1
|
Bharati J, Kumar S, Kumar S, Mohan NH, Islam R, Pegu SR, Banik S, Das BC, Borah S, Sarkar M. Androgen receptor gene deficiency results in the reduction of steroidogenic potential in porcine luteal cells. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:2183-2196. [PMID: 35678291 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2079517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Luteal steroidogenesis is critical to implantation and pregnancy maintenance in mammals. The role of androgen receptors (AR) in the progesterone (P4) producing luteal cells of porcine corpus luteum (CL) remains unexplored. The aim of the present study was to establish AR gene knock out (KO) porcine luteal cell culture system model by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology and to study the downstream effects of AR gene deficiency on steroidogenic potential and viability of luteal cells. For this purpose, genomic cleavage detection assay, microscopy, RT-qPCR, ELISA, annexin, MTT, and viability assay complemented by bioinformatics analysis were employed. There was significant downregulation (p < 0.05) in the relative mRNA expression of steroidogenic marker genes STAR, CYP11A1, HSD3B1 in AR KO luteal cells as compared to the control group, which was further validated by the significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the P4 production. Significant decrease (p < 0.05) in relative viability on third passage were also observed. The relative mRNA expression of hypoxia related gene HIF1A was significantly (p < 0.05) downregulated in AR KO luteal cells. Protein-protein interaction analysis mapped AR to signaling pathways associated with luteal cell functionality. These findings suggests that AR gene functionality is critical to luteal cell steroidogenesis in porcine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Bharati
- Animal Physiology, ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Guwahati, India
- Division of Physiology and Climatology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Satish Kumar
- Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Guwahati, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Animal Reproduction, ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Guwahati, India
| | - N H Mohan
- Animal Physiology, ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Guwahati, India
| | - Rafiqul Islam
- Animal Reproduction, ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Guwahati, India
| | - Seema Rani Pegu
- Animal Health, ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Guwahati, India
| | - Santanu Banik
- Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Guwahati, India
| | - Bikash Chandra Das
- Animal Physiology, ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Guwahati, India
| | - Sanjib Borah
- Lakhimpur College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, North Lakhimpur, India
| | - Mihir Sarkar
- Director, ICAR-National Research Centre on Yak, Dirang, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yin L, Qi S, Zhu Z. Advances in mitochondria-centered mechanism behind the roles of androgens and androgen receptor in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1267170. [PMID: 37900128 PMCID: PMC10613047 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1267170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have reported that androgens and androgen receptors (AR) play important roles in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Impaired glucose and lipid metabolism and the development of obesity-related diseases have been found in either hypogonadal men or male rodents with androgen deficiency. Exogenous androgens supplementation can effectively improve these disorders, but the mechanism by which androgens regulate glucose and lipid metabolism has not been fully elucidated. Mitochondria, as powerhouses within cells, are key organelles influencing glucose and lipid metabolism. Evidence from both pre-clinical and clinical studies has reported that the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism by androgens/AR is strongly associated with the impact on the content and function of mitochondria, but few studies have systematically reported the regulatory effect and the molecular mechanism. In this paper, we review the effect of androgens/AR on mitochondrial content, morphology, quality control system, and function, with emphases on molecular mechanisms. Additionally, we discuss the sex-dimorphic effect of androgens on mitochondria. This paper provides a theoretical basis for shedding light on the influence and mechanism of androgens on glucose and lipid metabolism and highlights the mitochondria-based explanation for the sex-dimorphic effect of androgens on glucose and lipid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Yin
- School of Sport, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuo Qi
- School of Sport Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhu
- School of Sport, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
He Q, Shu H, Peng Y, Xu Y, Liu L, Zhou J, Zhao J, Xiong X, Li C. Untargeted metabolomics analysis of plasma metabolic characteristics in patients with acne and insulin resistance. Amino Acids 2023; 55:1417-1428. [PMID: 37726574 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-023-03320-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory disease with high incidence, diverse clinical manifestations, poor clinical efficacy, and easy recurrence. Recent studies have found that the occurrence of acne is related to metabolic factors such as insulin resistance; however, the specific mechanism of action remains unclear. This study aimed to identify significantly different metabolites and related metabolic pathways in the serum of acne vulgaris patients with or without insulin resistance. LC-MS/MS was used to analyze serum samples from patients about acne with insulin resistance (n = 51) and acne without insulin resistance (n = 69) to identify significant metabolites and metabolic pathways. In this study, 18 significant differential metabolites were screened for the first time. In the positive-ion mode, the upregulated substances were creatine, sarcosine, D-proline, uracil, Phe-Phe, L-pipecolic acid, and DL-phenylalanine; the downregulated substances were tridecanoic acid (tridecylic acid), L-lysine, cyclohexylamine, sphingomyelin (d18:1/18:0), gamma-L-Glu-epsilon-L-Lys, and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine. In the negative-ion mode, the upregulated substance was cholesterol sulfate, and the downregulated substances were D(-)-beta-hydroxybutyric acid, myristic acid, D-galacturonic acid, and dihydrothymine. Cholesterol sulfate showed the most significant expression among all differential metabolites (VIP = 7.3411). Based on the KEGG database, necroptosis and ABC transporters were the most significantly enriched metabolic pathways in this experiment. The differential metabolites and pathways identified in this study may provide new possibilities for the clinical diagnosis and development of targeted drugs for acne patients with insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing He
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Huiling Shu
- Department of Dermatology, The People's Hospital of Chongzhou, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Peng
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, The Hejiang People's Hospital, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xia Xiong
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| | - Changqiang Li
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
- Department of Dermatology, The Hejiang People's Hospital, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen J, Huang CP, Quan C, Zu X, Ou Z, Tsai YC, Messing E, Yeh S, Chang C. The androgen receptor in bladder cancer. Nat Rev Urol 2023; 20:560-574. [PMID: 37072491 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-023-00761-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the ninth most common cancer worldwide with a striking sex-based difference in incidence. Emerging evidence indicates that the androgen receptor (AR) might promote the development, progression and recurrence of bladder cancer, contributing to the observed sex differences. Targeting androgen-AR signalling has promise as potential therapy for bladder cancer and helps to suppress progression of this disease. In addition, the identification of a new membrane AR and AR-regulated non-coding RNAs has important implications for bladder cancer treatment. The success of human clinical trials of targeted-AR therapies will help in the development of improved treatments for patients with bladder cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Chen
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Chi-Ping Huang
- Department of Urology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chao Quan
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiongbing Zu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Zhenyu Ou
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Yu-Chieh Tsai
- Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Edward Messing
- Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Shuyuan Yeh
- Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Chawnshang Chang
- Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
- Department of Urology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kumar GG, Kilari EK, Nelli G, Salleh N. Oral administration of Turnera diffusa willd. ex Schult. extract ameliorates steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis impairment in the testes of rats with type-2 diabetes mellitus. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 314:116638. [PMID: 37187362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Turnera diffusa Willd. ex Schult. (T. diffusa) has traditionally been used to treat male reproductive dysfunction and have aphrodisiac properties. AIMS OF THE STUDY This study aims to investigate the ability of T. diffusa to ameliorate the impairment in testicular steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis in DM that might help to improve testicular function, and subsequently restore male fertility. MATERIALS AND METHODS DM-induced adult male rats were given 100 mg/kg/day and 200 mg/kg/day T. diffusa leaf extract orally for 28 consecutive days. Rats were then sacrificed; sperm and testes were harvested and sperm parameter analysis were performed. Histo-morphological changes in the testes were observed. Biochemical assays were performed to measure testosterone and testicular oxidative stress levels. Immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence were used to monitor oxidative stress and inflammation levels in testes as well as Sertoli and steroidogenic marker proteins' expression. RESULTS Treatment with T. diffusa restores sperm count, motility, and viability near normal and reduces sperm morphological abnormalities and sperm DNA fragmentation in diabetic rats. T. diffusa treatment also reduces testicular NOX-2 and lipid peroxidation levels, increases testicular antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GPx) activities, ameliorates testicular inflammation via downregulating NF-ΚB, p-Ikkβ and TNF-α and upregulating IκBα expression. In diabetic rats, T. diffusa treatment increases testicular steroidogenic proteins (StAR, CYP11A1, SHBG, and ARA54, 3 and 17β-HSD) and plasma testosterone levels. Furthermore, in diabetic rats treated with T. diffusa, Sertoli cell marker proteins including Connexin 43, N-cadherin, and occludin levels in the testes were elevated. CONCLUSION T. diffusa treatment could help to ameliorate the detrimental effects of DM on the testes, thus this plant has potential to be used to restore male fertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gowri Gopa Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Eswar Kumar Kilari
- Pharmacology Division, A.U. College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, 530 003, India
| | - Giribabu Nelli
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Naguib Salleh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mourkioti I, Angelopoulou A, Belogiannis K, Lagopati N, Potamianos S, Kyrodimos E, Gorgoulis V, Papaspyropoulos A. Interplay of Developmental Hippo-Notch Signaling Pathways with the DNA Damage Response in Prostate Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152449. [PMID: 35954292 PMCID: PMC9367915 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer belongs in the class of hormone-dependent cancers, representing a major cause of cancer incidence in men worldwide. Since upon disease onset almost all prostate cancers are androgen-dependent and require active androgen receptor (AR) signaling for their survival, the primary treatment approach has for decades relied on inhibition of the AR pathway via androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). However, following this line of treatment, cancer cell pools often become resistant to therapy, contributing to disease progression towards the significantly more aggressive castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) form, characterized by poor prognosis. It is, therefore, of critical importance to elucidate the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways underlying the progression of early-stage prostate cancer towards CRPC. In this review, we aim to shed light on the role of major signaling pathways including the DNA damage response (DDR) and the developmental Hippo and Notch pathways in prostate tumorigenesis. We recapitulate key evidence demonstrating the crosstalk of those pathways as well as with pivotal prostate cancer-related 'hubs' such as AR signaling, and evaluate the clinical impact of those interactions. Moreover, we attempt to identify molecules of the complex DDR-Hippo-Notch interplay comprising potentially novel therapeutic targets in the battle against prostate tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Mourkioti
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Andriani Angelopoulou
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Belogiannis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Nefeli Lagopati
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), 11527 Athens, Greece
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Spyridon Potamianos
- First ENT Department, Hippocration Hospital, University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Efthymios Kyrodimos
- First ENT Department, Hippocration Hospital, University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis Gorgoulis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), 11527 Athens, Greece
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Clinical Molecular Pathology, Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
- Molecular and Clinical Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
- Center for New Biotechnologies and Precision Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Surrey GU2 7YH, UK
- Correspondence: (V.G.); (A.P.); Tel.: +30-210-7462352 (V.G.); +30-210-7462174 (A.P.)
| | - Angelos Papaspyropoulos
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), 11527 Athens, Greece
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: (V.G.); (A.P.); Tel.: +30-210-7462352 (V.G.); +30-210-7462174 (A.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Advances in the Current Understanding of the Mechanisms Governing the Acquisition of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153744. [PMID: 35954408 PMCID: PMC9367587 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite aggressive treatment and androgen-deprivation therapy, most prostate cancer patients ultimately develop castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which is associated with high mortality rates. However, the mechanisms governing the development of CRPC are poorly understood, and androgen receptor (AR) signaling has been shown to be important in CRPC through AR gene mutations, gene overexpression, co-regulatory factors, AR shear variants, and androgen resynthesis. A growing number of non-AR pathways have also been shown to influence the CRPC progression, including the Wnt and Hh pathways. Moreover, non-coding RNAs have been identified as important regulators of the CRPC pathogenesis. The present review provides an overview of the relevant literature pertaining to the mechanisms governing the molecular acquisition of castration resistance in prostate cancer, providing a foundation for future, targeted therapeutic efforts.
