between orexin and BMP-4 is modulation of prolactin levels in lactotrope cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Fujisawa
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Motoshi Komatsubara
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kanako Ogura-Ochi
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naoko Tsukamoto-Yamauchi
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kishio Toma
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kenichi Inagaki
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Jun Wada
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Fumio Otsuka
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
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16
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Soukup J, Kasparova P, Kohout A, Rychly B, Skarkova V, Syrucek M, Gabalec F. Evaluation of expression of somatostatin receptor 1, 2, 3, 5 and dopamine D2 receptor in spindle cell oncocytomas of posterior pituitary. Pituitary 2019; 22:70-78. [PMID: 30607746 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-018-00935-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Spindle cell oncocytomas (SCOs) are very rare tumors of the posterior pituitary with potential for locally aggressive behaviour. Their treatment includes surgery and possibly radiotherapy, however other options are lacking. Somatostatin receptors (SSTs) are a possible therapeutic target for somatostatin analogues and their expression has been demonstrated recently in closely related pituicytomas, but there are no data about their presence in SCOs. METHODS We collected five cases of SCO from four patients including one recurrent case. Immunohistochemical detection of TTF1, GFAP, CD68, SST1, SST2, SST3, SST5 and D2 dopamine receptor (D2DR) was performed. Intensity, percentage of positive cells and pattern of expression was evaluated in semiquantitative fashion. Protein expression of SST1-5 and D2DR was further evaluated by western blot. RESULTS Mean patient age was 61.8 years (range 47-71 years) with male to female ratio 1:1. In one patient, samples from the original tumor and its recurrence 16 years later were assessed. TTF1 was positive in all five cases, no expression of GFAP and CD68 was seen. Immunohistochemical expression of SST1 was noted in 1/5 cases, SST2 in 2/5 cases, including recurrent case but not the original case. SST3 was expressed in 3/5 tumors and D2 dopamine receptor in 4/5 cases. Western blot was successfully performed in four samples. SST2, SST3 and D2DR expression was identified in all the samples, including two cases originally negative for SST2 and one case negative for SST3 by immunohistochemistry. The number of positive cells and level of expression varied among different areas of the same tumors. No expression of SST5 was observed. In the patient with the recurrent tumor, intensity of SST2, SST3 and D2DR expression varied between original tumor and its recurrence. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated presence of different SST subtypes and D2DR in spindle cell oncocytomas. The most commonly expressed subtype was SST2 and SST3, while no expression of SST5 was observed. Expression showed spatial heterogeneity and temporal changes as seen in the recurrent case. The biological meaning of SSTs expression in SCOs is unclear as well as whether it may be exploited in treatment of selected cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Soukup
- The Fingerland Department of Pathology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Petra Kasparova
- The Fingerland Department of Pathology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ales Kohout
- The Fingerland Department of Pathology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Boris Rychly
- Cytopathos s.r.o, Kutuzovova 255/23, 831 03, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Veronika Skarkova
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Simkova 870, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Syrucek
- Pathology Department, Na Homolce Hospital, Roentgenova 2, 150 30 Prague 5, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Gabalec
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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17
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Raverot G, Burman P, McCormack A, Heaney A, Petersenn S, Popovic V, Trouillas J, Dekkers OM. European Society of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of aggressive pituitary tumours and carcinomas. Eur J Endocrinol 2018; 178:G1-G24. [PMID: 29046323 DOI: 10.1530/eje-17-0796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pituitary tumours are common and easily treated by surgery or medical treatment in most cases. However, a small subset of pituitary tumours does not respond to standard medical treatment and presents with multiple local recurrences (aggressive pituitary tumours) and in rare occasion with metastases (pituitary carcinoma). The present European Society of Endocrinology (ESE) guideline aims to provide clinical guidance on diagnosis, treatment and follow-up in aggressive pituitary tumours and carcinomas. METHODS We decided upfront, while acknowledging that literature on aggressive pituitary tumours and carcinomas is scarce, to systematically review the literature according to the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) system. The review focused primarily on first- and second-line treatment in aggressive pituitary tumours and carcinomas. We included 14 single-arm cohort studies (total number of patients = 116) most on temozolomide treatment (n = 11 studies, total number of patients = 106). A positive treatment effect was seen in 47% (95% CI: 36-58%) of temozolomide treated. Data from the recently performed ESE survey on aggressive pituitary tumours and carcinomas (165 patients) were also used as backbone for the guideline. SELECTED RECOMMENDATION: (i) Patients with aggressive pituitary tumours should be managed by a multidisciplinary expert team. (ii) Histopathological analyses including pituitary hormones and proliferative markers are needed for correct tumour classification. (iii) Temozolomide monotherapy is the first-line chemotherapy for aggressive pituitary tumours and pituitary carcinomas after failure of standard therapies; treatment evaluation after 3 cycles allows identification of responder and non-responder patients. (iv) In patients responding to first-line temozolomide, we suggest continuing treatment for at least 6 months in total. Furthermore, the guideline offers recommendations for patients who recurred after temozolomide treatment, for those who did not respond to temozolomide and for patients with systemic metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Raverot
- Fédération d'Endocrinologie, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares Hypophysaires HYPO, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
- Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Pia Burman
- Department of Endocrinology, Skane University Hospital Malmö, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ann McCormack
- Garvan Institute, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, St Vincent's Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anthony Heaney
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Vera Popovic
- Medical Faculty, University Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jacqueline Trouillas
- Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Centre de Pathologie et de Biologie Est, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Olaf M Dekkers
- Departments of Internal Medicine (Section Endocrinology) & Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Ibáñez-Costa A, Korbonits M. AIP and the somatostatin system in pituitary tumours. J Endocrinol 2017; 235:R101-R116. [PMID: 28835453 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Classic somatostatin analogues aimed at somatostatin receptor type 2, such as octreotide and lanreotide, represent the mainstay of medical treatment for acromegaly. These agents have the potential to decrease hormone secretion and reduce tumour size. Patients with a germline mutation in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein gene, AIP, develop young-onset acromegaly, poorly responsive to pharmacological therapy. In this review, we summarise the most recent studies on AIP-related pituitary adenomas, paying special attention to the causes of somatostatin resistance; the somatostatin receptor profile including type 2, type 5 and truncated variants; the role of G proteins in this pathology; the use of first and second generation somatostatin analogues; and the role of ZAC1, a zinc-finger protein with expression linked to AIP in somatotrophinoma models and acting as a key mediator of octreotide response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Ibáñez-Costa
