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Al-Samerria S, Radovick S. Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Targeting GH and IGF-1 in the Management of Obesity: Insights from the Interplay between These Hormones and Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119556. [PMID: 37298507 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a growing public health problem worldwide, and GH and IGF-1 have been studied as potential therapeutic targets for managing this condition. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive view of the interplay between GH and IGF-1 and metabolism within the context of obesity. We conducted a systematic review of the literature that was published from 1993 to 2023, using MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane databases. We included studies that investigated the effects of GH and IGF-1 on adipose tissue metabolism, energy balance, and weight regulation in humans and animals. Our review highlights the physiological functions of GH and IGF-1 in adipose tissue metabolism, including lipolysis and adipogenesis. We also discuss the potential mechanisms underlying the effects of these hormones on energy balance, such as their influence on insulin sensitivity and appetite regulation. Additionally, we summarize the current evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of GH and IGF-1 as therapeutic targets for managing obesity, including in pharmacological interventions and hormone replacement therapy. Finally, we address the challenges and limitations of targeting GH and IGF-1 in obesity management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmed Al-Samerria
- Laboratory of Human Growth and Reproductive Development, Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Sally Radovick
- Laboratory of Human Growth and Reproductive Development, Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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Interaction between gut microbiota and sex hormones and their relation to sexual dimorphism in metabolic diseases. Biol Sex Differ 2023; 14:4. [PMID: 36750874 PMCID: PMC9903633 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-023-00490-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic diseases, such as obesity, metabolic syndrome (MetS) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), are now a widespread pandemic in the developed world. These pathologies show sex differences in their development and prevalence, and sex steroids, mainly estrogen and testosterone, are thought to play a prominent role in this sexual dimorphism. The influence of sex hormones on these pathologies is not only reflected in differences between men and women, but also between women themselves, depending on the hormonal changes associated with the menopause. The observed sex differences in gut microbiota composition have led to multiple studies highlighting the interaction between steroid hormones and the gut microbiota and its influence on metabolic diseases, ultimately pointing to a new therapy for these diseases based on the manipulation of the gut microbiota. This review aims to shed light on the role of sexual hormones in sex differences in the development and prevalence of metabolic diseases, focusing on obesity, MetS and T2D. We focus also the interaction between sex hormones and the gut microbiota, and in particular the role of microbiota in aspects such as gut barrier integrity, inflammatory status, and the gut-brain axis, given the relevance of these factors in the development of metabolic diseases.
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Reich N, Hölscher C. Beyond Appetite: Acylated Ghrelin As A Learning, Memory and Fear Behavior-modulating Hormone. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 143:104952. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Jeong H, Chong HJ, So J, Jo Y, Yune TY, Ju BG. Ghrelin Represses Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Gene Expression through Activation of Glucocorticoid Receptor and Protein Kinase C Delta in Inflamed Skin Keratinocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073977. [PMID: 35409338 PMCID: PMC8999772 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin, a peptide hormone secreted from enteroendocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract, has anti-inflammatory activity in skin diseases, including dermatitis and psoriasis. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the beneficial effect of ghrelin on skin inflammation is not clear. In this study, we found that ghrelin alleviates atopic dermatitis (AD)-phenotypes through suppression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) gene activation. Knockdown or antagonist treatment of growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHSR1a), the receptor for ghrelin, suppressed ghrelin-induced alleviation of AD-like phenotypes and suppression of TSLP gene activation. We further found that ghrelin induces activation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), leading to the binding of GR with histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) and nuclear receptor corepressor (NCoR) NCoR corepressor to negative glucocorticoid response element (nGRE) on the TSLP gene promoter. In addition, ghrelin-induced protein kinase C δ (PKCδ)-mediated phosphorylation of p300 at serine 89 (S89), which decreased the acetylation and DNA binding activity of nuclear factor- κB (NF-κB) p65 to the TSLP gene promoter. Knockdown of PKCδ abolished ghrelin-induced suppression of TSLP gene activation. Our study suggests that ghrelin may help to reduce skin inflammation through GR and PKCδ-p300-NF-κB-mediated suppression of TSLP gene activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayan Jeong
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea; (H.J.); (H.-J.C.); (J.S.); (Y.J.)
| | - Hyo-Jin Chong
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea; (H.J.); (H.-J.C.); (J.S.); (Y.J.)
| | - Jangho So
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea; (H.J.); (H.-J.C.); (J.S.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yejin Jo
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea; (H.J.); (H.-J.C.); (J.S.); (Y.J.)
| | - Tae-Young Yune
- Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Bong-Gun Ju
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea; (H.J.); (H.-J.C.); (J.S.); (Y.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-705-8455
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Labarthe A, Zizzari P, Fiquet O, Lebrun N, Veldhuis JD, Roelfsema F, Chauveau C, Bohlooly-Y M, Epelbaum J, Tolle V. Effect of Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor Deletion on Growth, Pulsatile Growth Hormone Secretion, and Meal Pattern in Male and Female Mice. Neuroendocrinology 2022; 112:215-234. [PMID: 33774644 DOI: 10.1159/000516147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While the vast majority of research investigating the role of ghrelin or its receptor, GHS-R1a, in growth, feeding, and metabolism has been conducted in male rodents, very little is known about sex differences in this system. Furthermore, the role of GHS-R1a signaling in the control of pulsatile GH secretion and its link with growth or metabolic parameters has never been characterized. METHODS We assessed the sex-specific contribution of GHS-R1a signaling in the activity of the GH/IGF-1 axis, metabolic parameters, and feeding behavior in adolescent (5-6 weeks old) or adult (10-19 weeks old) GHS-R KO (Ghsr-/-) and WT (Ghsr+/+) male and female mice. RESULTS Adult Ghsr-/- male and female mice displayed deficits in weight and linear growth that were correlated with reduced GH pituitary contents in males only. GHS-R1a deletion was associated with reduced meal frequency and increased meal intervals, as well as reduced hypothalamic GHRH and NPY mRNA in males, not females. In adult, GH release from Ghsr-/- mice pituitary explants ex vivo was reduced independently of the sex. However, in vivo pulsatile GH secretion decreased in adult but not adolescent Ghsr-/- females, while in males, GHS-R1a deletion was associated with reduction in pulsatile GH secretion during adolescence exclusively. In males, linear growth did not correlate with pulsatile GH secretion, but rather with ApEn, a measure that reflects irregularity of the rhythmic secretion. Fat mass, plasma leptin concentrations, or ambulatory activity did not predict differences in GH secretion. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION These results point to a sex-dependent dimorphic effect of GHS-R1a signaling to modulate pulsatile GH secretion and meal pattern in mice with different compensatory mechanisms occurring in the hypothalamus of adult males and females after GHS-R1a deletion. Altogether, we show that GHS-R1a signaling plays a more critical role in the regulation of pulsatile GH secretion during adolescence in males and adulthood in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Labarthe