Collapse
|
8
|
Venkatesh VS, Grossmann M, Zajac JD, Davey RA. The role of the androgen receptor in the pathogenesis of obesity and its utility as a target for obesity treatments. Obes Rev 2022; 23:e13429. [PMID: 35083843 PMCID: PMC9286619 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis dysregulation in males. Here, we summarize recent evidence derived from clinical trials and studies in preclinical animal models regarding the role of androgen receptor (AR) signaling in the pathophysiology of males with obesity. We also discuss therapeutic strategies targeting the AR for the treatment of obesity and their limitations and provide insight into the future research necessary to advance this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Varun S Venkatesh
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria
| | - Mathis Grossmann
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria.,Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeffrey D Zajac
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria.,Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachel A Davey
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Helsen C, Nguyen T, Vercruysse T, Wouters S, Daelemans D, Voet A, Claessens F. The T850D Phosphomimetic Mutation in the Androgen Receptor Ligand Binding Domain Enhances Recruitment at Activation Function 2. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031557. [PMID: 35163481 PMCID: PMC8836279 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Several key functions of the androgen receptor (AR) such as hormone recognition and co-regulator recruitment converge in the ligand binding domain (LBD). Loss- or gain-of-function of the AR contributes to pathologies such as the androgen insensitivity syndrome and prostate cancer. Here, we describe a gain-of-function mutation of the surface-exposed threonine at position 850, located at the amino-terminus of Helix 10 (H10) in the AR LBD. Since T850 phosphorylation was reported to affect AR function, we created the phosphomimetic mutation T850D. The AR T850D variant has a 1.5- to 2-fold increased transcriptional activity with no effect on ligand affinity. In the androgen responsive LNCaP cell line grown in medium with low androgen levels, we observed a growth advantage for cells in which the endogenous AR was replaced by AR T850D. Despite the distance to the AF2 site, the AR T850D LBD displayed an increased affinity for coactivator peptides as well as the 23FQNLF27 motif of AR itself. Molecular Dynamics simulations confirm allosteric transmission of the T850D mutation towards the AF2 site via extended hydrogen bond formation between coactivator peptide and AF2 site. This mechanistic study thus confirms the gain-of-function character of T850D and T850 phosphorylation for AR activity and reveals details of the allosteric communications within the LBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Helsen
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, ON I, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-16377388
| | - Tien Nguyen
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Modelling and Design, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200G, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (T.N.); (S.W.); (A.V.)
| | - Thomas Vercruysse
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (T.V.); (D.D.)
| | - Staf Wouters
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Modelling and Design, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200G, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (T.N.); (S.W.); (A.V.)
| | - Dirk Daelemans
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (T.V.); (D.D.)
| | - Arnout Voet
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Modelling and Design, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200G, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (T.N.); (S.W.); (A.V.)
| | - Frank Claessens
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, ON I, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Endocrine Disruptors and Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031216. [PMID: 35163140 PMCID: PMC8835300 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of endocrine disruptors (EDs) in the human prostate gland is an overlooked issue even though the prostate is essential for male fertility. From experimental models, it is known that EDs can influence several molecular mechanisms involved in prostate homeostasis and diseases, including prostate cancer (PCa), one of the most common cancers in the male, whose onset and progression is characterized by the deregulation of several cellular pathways including androgen receptor (AR) signaling. The prostate gland essentiality relies on its function to produce and secrete the prostatic fluid, a component of the seminal fluid, needed to keep alive and functional sperms upon ejaculation. In physiological condition, in the prostate epithelium the more-active androgen, the 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), formed from testosterone (T) by the 5α-reductase enzyme (SRD5A), binds to AR and, upon homodimerization and nuclear translocation, recognizes the promoter of target genes modulating them. In pathological conditions, AR mutations and/or less specific AR binding by ligands modulate differently targeted genes leading to an altered regulation of cell proliferation and triggering PCa onset and development. EDs acting on the AR-dependent signaling within the prostate gland can contribute to the PCa onset and to exacerbating its development.
Collapse
|
11
|
Westaby D, Maza MDLDFDL, Paschalis A, Jimenez-Vacas JM, Welti J, de Bono J, Sharp A. A New Old Target: Androgen Receptor Signaling and Advanced Prostate Cancer. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 62:131-153. [PMID: 34449248 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-052220-015912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the development of multiple novel therapies, there has been major progress in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer over the last two decades; however, the disease remains invariably fatal. Androgens and the androgen receptor (AR) play a critical role in prostate carcinogenesis, and targeting the AR signaling axis with abiraterone, enzalutamide, darolutamide, and apalutamide has improved outcomes for men with this lethal disease. Targeting the AR and elucidating mechanisms of resistance to these agents remains central to drug development efforts. This review provides an overview of the evolution and current approaches for targeting the AR in advanced prostate cancer. It describes the biology of AR signaling, explores AR-targeting resistance mechanisms, and discusses future perspectives and promising novel therapeutic strategies. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Volume 62 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Westaby
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom; .,The Royal Marsden Hospital, London SM2 5PT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alec Paschalis
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom; .,The Royal Marsden Hospital, London SM2 5PT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jon Welti
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom;
| | - Johann de Bono
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom; .,The Royal Marsden Hospital, London SM2 5PT, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Sharp
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom; .,The Royal Marsden Hospital, London SM2 5PT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gao X, Liang J, Wang L, Zhang Z, Yuan P, Wang J, Gao Y, Ma F, Calagua C, Ye H, Voznesensky O, Wang S, Wang T, Liu J, Chen S, Liu X. Phosphorylation of the androgen receptor at Ser81 is co-sustained by CDK1 and CDK9 and leads to AR-mediated transactivation in prostate cancer. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:1901-1920. [PMID: 33932081 PMCID: PMC8253089 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) is the principal molecule in prostate cancer (PCa) etiology and therapy. AR re‐activation still remains a major challenge during treatment of castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) tumors that relapse after castration therapies. Recent reports have indicated the enrichment of Ser81‐phosphorylated AR (pS81) in the nucleus of CRPC cells, and CDK1 and CDK9 as the kinases phosphorylating AR at S81. In the current study we showed that pS81 is preferentially localized in the nucleus in both rapid biopsy metastatic CRPC samples and PCa xenografts, and nuclear pS81 localization is correlated with AR transactivation in tumor xenografts. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis demonstrated an alignment of S81 phosphorylation and AR‐mediated transactivation with the chromatin locus openness. Moreover, pS81‐specific ChIP‐Seq showed a disproportional occupancy of pS81 on AR‐activated promoters, while 3C‐ChIP assays further indicated an enrichment of pS81 at the PSA enhancer‐promoter loop, a known AR activating hub. In the latter, CDK9 was shown to modulate the transactivation of the AR and RNA Pol II. Indeed, ChIP and re‐ChIP assays also confirmed that AR‐dependent activation of the PSA enhancer and promoter mediated by pS81 was coupled with activation of Pol II and the pTEFb complex. Mechanistically, we determined that CDK1 and CDK9 sustained the pS81 AR modification in the soluble and chromatin‐bound fractions of PCa cells, respectively. Finally, we demonstrated that CDK1 activity was maintained throughout the cell cycle, and that CDK1 inhibitors restored androgen sensitivity in CRPC tumor cells. Based on these findings, CDK1 and CDK9 could be targeted as pS81 kinases in patients with CRPC, either alone or in conjunction with direct AR antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- XinTao Gao
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaqian Liang
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - LiYang Wang
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhaoyang Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Penghui Yuan
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanfei Gao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, China
| | - Fen Ma
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carla Calagua
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Huihui Ye
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Olga Voznesensky
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shaogang Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jihong Liu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaoyong Chen
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaming Liu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Walker C, Garza S, Papadopoulos V, Culty M. Impact of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on steroidogenesis and consequences on testicular function. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 527:111215. [PMID: 33657436 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Testicular steroidogenesis is a tightly regulated process that produces the androgens important for the development, maintenance and function of the male reproductive system. These androgens are also essential for overall health, and well-being. Disruptions in the ability of the testis to form steroids can result in developmental abnormalities, dysfunction, and infertility. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can interfere with the intricate signaling and metabolizing networks that produce androgens and promote their dysfunction. These chemicals are found ubiquitously in our environment, as they are integral components of products that are used every day. The effects of EDCs, such as bisphenols, phthalates, and alkyl chemicals, have been studied independently, revealing deleterious effects; but the combined influence of these structures on steroidogenesis has yet to be completely elucidated. This manuscript presents an updated review on EDC mixtures and their impact on testicular function and fertility, highlighting new findings that illustrate the anti-androgenic capabilities of EDC mixtures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Casandra Walker
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Samuel Garza
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vassilios Papadopoulos
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Martine Culty
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hu M, Zhang Y, Li X, Cui P, Sferruzzi-Perri AN, Brännström M, Shao LR, Billig H. TLR4-Associated IRF-7 and NFκB Signaling Act as a Molecular Link Between Androgen and Metformin Activities and Cytokine Synthesis in the PCOS Endometrium. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:1022-1040. [PMID: 33382900 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Low-grade chronic inflammation is commonly seen in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients with elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines in the endometrium. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to increase the limited understanding of the mechanisms underlying cytokine synthesis and increased endometrial inflammation in PCOS patients. METHODS Endometrial biopsy samples were collected from non-PCOS (n = 17) and PCOS (n = 22) patients either during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle or with hyperplasia. Endometrial explants were prepared from PCOS patients and underwent pharmacological manipulation in vitro. The expression and localization of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)/4, key elements of innate immune signal transduction and nuclear factor κB (NFκB) signaling pathways, and multiple cytokines were comprehensively evaluated by Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence in endometrial tissues. RESULTS We demonstrated the distribution of protein expression and localization associated with the significantly increased androgen receptor, TLR2, and TLR4-mediated activation of interferon regulatory factor-7 (IRF-7) and NFκB signaling, cytokine production, and endometrial inflammation in PCOS patients compared to non-PCOS patients with and without endometrial hyperplasia. In vitro experiments showed that 5-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) enhanced androgen receptor, TLR4, IRF-7, and p-NFκB p65 protein expression along with increased interferon α (IFNα) and IFNɣ abundance. The effects of DHT on IRF-7, p-NFκB p65, and IFN abundance were abolished by flutamide, an antiandrogen. Although 17β-estradiol (E2) decreased p-IRF-7 expression with little effect on TLR-mediated IRF7 and NFκB signaling or on cytokine protein levels, exposure to metformin alone or in combination with E2 suppressed interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4), p-IRF-7, IRF-7, IκB kinase α (IKKα), p-NFκB p65, IFNɣ, and tumor necrosis factor α protein expression. CONCLUSION Cytokine synthesis and increased endometrial inflammation in PCOS patients are coupled to androgen-induced TLR4/IRF-7/NFκB signaling, which is inhibited by metformin treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Hu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yuehui Zhang
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory and Unit of Infertility in Chinese Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Cui
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Amanda Nancy Sferruzzi-Perri
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mats Brännström
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Linus R Shao
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Håkan Billig
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hamilton BR, Lima G, Barrett J, Seal L, Kolliari-Turner A, Wang G, Karanikolou A, Bigard X, Löllgen H, Zupet P, Ionescu A, Debruyne A, Jones N, Vonbank K, Fagnani F, Fossati C, Casasco M, Constantinou D, Wolfarth B, Niederseer D, Bosch A, Muniz-Pardos B, Casajus JA, Schneider C, Loland S, Verroken M, Marqueta PM, Arroyo F, Pedrinelli A, Natsis K, Verhagen E, Roberts WO, Lazzoli JK, Friedman R, Erdogan A, Cintron AV, Yung SHP, Janse van Rensburg DC, Ramagole DA, Rozenstoka S, Drummond F, Papadopoulou T, Kumi PYO, Twycross-Lewis R, Harper J, Skiadas V, Shurlock J, Tanisawa K, Seto J, North K, Angadi SS, Martinez-Patiño MJ, Borjesson M, Di Luigi L, Dohi M, Swart J, Bilzon JLJ, Badtieva V, Zelenkova I, Steinacker JM, Bachl N, Pigozzi F, Geistlinger M, Goulis DG, Guppy F, Webborn N, Yildiz BO, Miller M, Singleton P, Pitsiladis YP. Integrating Transwomen and Female Athletes with Differences of Sex Development (DSD) into Elite Competition: The FIMS 2021 Consensus Statement. Sports Med 2021; 51:1401-1415. [PMID: 33761127 PMCID: PMC7988249 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01451-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Sport is historically designated by the binary categorization of male and female that conflicts with modern society. Sport’s governing bodies should consider reviewing rules determining the eligibility of athletes in the female category as there may be lasting advantages of previously high testosterone concentrations for transwomen athletes and currently high testosterone concentrations in differences in sex development (DSD) athletes. The use of serum testosterone concentrations to regulate the inclusion of such athletes into the elite female category is currently the objective biomarker that is supported by most available scientific literature, but it has limitations due to the lack of sports performance data before, during or after testosterone suppression. Innovative research studies are needed to identify other biomarkers of testosterone sensitivity/responsiveness, including molecular tools to determine the functional status of androgen receptors. The scientific community also needs to conduct longitudinal studies with specific control groups to generate the biological and sports performance data for individual sports to inform the fair inclusion or exclusion of these athletes. Eligibility of each athlete to a sport-specific policy needs to be based on peer-reviewed scientific evidence made available to policymakers from all scientific communities. However, even the most evidence-based regulations are unlikely to eliminate all differences in performance between cisgender women with and without DSD and transwomen athletes. Any remaining advantage held by transwomen or DSD women could be considered as part of the athlete’s unique makeup.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blair R Hamilton