- Centre for EndocrinologyWilliam Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Centre for EndocrinologyWilliam Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Ogura-Ochi K, Fujisawa S, Iwata N, Komatsubara M, Nishiyama Y, Tsukamoto-Yamauchi N, Inagaki K, Wada J, Otsuka F. Regulatory role of melatonin and BMP-4 in prolactin production by rat pituitary lactotrope GH3 cells. Peptides 2017. [PMID: 28627372 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The effects of melatonin on prolactin production and its regulatory mechanism remain uncertain. We investigated the regulatory role of melatonin in prolactin production using rat pituitary lactotrope GH3 cells by focusing on the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) system. Melatonin receptor activation, induced by melatonin and its receptor agonist ramelteon, significantly suppressed basal and forskolin-induced prolactin secretion and prolactin mRNA expression in GH3 cells. The melatonin MT2 receptor was predominantly expressed in GH3 cells, and the inhibitory effects of melatonin on prolactin production were reversed by treatment with the receptor antagonist luzindole, suggesting functional involvement of MT2 action in the suppression of prolactin release. Melatonin receptor activation also suppressed BMP-4-induced prolactin expression by inhibiting phosphorylation of Smad and transcription of the BMP-target gene Id-1, while BMP-4 treatment upregulated MT2 expression. Melatonin receptor activation suppressed basal, BMP-4-induced and forskolin-induced cAMP synthesis; however, BtcAMP-induced prolactin mRNA expression was not affected by melatonin or ramelteon, suggesting that MT2 activation leads to inhibition of prolactin production through the suppression of Smad signaling and cAMP synthesis. Experiments using intracellular signal inhibitors revealed that the ERK pathway is, at least in part, involved in prolactin induction by GH3 cells. Thus, a new regulatory role of melatonin involving BMP-4 in prolactin secretion was uncovered in lactotrope GH3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nahoko Iwata
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Yuki Nishiyama
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama, Japan
| | | | | | - Jun Wada
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Fumio Otsuka
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
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20
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Couvelard A, Pélaprat D, Dokmak S, Sauvanet A, Voisin T, Couvineau A, Ruszniewski P. Antisecretory Effects of Chimeric Somatostatin/Dopamine Receptor Ligands on Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors. Pancreas 2017; 46:631-638. [PMID: 28375946 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000000813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The recent finding that gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors expressed the dopaminergic D2 receptor in addition to somatostatin (sst) receptors suggested that multiple targeting approaches might decrease hormone hypersecretion more effectively than sst agonists alone. METHODS To test this hypothesis, (i) we measured the expression of sst receptor type 2 (sst2 receptor) and D2 receptor in 11 gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and (ii) we compared the ability of lanreotide, cabergoline, their combination, and sst/D2 chimeric ligands to decrease chromogranin A (CgA), gastrin, or serotonin release in primary cultures derived from these tumors. RESULTS Moderate to high positivity was observed for sst2 receptor and D2 receptor, the latter being more expressed in pancreatic tumors. Lanreotide decreased CgA secretion in all cultures, but only 3 tumors responded to cabergoline. No additivity was observed in lanreotide. BIM 23A781 decreased CgA release to the same extent as lanreotide, whereas the other chimeric ligands were less efficient. However, BIM 23A781 was 50 times less potent than lanreotide. Similar patterns were found for gastrin or serotonin. CONCLUSION No improvement was brought by the sst/D2 combination or chimeric ligands. Factors that underlie these tissue-specific differences remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Couvelard
- From the *Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, INSERM U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), DHU Unity, Université Paris Diderot; †Université Paris Diderot; ‡Département de Pathologie Beaujon-Bichat, Hôpital Bichat, DHU UNITY, AP-HP, Paris; and §Département de Chirurgie Pancréatico-Biliaire and ∥Département de Gastroentérologie-Pancréatologie, Hôpital Beaujon, DHU UNITY, AP-HP, Clichy, France
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21
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Fleseriu M, Rusch E, Geer EB. Safety and tolerability of pasireotide long-acting release in acromegaly-results from the acromegaly, open-label, multicenter, safety monitoring program for treating patients who have a need to receive medical therapy (ACCESS) study. Endocrine 2017; 55:247-255. [PMID: 27896545 PMCID: PMC5225222 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-1182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pasireotide long-acting release is a somatostatin analog that is indicated for treatment of patients with acromegaly. This analysis documents the safety of pasireotide long-acting release in patients with acromegaly enrolled in the ACCESS trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01995734). METHODS ACCESS is an open-label, multicenter, single-arm, expanded-treatment protocol designed to provide patients access to pasireotide long-acting release pending regulatory approval. Patients received pasireotide long-acting release 40 mg administered intramuscularly every 28 days. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients having a treatment-emergent grade ≥3 or serious adverse event. Efficacy data were not collected. RESULTS Forty-four adult patients with active acromegaly were enrolled in the study for an average of 37.6 weeks (range, 4-70 weeks). Twenty-five grade ≥3 treatment-emergent adverse events were reported in 11 patients (25.0 %), 3 of whom (27.3 %) experienced grade ≥3 hyperglycemia. In patients treated with pasireotide long-acting release for ≥3 months (n = 42), mean glycated hemoglobin and fasting plasma glucose levels increased significantly from 5.9 % and 100.4 mg/dL at baseline to 6.8 % and 135.9 mg/dL at 3 months, respectively. Ten patients (22.7 %) were treated with pasireotide long-acting release for ≥15 months, after which mean glycated hemoglobin and fasting plasma glucose levels were 6.3 % and 123 mg/dL, respectively. Twenty-one patients (48 %) initiated antidiabetic medication. CONCLUSIONS Grade ≥3 adverse events (primary outcome) were reported in 25.0 % of acromegaly patients treated with pasireotide long-acting release in a clinical setting. Hyperglycemia-related adverse events were reported in 45.5 % of patients, but were typically manageable, supporting the role of pasireotide long-acting release as a safe treatment option for acromegaly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisha Rusch
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - Eliza B Geer
- Division of Endocrinology, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
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22
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Ibáñez-Costa A, Rivero-Cortés E, Vázquez-Borrego MC, Gahete MD, Jiménez-Reina L, Venegas-Moreno E, de la Riva A, Arráez MÁ, González-Molero I, Schmid HA, Maraver-Selfa S, Gavilán-Villarejo I, García-Arnés JA, Japón MA, Soto-Moreno A, Gálvez MA, Luque RM, Castaño JP. Octreotide and pasireotide (dis)similarly inhibit pituitary tumor cells in vitro. J Endocrinol 2016; 231:135-145. [PMID: 27587848 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Somatostatin analogs (SSA) are the mainstay of pharmacological treatment for pituitary adenomas. However, some patients escape from therapy with octreotide, a somatostatin receptor 2 (sst2)-preferring SSA, and pasireotide, a novel multi-sst-preferring SSA, may help to overcome this problem. It has been proposed that correspondence between sst1-sst5 expression pattern and SSA-binding profile could predict patient's response. To explore the cellular/molecular features associated with octreotide/pasireotide response, we performed a parallel comparison of their in vitro effects, evaluating sst1-sst5 expression, intracellular Ca2+ signaling ([Ca2+]i), hormone secretion and cell viability, in a series of 85 pituitary samples. Somatotropinomas expressed sst5>sst2, yet octreotide reduced [Ca2+]i more efficiently than pasireotide, while both SSA similarly decreased growth hormone release/expression and viability. Corticotropinomas predominantly expressed sst5, but displayed limited response to pasireotide, while octreotide reduced functional endpoints. Non-functioning adenomas preferentially expressed sst3 but, surprisingly, both SSA increased cell viability. Prolactinomas mainly expressed sst1 but were virtually unresponsive to SSA. Finally, both SSA decreased [Ca2+]i in normal pituitaries. In conclusion, both SSA act in vitro on pituitary adenomas exerting both similar and distinct effects; however, no evident correspondence was found with the sst1-sst5 profile. Thus, it seems plausible that additional factors, besides the simple abundance of a given sst, critically influence the SSA response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Ibáñez-Costa