- Université de Paris, UMRS_1266 INSERM, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Zizzari
- Université de Paris, UMRS_1266 INSERM, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Oriane Fiquet
- Université de Paris, UMRS_1266 INSERM, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Lebrun
- Université de Paris, UMRS_1266 INSERM, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Johannes D Veldhuis
- Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, Clinical Translational Science Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Ferdinand Roelfsema
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christophe Chauveau
- Marrow Adiposity and Bone Lab - MABLab ULR 4490, University Littoral Côte d'Opale, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
- University Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Mohammad Bohlooly-Y
- Translational Genomics, Discovery Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jacques Epelbaum
- Université de Paris, UMRS_1266 INSERM, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
- UMR CNRS/MNHN 7179, Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution, Brunoy, France
| | - Virginie Tolle
- Université de Paris, UMRS_1266 INSERM, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
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Hassouna R, Fernandez G, Lebrun N, Fiquet O, Roelfsema F, Labarthe A, Zizzari P, Tomasetto C, Epelbaum J, Viltart O, Chauveau C, Perello M, Tolle V. Ghrelin Gene Deletion Alters Pulsatile Growth Hormone Secretion in Adult Female Mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:754522. [PMID: 34721302 PMCID: PMC8549963 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.754522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Using preproghrelin-deficient mice (Ghrl-/-), we previously observed that preproghrelin modulates pulsatile growth hormone (GH) secretion in post-pubertal male mice. However, the role of ghrelin and its derived peptides in the regulation of growth parameters or feeding in females is unknown. We measured pulsatile GH secretion, growth, metabolic parameters and feeding behavior in adult Ghrl-/- and Ghrl+/+ male and female mice. We also assessed GH release from pituitary explants and hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) expression and immunoreactivity. Body weight and body fat mass, linear growth, spontaneous food intake and food intake following a 48-h fast, GH pituitary contents and GH release from pituitary explants ex vivo, fasting glucose and glucose tolerance were not different among adult Ghrl-/- and Ghrl+/+ male or female mice. In vivo, pulsatile GH secretion was decreased, while approximate entropy, that quantified orderliness of secretion, was increased in adult Ghrl-/- females only, defining more irregular GH pattern. The number of neurons immunoreactive for GHRH visualized in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus was increased in adult Ghrl-/- females, as compared to Ghrl+/+ females, whereas the expression of GHRH was not different amongst groups. Thus, these results point to sex-specific effects of preproghrelin gene deletion on pulsatile GH secretion, but not feeding, growth or metabolic parameters, in adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim Hassouna
- Université de Paris, UMR-S 1266 INSERM, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Gimena Fernandez
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA). National University of La Plata], La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicolas Lebrun
- Université de Paris, UMR-S 1266 INSERM, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Oriane Fiquet
- Université de Paris, UMR-S 1266 INSERM, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Ferdinand Roelfsema
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Alexandra Labarthe
- Université de Paris, UMR-S 1266 INSERM, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Zizzari
- Université de Paris, UMR-S 1266 INSERM, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Tomasetto
- Institut de génétique et de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire (IGBMC), UMR7104 CNRS/U1258 INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Jacques Epelbaum
- Université de Paris, UMR-S 1266 INSERM, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
- UMR CNRS/MNHN 7179, Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution, Brunoy, France
| | - Odile Viltart
- Université de Paris, UMR-S 1266 INSERM, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
- Université de Lille, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Christophe Chauveau
- Marrow Adiposity and Bone Lab - MABLab ULR 4490, Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, Boulogne-sur-Mer, Univ. Lille and CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Mario Perello
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA). National University of La Plata], La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Virginie Tolle
- Université de Paris, UMR-S 1266 INSERM, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
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Vergani E, Bruno C, Gavotti C, Aversa LS, Martire M, Mancini A, Currò D. LEAP-2/ghrelin interplay in adult growth hormone deficiency: Cause or consequence? A pilot study. IUBMB Life 2021; 73:978-984. [PMID: 33991145 PMCID: PMC8362053 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin and its endogenous antagonist liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide-2 (LEAP-2) are involved in GH secretion and glucose/lipids metabolism. LEAP-2 expression in conditions of metabolic impairment may be upregulated, usually pairing with a concomitant reduction in ghrelin secretion. Adult growth hormone deficiency (aGHD) is characterized by insulin resistance, weight gain, and increased fat mass. Therefore, the primary endpoint of this cross-sectional observational pilot study was to compare circulating LEAP-2 and ghrelin levels in aGHD and healthy controls. Thirty patients were included in the study. Group A included adult GHD: 15 patients, 8 females, and 7 males. Median and interquartile range age of the group was 53 (41-57) years, while BMI was 27.1 (25-35) kg/m2 . Group B was formed by 15 healthy controls (10 females and 5 males). Median and interquartile range age was 47 (36-57) years, while BMI 22.9 (20.8-33.1) kg/m2 . They were evaluated for serum glucose and insulin, HOMA-index, QUICKI-index, total/LDL/HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, IGF-1, ghrelin, and LEAP-2. Ghrelin levels in the aGHD group were significantly lower than in healthy controls. In contrast, LEAP-2 showed a trend toward higher levels, although the differences were not significant. However, the LEAP-2/Ghrelin ratio was significantly higher in aGHD. No significant correlations between ghrelin and LEAP-2 with BMI and HOMA index were found in aGHD population. However, a significant inverse correlation (r2 = 0.15, p = .047) between BMI and ghrelin was evidenced when considering the whole population. Taken together, these results may suggest a body adaptation to a metabolic scenario typical of aGHD. The decrease in ghrelin production could prevent further weight gain and fat mass increase, although losing its secretagogue effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Vergani
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmine Bruno
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Cesare Gavotti
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Simone Aversa
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Martire