- Centre for Stress and Age-Related Disease, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
- The Gender Identity Clinic Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Giscard Lima
- Centre for Exercise Sciences and Sports Medicine, FIMS Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, Rome, Italy
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - James Barrett
- The Gender Identity Clinic Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Leighton Seal
- The Gender Identity Clinic Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Guan Wang
- Sport and Exercise Science and Sports Medicine Research and Enterprise Group, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Antonia Karanikolou
- Centre for Stress and Age-Related Disease, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Xavier Bigard
- Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), Aigle, Switzerland
- European Federation of Sports Medicine Associations (EFSMA), Lausanne, Switzerland
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Herbert Löllgen
- European Federation of Sports Medicine Associations (EFSMA), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Petra Zupet
- European Federation of Sports Medicine Associations (EFSMA), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anca Ionescu
- European Federation of Sports Medicine Associations (EFSMA), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andre Debruyne
- European Federation of Sports Medicine Associations (EFSMA), Lausanne, Switzerland
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nigel Jones
- British Association Sport and Exercise Medicine, Doncaster, UK
- British Cycling and University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Karin Vonbank
- Department of Pneumology, Pulmonary Function Laboratory, Medicine Clinic (KIMII), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Federica Fagnani
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Fossati
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
- Villa Stuart Sport Clinic, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Casasco
- European Federation of Sports Medicine Associations (EFSMA), Lausanne, Switzerland
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Italian Federation of Sports Medicine (FMSI), Rome, Italy
| | - Demitri Constantinou
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Bernd Wolfarth
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Sports Medicine, Humboldt University and Charité University School of Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Niederseer
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, University Heart Centre, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Bosch
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Borja Muniz-Pardos
- GENUD Research Group, FIMS Collaborating Center of Sports Medicine, Department of Physiatry and Nursing, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José Antonio Casajus
- GENUD Research Group, FIMS Collaborating Center of Sports Medicine, Department of Physiatry and Nursing, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Christian Schneider
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Orthopaedic Center Theresie, Munich, Germany
| | - Sigmund Loland
- Department of Sport and Social Sciences, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michele Verroken
- Centre of Research and Innovation for Sport, Technology and Law (CRISTAL), De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
- Sporting Integrity Ltd, Stoke Mandeville, UK
| | - Pedro Manonelles Marqueta
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Sports Medicine, San Antonio Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Arroyo
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- FIMS Collaborating Center of Sports Medicine, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - André Pedrinelli
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Konstantinos Natsis
- European Federation of Sports Medicine Associations (EFSMA), Lausanne, Switzerland
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Interbalkan Medical Center, FIMS Collaborating Center of Sports Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Anatomy and Surgical Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evert Verhagen
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - William O Roberts
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - José Kawazoe Lazzoli
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University Medical School, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Rogerio Friedman
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Endocrine Unit, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ali Erdogan
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Gloria Sports Arena, FIMS Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ana V Cintron
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Puerto Rico Sports Medicine Federation, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Shu-Hang Patrick Yung
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Asian Federation of Sports Medicine (AFSM), Hong Kong Center of Sports Medicine and Sports Science, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Dimakatso A Ramagole
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sandra Rozenstoka
- European Federation of Sports Medicine Associations (EFSMA), Lausanne, Switzerland
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- FIMS Collaboration Centre of Sports Medicine, Sports laboratory, Riga, Latvia
| | - Felix Drummond
- European Federation of Sports Medicine Associations (EFSMA), Lausanne, Switzerland
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- FIMS Collaboration Centre of Sports Medicine, Instituto de Medicina do Esporte, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Theodora Papadopoulou
- European Federation of Sports Medicine Associations (EFSMA), Lausanne, Switzerland
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Defence Medical Rehabilitation Centre, Stanford Hall, Loughborough, UK
| | - Paulette Y O Kumi
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Richard Twycross-Lewis
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Joanna Harper
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | | | | | - Kumpei Tanisawa
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Jane Seto
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kathryn North
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Siddhartha S Angadi
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Mats Borjesson
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Center for Health and Performance, Goteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Ostra, Region of Western Sweden, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Luigi Di Luigi
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Michiko Dohi
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Sport Medical Center, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jeroen Swart
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- UCT Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - James Lee John Bilzon
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Victoriya Badtieva
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Moscow Research and Practical Center for Medical Rehabilitation, Restorative and Sports Medicine, Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Irina Zelenkova
- GENUD Research Group, FIMS Collaborating Center of Sports Medicine, Department of Physiatry and Nursing, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juergen M Steinacker
- European Federation of Sports Medicine Associations (EFSMA), Lausanne, Switzerland
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Norbert Bachl
- European Federation of Sports Medicine Associations (EFSMA), Lausanne, Switzerland
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Sports Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Institute of Sports Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabio Pigozzi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
- European Federation of Sports Medicine Associations (EFSMA), Lausanne, Switzerland
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Villa Stuart Sport Clinic, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Rome, Italy
| | - Michael Geistlinger
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Unit of International Law, Department of Constitutional, International and European Law, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Dimitrios G Goulis
- Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Fergus Guppy
- Centre for Stress and Age-Related Disease, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Nick Webborn
- School of Sport and Service Management, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
| | - Bulent O Yildiz
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mike Miller
- World Olympian Association, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Yannis P Pitsiladis
- Centre for Exercise Sciences and Sports Medicine, FIMS Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, Rome, Italy.
- Centre for Stress and Age-Related Disease, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK.
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy.
- European Federation of Sports Medicine Associations (EFSMA), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bianchetti L, Sinar D, Depenveiller C, Dejaegere A. Insights into mineralocorticoid receptor homodimerization from a combined molecular modeling and bioinformatics study. Proteins 2021; 89:952-965. [PMID: 33713045 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In vertebrates, the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is a steroid-activated nuclear receptor (NR) that plays essential roles in water-electrolyte balance and blood pressure homeostasis. It belongs to the group of oxo-steroidian NRs, together with the glucocorticoid (GR), progesterone (PR), and androgen (AR) receptors. Classically, these oxo-steroidian NRs homodimerize and bind to specific genomic sequences to activate gene expression. NRs are multi-domain proteins, and dimerization is mediated by both the DNA (DBD) and ligand binding domains (LBDs), with the latter thought to provide the largest dimerization interface. However, at the structural level, the dimerization of oxo-steroidian receptors LBDs has remained largely a matter of debate and, despite their sequence homology, there is currently no consensus on a common homodimer assembly across the four receptors, that is, GR, PR, AR, and MR. Here, we examined all available MR LBD crystals using different computational methods (protein common interface database, proteins, interfaces, structures and assemblies, protein-protein interaction prediction by structural matching, and evolutionary protein-protein interface classifier, and the molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area method). A consensus is reached by all methods and singles out an interface mediated by helices H9, H10 and the C-terminal F domain as having characteristics of a biologically relevant assembly. Interestingly, a similar assembly was previously identified for GRα, MR closest homolog. Alternative architectures that were proposed for GRα were not observed for MR. These data call for further experimental investigations of oxo-steroid dimer architectures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Bianchetti
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biophysique de la Signalisation de la Transcription, Département de Biologie Structurale Intégrative, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch, France
- Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Deniz Sinar
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biophysique de la Signalisation de la Transcription, Département de Biologie Structurale Intégrative, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch, France
- Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Camille Depenveiller
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biophysique de la Signalisation de la Transcription, Département de Biologie Structurale Intégrative, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch, France
- Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Annick Dejaegere
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biophysique de la Signalisation de la Transcription, Département de Biologie Structurale Intégrative, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch, France
- Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Adekoya TO, Smith N, Thomas AJ, Lane TS, Burnette N, Rivers EJ, Li Y, Chen XL, Richardson RM. Host versus cell-dependent effects of β-arrestin 1 expression in prostate tumorigenesis. Carcinogenesis 2021; 42:772-783. [PMID: 33710266 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgab021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) constitutes a serious health challenge and remains one of the main causes of cancer-related death among men. The more aggressive form of the disease has been attributed to androgen independence, resulting in a lack of response to androgen deprivation therapy and sustained activation of other growth pathways. The scaffold proteins β-arrestin 1 and 2 (βarr1 and βarr2), which are known to mediate G protein-coupled receptor desensitization and internalization, were also shown to modulate prostate tumorigenesis. βarr1 is significantly overexpressed (>4-fold) in PCa cells relative to βarr2. In this study, we investigated the effect of βarr1 overexpression in PCa development and progression using the mouse and human PCa cell xenografts, and autochthonous transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) models deficient in β-arrestin depletion of βarr1 in TRAMP mice (TRAMP/βarr1-/-) increased PCa growth and decreased overall survival relative to control TRAMP or TRAMP/βarr2-/- animals. Prostate tissues from TRAMP/βarr1-/- tumors displayed an increase in androgen receptor (AR) expression, whereas overexpression of βarr1 in TRAMP-C1 (TRAMP-C1-βarr1-GFP) which derived from TRAMP decreased AR expression, cell proliferation and tumor growth in nude mice xenografts, relative to control TRAMP-C1-GFP. Knockdown of βarr1 expression in human MDA PCa 2b cells (MDA PCa 2b-βarr1-/-) also decreased AR expression cell proliferation and tumor growth relative to control (MDA PCa 2b-Sham) cells. Interestingly, both TRAMP-C1-βarr1-GFP and MDA PCa 2b-βarr1-/- xenografts showed a decrease in AKT phosphorylation but an increase in MAPK activation. Altogether, the data indicate that the effect of βarr1 in modulating AR signaling to regulate PCa aggressiveness is cell and host autonomous.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy O Adekoya
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Nikia Smith
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Ariel J Thomas
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Tonya S Lane
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Nija Burnette
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Rivers
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Yahui Li
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Xiaoxin L Chen
- Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Ricardo M Richardson
- Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hornig NC, Holterhus PM. Molecular basis of androgen insensitivity syndromes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 523:111146. [PMID: 33385475 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome show a female genital phenotype despite 46, XY gonosomes and the presence of androgen producing testes. This clinical observation indicates the resistance of the body and its cells to androgens like testosterone. At the molecular level, this hormone resistance is caused by hemizygous loss of function mutations in the X-chromosomal androgen receptor (AR) gene. Partial forms of androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS) show different degrees of virilisation largely depending on the remaining activity of the AR. Nevertheless, the phenotypic outcome can be variable even in presence of the same mutation and in the same kindred indicating the presence of further influencing factors. Importantly, the majority of clinically diagnosed PAIS individuals do not bear a mutation in their AR gene. A recent assay using the androgen regulated gene apolipoprotein D as biomarker is able to detect androgen insensitivity on the cellular level even in absence of an AR gene mutation. Using this assay a class of AIS without an AR-gene mutation was defined as AIS type II and suggests that unidentified cofactors of the AR are responsible for the PAIS phenotype. Here we outline the scientific progress made from the first clinical definition of AIS over biochemical and molecular characterizations to the concept of AIS type II. This review is based on publications in the PubMed database of the National Institutes of Health using the search terms androgen insensitivity syndrome and androgen receptor mutation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine C Hornig
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel & University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Paul-Martin Holterhus