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell BiologyPhysiology and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina SofíaCórdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn)Córdoba, Spain
| | - Esther Rivero-Cortés
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell BiologyPhysiology and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina SofíaCórdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn)Córdoba, Spain
| | - Mari C Vázquez-Borrego
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell BiologyPhysiology and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina SofíaCórdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn)Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel D Gahete
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell BiologyPhysiology and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina SofíaCórdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn)Córdoba, Spain
| | - Luis Jiménez-Reina
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Morphological SciencesUniversidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Eva Venegas-Moreno
- Metabolism and Nutrition UnitHospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Seville, Spain
| | - Andrés de la Riva
- Service of NeurosurgeryHospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | | | - Herbert A Schmid
- Novartis Pharma AGNovartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Maraver-Selfa
- Service of Endocrinology and NutritionHospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | | | | | - Miguel A Japón
- Department of PathologyHospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
| | - Alfonso Soto-Moreno
- Metabolism and Nutrition UnitHospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Seville, Spain
| | - María A Gálvez
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)Córdoba, Spain
- Service of Endocrinology and NutritionHospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Raúl M Luque
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell BiologyPhysiology and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina SofíaCórdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn)Córdoba, Spain
| | - Justo P Castaño
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell BiologyPhysiology and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina SofíaCórdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn)Córdoba, Spain
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Luque RM, Ibáñez-Costa A, Sánchez-Tejada L, Rivero-Cortés E, Robledo M, Madrazo-Atutxa A, Mora M, Álvarez CV, Lucas-Morante T, Álvarez-Escolá C, Fajardo C, Castaño L, Gaztambide S, Venegas-Moreno E, Soto-Moreno A, Gálvez MÁ, Salvador J, Valassi E, Webb SM, Picó A, Puig-Domingo M, Gilabert M, Bernabéu I, Marazuela M, Leal-Cerro A, Castaño JP. The Molecular Registry of Pituitary Adenomas (REMAH): A bet of Spanish Endocrinology for the future of individualized medicine and translational research. ENDOCRINOLOGIA Y NUTRICION : ORGANO DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE ENDOCRINOLOGIA Y NUTRICION 2016; 63:274-84. [PMID: 27091627 DOI: 10.1016/j.endonu.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenomas are uncommon, difficult to diagnose tumors whose heterogeneity and low incidence complicate large-scale studies. The Molecular Registry of Pituitary Adenomas (REMAH) was promoted by the Andalusian Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition (SAEN) in 2008 as a cooperative clinical-basic multicenter strategy aimed at improving diagnosis and treatment of pituitary adenomas by combining clinical, pathological, and molecular information. In 2010, the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition (SEEN) extended this project to national level and established 6 nodes with common protocols and methods for sample and clinical data collection, molecular analysis, and data recording in a common registry (www.remahnacional.com). The registry combines clinical data with molecular phenotyping of the resected pituitary adenoma using quantitative real-time PCR of expression of 26 genes: Pituitary hormones (GH-PRL-LH-FSH-PRL-ACTH-CGA), receptors (somatostatin, dopamine, GHRH, GnRH, CRH, arginine-vasopressin, ghrelin), other markers (Ki67, PTTG1), and control genes. Until 2015, molecular information has been collected from 704 adenomas, out of 1179 patients registered. This strategy allows for comparative and relational analysis between the molecular profile of the different types of adenoma and the clinical phenotype of patients, which may provide a better understanding of the condition and potentially help in treatment selection. The REMAH is therefore a unique multicenter, interdisciplinary network founded on a shared database that provides a far-reaching translational approach for management of pituitary adenomas, and paves the way for the conduct of combined clinical-basic innovative studies on large patient samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl M Luque
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC); Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad de Córdoba; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía; Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3); CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, España
| | - Alejandro Ibáñez-Costa
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC); Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad de Córdoba; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía; Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3); CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, España
| | - Laura Sánchez-Tejada
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, España
| | - Esther Rivero-Cortés
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC); Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad de Córdoba; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía; Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3); CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, España
| | - Mercedes Robledo
- Grupo de Cáncer Endocrino Hereditario, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, España
| | - Ainara Madrazo-Atutxa
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España
| | - Mireia Mora
- Unidad de Endocrinología, Hospital Clinic i Universitari de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
| | - Clara V Álvarez
- Grupo de Neoplasia y Diferenciación Endocrina, Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, España
| | - Tomás Lucas-Morante
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, España
| | - Cristina Álvarez-Escolá
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España
| | - Carmen Fajardo
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital Universitario de La Ribera, Alzira, España
| | - Luis Castaño
- Grupo de Investigación de Endocrinología y Diabetes, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, Barakaldo, España
| | - Sonia Gaztambide
- Departamento de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, Barakaldo, España
| | - Eva Venegas-Moreno
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España
| | - Alfonso Soto-Moreno
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España
| | - María Ángeles Gálvez
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Córdoba, España
| | - Javier Salvador
- Departamento de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Universidad de Navarra; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, España
| | - Elena Valassi
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER, Unidad 747), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, España
| | - Susan M Webb
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER, Unidad 747), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, España; Servicio de Endocrinología, Departamento de Medicina, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
| | - Antonio Picó
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, España
| | - Manel Puig-Domingo
- Departamento de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER), Badalona, España
| | | | - Ignacio Bernabéu
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, España
| | - Mónica Marazuela
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, España
| | - Alfonso Leal-Cerro
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología, IBiS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España.
| | - Justo P Castaño
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC); Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad de Córdoba; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía; Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3); CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, España.