- Dipartimento di Sicurezza e Bioetica, Sezione di Farmacologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Mancini
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Diego Currò
- Dipartimento di Sicurezza e Bioetica, Sezione di Farmacologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Stoyanova I, Lutz D. Ghrelin-Mediated Regeneration and Plasticity After Nervous System Injury. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:595914. [PMID: 33869167 PMCID: PMC8046019 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.595914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The nervous system is highly vulnerable to different factors which may cause injury followed by an acute or chronic neurodegeneration. Injury involves a loss of extracellular matrix integrity, neuronal circuitry disintegration, and impairment of synaptic activity and plasticity. Application of pleiotropic molecules initiating extracellular matrix reorganization and stimulating neuronal plasticity could prevent propagation of the degeneration into the tissue surrounding the injury. To find an omnipotent therapeutic molecule, however, seems to be a fairly ambitious task, given the complex demands of the regenerating nervous system that need to be fulfilled. Among the vast number of candidates examined so far, the neuropeptide and hormone ghrelin holds within a very promising therapeutic potential with its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, to balance metabolic processes, and to stimulate neurorepair and neuroactivity. Compared with its well-established systemic effects in treatment of metabolism-related disorders, the therapeutic potential of ghrelin on neuroregeneration upon injury has received lesser appreciation though. Here, we discuss emerging concepts of ghrelin as an omnipotent player unleashing developmentally related molecular cues and morphogenic cascades, which could attenuate and/or counteract acute and chronic neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Stoyanova
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - David Lutz
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Reich N, Hölscher C. Acylated Ghrelin as a Multi-Targeted Therapy for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:614828. [PMID: 33381011 PMCID: PMC7767977 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.614828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Much thought has been given to the impact of Amyloid Beta, Tau and Alpha-Synuclein in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), yet the clinical failures of the recent decades indicate that there are further pathological mechanisms at work. Indeed, besides amyloids, AD and PD are characterized by the culminative interplay of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and hyperfission, defective autophagy and mitophagy, systemic inflammation, BBB and vascular damage, demyelination, cerebral insulin resistance, the loss of dopamine production in PD, impaired neurogenesis and, of course, widespread axonal, synaptic and neuronal degeneration that leads to cognitive and motor impediments. Interestingly, the acylated form of the hormone ghrelin has shown the potential to ameliorate the latter pathologic changes, although some studies indicate a few complications that need to be considered in the long-term administration of the hormone. As such, this review will illustrate the wide-ranging neuroprotective properties of acylated ghrelin and critically evaluate the hormone's therapeutic benefits for the treatment of AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Reich
- Biomedical & Life Sciences Division, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Hölscher
- Neurology Department, A Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Research and Experimental Center, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
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Bilski J, Mazur-Bialy AI, Surmiak M, Hubalewska-Mazgaj M, Pokorski J, Nitecki J, Nitecka E, Pokorska J, Targosz A, Ptak-Belowska A, A. Zoladz J, Brzozowski T. Effect of Acute Sprint Exercise on Myokines and Food Intake Hormones in Young Healthy Men. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8848. [PMID: 33238373 PMCID: PMC7700229 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise is known to influence hormonal mediators of appetite, but the effect of short-term maximal intensity exercise on plasma levels of appetite hormones and cytokines has been little studied. We investigated the effect of a 30 s Wingate Test, followed by a postprandial period, on appetite sensations, food intake, and appetite hormones. Twenty-six physically active young males rated their subjective feelings of hunger, prospective food consumption, and fatigue on visual analogue scales at baseline, after exercise was completed, and during the postprandial period. Blood samples were obtained for the measurement of nesfatin-1, ghrelin, leptin, insulin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), human growth factor (hGH) and cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), irisin and plasma lactate concentrations, at 30 min before exercise, immediately (210 s) after exercise, and 30 min following a meal and at corresponding times in control sedentary males without ad libitum meal intake, respectively. Appetite perceptions and food intake were decreased in response to exercise. Plasma levels of irisin, IL-6, lactate, nesfatin-1 and ghrelin was increased after exercise and then it was returned to postprandial/control period in both groups. A significant rise in plasma insulin, hGH and PP levels after exercise was observed while meal intake potentiated this response. In conclusion, an acute short-term fatiguing exercise can transiently suppress hunger sensations and food intake in humans. We postulate that this physiological response involves exercise-induced alterations in plasma hormones and the release of myokines such as irisin and IL-6, and supports the notion of existence of the skeletal muscle-brain-gut axis. Nevertheless, the detailed relationship between acute exercise releasing myokines, appetite sensations and impairment of this axis leading to several diseases should be further examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bilski
- Department of Biomechanics and Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 20 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (J.B.); (A.I.M.-B.); (J.P.); (J.N.); (E.N.); (J.P.)
| | - Agnieszka Irena Mazur-Bialy
- Department of Biomechanics and Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 20 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (J.B.); (A.I.M.-B.); (J.P.); (J.N.); (E.N.); (J.P.)
| | - Marcin Surmiak
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (M.S.); (M.H.-M.); (A.T.); (A.P.-B.)
| | - Magdalena Hubalewska-Mazgaj
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (M.S.); (M.H.-M.); (A.T.); (A.P.-B.)
| | - Janusz Pokorski
- Department of Biomechanics and Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 20 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (J.B.); (A.I.M.-B.); (J.P.); (J.N.); (E.N.); (J.P.)
| | - Jacek Nitecki
- Department of Biomechanics and Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 20 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (J.B.); (A.I.M.-B.); (J.P.); (J.N.); (E.N.); (J.P.)
| | - Ewa Nitecka
- Department of Biomechanics and Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 20 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (J.B.); (A.I.M.-B.); (J.P.); (J.N.); (E.N.); (J.P.)
| | - Joanna Pokorska
- Department of Biomechanics and Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 20 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (J.B.); (A.I.M.-B.); (J.P.); (J.N.); (E.N.); (J.P.)
| | - Aneta Targosz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (M.S.); (M.H.-M.); (A.T.); (A.P.-B.)
| | - Agata Ptak-Belowska
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (M.S.); (M.H.-M.); (A.T.); (A.P.-B.)
| | - Jerzy A. Zoladz
- Department of Muscle Physiology, Chair of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Rehabilitation, University School of Physical Education, 31-571 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Brzozowski
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (M.S.); (M.H.-M.); (A.T.); (A.P.-B.)