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel & University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bharti S, Vadlamudi HC. A strategic review on the involvement of receptors, transcription factors and hormones in acne pathogenesis. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2020; 41:105-116. [PMID: 32787477 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2020.1805626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Acne vulgaris is a very common pilosebaceous inflammatory disease occurring primarily on the face and also rare on the upper arms, trunk, and back, which is caused by Propionibacterium, Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, and other species. Pathophysiology of acne comprises of irregular keratinocyte proliferation, differentiation, increased sebum output, bacterial antigens and cytokines induced inflammatory response. Treatment of acne requires proper knowledge on the pathophysiology then only the clinician can come out with a proper therapeutic dosage regimen. Understanding the pathophysiology not only includes the mechanism but also involvement of receptors. Thus, this review is framed in such a way that the authors have focused on the disease acne vulgaris, pathophysiology, transcription factors viz. the Forkhead Box O1 (FoxO1) Transcription Factor, hormones like androgens and receptors such as Histamine receptors, Retinoic receptor, Fibroblast growth factor receptors, Toll like receptor, Androgen receptor, Liver X-receptor, Melanocortin receptor, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and epidermal growth factor receptors involvement in the progression of acne vulgaris.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Bharti
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bangalore, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yu X, Yi P, Hamilton RA, Shen H, Chen M, Foulds CE, Mancini MA, Ludtke SJ, Wang Z, O'Malley BW. Structural Insights of Transcriptionally Active, Full-Length Androgen Receptor Coactivator Complexes. Mol Cell 2020; 79:812-823.e4. [PMID: 32668201 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Steroid receptors activate gene transcription by recruiting coactivators to initiate transcription of their target genes. For most nuclear receptors, the ligand-dependent activation function domain-2 (AF-2) is a primary contributor to the nuclear receptor (NR) transcriptional activity. In contrast to other steroid receptors, such as ERα, the activation function of androgen receptor (AR) is largely dependent on its ligand-independent AF-1 located in its N-terminal domain (NTD). It remains unclear why AR utilizes a different AF domain from other receptors despite that NRs share similar domain organizations. Here, we present cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of DNA-bound full-length AR and its complex structure with key coactivators, SRC-3 and p300. AR dimerization follows a unique head-to-head and tail-to-tail manner. Unlike ERα, AR directly contacts a single SRC-3 and p300. The AR NTD is the primary site for coactivator recruitment. The structures provide a basis for understanding assembly of the AR:coactivator complex and its domain contributions for coactivator assembly and transcriptional regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhe Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ping Yi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ross A Hamilton
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hong Shen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Muyuan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Charles E Foulds
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael A Mancini
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Steven J Ludtke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Bert W O'Malley
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tiwari R, Manzar N, Ateeq B. Dynamics of Cellular Plasticity in Prostate Cancer Progression. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:130. [PMID: 32754615 PMCID: PMC7365877 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the current advances in the treatment for prostate cancer, the patients often develop resistance to the conventional therapeutic interventions. Therapy-induced drug resistance and tumor progression have been associated with cellular plasticity acquired due to reprogramming at the molecular and phenotypic levels. The plasticity of the tumor cells is mainly governed by two factors: cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic. The cell-intrinsic factors involve alteration in the genetic or epigenetic regulators, while cell-extrinsic factors include microenvironmental cues and drug-induced selective pressure. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and stemness are two important hallmarks that dictate cellular plasticity in multiple cancer types including prostate. Emerging evidence has also pinpointed the role of tumor cell plasticity in driving anti-androgen induced neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC), a lethal and therapy-resistant subtype. In this review, we discuss the role of cellular plasticity manifested due to genetic, epigenetic alterations and cues from the tumor microenvironment, and their role in driving therapy resistant prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bushra Ateeq
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kokal M, Mirzakhani K, Pungsrinont T, Baniahmad A. Mechanisms of Androgen Receptor Agonist- and Antagonist-Mediated Cellular Senescence in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071833. [PMID: 32650419 PMCID: PMC7408918 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) plays a leading role in the control of prostate cancer (PCa) growth. Interestingly, structurally different AR antagonists with distinct mechanisms of antagonism induce cell senescence, a mechanism that inhibits cell cycle progression, and thus seems to be a key cellular response for the treatment of PCa. Surprisingly, while physiological levels of androgens promote growth, supraphysiological androgen levels (SAL) inhibit PCa growth in an AR-dependent manner by inducing cell senescence in cancer cells. Thus, oppositional acting ligands, AR antagonists, and agonists are able to induce cellular senescence in PCa cells, as shown in cell culture model as well as ex vivo in patient tumor samples. This suggests a dual AR-signaling dependent on androgen levels that leads to the paradox of the rational to keep the AR constantly inactivated in order to treat PCa. These observations however opened the option to treat PCa patients with AR antagonists and/or with androgens at supraphysiological levels. The latter is currently used in clinical trials in so-called bipolar androgen therapy (BAT). Notably, cellular senescence is induced by AR antagonists or agonist in both androgen-dependent and castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). Pathway analysis suggests a crosstalk between AR and the non-receptor tyrosine kinase Src-Akt/PKB and the PI3K-mTOR-autophagy signaling in mediating AR-induced cellular senescence in PCa. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of therapeutic induction and intracellular pathways of AR-mediated cellular senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Aria Baniahmad
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3641-9396820; Fax: +49-3641-99396822
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Han Q, Yang D, Yin C, Zhang J. Androgen Receptor (AR)-TLR4 Crosstalk Mediates Gender Disparities in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Incidence and Progression. J Cancer 2020; 11:1094-1103. [PMID: 31956356 PMCID: PMC6959060 DOI: 10.7150/jca.30682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Androgen receptor (AR) has a role in regulating malignancies and gender disparities in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Recently, TLR4 activation is demonstrated to be required for HCC progression; however, whether and how TLR4 interacts with AR is largely unknown. Methods: The tumorigenesis was detected in female and male mice induced by DEN/CCL4, then TLR4 and AR signals were detected in liver tissues by qPCR and FACS. The proliferation, colony formation and migration of HCC cell treated with TLR4 agonist LPS, or/and androgen DHT were evaluated in vitro. Furthermore, the expression of TLR4 and AR was detected by IHC in tissue microarray of HCC, and correlation of AR and TLR4 was defined. Results: Male mice are more susceptible to develop HCC than female mice. Meanwhile, we found baseline TLR4 levels were higher in male mice than in female mice. AR expression in male mice was increased by treatment with DEN/CCL4. And, AR was constitutively expressed in human HCC cell lines. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) stimulated TLR4 expression in both HepG2 and HepG2 2.15 cells, which could be blocked by silencing AR. On the other hand, treatment with LPS stimulated AR expression, but it was blocked by treatment with TLR4 antagonist and in cells deficient for TLR4. DHT treatment exacerbated TLR4-induced cellular proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion of HepG2 cells. The positive relationship between AR and TLR4 was confirmed in human HCC samples. Conclusions: DHT-AR-TLR4 signaling enhances the development of HCC cells and facilitates their migration and invasion, demonstrating a mechanism underlying gender disparity in HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuju Han
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Chunlai Yin
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA, Hymer WC, Nindl BC, Fragala MS. Growth Hormone(s), Testosterone, Insulin-Like Growth Factors, and Cortisol: Roles and Integration for Cellular Development and Growth With Exercise. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:33. [PMID: 32158429 PMCID: PMC7052063 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormones are largely responsible for the integrated communication of several physiological systems responsible for modulating cellular growth and development. Although the specific hormonal influence must be considered within the context of the entire endocrine system and its relationship with other physiological systems, three key hormones are considered the "anabolic giants" in cellular growth and repair: testosterone, the growth hormone superfamily, and the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) superfamily. In addition to these anabolic hormones, glucocorticoids, mainly cortisol must also be considered because of their profound opposing influence on human skeletal muscle anabolism in many instances. This review presents emerging research on: (1) Testosterone signaling pathways, responses, and adaptations to resistance training; (2) Growth hormone: presents new complexity with exercise stress; (3) Current perspectives on IGF-I and physiological adaptations and complexity these hormones as related to training; and (4) Glucocorticoid roles in integrated communication for anabolic/catabolic signaling. Specifically, the review describes (1) Testosterone as the primary anabolic hormone, with an anabolic influence largely dictated primarily by genomic and possible non-genomic signaling, satellite cell activation, interaction with other anabolic signaling pathways, upregulation or downregulation of the androgen receptor, and potential roles in co-activators and transcriptional activity; (2) Differential influences of growth hormones depending on the "type" of the hormone being assayed and the magnitude of the physiological stress; (3) The exquisite regulation of IGF-1 by a family of binding proteins (IGFBPs 1-6), which can either stimulate or inhibit biological action depending on binding; and (4) Circadian patterning and newly discovered variants of glucocorticoid isoforms largely dictating glucocorticoid sensitivity and catabolic, muscle sparing, or pathological influence. The downstream integrated anabolic and catabolic mechanisms of these hormones not only affect the ability of skeletal muscle to generate force; they also have implications for pharmaceutical treatments, aging, and prevalent chronic conditions such as metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and hypertension. Thus, advances in our understanding of hormones that impact anabolic: catabolic processes have relevance for athletes and the general population, alike.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William J. Kraemer
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: William J. Kraemer
| | - Nicholas A. Ratamess
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, United States
| | - Wesley C. Hymer
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Bradley C. Nindl
- Department of Sports Medicine, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Barrientos G, Llanos P, Basualto-Alarcón C, Estrada M. Androgen-Regulated Cardiac Metabolism in Aging Men. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:316. [PMID: 32499759 PMCID: PMC7243157 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of cardiovascular mortality is higher in men than in age-matched premenopausal women. Gender differences are linked to circulating sex-related steroid hormone levels and their cardio-specific actions, which are critical factors involved in the prevalence and features of age-associated cardiovascular disease. In women, estrogens have been described as cardioprotective agents, while in men, testosterone is the main sex steroid hormone. The effects of testosterone as a metabolic regulator and cardioprotective agent in aging men are poorly understood. With advancing age, testosterone levels gradually decrease in men, an effect associated with increasing fat mass, decrease in lean body mass, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and adjustment in energy substrate metabolism. Aging is associated with a decline in metabolism, characterized by modifications in cardiac function, excitation-contraction coupling, and lower efficacy to generate energy. Testosterone deficiency -as found in elderly men- rapidly becomes an epidemic condition, associated with prominent cardiometabolic disorders. Therefore, it is highly probable that senior men showing low testosterone levels will display symptoms of androgen deficiency, presenting an unfavorable metabolic profile and increased cardiovascular risk. Moreover, recent reports establish that testosterone replacement improves cardiomyocyte bioenergetics, increases glucose metabolism and reduces insulin resistance in elderly men. Thus, testosterone-related metabolic signaling and gene expression may constitute relevant therapeutic target for preventing, or treating, age- and gender-related cardiometabolic diseases in men. Here, we will discuss the impact of current evidence showing how cardiac metabolism is regulated by androgen levels in aging men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Genaro Barrientos
- Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Estudios en Ejercicio, Metabolismo y Cáncer (CEMC), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Llanos
- Centro de Estudios en Ejercicio, Metabolismo y Cáncer (CEMC), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Odontología, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas (ICOD), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carla Basualto-Alarcón
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Aysén, Coyhaique, Chile
- Departamento de Anatomía y Medicina Legal, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel Estrada
- Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Manuel Estrada
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
De Amicis F, Chiodo C, Morelli C, Casaburi I, Marsico S, Bruno R, Sisci D, Andò S, Lanzino M. AIB1 sequestration by androgen receptor inhibits estrogen-dependent cyclin D1 expression in breast cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:1038. [PMID: 31684907 PMCID: PMC6829973 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6262-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Androgens, through their own receptor, play a protective role on breast tumor development and progression and counterbalance estrogen-dependent growth stimuli which are intimately linked to breast carcinogenesis. Methods Cell counting by trypan blu exclusion was used to study androgen effect on estrogen-dependent breast tumor growth. Quantitative Real Time RT–PCR, western blotting, transient transfection, protein immunoprecipitation and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were carried out to investigate how androgen treatment and/or androgen receptor overexpression influences the functional interaction between the steroid receptor coactivator AIB1 and the estrogen- or androgen receptor which, in turn affects the estrogen-induced cyclin D1 gene expression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Data were analyzed by ANOVA. Results Here we demonstrated, in estrogen receptor α (ERα)-positive breast cancer cells, an androgen-dependent mechanism through which ligand-activated androgen receptor (AR) decreases estradiol-induced cyclin D1 protein, mRNA and gene promoter activity. These effects involve the competition between AR and ERα for the interaction with the steroid receptor coactivator AIB1, a limiting factor in the functional coupling of the ERα with the cyclin D1 promoter. Indeed, AIB1 overexpression is able to reverse the down-regulatory effects exerted by AR on ERα-mediated induction of cyclin D1 promoter activity. Co-immunoprecipitation studies indicated that the preferential interaction of AIB1 with ERα or AR depends on the intracellular expression levels of the two steroid receptors. In addition, ChIP analysis evidenced that androgen administration decreased E2-induced recruitment of AIB1 on the AP-1 site containing region of the cyclin D1 gene promoter. Conclusions Taken together all these data support the hypothesis that AIB1 sequestration by AR may be an effective mechanism to explain the reduction of estrogen-induced cyclin D1 gene activity. In estrogen-dependent breast cancer cell proliferation, these findings reinforce the possibility that targeting AR signalling may potentiate the effectiveness of anti-estrogen adjuvant therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca De Amicis
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, CS, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Chiara Chiodo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, CS, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Catia Morelli
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, CS, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Ivan Casaburi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, CS, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Stefania Marsico
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, CS, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Rosalinda Bruno
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, CS, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Diego Sisci
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, CS, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy.