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Christofides EA. Clinical importance of achieving biochemical control with medical therapy in adult patients with acromegaly. Patient Prefer Adherence 2016; 10:1217-25. [PMID: 27471378 PMCID: PMC4948729 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s102302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In acromegaly, achieving biochemical control (growth hormone [GH] level <1.0 ng/mL and age- and sex-normalized levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 [IGF-1]) through timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment provides an opportunity to improve patient outcomes. Diagnosis of acromegaly is challenging because it is rooted in observing subtle clinical manifestations, and it is typical for acromegaly to evolve for up to 10 years before it is recognized. This results in chronic exposure to elevated levels of GH and IGF-1 and delay in patients receiving appropriate treatment, which consequently increases mortality risk. In this review, the clinical impact of elevated GH and IGF-1 levels, the effectiveness of current therapies, and the potential role of novel treatments for acromegaly will be discussed. Clinical burden of acromegaly and benefits associated with management of GH and IGF-1 levels will be reviewed. Major treatment paradigms in acromegaly include surgery, medical therapy, and radiotherapy. With medical therapies, such as somatostatin analogs, dopamine agonists, and GH receptor antagonists, a substantial proportion of patients achieve reduced GH and normalized IGF-1 levels. In addition, signs and symptoms, quality of life, and comorbidities have also been reported to improve to varying degrees in patients who achieve biochemical control. Currently, there are several innovative therapies in development to improve patient outcomes, patient use, and access. Timely biochemical control of acromegaly ensures that the patient can ultimately improve morbidity and mortality from this disease and its extensive consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Christofides
- Endocrinology Associates, Inc., Columbus, OH, USA
- Correspondence: Elena A Christofides, Endocrinology Associates, Inc., 72 West Third Avenue, Columbus, OH 43201, USA, Tel +1 614 453 9999, Fax +1 614 453 9998, Email
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Pascual-Corrales E, Tomás Velázquez A, Zubieta JL, Salvador J, Galofré JC. Cabergoline for Cushing's disease: A case report. ENDOCRINOLOGIA Y NUTRICION : ORGANO DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE ENDOCRINOLOGIA Y NUTRICION 2015; 62:516-518. [PMID: 26307390 DOI: 10.1016/j.endonu.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eider Pascual-Corrales
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alejandra Tomás Velázquez
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - José Luis Zubieta
- Department of Radiology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of NavarraPamplona, Spain
| | - Javier Salvador
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Galofré
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.
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Marina D, Burman P, Klose M, Casar-Borota O, Luque RM, Castaño JP, Feldt-Rasmussen U. Truncated somatostatin receptor 5 may modulate therapy response to somatostatin analogues--Observations in two patients with acromegaly and severe headache. Growth Horm IGF Res 2015; 25:262-267. [PMID: 26188991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Somatotropinomas have unique "fingerprints" of somatostatin receptor (sst) expression, which are targets in treatment of acromegaly with somatostatin analogues (SSAs). However, a significant expression of sst is not always related to the biochemical response to SSAs. Headache is a common complaint in acromegaly and considered a clinical marker of disease activity. SSAs are reported to have an own analgesic effect, but the sst involved are unknown. PATIENTS AND METHODS We investigated sst expression in two acromegalic patients with severe headache and no biochemical effects of octreotide, but a good response to pasireotide. We searched the literature for determinants of biochemical and analgesic effects of SSAs in somatotropinomas. RESULTS Case 1 had no biochemical or analgesic effects of octreotide, a semi-selective SSA, but a rapid and significant effect of pasireotide, a pan-SSA. Case 2 demonstrated discordance between analgesic and biochemical effects of octreotide, in that headache disappeared, but without biochemical improvement. In contrast, pasireotide normalized insulin-like growth factor 1. Both adenomas were sparsely granulated and had strong membranous expressions of sst2a in 50-75% and sst5 in 75-100% of tumor cells. The truncated sst5 variant TMD4 (sst5TMD4) showed expression in 20-57% of tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS A poor biochemical response to octreotide may be associated with tumor expression of a truncated sst5 variant, despite abundant sst2a expression, suggesting an influence from variant sst5 on common sst signaling pathways. Furthermore, unrelated analgesic and biochemical effects of SSAs supported a complex pathogenesis of acromegaly-associated headache. Finally, assessment of truncated sst5 in addition to full length sst could be important for a choice of postoperative SSA treatment in somatotropinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djordje Marina
- Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pia Burman
- Department of Endocrinology, Skånes University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marianne Klose
- Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Olivera Casar-Borota
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Raúl M Luque
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Justo P Castaño
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen
- Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Cuny T, Barlier A, Feelders R, Weryha G, Hofland LJ, Ferone D, Gatto F. Medical therapies in pituitary adenomas: Current rationale for the use and future perspectives. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2015; 76:43-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Maclean J, Aldridge M, Bomanji J, Short S, Fersht N. Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy for aggressive atypical pituitary adenoma/carcinoma: variable clinical response in preliminary evaluation. Pituitary 2014; 17:530-8. [PMID: 24323313 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-013-0540-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There are limited treatment options for progressive atypical pituitary adenomas and carcinomas. Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy that targets somatostatin receptors has recently been proposed as a potential treatment option. The theoretical rationale for efficacy is elegant but evaluation of outcomes in the first patients treated for this indication is required to assess whether further study is warranted. METHODS We performed a case review of the three pituitary patients we have treated with (177)Lutetium DOTATATE in our institution (two atypical adenomas, one carcinoma) and dosimetric analysis of the radiation uptake in one patient. RESULTS Treatment was well tolerated. One patient with slowly progressive pituitary carcinoma has stable disease 40 months after completing the planned 4 cycles of treatment. Two patients with rapidly progressive atypical adenomas terminated treatment early due to continued disease progression. Dosimetric evaluation revealed inhomogenous uptake across the tumour (1.3-11.9 Gy with one cycle). CONCLUSION We have found mixed results in our first 3 patients with stable disease achieved only in the patient with the more slowly progressive tumour. As only a limited number of centres offer Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy, a formal study with prospective data collection may be feasible and if carried out should include dosimetric evaluation of absorbed dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Maclean
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, 235 Euston Road, London, NW1 2BU, UK,