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Oliveira-Santos AA, Salvatori R, Nogueira MC, Bueno AC, Barros-Oliveira CS, Leal ÂCGB, Marinho CG, Damascena NP, Oliveira DA, Melo MA, Oliveira CRP, da Costa FO, Dos Santos JSS, Santos PFC, Campos VC, Santos EG, Melo EV, Barbosa MLA, Rocha IES, de Castro M, Aguiar-Oliveira MH. Enteroendocrine Connections in Congenital Isolated GH Deficiency Due to a GHRH Receptor Gene Mutation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:2777-2784. [PMID: 30860584 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2019-00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT GH and IGF-1 are crucial for attainment of normal body size and regulation of food intake, nutrient storage, and insulin sensitivity. Enteroendocrine connections exist between the GH-IGF-1 axis and insulin, ghrelin, and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). The status of these connections in GH deficiency (GHD) is unknown. OBJECTIVE To study the enteroendocrine connections before and after a standard meal test in a homogeneous population of adults with congenital untreated isolated GHD (IGHD) due to a mutation in the GHRH receptor gene. DESIGN In a cross-sectional study of 20 individuals with IGHD and 20 control subjects, we measured glucose, insulin, ghrelin, and GLP-1 before and 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes after a standardized test meal. Homeostasis model assessment index of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA)-β were calculated. Participants scored feelings of hunger, fullness, and prospective food consumption on a visual analog scale. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Area under the curve (AUC) values of glucose, insulin, ghrelin, GLP-1, hunger, fullness, and prospective food consumption. RESULTS Fasting HOMA-IR and HOMA-β were lower in individuals with IGHD than in control subjects (P = 0.002 and P = 0.023, respectively). AUC was higher for hunger (P < 0.0001), glucose (P = 0.0157), ghrelin (P < 0.0001), and GLP-1 (P < 0.0001) and smaller for fullness (P < 0.0001) in individuals with IGHD compared with control subjects. There was no difference in AUC for prospective food consumption or insulin. CONCLUSIONS Untreated IGHD is associated with increased GLP-1 secretion and reduced postprandial ghrelin and hunger attenuation in response to a mixed meal. These enteroendocrine connections can result in a favorable outcome in terms of environmental adaptation and guaranteeing appropriate food intake and can confer metabolic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto Salvatori
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Monica C Nogueira
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana C Bueno
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ângela C G B Leal
- Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Cindi G Marinho
- Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Nayra P Damascena
- Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Djane A Oliveira
- Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Manuela A Melo
- Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Carla R P Oliveira
- Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Flavia O da Costa
- Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | | | - Paula F C Santos
- Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Viviane C Campos
- Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Elenilde G Santos
- Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Enaldo V Melo
- Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | | | - Ivina E S Rocha
- Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Margaret de Castro
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Heyland DK, van Zanten ARH, Grau-Carmona T, Evans D, Beishuizen A, Schouten J, Hoiting O, Bordejé ML, Krell K, Klein DJ, Gonzalez J, Perez A, Brown R, James J, Harris MS. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind study of ulimorelin and metoclopramide in the treatment of critically ill patients with enteral feeding intolerance: PROMOTE trial. Intensive Care Med 2019; 45:647-656. [PMID: 31062046 PMCID: PMC9121863 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-019-05593-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Enteral feeding intolerance (EFI) is a frequent problem in the intensive care unit (ICU), but current prokinetic agents have uncertain efficacy and safety profiles. The current study compared the efficacy and safety of ulimorelin, a ghrelin agonist, with metoclopramide in the treatment of EFI. METHODS One hundred twenty ICU patients were randomized 1:1 to ulimorelin or metoclopramide for 5 days. EFI was diagnosed by a gastric residual volume (GRV) ≥ 500 ml. A volume-based feeding protocol was employed, and enteral formulas were standardized. The primary end point was the percentage daily protein prescription (%DPP) received by patients over 5 days of treatment. Secondary end points included feeding success, defined as 80% DPP; gastric emptying, assessed by paracetamol absorption; incidences of recurrent intolerance (GRV ≥ 500 ml); vomiting or regurgitation; aspiration, defined by positive tracheal aspirates for pepsin; and pulmonary infection. RESULTS One hundred twenty patients were randomized and received the study drug (ulimorelin 62, metoclopramide 58). Mean APACHE II and SOFA scores were 21.6 and 8.6, and 63.3% of patients had medical reasons for ICU admission. Ulimorelin and metoclopramide resulted in comparable %DPPs over 5 days of treatment (median [Q1, Q3]: 82.9% [38.4%, 100.2%] and 82.3% [65.6%, 100.2%], respectively, p = 0.49). Five-day rates of feeding success were 67.7% and 70.6% when terminations unrelated to feeding were excluded, and there were no differences in any secondary outcomes or adverse events between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Both prokinetic agents achieved similar rates of feeding success, and no safety differences between the two treatment groups were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Oscar Hoiting
- Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Kenneth Krell
- Eastern Idaho Regional Medical Center, Idaho Falls, ID, USA
| | | | | | | | - Randy Brown
- Lyric Pharmaceuticals, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joyce James
- Lyric Pharmaceuticals, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - M Scott Harris
- Lyric Pharmaceuticals, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.
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13
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Kaplan RC, Strizich G, Aneke-Nash C, Dominguez-Islas C, Bužková P, Strickler H, Rohan T, Pollak M, Kuller L, Kizer JR, Cappola A, Li CI, Psaty BM, Newman A. Insulinlike Growth Factor Binding Protein-1 and Ghrelin Predict Health Outcomes Among Older Adults: Cardiovascular Health Study Cohort. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:267-278. [PMID: 27820656 PMCID: PMC5413102 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-2779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Multiple diseases may explain the association of the growth hormone/insulinlike growth factor-I (GH/IGF-I) axis with longevity. OBJECTIVE To relate circulating GH/IGF-I system protein levels with major health events. DESIGN AND SETTING This is a cohort study set in 4 US communities. PARTICIPANTS Adults (N = 2268) 65 years and older free of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. MEASUREMENTS We assessed insulinlike growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) and ghrelin in fasting and 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) blood samples, as well as fasting IGF-I and IGFBP-3. Hazard ratios for mortality and a composite outcome for first incident myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, hip fracture, or death were adjusted for sociodemographic, behavioral, and physiological covariates. RESULTS During 13,930 person-years of follow-up, 48.1% of individuals sustained one or more components of the composite outcome and 31.8% died. Versus the lowest quartiles, the highest quartiles of fasting and 2-hour ghrelin were associated with 27% higher (95% confidence interval [CI]: 6%, 53%) and 39% higher (95% CI: 14%, 71%) risks of the composite outcome, respectively. The highest quartile of 2-hour IGFBP-1 was associated with 35% higher (95% CI: 1%, 52%) risk of the composite end point. Similarly, higher mortality was significantly associated with higher fasting and 2-hour ghrelin levels and with 2-hour IGFBP-1 level. When examined together, 2-hour post-OGTT levels of IGFBP-1 and ghrelin tended to predict outcomes better than fasting levels. CONCLUSIONS Circulating IGFBP-1 and ghrelin measured during an OGTT predicted major health events and death in older adults, which may explain the influence of the GH/IGF-I axis on lifespan and health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Rohan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health and
| | - Michael Pollak
- Department of Medicine and Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4A 3J1
| | - Lewis Kuller
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Jorge R Kizer
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Anne Cappola
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Christopher I Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
- Epidemiology Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109; and
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Epidemiology and Health Services, University of Washington & Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, Washington 98101
| | - Anne Newman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
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Mikulášková B, Maletínská L, Zicha J, Kuneš J. The role of food intake regulating peptides in cardiovascular regulation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 436:78-92. [PMID: 27450151 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor that worsens cardiovascular events leading to higher morbidity and mortality. However, the exact mechanisms of relation between obesity and cardiovascular events are unclear. Nevertheless, it has been demonstrated that pharmacological therapy for obesity has great potential to improve some cardiovascular problems. Therefore, it is important to determine the common mechanisms regulating both food intake and blood pressure. Several hormones produced by peripheral tissues work together with neuropeptides involved in the regulation of both food intake and blood pressure. Anorexigenic (food intake lowering) hormones such as leptin, glucagon-like peptide-1 and cholecystokinin cooperate with α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated peptide as well as prolactin-releasing peptide. Curiously their collective actions result in increased sympathetic activity, especially in the kidney, which could be one of the factors responsible for the blood pressure increases seen in obesity. On the other hand, orexigenic (food intake enhancing) peptides, especially ghrelin released from the stomach and acting in the brain, cooperates with orexins, neuropeptide Y, melanin-concentrating hormone and galanin, which leads to decreased sympathetic activity and blood pressure. This paradox should be intensively studied in the future. Moreover, it is important to know that the hypothalamus together with the brainstem seem to be major structures in the regulation of food intake and blood pressure. Thus, the above mentioned regions might be essential brain components in the transmission of peripheral signals to the central effects. In this short review, we summarize the current information on cardiovascular effects of food intake regulating peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mikulášková
- Institute of Physiology AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - L Maletínská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Zicha
- Institute of Physiology AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Kuneš
- Institute of Physiology AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic.