| | - Sebastiano Andò
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, CS, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Marilena Lanzino
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, CS, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Touzon MS, Garrido NP, Marino R, Ramirez P, Costanzo M, Guercio G, Berensztein E, Rivarola MA, Belgorosky A. Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome: Clinical Phenotype and Molecular Analysis in a Single Tertiary Center Cohort. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2019; 11:24-33. [PMID: 30251955 PMCID: PMC6398199 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2018.2018.0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was the molecular characterization of the AR gene as the cause of 46,XY disorder in our population. METHODS We studied 41, non related, 46,XY disorder of sexual differentiation index cases, having characteristics consistent with androgen insensivity syndrome (AIS). Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood leukocytes of all patients and 25 family members from 17 non-related families. RESULTS The AR gene analysis revealed an abnormal sequence in 58.5% of the index patients. All of the complete AIS (CAIS) cases were genetically confirmed, while in the partial form (PAIS) a mutation in AR was detected in only 13 (43.3%). Molecular studies revealed other affected or carrier relatives in 87% of the index cases. The AR mutations were found spread along the whole coding sequence, with a higher prevalence in the ligand binding domain. Nine out of 23 (39%) AR mutations were novel. In 17% of patients with detected AR mutations, somatic mosaicism was detected in leucocyte DNA. In our cohort, long-term follow up gender dysphoria, raised as male or female, was not found. Finally, in suspected PAIS, the identification of AR mutation occurred significantly less than in CAIS patients. CONCLUSION Improved knowledge of the components of the AR complex and signaling network might contribute to long term outcome and genetic counseling in AIS patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sol Touzon
- Hospital de Pediatria Garrahan, Endocrinology Service, Buenos Aires, Argentina,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Endocrinology Service, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Roxana Marino
- Hospital de Pediatria Garrahan, Endocrinology Service, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Ramirez
- Hospital de Pediatria Garrahan, Endocrinology Service, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Costanzo
- Hospital de Pediatria Garrahan, Endocrinology Service, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Guercio
- Hospital de Pediatria Garrahan, Endocrinology Service, Buenos Aires, Argentina,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Endocrinology Service, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Marco A. Rivarola
- Hospital de Pediatria Garrahan, Endocrinology Service, Buenos Aires, Argentina,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Endocrinology Service, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Belgorosky
- Hospital de Pediatria Garrahan, Endocrinology Service, Buenos Aires, Argentina,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Endocrinology Service, Buenos Aires, Argentina,* Address for Correspondence: Hospital de Pediatria Garrahan, Endocrinology Service, Buenos Aires, Argentina Phone: +541143080034 E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kuo PL, Tseng JY, Chen HI, Wu CY, Omar HA, Wang CY, Cheng HY, Hsu CC, Fu TF, Teng YN. Identification of SEPTIN12 as a novel target of the androgen and estrogen receptors in human testicular cells. Biochimie 2018; 158:1-9. [PMID: 30513371 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
SEPTIN12 (SEPT12) is a testis-enriched gene that is downregulated in the testis of infertile men with severe spermatogenic defects. While SEPT12 is involved in spermatogenic failure and sperm motility disorder, SEPT12 transcriptional regulation is still unknown. Here we report the promoter region of SEPT12 as a 245 bp segment upstream of the transcription start site. One androgen receptor (AR) and two estrogen receptor α (ERα) binding sites in this region were initially identified by bioinformatics prediction and confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Truncated ERα or AR binding sites decreased the promoter activity, which indicated that the ERα and AR are essential for the SEPT12 promoter. On the other hand, the promoter activity was enhanced by the treatment with 17β-estradiol (E2) and 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT). Thus, one androgen and two estrogen hormone responsive elements located in the promoter of SEPT12 gene can regulate SEPT12 expression. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs759992 T > C and rs3827527 C > T, were observed in the SEPT12 gene promoter region and were able to decrease the promoter activity. In conclusion, the current work identified the promoter of the human SEPT12 gene and provided key evidence about its transcriptional regulation via E2 and 5α-DHT. Since SEPT12 has an important role in spermatogenesis, SEPT12 expression analysis can be developed as a potential tool for the assessment of environmental or food pollution by hormones or for the evaluation of the risk of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pao-Lin Kuo
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, National Cheng Kung University, College of Medicine, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Jie-Yun Tseng
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, National University of Tainan, Tainan, 700, Taiwan
| | - Hau-Inh Chen
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yun Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, National University of Tainan, Tainan, 700, Taiwan
| | - Hany A Omar
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research and College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt
| | - Chia-Yih Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, National Cheng Kung University, College of Medicine, Tainan, 701, Taiwan; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, College of Medicine, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Han-Yi Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, National University of Tainan, Tainan, 700, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Chin Hsu
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Fun Fu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, College of Medicine, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ni Teng
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, National University of Tainan, Tainan, 700, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hornig NC, Rodens P, Dörr H, Hubner NC, Kulle AE, Schweikert HU, Welzel M, Bens S, Hiort O, Werner R, Gonzalves S, Eckstein AK, Cools M, Verrijn-Stuart A, Stunnenberg HG, Siebert R, Ammerpohl O, Holterhus PM. Epigenetic Repression of Androgen Receptor Transcription in Mutation-Negative Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS Type II). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:4617-4627. [PMID: 30124873 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Inactivating mutations within the AR gene are present in only ~40% of individuals with clinically and hormonally diagnosed androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS). Previous studies revealed the existence of an AR gene mutation-negative group of patients with AIS who have compromised androgen receptor (AR) function (AIS type II). OBJECTIVE To investigate whether AIS type II can be due to epigenetic repression of AR transcription. DESIGN Quantification of AR mRNA and AR proximal promoter CpG methylation levels in genital skin-derived fibroblasts (GFs) derived from patients with AIS type II and control individuals. SETTING University hospital endocrine research laboratory. PATIENTS GFs from control individuals (n = 11) and patients with AIS type II (n = 14). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Measurement of AR mRNA and AR promoter CpG methylation as well as activity of AR proximal promoter in vitro. RESULTS Fifty-seven percent of individuals with AIS type II (n = 8) showed a reduced AR mRNA expression in their GFs. A significant inverse correlation was shown between AR mRNA abundance and methylation at two consecutive CpGs within the proximal AR promoter. Methylation of a 158-bp-long region containing these CpGs was sufficient to severely reduce reporter gene expression. This region was bound by the runt related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1). Ectopic expression of RUNX1 in HEK293T cells was able to inhibit reporter gene expression through this region. CONCLUSIONS Aberrant CpGs methylation within the proximal AR promoter plays an important role in the control of AR gene expression and may result in AIS type II. We suggest that transcriptional modifiers, such as RUNX1, could play roles therein offering new perspectives for understanding androgen-mediated endocrine diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine C Hornig
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Pascal Rodens
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Helmuth Dörr
- Department of Pediatrics, University Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nina C Hubner
- Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour-Centre for Neuroscience, GL Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Alexandra E Kulle
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hans-Udo Schweikert
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division III, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maik Welzel
- Gemeinschaftspraxis für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Eckernförde, Germany
| | - Susanne Bens
- Institute of Human Genetics, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Ulm University and Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Olaf Hiort
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Ralf Werner
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Susanne Gonzalves
- Department of Pediatrics, Diakonissen-Stiftungs-Krankenhaus, Speyer, Germany
| | | | - Martine Cools
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Reiner Siebert
- Institute of Human Genetics, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Ulm University and Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ole Ammerpohl
- Institute of Human Genetics, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Ulm University and Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Paul-Martin Holterhus
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Li D, Tian G, Wang J, Zhao LY, Co O, Underill ZC, Mymryk JS, Claessens F, Dehm SM, Daaka Y, Liao D. Inhibition of androgen receptor transactivation function by adenovirus type 12 E1A undermines prostate cancer cell survival. Prostate 2018; 78:1140-1156. [PMID: 30009471 PMCID: PMC6424568 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations or truncation of the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of androgen receptor (AR) underlie treatment resistance for prostate cancer (PCa). Thus, targeting the AR N-terminal domain (NTD) could overcome such resistance. METHODS Luciferase reporter assays after transient transfection of various DNA constructs were used to assess effects of E1A proteins on AR-mediated transcription. Immunofluorescence microscopy and subcellular fractionation were applied to assess intracellular protein localization. Immunoprecipitation and mammalian two-hybrid assays were used to detect protein-protein interactions. qRT-PCR was employed to determine RNA levels. Western blotting was used to detect protein expression in cells. Effects of adenoviruses on prostate cancer cell survival were evaluated with CellTiter-Glo assays. RESULTS Adenovirus 12 E1A (E1A12) binds specifically to the AR. Interestingly, the full-length E1A12 (266 aa) preferentially binds to full-length AR, while the small E1A12 variant (235 aa) interacts more strongly with AR-V7. E1A12 promotes AR nuclear translocation, likely through mediating intramolecular AR NTD-LBD interactions. In the nucleus, AR and E1A12 co-expression in AR-null PCa cells results in E1A12 redistribution from nuclear foci containing CBX4 (also known as Pc2), suggesting a preferential AR-E1A12 interaction over other E1A12 interactors. E1A12 represses AR-mediated transcription in reporter gene assays and endogenous AR target genes such as ATAD2 and MYC in AR-expressing PCa cells. AR-expressing PCa cells are more sensitive to death induced by a recombinant adenovirus expressing E1A12 (Ad-E1A12) than AR-deficient PCa cells, which could be attributed to the increased viral replication promoted by androgen stimulation. Targeting the AR by E1A12 promotes apoptosis in PCa cells that express the full-length AR or C-terminally truncated AR variants. Importantly, inhibition of mTOR signaling that blocks the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins markedly augments Ad-E1A12-induced apoptosis of AR-expressing cells. Mechanistically, Ad-E1A12 infection triggers apoptotic response while activating the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling axis; thus, mTOR inhibition enhances apoptosis in AR-expressing PCa cells infected by Ad-E1A12. CONCLUSION Ad12 E1A inhibits AR-mediated transcription and suppresses PCa cell survival, suggesting that targeting the AR by E1A12 might have therapeutic potential for treating advanced PCa with heightened AR signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Li
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, P. R. China
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, UF Health Cancer Center and UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Guimei Tian
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, UF Health Cancer Center and UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, UF Health Cancer Center and UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610
- Affiliated Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lisa Y. Zhao
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, UF Health Cancer Center and UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610
- Present address: Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Olivia Co
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, UF Health Cancer Center and UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Zoe C. Underill
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, UF Health Cancer Center and UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Joe S. Mymryk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the University of Western Ontario, London Regional Cancer Centre, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frank Claessens
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 PO box 901, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Scott M. Dehm
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Yehia Daaka
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, UF Health Cancer Center and UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Daiqing Liao
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, UF Health Cancer Center and UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610
- Corresponding author: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, 1333 Center Drive, Gainesville, Florida, 32610-0235, , Phone: 352-273-8188, Fax: 352-846-1248
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Cai Z, Chen W, Zhang J, Li H. Androgen receptor: what we know and what we expect in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Int Urol Nephrol 2018; 50:1753-1764. [PMID: 30128923 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-018-1964-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy is an important therapy for prostate cancer (PCa) in aging men. Under the background of castration, it is inevitable that prostate cancer will develop into castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which has a high mortality rate, after 2-3 years. Androgen receptor (AR) plays a key role in PCa development and is essential to CRPC. More recent research studies have reported that the development of CRPC is largely due to altered mechanisms related to AR, so it is important for us to understand the roles of AR and detailed AR-related mechanisms in CRPC. The multiple AR-related mechanisms promoting the development of CRPC are as follows: (1) enhanced transformation and increased synthesis of intratumoral androgen; (2) AR overexpression, which enables CRPC to be hypersensitive to low levels of androgen; (3) AR cofactors, which enhanced AR transactivation; (4) AR-spliced variants, which mediated downstream gene expression without androgen; (5) the interaction between the AR pathway and classic tumor-related pathways; and» (6) AR mutations, which reduced AR specificity and enhanced AR transcription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglin Cai