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Brogsitter C, Zöphel K, Hartmann H, Schottelius M, Wester HJ, Kotzerke J. Twins in spirit part II: DOTATATE and high-affinity DOTATATE--the clinical experience. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2014; 41:1158-65. [PMID: 24531326 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-014-2690-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Over recent decades interest in diagnosis and treatment of neuroendocrine tumours (NET) has steadily grown. The basis for diagnosis and therapy of NET with radiolabelled somatostatin (hsst) analogues is the variable overexpression of hsst receptors (hsst1-5 receptors). We hypothesized that radiometal derivatives of DOTA-iodo-Tyr(3)-octreotide analogues might be excellent candidates for somatostatin receptor imaging. We therefore explored the diagnostic potential of (68)Ga-DOTA-iodo-Tyr(3)-octreotate [(68)Ga-DOTA,3-iodo-Tyr(3),Thr(8)]octreotide ((68)Ga-HA-DOTATATE; HA, high-affinity) compared to the established (68)Ga-DOTA-Tyr(3)-octreotate ((68)Ga-DOTATATE) in vivo. METHODS The study included 23 patients with known somatostatin receptor-positive metastases from NETs, thyroid cancer or glomus tumours who were investigated with both (68)Ga-HA-DOTATATE and (68)Ga-DOTATATE. A patient-based and a lesion-based comparative analysis was carried out of normal tissue distribution and lesion detectability in a qualitative and a semiquantitative manner. RESULTS (68)Ga-HA-DOTATATE and (68)Ga-DOTATATE showed comparable uptake in the liver (SUVmean 8.9 ± 2.2 vs. 9.3 ± 2.5, n.s.), renal cortex (SUVmean 13.3 ± 3.9 vs. 14.5 ± 3.7, n.s.) and spleen (SUVmean 24.0 ± 6.7 vs. 22.9 ± 7.3, n.s.). A somewhat higher pituitary uptake was found with (68)Ga-HA-DOTATATE (SUVmean 6.3 ± 1.8 vs. 5.4 ± 2.1, p < 0.05). On a lesion-by-lesion basis a total of 344 lesions were detected. (68)Ga-HA-DOTATATE demonstrated 328 lesions (95.3% of total lesions seen), and (68)Ga-DOTATATE demonstrated 332 lesions (96.4%). The mean SUVmax of all lesions was not significantly different between (68)Ga-HA-DOTATATE and (68)Ga-DOTATATE (17.8 ± 11.4 vs. 16.7 ± 10.7, n.s.). CONCLUSION Our analysis demonstrated very good concordance between (68)Ga-HA-DOTATATE and (68)Ga-DOTATATE PET data. As the availability and use of (68)Ga-HA-DOTATATE is not governed by patent restrictions it may be an attractive alternative to other (68)Ga-labelled hsst analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Brogsitter
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany,
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30
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Analysis of regulatory networks constructed based on gene coexpression in pituitary adenoma. J Genet 2013; 92:489-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-013-0299-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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The functional state of hormone-sensitive adenylyl cyclase signaling system in diabetes mellitus. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2013; 2013:594213. [PMID: 24191197 PMCID: PMC3804439 DOI: 10.1155/2013/594213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) induces a large number of diseases of the nervous, cardiovascular, and some other systems of the organism. One of the main causes of the diseases is the changes in the functional activity of hormonal signaling systems which lead to the alterations and abnormalities of the cellular processes and contribute to triggering and developing many DM complications. The key role in the control of physiological and biochemical processes belongs to the adenylyl cyclase (AC) signaling system, sensitive to biogenic amines and polypeptide hormones. The review is devoted to the changes in the GPCR-G protein-AC system in the brain, heart, skeletal muscles, liver, and the adipose tissue in experimental and human DM of the types 1 and 2 and also to the role of the changes in AC signaling in the pathogenesis and etiology of DM and its complications. It is shown that the changes of the functional state of hormone-sensitive AC system are dependent to a large extent on the type and duration of DM and in experimental DM on the model of the disease. The degree of alterations and abnormalities of AC signaling pathways correlates very well with the severity of DM and its complications.
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Veenstra MJ, de Herder WW, Feelders RA, Hofland LJ. Targeting the somatostatin receptor in pituitary and neuroendocrine tumors. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:1329-43. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.830711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Franck SE, van der Lely AJ, Neggers S. Extra-hepatic Acromegaly. EUROPEAN ENDOCRINOLOGY 2013; 9:66-70. [PMID: 30349613 DOI: 10.17925/ee.2013.09.01.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
After the introduction of somatostatin analogs (LA-SMSA) and the growth hormone (GH) receptor antagonist, pegvisomant (Peg-v) normal serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentrations in virtually every patients with acromegaly is possible. The impact of these products on the GH-IGF1 axis is completely different. We advocate that LA-SMSA may normalize serum IGF1 levels in the presence of elevated GH actions in extra-hepatic tissues. This results in persistent peripheral disease activity that we call 'extra-hepatic acromegaly'. Peg-v competitively blocks systemic GH action and results in a GH serum level increase. Therefore high doses of Peg-v are necessary to control IGF-1. Since the mode of action differs between these products, it is questionable if identical IGF-1 levels, during Peg-v or LA-SMSA are really identical representations of the biochemical situation. With the traditional biomarkers medical treatment is therefore difficult to monitor with the traditional biomarkers. Additionally, Peg-v and LA-SMSA could be ideal combination since they have different mode of actions. We believe that the time has come to challenge the existing concepts of treatment and monitoring of patients with acromegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne E Franck
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Sebastian Neggers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Albertelli M, Arvigo M, Boschetti M, Ferone D, Gatto F, Minuto F. Somatostatin receptor pathophysiology in the neuroendocrine system. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2013; 8:149-157. [PMID: 30736175 DOI: 10.1586/eem.13.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The actions of somatostatin (SRIF) are mediated by specific G protein-coupled receptors, named SRIF receptor (SSTR) subtypes 1, 2, 3 and 5. SRIF binding to SSTR activates a series of second messenger systems, resulting in the inhibition of calcium channels and adenylate cyclase activity, ultimately leading to inhibition of hormone secretion, while stimulation of other second messengers, such as phosphotyrosine phosphatases play a role in the control of cell growth. The SSTR and dopamine receptor families share a 30% sequence homology and appear to be structurally related. The knowledge on the pathophysiology of these two families of G protein-coupled receptors in neuroendocrine tumors has progressively increased due to the new insights in receptor dimerization, internalization and trafficking. Depending on the expression of different SSTRs in tissues, their combinations and interactions affect the functionality of the subtypes expressed and the influence of the microenvironment, the response to ligands and, by consequence, the response to treatment can be very different.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marica Arvigo
- a Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Mara Boschetti
- a Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
- b IRCSS AOU San Martino - IST, Genova, Italy
| | - Diego Ferone
- a Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
- b IRCSS AOU San Martino - IST, Genova, Italy
| | - Federico Gatto
- a Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesco Minuto
- a Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
- b IRCSS AOU San Martino - IST, Genova, Italy
- c Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.