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15
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Ngernsoungnern A, Ngernsoungnern P. Localization of ghrelin-like peptide in the gastrointestinal tract of the golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) and changing of its concentration during fasting. Acta Histochem 2016; 118:244-51. [PMID: 26850996 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is an endogenous hormone detected in the gastrointestinal tracts (GI) of various species. In the present study, ghrelin-like peptide (ghrelin-LP) was identified in the GI tract of the golden apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata. Using immunohistochemistry, the result revealed an immunoreactivity (-ir) of ghrelin-LP in regions of the GI tract. The ghrelin-LP-ir was observed in both opened-type and closed-type cells of the esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines. The highest density of ghrelin-LP immunoreactive cells was found in the esophagus and the least density was detected in the stomach. The highest percentages of the opened-type and closed-type cells were present in the esophagus and small intestine, respectively. In immunoblotting, the molecular weight of ghrelin-LP was related to the human ghrelin peptide (∼13kDa). Moreover, the concentration of ghrelin-LP was significantly higher in snails that were fasted for 24h compared with fed snails. The concentration decreased after refeeding. The present study could be useful for understanding the physiological role of ghrelin-LP in mollusk species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apichart Ngernsoungnern
- School of Anatomy, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Piyada Ngernsoungnern
- School of Anatomy, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand.
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16
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Ghrelin Actions on Somatotropic and Gonadotropic Function in Humans. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2016; 138:3-25. [PMID: 26940384 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin, a 28 amino-acid octanoylated peptide predominantly produced by the stomach, was discovered to be the natural ligand of the type 1a GH secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a). It was thus considered as a natural GHS additional to GHRH, although later on ghrelin has mostly been considered a major orexigenic factor. The GH-releasing action of ghrelin takes place both directly on pituitary cells and through modulation of GHRH from the hypothalamus; some functional antisomatostatin action has also been shown. However, ghrelin is much more than a natural GH secretagogue. In fact, it also modulates lactotroph and corticotroph secretion in humans as well as in animals and plays a relevant role in the modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal function. Several studies have indicated that ghrelin plays an inhibitory effect on gonadotropin pulsatility, is involved in the regulation of puberty onset in animals, and may regulate spermatogenesis, follicular development and ovarian cell functions in humans. In this chapter ghrelin actions on the GH/IGF-I and the gonadal axes will be revised. The potential therapeutic role of ghrelin as a treatment of catabolic conditions will also be discussed.
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Barja-Fernandez S, Folgueira C, Castelao C, Leis R, Crujeiras AB, Casanueva FF, Seoane LM. Regulation of Growth Hormone by the Splanchnic Area. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2016; 138:41-60. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Irizarry KA, Bain J, Butler MG, Ilkayeva O, Muehlbauer M, Haqq AM, Freemark M. Metabolic profiling in Prader-Willi syndrome and nonsyndromic obesity: sex differences and the role of growth hormone. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2015; 83:797-805. [PMID: 25736874 PMCID: PMC4560678 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify metabolic factors controlling appetite and insulin sensitivity in PWS and assess effects of GH treatment. METHODS We compared amino acids, fatty acids and acylcarnitines in GH-treated and untreated PWS children and obese and lean controls to identify biomarkers associated with ghrelin, peptide YY and markers of insulin sensitivity (adiponectin and HOMA-IR). RESULTS Compared with obese controls (OC), children with PWS had fasting hyperghrelinaemia, hyperadiponectinaemia, hypoinsulinaemia and increased ghrelin/PYY. Hyperghrelinaemia, hyperadiponectinaemia and hypoinsulinaemia were more striking in PWS females than males, and decreases in BCAA were detected only in PWS females. GH-treated PWS subjects had lower leptin and higher IGF-1 and adiponectin than untreated subjects; fasting ghrelin, PYY and insulin levels were comparable. Ghrelin correlated inversely with BCAA in PWS but not OC. Adiponectin correlated negatively with BMIz and HOMA-IR in PWS; in contrast, adiponectin correlated more strongly with BCAA than BMIz or HOMA-IR in OC. CONCLUSIONS BCAA levels were lower in PWS females than OC females and correlated inversely with ghrelin. Low BCAA in PWS females may promote hyperghrelinaemia and hyperphagia, while hyperadiponectinaemia may maintain insulin sensitivity despite excess weight gain. GH treatment may reduce leptin and increase adiponectin, but does not affect fasting ghrelin or PYY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal A. Irizarry
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - James Bain
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and the Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Merlin G. Butler
- Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Olga Ilkayeva
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and the Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Michael Muehlbauer
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and the Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Andrea M. Haqq
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael Freemark
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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M'Kadmi C, Leyris JP, Onfroy L, Galés C, Saulière A, Gagne D, Damian M, Mary S, Maingot M, Denoyelle S, Verdié P, Fehrentz JA, Martinez J, Banères JL, Marie J. Agonism, Antagonism, and Inverse Agonism Bias at the Ghrelin Receptor Signaling. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:27021-27039. [PMID: 26363071 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.659250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor GHS-R1a mediates ghrelin-induced growth hormone secretion, food intake, and reward-seeking behaviors. GHS-R1a signals through Gq, Gi/o, G13, and arrestin. Biasing GHS-R1a signaling with specific ligands may lead to the development of more selective drugs to treat obesity or addiction with minimal side effects. To delineate ligand selectivity at GHS-R1a signaling, we analyzed in detail the efficacy of a panel of synthetic ligands activating the different pathways associated with GHS-R1a in HEK293T cells. Besides β-arrestin2 recruitment and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, we monitored activation of a large panel of G protein subtypes using a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer-based assay with G protein-activation biosensors. We first found that unlike full agonists, Gq partial agonists were unable to trigger β-arrestin2 recruitment and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Using G protein-activation biosensors, we then demonstrated that ghrelin promoted activation of Gq, Gi1, Gi2, Gi3, Goa, Gob, and G13 but not Gs and G12. Besides, we identified some GHS-R1a ligands that preferentially activated Gq and antagonized ghrelin-mediated Gi/Go activation. Finally, we unambiguously demonstrated that in addition to Gq, GHS-R1a also promoted constitutive activation of G13. Importantly, we identified some ligands that were selective inverse agonists toward Gq but not of G13. This demonstrates that bias at GHS-R1a signaling can occur not only with regard to agonism but also to inverse agonism. Our data, combined with other in vivo studies, may facilitate the design of drugs selectively targeting individual signaling pathways to treat only the therapeutically relevant function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline M'Kadmi