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Weijie Chen
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhang
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Hongjun Li
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The current review focuses on the neonatal presentation of disorders of sex development, summarize the current approach to the evaluation of newborns and describes recent advances in understanding of underlying genetic aetiology of these conditions. RECENT FINDINGS Several possible candidate genes as well as other adverse environmental factors have been described as contributing to several clinical subgroups of 46,XY DSDs. Moreover, registry-based studies showed that infants with suspected DSD may have extragenital anomalies and in 46,XY cases, being small for gestational age (SGA), cardiac and neurological malformations are the commonest concomitant conditions. SUMMARY Considering that children and adults with DSD may be at risk of several comorbidities a clear aetiological diagnosis will guide further management. To date, a firm diagnosis is not reached in over half of the cases of 46,XY DSD. Whilst it is likely that improved diagnostic resources will bridge this gap in the future, the next challenge to the clinical community will be to show that such advances will result in an improvement in clinical care.
Collapse
|
33
|
Liu N, Zhou W, Guo Y, Wang J, Fu W, Sun H, Li D, Duan M, Hou T. Molecular Dynamics Simulations Revealed the Regulation of Ligands to the Interactions between Androgen Receptor and Its Coactivator. J Chem Inf Model 2018; 58:1652-1661. [PMID: 29993249 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.8b00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) plays important roles in gene expression regulation, sexual phenotype maintenance, and prostate cancer (PCa) development. The communications between the AR ligand-binding domain (LBD) and its coactivator are critical to the activation of AR. It is still unclear how the ligand binding would affect the AR-coactivator interactions. In this work, the effects of the ligand binding on the AR-coactivator communications were explored by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The results showed that the ligand binding regulates the residue interactions in the function site AF-2. The ligand-to-coactivator allosteric pathway, which involves the coactivator, helix 3 (H3), helix 4 (H4), the loop between H3 and H4 (L3), and helix 12 (H12), and ligands, was characterized. In addition, the interactions of residues on the function site BF-3, especially on the boundary of AF-2 and BF-3, are also affected by the ligands. The MM/GBSA free energy calculations demonstrated that the binding affinity between the coactivator and apo-AR is roughly weaker than those between the coactivator and antagonistic ARs but stronger than those between the coactivator and agonistic ARs. The results indicated that the long-range electrostatic interactions and the conformational entropies are the main factors affecting the binding free energies. In addition, the F876L mutation on AR-LBD affects the ligand-to-coactivator allosteric pathway, which could be the reason for point mutation induced tolerance for the antagonistic drugs such as enzalutamide. Our study would help to develop novel drug candidates against PCa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan , Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430071 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wenfang Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310058 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Guo
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan , Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430071 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Junmei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15261 , United States
| | - Weitao Fu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310058 , People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyong Sun
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310058 , People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310058 , People's Republic of China
| | - Mojie Duan
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan , Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430071 , China
| | - Tingjun Hou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310058 , People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hejmej A, Bilinska B. The effects of flutamide on cell-cell junctions in the testis, epididymis, and prostate. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 81:1-16. [PMID: 29958919 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we summarize recent findings on the effect of the anti-androgen flutamide on cell-cell junctions in the male reproductive system. We outline developmental aspects of flutamide action on the testis, epididymis, and prostate, and describe changes in junction protein expression and organization of junctional complexes in the adult boar following prenatal and postnatal exposure. We also discuss findings on the mechanisms by which flutamide induces alterations in cell-cell junctions in reproductive tissues of adult males, with special emphasis on cytoplasmic effects. Based on the results from in vivo and in vitro studies in the rat, we propose that flutamide affects the expression of junction proteins and junction complex structure not only by inhibiting androgen receptor activity, but equally important by modulating protein kinase-dependent signaling in testicular cells. Additionally, results from studies on prostate cancer cell lines point to a role for the cellular molecular outfit in response to flutamide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hejmej
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Barbara Bilinska
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ceruti JM, Leirós GJ, Balañá ME. Androgens and androgen receptor action in skin and hair follicles. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 465:122-133. [PMID: 28912032 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Beyond sexual functions, androgens exert their action in skin physiology and pathophysiology. Skin cells are able to synthesize most active androgens from gonadal or adrenal precursors and the enzymes involved in skin steroidogenesis are implicated both in normal or pathological processes. Even when the role of androgens and androgen receptor (AR) in skin pathologies has been studied for decades, their molecular mechanisms in skin disorders remain largely unknown. Here, we analyze recent studies of androgens and AR roles in several skin-related disorders, focusing in the current understanding of their molecular mechanisms in androgenetic alopecia (AGA). We review the molecular pathophysiology of type 2 5α-reductase, AR coactivators, the paracrine factors deregulated in dermal papillae (such as TGF-β, IGF 1, WNTs and DKK-1) and the crosstalk between AR and Wnt signaling in order to shed some light on new promising treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julieta María Ceruti
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Saladillo, 2468 (C1440FFX) Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo José Leirós
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Saladillo, 2468 (C1440FFX) Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Eugenia Balañá
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Saladillo, 2468 (C1440FFX) Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Moon SJ, Jeong BC, Kim HJ, Lim JE, Kwon GY, Kim JH. DBC1 promotes castration-resistant prostate cancer by positively regulating DNA binding and stability of AR-V7. Oncogene 2017; 37:1326-1339. [PMID: 29249800 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-017-0047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Constitutively active AR-V7, one of the major androgen receptor (AR) splice variants lacking the ligand-binding domain, plays a key role in the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and anti-androgen resistance. However, our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of AR-V7-driven transcription is limited. Here we report DBC1 as a key regulator of AR-V7 transcriptional activity and stability in CRPC cells. DBC1 functions as a coactivator for AR-V7 and is required for the expression of AR-V7 target genes including CDH2, a mesenchymal marker linked to CRPC progression. DBC1 is required for recruitment of AR-V7 to its target enhancers and for long-range chromatin looping between the CDH2 enhancer and promoter. Mechanistically, DBC1 enhances DNA-binding activity of AR-V7 by direct interaction and inhibits CHIP E3 ligase-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of AR-V7 by competing with CHIP for AR-V7 binding, thereby stabilizing and activating AR-V7. Importantly, DBC1 depletion suppresses the tumorigenic and metastatic properties of CRPC cells. Our results firmly establish DBC1 as a critical AR-V7 coactivator that plays a key role in the regulation of DNA binding and stability of AR-V7 and has an important physiological role in CRPC progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sue Jin Moon
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byong Chang Jeong
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hwa Jin Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joung Eun Lim
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ghee Young Kwon
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Hoon Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Li P, Chen J, Kashiwagi E, Mizushima T, Han B, Inoue S, Ide H, Izumi K, Miyamoto H. The interaction between androgen receptor and semenogelin I: a synthetic LxxLL peptide antagonist inhibits the growth of prostate cancer cells. Br J Cancer 2017; 118:416-420. [PMID: 29136406 PMCID: PMC5808024 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We previously demonstrated that a seminal plasma protein, semenogelin I (SgI), functioned as an androgen receptor (AR) coactivator. Meanwhile, several short sequence motifs in AR coregulators, such as LxxLL (L=leucine), have been shown to mediate specific interactions with AR. Methods: We investigated the role of the LxxLL motif within SgI in the interactions with AR and cell growth in prostate cancer lines in vitro. Results: A full-length SgI with mutations in the motif (i.e., LxxAA; A=alanine) failed to significantly increase cell proliferation/migration as well as androgen-mediated AR transcription. Co-immunoprecipitation showed no physical interactions between AR and the mutant SgI. In addition, transfection of an 18-amino acid peptide of SgI containing LxxLL, but not LxxAA, resulted in considerable reduction in cell growth and prostate-specific antigen expression in LNCaP and C4-2 lines. Conclusions: The LxxLL motif of SgI could be a novel therapeutic target for both androgen-sensitive and castration-resistant prostate cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Jinbo Chen
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.,James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Eiji Kashiwagi
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Taichi Mizushima
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.,James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Bin Han
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.,James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Hiroki Ide
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Koji Izumi
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Hiroshi Miyamoto
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.,James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.,Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Boivin FJ, Schmidt-Ott KM. Transcriptional mechanisms coordinating tight junction assembly during epithelial differentiation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017. [PMID: 28636799 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial tissues form a selective barrier via direct cell-cell interactions to separate and establish concentration gradients between the different compartments of the body. Proper function and formation of this barrier rely on the establishment of distinct intercellular junction complexes. These complexes include tight junctions, adherens junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions. The tight junction is by far the most diverse junctional complex in the epithelial barrier. Its composition varies greatly across different epithelial tissues to confer various barrier properties. Thus, epithelial cells rely on tightly regulated transcriptional mechanisms to ensure proper formation of the epithelial barrier and to achieve tight junction diversity. Here, we review different transcriptional mechanisms utilized during embryogenesis and disease development to promote tight junction assembly and maintenance of intercellular barrier integrity. We focus particularly on the Grainyhead-like transcription factors and ligand-activated nuclear hormone receptors, two central families of proteins in epithelialization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix J Boivin
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Kai M Schmidt-Ott
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Nephrology, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Perera L, Li Y, Coons LA, Houtman R, van Beuningen R, Goodwin B, Auerbach SS, Teng CT. Binding of bisphenol A, bisphenol AF, and bisphenol S on the androgen receptor: Coregulator recruitment and stimulation of potential interaction sites. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 44:287-302. [PMID: 28751236 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol AF (BPAF), and bisphenol S (BPS) are well known endocrine disruptors. Previous in vitro studies showed that these compounds antagonize androgen receptor (AR) transcriptional activity; however, the mechanisms of action are unclear. In the present study, we investigated interactions of coregulator peptides with BPA, BPAF, or BPS at the AR complexes using Micro Array for Real-time Coregulator Nuclear Receptor Interaction (MARCoNI) assays and assessed the binding of these compounds on AR by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The set of coregulator peptides that are recruited by BPA-bound AR, either positively/or negatively, are different from those recruited by the agonist R1881-bound AR. Therefore, the data indicates that BPA shows no similarities to R1881 and suggests that it may recruit other coregulators to the AR complex. BPAF-bound AR recruits about 70-80% of the same coregulator peptides as BPA-bound AR. Meanwhile, BPS-bound AR interacts with only few peptides compared to BPA or BPAF-bound AR. MD results show that multiple binding sites with varying binding affinities are available on AR for BPA, BPAF, and BPS, indicating the availability of modified binding surfaces on AR for coregulator interactions. These findings help explain some of the distinct AR-related toxicities observed with bisphenol chemicals and raise concern for the use of substitutes for BPA in commercial products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lalith Perera
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, United States
| | - Yin Li
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, DIR, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Laurel A Coons
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, DIR, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Rene Houtman
- PamGene International B.V., Wolvenhoek 10, NL-5211 HH 's-Hertogenboch, The Netherlands
| | - Rinie van Beuningen
- PamGene International B.V., Wolvenhoek 10, NL-5211 HH 's-Hertogenboch, The Netherlands