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Peptide receptor targeting in cancer: the somatostatin paradigm. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDES 2013; 2013:926295. [PMID: 23476673 PMCID: PMC3582104 DOI: 10.1155/2013/926295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Peptide receptors involved in pathophysiological processes represent promising therapeutic targets. Neuropeptide somatostatin (SST) is produced by specialized cells in a large number of human organs and tissues. SST primarily acts as inhibitor of endocrine and exocrine secretion via the activation of five G-protein-coupled receptors, named sst1–5, while in central nervous system, SST acts as a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator, regulating locomotory and cognitive functions. Critical points of SST/SST receptor biology, such as signaling pathways of individual receptor subtypes, homo- and heterodimerization, trafficking, and cross-talk with growth factor receptors, have been extensively studied, although functions associated with several pathological conditions, including cancer, are still not completely unraveled. Importantly, SST exerts antiproliferative and antiangiogenic effects on cancer cells in vitro, and on experimental tumors in vivo. Moreover, SST agonists are clinically effective as antitumor agents for pituitary adenomas and gastro-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. However, SST receptors being expressed by tumor cells of various tumor histotypes, their pharmacological use is potentially extendible to other cancer types, although to date no significant results have been obtained. In this paper the most recent findings on the expression and functional roles of SST and SST receptors in tumor cells are discussed.
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Baldari S, Ferraù F, Alafaci C, Herberg A, Granata F, Militano V, Salpietro FM, Trimarchi F, Cannavò S. First demonstration of the effectiveness of peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) with 111In-DTPA-octreotide in a giant PRL-secreting pituitary adenoma resistant to conventional treatment. Pituitary 2012; 15 Suppl 1:S57-60. [PMID: 22222543 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-011-0373-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In prolactin-secreting giant adenomas, cabergoline treatment is the first line approach. Surgery and/or radiotherapy are indicated when the tumour is resistant to medical treatment and continues growing, causing visual field impairment. Data concerning other therapeutic approach are scanty. Although PRL-secreting tumours may express somatostatin receptors type 2, 3 and 5, somatostatin analogs treatment is generally ineffective and peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) has never been reported. A 58 year-old woman complaining of severe neurological symptoms caused by a giant prolactinoma, relapsing after surgery and not-responding to dopamine-agonists and octreotide LAR treatment, underwent four cycles of PRRT with 111-Indium-DTPA-octreotide with remarkable tumour shrinkage and a significant improvement in clinical conditions. No side effects were reported. This is the first report on the effectiveness and safety of PRRT with radio-labelled somatostatin analogs in a patient with aggressive giant prolactinoma resistant to conventional treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Baldari
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Unit of Nuclear Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Cuny T, Mohamed A, Graillon T, Roche C, Defilles C, Germanetti AL, Couderc B, Figarella-Branger D, Enjalbert A, Barlier A, Saveanu A. Somatostatin receptor sst2 gene transfer in human prolactinomas in vitro: impact on sensitivity to dopamine, somatostatin and dopastatin, in the control of prolactin secretion. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 355:106-13. [PMID: 22348806 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As prolactinomas fail to respond to dopamine agonist (DA) in 10-20% of cases, we hypothesized that somatostatin subtype 2 receptor (sst2) overexpression in DA-resistant prolactinomas may enhance suppression of prolactine (PRL) using chimeric agonist (dopastatin) that simultaneously binds sst2 and the dopamine subtype 2 receptor (D2DR). DESIGN AND METHODS PRL suppression by octreotide, sst5 agonist, sst2-D2DR agonist (BIM-23A760 dopastatin) and cabergoline was assessed in primary cultures of seven DA-resistant prolactinomas overexpressing sst2. RESULTS sst2 was effectively overexpressed via adenoviral expression in prolactinomas (38.1±7.4 vs. 0.1±0.1 copy/copy β-Gus) and induced octreotide sst2-mediated PRL suppression that remained lower than that induced by DA. BIM-23A760 inhibited PRL similarly to cabergoline both in the control and sst2-expressing cells. Antagonist experiments confirmed predominant dopaminergic effect in dopastatin activity. CONCLUSION sst2 was successfully overexpressed in prolactinomas. However BIM-23A760 was unable to enhance PRL suppression underlining a predominant dopaminergic contribution in its action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Cuny
- Aix-Marseille University, CRN2M, UMR 7286-CNRS, 51, Bd Pierre Dramard, 13344 Marseille, France.
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Somvanshi RK, Kumar U. Pathophysiology of GPCR Homo- and Heterodimerization: Special Emphasis on Somatostatin Receptors. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2012; 5:417-46. [PMID: 24281555 PMCID: PMC3763651 DOI: 10.3390/ph5050417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are cell surface proteins responsible for translating >80% of extracellular reception to intracellular signals. The extracellular information in the form of neurotransmitters, peptides, ions, odorants etc is converted to intracellular signals via a wide variety of effector molecules activating distinct downstream signaling pathways. All GPCRs share common structural features including an extracellular N-terminal, seven-transmembrane domains (TMs) linked by extracellular/intracellular loops and the C-terminal tail. Recent studies have shown that most GPCRs function as dimers (homo- and/or heterodimers) or even higher order of oligomers. Protein-protein interaction among GPCRs and other receptor proteins play a critical role in the modulation of receptor pharmacology and functions. Although ~50% of the current drugs available in the market target GPCRs, still many GPCRs remain unexplored as potential therapeutic targets, opening immense possibility to discover the role of GPCRs in pathophysiological conditions. This review explores the existing information and future possibilities of GPCRs as tools in clinical pharmacology and is specifically focused for the role of somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) in pathophysiology of diseases and as the potential candidate for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi K Somvanshi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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Yacqub-Usman K, Richardson A, Duong CV, Clayton RN, Farrell WE. The pituitary tumour epigenome: aberrations and prospects for targeted therapy. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2012; 8:486-94. [PMID: 22525730 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2012.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Global and gene-specific changes in the epigenome are hallmarks of most tumour types, including those of pituitary origin. In contrast to genetic mutations, epigenetic changes (aberrant DNA methylation and histone modifications) are potentially reversible. Drugs that specifically target or inhibit DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) can be used to restore the expression of epigenetically silenced genes. These drugs can potentially increase the sensitivity of tumour cells to conventional treatment modalities, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Drug-induced reversal of transcriptional silencing can also be used to restore dopamine-D(2)-receptor-negative, hormone-refractory tumours to their previous receptor-positive, hormone-responsive status. Synergy between HDAC and DNMT inhibitors makes these pharmacological agents more therapeutically effective when administered in combination than when used alone. Studies in pituitary tumour cell lines show that drug-induced re-expression of the epigenetically silenced dopamine D(2) receptor leads to an increase in apoptosis mediated by a receptor agonist. Collectively, the use of drugs to directly or indirectly reverse gene-specific epigenetic changes, in combination with conventional therapeutic interventions, has potential for the clinical management of multiple tumour types-including those of pituitary origin. Furthermore, these drugs can be used to identify epigenetically regulated genes that could be novel, tumour-specific therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiren Yacqub-Usman