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, BP 14491, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 05
| | - Jean-Philippe Leyris
- the Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, Hôpital Saint-Eloi, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, BP 74103, 34091 Montpellier Cedex 05
| | - Lauriane Onfroy
- the Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM, U1048, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Galés
- the Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM, U1048, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Aude Saulière
- the Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM, U1048, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Didier Gagne
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, BP 14491, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 05
| | - Marjorie Damian
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, BP 14491, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 05
| | - Sophie Mary
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, BP 14491, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 05
| | - Mathieu Maingot
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, BP 14491, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 05
| | - Séverine Denoyelle
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, BP 14491, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 05
| | - Pascal Verdié
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, BP 14491, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 05
| | - Jean-Alain Fehrentz
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, BP 14491, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 05
| | - Jean Martinez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, BP 14491, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 05
| | - Jean-Louis Banères
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, BP 14491, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 05
| | - Jacky Marie
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, BP 14491, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 05,.
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Andersen M. The robustness of diagnostic tests for GH deficiency in adults. Growth Horm IGF Res 2015; 25:108-114. [PMID: 25900364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Since the 1970s, GH treatment has been an important tool in paediatric endocrinology for the management of growth retardation. It is now accepted that adults with severe GH deficiency (GHD) demonstrate impaired physical and psychological well-being and may benefit from replacement therapy with recombinant human GH. There is, however, an ongoing debate on how to diagnose GHD, especially in adults. A GH response below the cut-off limit of a GH-stimulation test is required in most cases for establishing GHD in adults. No 'gold standard' GH-stimulation test exists, but some GH stimulation tests may be more robust to variations in patient characteristics such as age and gender, as well as to pre-test conditions like heat exposure due to a hot bath or bicycling. However, body mass index (BMI) is negatively associated with GH-responses to all available GH-stimulation tests and glucocorticoid treatment, including conventional substitution therapy, influences the GH-responses. Recently, the role of IGF-I measurements in the clinical decision making has been discussed. The aim of this review is to discuss the available GH-stimulation tests. In this author's opinion, tests which include growth-hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) tend to be more potent and robust, especially the GHRH+arginine test which has been proven to be of clinical use. In contrast, the insulin tolerance test (ITT) and the glucagon test appear to have too many drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Andersen
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Kløvervænget 6, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.
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Reduced autophagy in livers of fasted, fat-depleted, ghrelin-deficient mice: reversal by growth hormone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:1226-31. [PMID: 25583513 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1423643112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma growth hormone (GH) and hepatic autophagy each have been reported to protect against hypoglycemia in the fasted state, but previous data have not linked the two. Here we demonstrate a connection using a mouse model of fasting in a fat-depleted state. Mice were subjected to 1 wk of 60% calorie restriction, causing them to lose nearly all body fat. They were then fasted for 23 h. During fasting, WT mice developed massive increases in plasma GH and a concomitant increase in hepatic autophagy, allowing them to maintain viable levels of blood glucose. In contrast, lethal hypoglycemia occurred in mice deficient in the GH secretagogue ghrelin as a result of knockout of the gene encoding ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT), which catalyzes a required acylation of the peptide. Fasting fat-depleted Goat(-/-) mice showed a blunted increase in GH and a marked decrease in hepatic autophagy. Restoration of GH by infusion during the week of calorie restriction maintained autophagy in the Goat(-/-) mice and prevented lethal hypoglycemia. Acute injections of GH after 7 d of calorie restriction also restored hepatic autophagy, but failed to increase blood glucose, perhaps owing to ATP deficiency in the liver. These data indicate that GH stimulation of autophagy is necessary over the long term, but not sufficient over the short term to maintain blood glucose levels in fasted, fat-depleted mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garland A Campbell
- Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia
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Hassouna R, Zizzari P, Tomasetto C, Veldhuis JD, Fiquet O, Labarthe A, Cognet J, Steyn F, Chen C, Epelbaum J, Tolle V. An early reduction in GH peak amplitude in preproghrelin-deficient male mice has a minor impact on linear growth. Endocrinology 2014; 155:3561-71. [PMID: 24949662 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a gut hormone processed from the proghrelin peptide acting as the endogenous ligand of the GH secretagogue receptor 1a. The regulatory role of endogenous ghrelin on pulsatile GH secretion and linear growth had to be established. The aim of the present study was to delineate the endogenous actions of preproghrelin on peripheral and central components of the GH axis. Accordingly, the ultradian pattern of GH secretion was measured in young and old preproghrelin-deficient males. Blood samples were collected by tail bleeding every 10 minutes over a period of 6 hours. Analysis of the GH pulsatile pattern by deconvolution showed that GH was secreted in an ultradian manner in all genotypes, with major secretory peaks occurring at about 3-hour intervals. In older mice, the peak number