| | - Bonnie Goodwin
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, United States
| | - Scott S Auerbach
- Biomolecular Screening Branch, DNTP, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Christina T Teng
- Biomolecular Screening Branch, DNTP, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Hu J, Wang G, Sun T. Dissecting the roles of the androgen receptor in prostate cancer from molecular perspectives. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317692259. [PMID: 28475016 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317692259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor plays a pivotal role in prostate cancer progression, and androgen deprivation therapy to intercept androgen receptor signal pathway is an indispensable treatment for most advanced prostate cancer patients to delay cancer progression. However, the emerging of castration-resistant prostate cancer reminds us the alteration of androgen receptor, which includes androgen receptor mutation, the formation of androgen receptor variants, and androgen receptor distribution in cancer cells. In this review, we introduce the process of androgen receptor and also its variants' formation, translocation, and function alteration by protein modification or interaction with other pathways. We dissect the roles of androgen receptor in prostate cancer from molecular perspective to provide clues for battling prostate cancer, especially castration-resistant prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jieping Hu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Gongxian Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ting Sun
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Liu Y, Du SY, Ding M, Dou X, Zhang FF, Wu ZY, Qian SW, Zhang W, Tang QQ, Xu CJ. The BMP4-Smad signaling pathway regulates hyperandrogenism development in a female mouse model. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:11740-11750. [PMID: 28572510 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.781369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome is a common endocrine disorder and a major cause of anovulatory sterility in women at reproductive age. Most patients with polycystic ovary syndrome have hyperandrogenism, caused by excess androgen synthesis. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) is an essential regulator of embryonic development and organ formation, and recent studies have also shown that BMP4 may be involved in female steroidogenesis process. However, the effect of BMP4 on hyperandrogenism remains unknown. Here, using a female mouse model of hyperandrogenism, we found that ovarian BMP4 levels were significantly decreased in hyperandrogenism. Elevated androgens inhibited BMP4 expression via activation of androgen receptors. Moreover, BMP4 treatment suppressed androgen synthesis in theca cells and promoted estrogen production in granulosa cells by regulating the expression of steroidogenic enzymes, including CYP11A, HSD3B2, CYP17A1, and CYP19A1 Consistently, knockdown of BMP4 augmented androgen levels and inhibited estrogen levels. Mechanistically, Smad signaling rather than the p38 MAPK pathway regulated androgen and estrogen formation, thereby mediating the effect of BMP4. Of note, BMP4-transgenic mice were protected against hyperandrogenism. Our observations clarify a vital role of BMP4 in controlling sex hormone levels and offer new insights into intervention for managing hyperandrogenism by targeting the BMP4-Smad signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Disease, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200090, China; Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shao-Yue Du
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Disease, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Meng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xin Dou
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fei-Fei Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Disease, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Disease, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Shu-Wen Qian
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Disease, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Qi-Qun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Cong-Jian Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Disease, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200090, China.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Marcoccia D, Pellegrini M, Fiocchetti M, Lorenzetti S, Marino M. Food components and contaminants as (anti)androgenic molecules. GENES AND NUTRITION 2017; 12:6. [PMID: 28239427 PMCID: PMC5312591 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-017-0555-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Androgens, the main male sex steroids, are the critical factors responsible for the development of the male phenotype during embryogenesis and for the achievement of sexual maturation and puberty. In adulthood, androgens remain essential for the maintenance of male reproductive function and behavior. Androgens, acting through the androgen receptor (AR), regulate male sexual differentiation during development, sperm production beginning from puberty, and maintenance of prostate homeostasis. Several substances present in the environment, now classified as endocrine disruptors (EDCs), strongly interfere with androgen actions in reproductive and non-reproductive tissues. EDCs are a heterogeneous group of xenobiotics which include synthetic chemicals used as industrial solvents/lubricants, plasticizers, additives, agrochemicals, pharmaceutical agents, and polyphenols of plant origin. These compounds are even present in the food as components (polyphenols) or food/water contaminants (pesticides, plasticizers used as food packaging) rendering the diet as the main route of exposure to EDCs for humans. Although huge amount of literature reports the (anti)estrogenic effects of different EDCs, relatively scarce information is available on the (anti)androgenic effects of EDCs. Here, the effects and mechanism of action of phytochemicals and pesticides and plasticizers as possible modulators of AR activities will be reviewed taking into account that insight derived from principles of endocrinology are required to estimate EDC consequences on endocrine deregulation and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Marcoccia
- Dpt. of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Food and Veterinary Toxicology Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità - ISS, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161 Rome, Italy.,Present address: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, via A. Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Pellegrini
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, I-00146 Rome, Italy.,Present address: Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi, 58/b, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Fiocchetti
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, I-00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Lorenzetti
- Dpt. of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Food and Veterinary Toxicology Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità - ISS, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Marino
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, I-00146 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
|
44
|
Cauci S, Chiriacò G, Cecchin E, Toffoli G, Xodo S, Stinco G, Trombetta C. Androgen Receptor (AR) Gene (CAG)n and (GGN)n Length Polymorphisms and Symptoms in Young Males With Long-Lasting Adverse Effects After Finasteride Use Against Androgenic Alopecia. Sex Med 2016; 5:e61-e71. [PMID: 28024997 PMCID: PMC5302381 DOI: 10.1016/j.esxm.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Long-term adverse symptoms of men who used oral finasteride against androgenic alopecia have been recently described as post-finasteride syndrome (PFS). Aim To determine whether (CAG)n-rs4045402 and (GGN)n-rs3138869 polymorphisms in the androgen receptor (AR) gene are implicated in PFS. Methods AR polymorphisms were studied according to PFS symptoms in 66 white participants (31.8% Italian, 28.8% American, and 39.4% other). Main Outcome Measures Symptoms were investigated by an ad hoc 100-item questionnaire and the Arizona Sexual Experience Scale and Aging Male Symptom Scale (AMS). (CAG)n and (GGN)n repeats were categorized as short ([CAG]9–19, [GGN]<23), medium ([CAG]20–24, [GGN]23), or long ([CAG]25–37, [GGN]>23). Results Median age was 32 years, duration of finasteride use was 360 days, and time from finasteride discontinuation was 1,053 days. We observed several frequency differences in symptoms according to (CAG)n and (GGN)n repeat numbers. Three AMS items were worse for medium (GGN)23 than for long (GGN)>23 carriers and one item was worse for short (GGN)<23 carriers. The AMS item for decrease in sexual desire or libido was worse for short (CAG)9–19 carriers than for medium (CAG)20–24 carriers. Through the ad hoc questionnaire, significant findings in (CAG)n and/or (GGN)n repeats were obtained for penile discomfort, loss of scrotal sensitivity, scrotal discomfort, less pubic hair, loss of perceived perineal fullness, increased sperm density, involuntary muscle spasms, loss of muscle tone, increased weight (>2 kg), increased skin dryness, and onset of symptoms after finasteride use. Conclusion This study showed that short and/or long (CAG)n and (GGN)n repeats had different frequencies according to symptoms reported by patients with PFS, likely reflecting the vast array of genes modulated by the AR. This study showed a U-curvilinear profile of (CAG)n repeats for skin dryness symptoms, where the two extremes exhibited a worse condition than medium repeats. Further studies are necessary to investigate the PFS pathophysiology using a precision medicine approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Cauci
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Chiriacò
- Urological Hospital Department, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Erika Cecchin
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, Italy
| | - Serena Xodo
- Hospital Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Stinco
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Udine, Dermatology Clinic, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy
| | - Carlo Trombetta
- Urological Hospital Department, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Duran J, Oyarce C, Pavez M, Valladares D, Basualto-Alarcon C, Lagos D, Barrientos G, Troncoso MF, Ibarra C, Estrada M. GSK-3β/NFAT Signaling Is Involved in Testosterone-Induced Cardiac Myocyte Hypertrophy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168255. [PMID: 27977752 PMCID: PMC5158037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Testosterone induces cardiac hypertrophy through a mechanism that involves a concerted crosstalk between cytosolic and nuclear signaling pathways. Nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) is associated with the promotion of cardiac hypertrophy, glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) is considered to function as a negative regulator, mainly by modulating NFAT activity. However, the role played by calcineurin-NFAT and GSK-3β signaling in testosterone-induced cardiac hypertrophy has remained unknown. Here, we determined that testosterone stimulates cardiac myocyte hypertrophy through NFAT activation and GSK-3β inhibition. Testosterone increased the activity of NFAT-luciferase (NFAT-Luc) in a time- and dose-dependent manner, with the activity peaking after 24 h of stimulation with 100 nM testosterone. NFAT-Luc activity induced by testosterone was blocked by the calcineurin inhibitors FK506 and cyclosporine A and by 11R-VIVIT, a specific peptide inhibitor of NFAT. Conversely, testosterone inhibited GSK-3β activity as determined by increased GSK-3β phosphorylation at Ser9 and β-catenin protein accumulation, and also by reduction in β-catenin phosphorylation at residues Ser33, Ser37, and Thr41. GSK-3β inhibition with 1-azakenpaullone or a GSK-3β-targeting siRNA increased NFAT-Luc activity, whereas overexpression of a constitutively active GSK-3β mutant (GSK-3βS9A) inhibited NFAT-Luc activation mediated by testosterone. Testosterone-induced cardiac myocyte hypertrophy was established by increased cardiac myocyte size and [3H]-leucine incorporation (as a measurement of cellular protein synthesis). Calcineurin-NFAT inhibition abolished and GSK-3β inhibition promoted the hypertrophy stimulated by testosterone. GSK-3β activation by GSK-3βS9A blocked the increase of hypertrophic markers induced by testosterone. Moreover, inhibition of intracellular androgen receptor prevented testosterone-induced NFAT-Luc activation. Collectively, these results suggest that cardiac myocyte hypertrophy induced by testosterone involves a cooperative mechanism that links androgen signaling with the recruitment of NFAT through calcineurin activation and GSK-3β inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Duran
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología Celular, Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cesar Oyarce
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología Celular, Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Pavez
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología Celular, Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Denisse Valladares
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología Celular, Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carla Basualto-Alarcon
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Lagos
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología Celular, Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Genaro Barrientos
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología Celular, Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mayarling Francisca Troncoso
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología Celular, Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Ibarra
- Heart Failure Bioscience Department, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (CVMD), Innovative Medicines & Early Development iMED Biotech unit, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Manuel Estrada
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología Celular, Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Unexpected central role of the androgen receptor in the spontaneous regeneration of myelin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:14829-14834. [PMID: 27930320 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1614826113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lost myelin can be replaced after injury or during demyelinating diseases in a regenerative process called remyelination. In the central nervous system (CNS), the myelin sheaths, which protect axons and allow the fast propagation of electrical impulses, are produced by oligodendrocytes. The abundance and widespread distribution of oligodendrocyte progenitors (OPs) within the adult CNS account for this remarkable regenerative potential. Here, we report a key role for the male gonad, testosterone, and androgen receptor (AR) in CNS remyelination. After lysolecithin-induced demyelination of the male mouse ventral spinal cord white matter, the recruitment of glial fibrillary acidic protein-expressing astrocytes was compromised in the absence of testes and testosterone signaling via AR. Concomitantly, the differentiation of OPs into oligodendrocytes forming myelin basic protein (MBP)+ and proteolipid protein-positive myelin was impaired. Instead, in the absence of astrocytes, axons were remyelinated by protein zero (P0)+ and peripheral myelin protein 22-kDa (PMP22)+ myelin, normally only produced by Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. Thus, testosterone favors astrocyte recruitment and spontaneous oligodendrocyte-mediated remyelination. This finding may have important implications for demyelinating diseases, psychiatric disorders, and cognitive aging. The testosterone dependency of CNS oligodendrocyte remyelination may have roots in the evolutionary history of the AR, because the receptor has evolved from an ancestral 3-ketosteroid receptor through gene duplication at the time when myelin appeared in jawed vertebrates.