- Human Disease and Genomics Group, Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire ST4 7QB, UK
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Gatto F, Barbieri F, Gatti M, Wurth R, Schulz S, Ravetti JL, Zona G, Culler MD, Saveanu A, Giusti M, Minuto F, Hofland LJ, Ferone D, Florio T. Balance between somatostatin and D2 receptor expression drives TSH-secreting adenoma response to somatostatin analogues and dopastatins. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2012; 76:407-14. [PMID: 21848909 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04200.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT First-line therapy for thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas (TSHomas) is neurosurgery, while medical treatment rests mainly on somatostatin analogues. Clinically available sst(2) -preferring analogues, octreotide and lanreotide, induce normalization of hormone levels in approximately 90% of patients and tumour shrinkage in 45%. OBJECTIVE We evaluated somatostatin 1, 2, 3 and 5 and dopamine D2 receptor expression in tumour samples from three TSHomas, and the relationships between receptor expression, in vitro antiproliferative response and clinical data, including octreotide test and three months of therapy with octreotide long-acting repeatable (LAR). TSHoma cell proliferation was tested in vitro using octreotide, cabergoline and two chimeric compounds, BIM-23A760 and BIM-23A387. RESULTS All patients showed significant TSH lowering to acute octreotide test, but a hormonal response to long-term treatment was observed in only two patients, showing a high sst(5) /sst(2) ratio. Patient 2, characterized by high expression of sst(2) and sst(1) and a relative lower expression of sst(5) , experienced tachyphylaxis after prolonged octreotide treatment. In vitro, the somatostatin/dopamine receptor agonist BIM-23A760 caused the highest antiproliferative effect among those tested. Combined treatment with octreotide and cabergoline displayed an additive effect of magnitude comparable to that of the other chimeric compound (BIM-23A387). Octreotide resistance was confirmed in cells isolated from the nonresponder patient, although it could be overcome by treatment with the chimeric compounds. CONCLUSIONS A high sst(5) /sst(2) ratio might be predictive of a positive outcome to long-term treatment with somatostatin analogues in TSHomas. Moreover, combined somatostatin and D(2) receptor targeting might be considered as a potential tool to improve the response rate in octreotide-resistant tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Gatto
- Department of Internal Medicine & Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 2, Genoa, Italy
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Otsuka F, Tsukamoto N, Miyoshi T, Iwasaki Y, Makino H. BMP action in the pituitary: its possible role in modulating somatostatin sensitivity in pituitary tumor cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 349:105-10. [PMID: 22056414 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The existence of a functional bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) system in the pituitary has been recognized. Recent studies have provided evidence that BMPs elicit differential actions in the regulation of prolactin (PRL) and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) release in lactotropinoma and corticotropinoma cells, respectively. BMPs play a key role in the modulation of somatostatin receptor (SSTR) sensitivity of lactosomatotrope cells in an autocrine/paracrine manner. In addition, SSTR action enhances BMP responsiveness in corticotrope cells. The functional link between BMP receptor signaling and SSTR actions may be crucial for individual tolerance to somatostatin analogs for controlling PRL and ACTH production. Adjustment of the endogenous SSTR sensitivity may be an effective strategy to inhibit the growth activity and hormonal productivity of intractable pituitary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Otsuka
- Endocrine Center of Okayama University Hospital and Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
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Plöckinger U. Medical therapy of acromegaly. Int J Endocrinol 2012; 2012:268957. [PMID: 22550484 PMCID: PMC3328958 DOI: 10.1155/2012/268957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper outlines the present status of medical therapy of acromegaly. Indications for permanent postoperative treatment, postirradiation treamtent to bridge the interval until remission as well as primary medical therapy are elaborated. Therapeutic efficacy of the different available drugs-somatostatin receptor ligands (SRLs), dopamine agonists, and the GH antagonist Pegvisomant-is discussed, as are the indications for and efficacy of their respective combinations. Information on their mechanism of action, and some pharmakokinetic data are included. Special emphasis is given to the difficulties to define remission criteria of acromegaly due to technical assay problems. An algorithm for medical therapy in acromegaly is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- U. Plöckinger
- Interdisziplinäres Stoffwechsel-Centrum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- *U. Plöckinger:
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Abstract
Somatostatin (SS) and dopamine (DA) receptors have been highlighted as two critical regulators in the negative control of hormonal secretion in a wide group of human endocrine tumors. Both families of receptors belong to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors and share a number of structural and functional characteristics. Because of the generally reported high expression of somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) in neuroendocrine tumors (NET), somatostatin analogs (SSA) have a pronounced role in the medical therapy for this class of tumors, especially pituitary adenomas and well-differentiated gastroenteropancreatic NET (GEP NET). Moreover, NET express not only SSTR but also frequently dopamine receptors (DRs), and DA agonists targeting the D(2) receptor (D(2)) have been demonstrated to be effective in controlling hormone secretion and cell proliferation in in vivo and in vitro studies. The treatment with SSAs combined with DA agonists has already been demonstrated efficacious in a subgroup of patients with GH-secreting pituitary adenomas and few reported cases of carcinoids. The recent availability of new selective and universal SSA and DA agonists, as well as the chimeric SS/DA compounds, may shed new light on the potential role of SSTR and D(2) as combined targets for biotherapy in NET. This review provides an overview of the latest studies evaluating the expression of SSTR and DR in NET, focusing on their co-expression and the possible clinical implications of such co-expression. Moreover, the most recent insights in SSTR and D(2) pathophysiology and the future perspectives for treatment with SSA, DA agonists, and SS/DA chimeric compounds are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Gatto
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Room Ee530b, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Cuny T, Gerard C, Saveanu A, Barlier A, Enjalbert A. Physiopathology of somatolactotroph cells: from transduction mechanisms to cotargeting therapy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1220:60-70. [PMID: 21388404 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05924.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In pituitary somatolactotroph cells, G protein-coupled receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases binding their specific ligands trigger an enzymatic cascade that converges to MAP kinase activation in the subcellular compartment. Different signaling pathways, such as AC/cAMP/PKA and PI3K/Akt pathways, interact with MAP kinase to regulate key physiological functions, such as hormonal secretion and cell proliferation. Abnormalities affecting these signaling pathways have been identified as preponderant factors of pituitary tumorigenesis. In addition to trans-sphenoidal surgery, somatostatin analogs are used to control hormonal hypersecretion in GH-secreting adenomas. However, a subset of these tumors remains uncontrolled with these treatFments, calling for new therapeutic approaches. In these cases, novel multivalent somatostatin analogs or new somatostatin-dopamine chimeric molecules could be of interest. Another attractive therapeutic approach may be to use one or several inhibitors acting downstream in the signaling pathway, such as mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor. Cotargeting therapy and gene therapy are promising tools for these problematic pituitary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Cuny
- Research Center of Neurobiology and Neurophysiology of Marseille, CRN2M, UMR 6231 CNRS, University of Mediterranée, Institut Fédératif Jean Roche, Marseille, France.