was reduced and secretion was less irregular compared with younger animals. Remarkably, in young Ghrl(-/-) mice, the amplitude of GH secretory bursts was significantly reduced. In older mice, however, genotype differences were less significant. Changes in GH pulsatility in young Ghrl(-/-) mice were associated with a tendency for reduced GH pituitary contents and plasma IGF-I concentrations, but with only a minor impact on linear growth. In Ghrl(+/-) mice, despite reduced Acyl ghrelin to des-acyl ghrelin ratio, GH secretion was not impaired. Ghrelin deficiency was not associated with a reduction in hypothalamic GHRH content or altered response to GHRH stimulation. Therefore, reduction in GHRH production and/or sensitivity do not primarily account for the altered GH pulsatile secretion of young Ghrl(-/-) mice. Instead, GHRH expression was elevated in young but not old Ghrl(-/-) mice, suggesting that differential compensatory responses resulting from the absence of endogenous ghrelin is occurring according to age. These results show that endogenous ghrelin is a regulator of GH pulse amplitude in growing mice but does not significantly modulate linear growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim Hassouna
- Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 894 (R.H., P.Z., O.F., A.L., J.C., J.E., V.T.), INSERM, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; School of Biomedical Sciences (F.S., C.C.), University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Unité Mixte de Recherche 7104 (C.T.), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/ Unité 596, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France; and Department of Medicine (J.D.V.), Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, Clinical Translational Science Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
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25
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Delporte C. Structure and physiological actions of ghrelin. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:518909. [PMID: 24381790 PMCID: PMC3863518 DOI: 10.1155/2013/518909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a gastric peptide hormone, discovered as being the endogenous ligand of growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Ghrelin is a 28 amino acid peptide presenting a unique n-octanoylation modification on its serine in position 3, catalyzed by ghrelin O-acyl transferase. Ghrelin is mainly produced by a subset of stomach cells and also by the hypothalamus, the pituitary, and other tissues. Transcriptional, translational, and posttranslational processes generate ghrelin and ghrelin-related peptides. Homo- and heterodimers of growth hormone secretagogue receptor, and as yet unidentified receptors, are assumed to mediate the biological effects of acyl ghrelin and desacyl ghrelin, respectively. Ghrelin exerts wide physiological actions throughout the body, including growth hormone secretion, appetite and food intake, gastric secretion and gastrointestinal motility, glucose homeostasis, cardiovascular functions, anti-inflammatory functions, reproductive functions, and bone formation. This review focuses on presenting the current understanding of ghrelin and growth hormone secretagogue receptor biology, as well as the main physiological effects of ghrelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Delporte
- Laboratory of Pathophysiological and Nutritional Biochemistry, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 Route de Lennik, Bat G/E-CP611, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
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Benso A, Gramaglia E, Olivetti I, Tomelini M, Gigliardi VR, Frara S, Calvi E, Belcastro S, St Pierre DH, Ghigo E, Broglio F. The GH-releasing effect of acylated ghrelin in normal subjects is refractory to GH acute auto-feedback but is inhibited after short-term GH administration inducing IGF1 increase. Eur J Endocrinol 2013; 168:509-14. [PMID: 23295542 DOI: 10.1530/eje-12-0691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE GH secretion is regulated by an interplay between GH-releasing hormone (GHRH), somatostatin (SST), and other central and peripheral signals. Acylated ghrelin (AG) amplifies GH pulsatility acting, at least partially, independently from GHRH and SST. The GH response to GHRH is inhibited by recombinant human GH (rhGH), likely due to a SST-mediated negative GH auto-feedback. The effect of exogenous rhGH on the GH-releasing effect of AG has never been tested. DESIGN AND METHODS In six healthy volunteers, we studied the GH response to acute AG administration (1.0 μg/kg i.v.) during saline or rhGH infusion (4.0 μg/kg per h i.v.) or after 4-day rhGH (10.0 μg/kg s.c.) administration. RESULTS Compared with saline, rhGH infusion increased GH levels (P<0.01). During saline, acute i.v. AG induced a marked increase (P<0.01) in GH levels similar to those observed after AG administration during rhGH infusion. During s.c. rhGH, IGF1 levels rose from day 0 to day 5 (P<0.01). After 4-day s.c. rhGH, i.v. AG increased (P<0.01) GH levels, though significantly (P<0.05) less than on day 0. CONCLUSIONS The marked somatotroph-releasing effect of AG is refractory to a direct GH auto-feedback whereas is markedly inhibited after 4-day rhGH administration, suggesting the possibility of a selective IGF1-mediated inhibitory feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Benso
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, San Giovanni Battista, Molinette Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Bartke A, Sun LY, Longo V. Somatotropic signaling: trade-offs between growth, reproductive development, and longevity. Physiol Rev 2013; 93:571-98. [PMID: 23589828 PMCID: PMC3768106 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00006.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is a key determinant of postnatal growth and plays an important role in the control of metabolism and body composition. Surprisingly, deficiency in GH signaling delays aging and remarkably extends longevity in laboratory mice. In GH-deficient and GH-resistant animals, the "healthspan" is also extended with delays in cognitive decline and in the onset of age-related disease. The role of hormones homologous to insulin-like growth factor (IGF, an important mediator of GH actions) in the control of aging and lifespan is evolutionarily conserved from worms to mammals with some homologies extending to unicellular yeast. The combination of reduced GH, IGF-I, and insulin signaling likely contributes to extended longevity in GH or GH receptor-deficient organisms. Diminutive body size and reduced fecundity of GH-deficient and GH-resistant mice can be viewed as trade-offs for extended longevity. Mechanisms responsible for delayed aging of GH-related mutants include enhanced stress resistance and xenobiotic metabolism, reduced inflammation, improved insulin signaling, and various metabolic adjustments. Pathological excess of GH reduces life expectancy in men as well as in mice, and GH resistance or deficiency provides protection from major age-related diseases, including diabetes and cancer, in both species. However, there is yet no evidence of increased longevity in GH-resistant or GH-deficient humans, possibly due to non-age-related deaths. Results obtained in GH-related mutant mice provide striking examples of mutations of a single gene delaying aging, reducing age-related disease, and extending lifespan in a mammal and providing novel experimental systems for the study of mechanisms of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Bartke
- Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatric Research, Springfield, Illinois 62703, USA.
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Li RL, Sherbet DP, Elsbernd BL, Goldstein JL, Brown MS, Zhao TJ. Profound hypoglycemia in starved, ghrelin-deficient mice is caused by decreased gluconeogenesis and reversed by lactate or fatty acids. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:17942-50. [PMID: 22474325 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.358051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
When mice are subjected to 7-day calorie restriction (40% of normal food intake), body fat disappears, but blood glucose is maintained as long as the animals produce ghrelin, an octanoylated peptide that stimulates growth hormone secretion. Mice can be rendered ghrelin-deficient by knock-out of the gene encoding either ghrelin O-acyltransferase, which attaches the required octanoate, or ghrelin itself. Calorie-restricted, fat-depleted ghrelin O-acyltransferase or ghrelin knock-out mice fail to show the normal increase in growth hormone and become profoundly hypoglycemic when fasted for 18-23 h. Glucose production in Goat(-/-) mice was reduced by 60% when compared with similarly treated WT mice. Plasma lactate and pyruvate were also low. Injection of lactate, pyruvate, alanine, or a fatty acid restored blood glucose in Goat(-/-) mice. Thus, when body fat is reduced by calorie restriction, ghrelin stimulates growth hormone secretion, which allows maintenance of glucose production, even when food intake is eliminated. In humans with anorexia nervosa or kwashiorkor, ghrelin and growth hormone are known to be elevated, just as they are in fat-depleted mice. We suggest that these two hormones prolong survival in starved humans as they do in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lin Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9046, USA
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29
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Peroni CN, Hayashida CY, Nascimento N, Longuini VC, Toledo RA, Bartolini P, Bowers CY, Toledo SPA. Growth hormone response to growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 in growth hormone-deficient little mice. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2012; 67:265-72. [PMID: 22473409 PMCID: PMC3297037 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2012(03)11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate a possible direct, growth hormone-releasing, hormone-independent action of a growth hormone secretagogue, GHRP-2, in pituitary somatotroph cells in the presence of inactive growth hormone-releasing hormone receptors. MATERIALS AND METHODS The responses of serum growth hormone to acutely injected growth hormone-releasing P-2 in lit/lit mice, which represent a model of GH deficiency arising from mutated growth hormone-releasing hormone-receptors, were compared to those observed in the heterozygous (lit/+) littermates and wild-type (+/+) C57BL/6J mice. RESULTS After the administration of 10 mcg of growth hormone-releasing P-2 to lit/lit mice, a growth hormone release of 9.3±1.5 ng/ml was observed compared with 1.04±1.15 ng/ml in controls (p<0.001). In comparison, an intermediate growth hormone release of 34.5±9.7 ng/ml and a higher growth hormone release of 163±46 ng/ml were induced in the lit/+ mice and wild-type mice, respectively. Thus, GHRP-2 stimulated growth hormone in the lit/lit mice, and the release of growth hormone in vivo may be only partially dependent on growth hormone-releasing hormone. Additionally, the plasma leptin and ghrelin levels were evaluated in the lit/lit mice under basal and stimulated conditions. CONCLUSIONS Here, we have demonstrated that lit/lit mice, which harbor a germline mutation in the Growth hormone-releasing hormone gene, maintain a limited but statistically significant growth hormone elevation after exogenous stimulation with GHRP-2. The present data probably reflect a direct, growth hormone-independent effect on Growth hormone S (ghrelin) stimulation in the remaining pituitary somatotrophs of little mice that is mediated by growth hormone S-R 1a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cibele N Peroni
- Biotechnology Department, National Nuclear Energy Commission, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Chang JP, Habibi HR, Yu Y, Moussavi M, Grey CL, Pemberton JG. Calcium and other signalling pathways in neuroendocrine regulation of somatotroph functions. Cell Calcium 2011; 51:240-52. [PMID: 22137240 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Relative to mammals, the neuroendocrine control of pituitary growth hormone (GH) secretion and synthesis in teleost fish involves numerous stimulatory and inhibitory regulators, many of which are delivered to the somatotrophs via direct innervation. Among teleosts, how multifactorial regulation of somatotroph functions are mediated at the level of post-receptor signalling is best characterized in goldfish. Supplemented with recent findings, this review focuses on the known intracellular signal transduction mechanisms mediating the ligand- and function-specific actions in multifactorial control of GH release and synthesis, as well as basal GH secretion, in goldfish somatotrophs. These include membrane voltage-sensitive ion channels, Na(+)/H(+) antiport, Ca(2+) signalling, multiple pharmacologically distinct intracellular Ca(2+) stores, cAMP/PKA, PKC, nitric oxide, cGMP, MEK/ERK and PI3K. Signalling pathways mediating the major neuroendocrine regulators of mammalian somatotrophs, as well as those in other major teleost study model systems are also briefly highlighted. Interestingly, unlike mammals, spontaneous action potential firings are not observed in goldfish somatotrophs in culture. Furthermore, three goldfish brain somatostatin forms directly affect pituitary GH secretion via ligand-specific actions on membrane ion channels and intracellular Ca(2+) levels, as well as exert isoform-specific action on basal and stimulated GH mRNA expression, suggesting the importance of somatostatins other than somatostatin-14.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Schaeffer M, Hodson DJ, Meunier AC, Lafont C, Birkenstock J, Carmignac D, Murray JF, Gavois E, Robinson IC, Le Tissier P, Mollard P. Influence of estrogens on GH-cell network dynamics in females: a live in situ imaging approach. Endocrinology 2011; 152:4789-99. [PMID: 21952249 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The secretion of endocrine hormones from pituitary cells finely regulates a multitude of homeostatic processes. To dynamically adapt to changing physiological status and environmental stimuli, the pituitary gland must undergo marked structural and functional plasticity. Endocrine cell plasticity is thought to primarily rely on variations in cell proliferation and size. However, cell motility, a process commonly observed in a variety of tissues during development, may represent an additional mechanism to promote plasticity within the adult pituitary gland. To investigate this, we used multiphoton time-lapse imaging methods, GH-enhanced green fluorescent protein transgenic mice and sexual dimorphism of the GH axis as a model of divergent tissue demand. Using these methods to acutely (12 h) track cell dynamics, we report that ovariectomy induces a dramatic and dynamic increase in cell motility, which is associated with gross GH-cell network remodeling. These changes can be prevented by estradiol supplementation and are associated with enhanced network connectivity as evidenced by increased coordinated GH-cell activity during multicellular calcium recordings. Furthermore, cell motility appears to be sex-specific, because reciprocal alterations are not detected in males after castration. Therefore, GH-cell motility appears to play an important role in the structural and functional pituitary plasticity, which is evoked in response to changing estradiol concentrations in the female.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Schaeffer
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institute of Functional Genomics, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Universities of Montpellier 1 and 2, UMR-5203, F-34000 Montpellier, France
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