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Radl DB, Ferraris J, Boti V, Seilicovich A, Sarkar DK, Pisera D. Dopamine-induced apoptosis of lactotropes is mediated by the short isoform of D2 receptor. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18097. [PMID: 21464994 PMCID: PMC3064585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine, through D2 receptor (D2R), is the major regulator of lactotrope function in the anterior pituitary gland. Both D2R isoforms, long (D2L) and short (D2S), are expressed in lactotropes. Although both isoforms can transduce dopamine signal, they differ in the mechanism that leads to cell response. The administration of D2R agonists, such as cabergoline, is the main pharmacological treatment for prolactinomas, but resistance to these drugs exists, which has been associated with alterations in D2R expression. We previously reported that dopamine and cabergoline induce apoptosis of lactotropes in primary culture in an estrogen-dependent manner. In this study we used an in vivo model to confirm the permissive action of estradiol in the apoptosis of anterior pituitary cells induced by D2R agonists. Administration of cabergoline to female rats induced apoptosis, measured by Annexin-V staining, in anterior pituitary gland from estradiol-treated rats but not from ovariectomized rats. To evaluate the participation of D2R isoforms in the apoptosis induced by dopamine we used lactotrope-derived PR1 cells stably transfected with expression vectors encoding D2L or D2S receptors. In the presence of estradiol, dopamine induced apoptosis, determined by ELISA and TUNEL assay, only in PR1-D2S cells. To study the role of p38 MAPK in apoptosis induced by D2R activation, anterior pituitary cells from primary culture or PR1-D2S were incubated with an inhibitor of the p38 MAPK pathway (SB203850). SB203580 blocked the apoptotic effect of D2R activation in lactotropes from primary cultures and PR1-D2S cells. Dopamine also induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation, determined by western blot, in PR1-D2S cells and estradiol enhanced this effect. These data suggest that, in the presence of estradiol, D2R agonists induce apoptosis of lactotropes by their interaction with D2S receptors and that p38 MAPK is involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Betiana Radl
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones en Reproducción, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jimena Ferraris
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones en Reproducción, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Valeria Boti
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones en Reproducción, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adriana Seilicovich
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones en Reproducción, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dipak Kumar Sarkar
- Endocrine Program, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Daniel Pisera
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones en Reproducción, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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Al-Azzawi H, Yacqub-Usman K, Richardson A, Hofland LJ, Clayton RN, Farrell WE. Reversal of endogenous dopamine receptor silencing in pituitary cells augments receptor-mediated apoptosis. Endocrinology 2011; 152:364-73. [PMID: 21177832 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA)-agonist targeting of the DA D(2) receptor (D2R) in prolactinomas is the first-line treatment choice for suppression of prolactin and induction of tumor shrinkage. Resistance to DA agonists seems to be related to receptor number. Using the MMQ and GH3 pituitary cell lines, that either do or do not express D2R, respectively, we explored the epigenetic profile associated with the presence or absence of D2R in these cells lines. These studies led us to explore pharmacological strategies designed to restore receptor expression and thereby potentially augment DA agonist-mediated apoptosis. We show in GH3 cells that the D2R harbors increased CpG island-associated methylation and enrichment for histone H3K27me3. Conversely, MMQ cells and normal pituitaries show enrichment for H3K9Ac and barely detectable H3K27me3. Coculture of GH3 cells with the demethylating agent zebularine and the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A was responsible for a decrease in CpG island methylation and enrichment for the histone H3K9Ac mark. In addition, challenge of GH3 cells with zebularine alone or coculture with both agents led to expression of endogenous D2R in these cells. Induced expression D2R in GH3 cells was associated with a significant increase in apoptosis indices to challenge with either DA or bromocriptine. Specificity of a receptor-mediated response was established in coincubations with specific D2R antagonist and siRNA approaches in GH3 cell and D2R expressing MMQ cell lines. These studies point to the potential efficacy of combined treatment with epigenetic drugs and DA agonists for the medical management of different pituitary tumor subtypes, resistant to conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haneen Al-Azzawi
- Human Disease and Genomics Group, Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine, Keele University, Stoke on Trent, Staffordshire ST4 7QB United Kingdom
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Tsukamoto N, Otsuka F, Miyoshi T, Inagaki K, Nakamura E, Suzuki J, Ogura T, Iwasaki Y, Makino H. Activities of bone morphogenetic proteins in prolactin regulation by somatostatin analogs in rat pituitary GH3 cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 332:163-9. [PMID: 20970474 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2010] [Revised: 10/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Involvement of the pituitary BMP system in the modulation of prolactin (PRL) secretion regulated by somatostatin analogs, including octreotide (OCT) and pasireotide (SOM230), and a dopamine agonist, bromocriptine (BRC), was examined in GH3 cells. GH3 cells are rat pituitary somato-lactotrope tumor cells that express somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) and BMP system molecules including BMP-4 and -6. Treatment with BMP-4 and -6 increased PRL and cAMP secretion by GH3 cells. The BMP-4 effects were neutralized by adding a BMP-binding protein Noggin. These findings suggest the activity of endogenous BMPs in augmenting PRL secretion by GH3 cells. BRC and SOM230 reduced PRL secretion, but OCT failed to reduce the PRL level. In GH3 cells activated by forskolin, BRC suppressed forskolin-induced PRL secretion with reduction in cAMP levels. OCT did not affect forskolin-induced PRL level, while SOM230 reduced PRL secretion and PRL mRNA expression induced by forskolin. BMP-4 treatment enhanced the reducing effect of SOM230 on forskolin-induced PRL level while BMP-4 did not affect the effects of OCT or BRC. Noggin treatment had no significant effect on the BRC actions reducing PRL levels by GH3 cells. However, in the presence of Noggin, OCT elicited an inhibitory effect on forskolin-induced PRL secretion and PRL mRNA expression, whereas the SOM230 effect on PRL reduction was in turn impaired. It was further found that BMP-4 and -6 suppressed SSTR-2 but increased SSTR-5 mRNA expression of GH3 cells. These findings indicate that Noggin rescues SSTR-2 but downregulates SSTR-5 by neutralizing endogenous BMP actions, leading to an increase in OCT sensitivity and a decrease in SOM230 sensitivity of GH3 cells. In addition, BMP signaling was facilitated in GH3 cells treated with forskolin. Collectively, these findings suggest that BMPs elicit differential actions in the regulation of PRL release dependent on cellular cAMP-PKA activity. BMPs may play a key role in the modulation of SSTR sensitivity of somato-lactotrope cells in an autocrine/paracrine manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Tsukamoto
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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