Collapse
|
47
|
Hornig NC, Ukat M, Schweikert HU, Hiort O, Werner R, Drop SLS, Cools M, Hughes IA, Audi L, Ahmed SF, Demiri J, Rodens P, Worch L, Wehner G, Kulle AE, Dunstheimer D, Müller-Roßberg E, Reinehr T, Hadidi AT, Eckstein AK, van der Horst C, Seif C, Siebert R, Ammerpohl O, Holterhus PM. Identification of an AR Mutation-Negative Class of Androgen Insensitivity by Determining Endogenous AR Activity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:4468-4477. [PMID: 27583472 PMCID: PMC5095254 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Only approximately 85% of patients with a clinical diagnosis complete androgen insensitivity syndrome and less than 30% with partial androgen insensitivity syndrome can be explained by inactivating mutations in the androgen receptor (AR) gene. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to clarify this discrepancy by in vitro determination of AR transcriptional activity in individuals with disorders of sex development (DSD) and male controls. DESIGN Quantification of DHT-dependent transcriptional induction of the AR target gene apolipoprotein D (APOD) in cultured genital fibroblasts (GFs) (APOD assay) and next-generation sequencing of the complete coding and noncoding AR locus. SETTING The study was conducted at a university hospital endocrine research laboratory. PATIENTS GFs from 169 individuals were studied encompassing control males (n = 68), molecular defined DSD other than androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS; n = 18), AR mutation-positive AIS (n = 37), and previously undiagnosed DSD including patients with a clinical suspicion of AIS (n = 46). INTERVENTION(S) There were no interventions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) DHT-dependent APOD expression in cultured GF and AR mutation status in 169 individuals was measured. RESULTS The APOD assay clearly separated control individuals (healthy males and molecular defined DSD patients other than AIS) from genetically proven AIS (cutoff < 2.3-fold APOD-induction; 100% sensitivity, 93.3% specificity, P < .0001). Of 46 DSD individuals with no AR mutation, 17 (37%) fell below the cutoff, indicating disrupted androgen signaling. CONCLUSIONS AR mutation-positive AIS can be reliably identified by the APOD assay. Its combination with next-generation sequencing of the AR locus uncovered an AR mutation-negative, new class of androgen resistance, which we propose to name AIS type II. Our data support the existence of cellular components outside the AR affecting androgen signaling during sexual differentiation with high clinical relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N C Hornig
- Department of Pediatrics (N.C.H., M.U., J.D., P.R., A.E.K., P.-M.H.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, and Institute of Human Genetics (L.W., R.S., O.A.), Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Schwanenweg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Department of Medicine III (H.U.S., G.W.), Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nussallee 11, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (O.H., R.W.), Division of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (S.L.S.D.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Sophia Childreńs Hospital, Erasmus Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (Medical Center), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (I.A.H.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Pediatric Endocrinology Research Unit (L.A.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Developmental Endocrinology Research Group (S.F.A.), School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Yorkhill Glasgow G3 8SJ, United Kingdom; Kinderklinik (D.D.), Klinikum Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany; Klinikum Esslingen (E.M.-R.), 73730 Esslingen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University Witten/Herdecke, 45711 Datteln, Germany; Hypospadiezentrum (A.T.H.), 63500 Seligenstadt, Germany; Gemeinschaftspraxis für Kinderchirurgie (A.K.E.), 24119 Kronshagen, Germany; Urologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (C.v.d.H), and UROLOGIE Zentrum Kiel (C.S.), 24103 Kiel, Germany; and Institute of Human Genetics (R.S.), University of Ulm and University Hospital of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - M Ukat
- Department of Pediatrics (N.C.H., M.U., J.D., P.R., A.E.K., P.-M.H.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, and Institute of Human Genetics (L.W., R.S., O.A.), Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Schwanenweg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Department of Medicine III (H.U.S., G.W.), Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nussallee 11, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (O.H., R.W.), Division of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (S.L.S.D.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Sophia Childreńs Hospital, Erasmus Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (Medical Center), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (I.A.H.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Pediatric Endocrinology Research Unit (L.A.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Developmental Endocrinology Research Group (S.F.A.), School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Yorkhill Glasgow G3 8SJ, United Kingdom; Kinderklinik (D.D.), Klinikum Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany; Klinikum Esslingen (E.M.-R.), 73730 Esslingen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University Witten/Herdecke, 45711 Datteln, Germany; Hypospadiezentrum (A.T.H.), 63500 Seligenstadt, Germany; Gemeinschaftspraxis für Kinderchirurgie (A.K.E.), 24119 Kronshagen, Germany; Urologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (C.v.d.H), and UROLOGIE Zentrum Kiel (C.S.), 24103 Kiel, Germany; and Institute of Human Genetics (R.S.), University of Ulm and University Hospital of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - H U Schweikert
- Department of Pediatrics (N.C.H., M.U., J.D., P.R., A.E.K., P.-M.H.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, and Institute of Human Genetics (L.W., R.S., O.A.), Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Schwanenweg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Department of Medicine III (H.U.S., G.W.), Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nussallee 11, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (O.H., R.W.), Division of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (S.L.S.D.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Sophia Childreńs Hospital, Erasmus Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (Medical Center), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (I.A.H.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Pediatric Endocrinology Research Unit (L.A.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Developmental Endocrinology Research Group (S.F.A.), School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Yorkhill Glasgow G3 8SJ, United Kingdom; Kinderklinik (D.D.), Klinikum Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany; Klinikum Esslingen (E.M.-R.), 73730 Esslingen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University Witten/Herdecke, 45711 Datteln, Germany; Hypospadiezentrum (A.T.H.), 63500 Seligenstadt, Germany; Gemeinschaftspraxis für Kinderchirurgie (A.K.E.), 24119 Kronshagen, Germany; Urologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (C.v.d.H), and UROLOGIE Zentrum Kiel (C.S.), 24103 Kiel, Germany; and Institute of Human Genetics (R.S.), University of Ulm and University Hospital of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - O Hiort
- Department of Pediatrics (N.C.H., M.U., J.D., P.R., A.E.K., P.-M.H.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, and Institute of Human Genetics (L.W., R.S., O.A.), Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Schwanenweg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Department of Medicine III (H.U.S., G.W.), Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nussallee 11, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (O.H., R.W.), Division of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (S.L.S.D.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Sophia Childreńs Hospital, Erasmus Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (Medical Center), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (I.A.H.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Pediatric Endocrinology Research Unit (L.A.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Developmental Endocrinology Research Group (S.F.A.), School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Yorkhill Glasgow G3 8SJ, United Kingdom; Kinderklinik (D.D.), Klinikum Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany; Klinikum Esslingen (E.M.-R.), 73730 Esslingen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University Witten/Herdecke, 45711 Datteln, Germany; Hypospadiezentrum (A.T.H.), 63500 Seligenstadt, Germany; Gemeinschaftspraxis für Kinderchirurgie (A.K.E.), 24119 Kronshagen, Germany; Urologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (C.v.d.H), and UROLOGIE Zentrum Kiel (C.S.), 24103 Kiel, Germany; and Institute of Human Genetics (R.S.), University of Ulm and University Hospital of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - R Werner
- Department of Pediatrics (N.C.H., M.U., J.D., P.R., A.E.K., P.-M.H.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, and Institute of Human Genetics (L.W., R.S., O.A.), Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Schwanenweg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Department of Medicine III (H.U.S., G.W.), Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nussallee 11, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (O.H., R.W.), Division of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (S.L.S.D.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Sophia Childreńs Hospital, Erasmus Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (Medical Center), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (I.A.H.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Pediatric Endocrinology Research Unit (L.A.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Developmental Endocrinology Research Group (S.F.A.), School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Yorkhill Glasgow G3 8SJ, United Kingdom; Kinderklinik (D.D.), Klinikum Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany; Klinikum Esslingen (E.M.-R.), 73730 Esslingen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University Witten/Herdecke, 45711 Datteln, Germany; Hypospadiezentrum (A.T.H.), 63500 Seligenstadt, Germany; Gemeinschaftspraxis für Kinderchirurgie (A.K.E.), 24119 Kronshagen, Germany; Urologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (C.v.d.H), and UROLOGIE Zentrum Kiel (C.S.), 24103 Kiel, Germany; and Institute of Human Genetics (R.S.), University of Ulm and University Hospital of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - S L S Drop
- Department of Pediatrics (N.C.H., M.U., J.D., P.R., A.E.K., P.-M.H.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, and Institute of Human Genetics (L.W., R.S., O.A.), Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Schwanenweg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Department of Medicine III (H.U.S., G.W.), Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nussallee 11, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (O.H., R.W.), Division of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (S.L.S.D.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Sophia Childreńs Hospital, Erasmus Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (Medical Center), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (I.A.H.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Pediatric Endocrinology Research Unit (L.A.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Developmental Endocrinology Research Group (S.F.A.), School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Yorkhill Glasgow G3 8SJ, United Kingdom; Kinderklinik (D.D.), Klinikum Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany; Klinikum Esslingen (E.M.-R.), 73730 Esslingen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University Witten/Herdecke, 45711 Datteln, Germany; Hypospadiezentrum (A.T.H.), 63500 Seligenstadt, Germany; Gemeinschaftspraxis für Kinderchirurgie (A.K.E.), 24119 Kronshagen, Germany; Urologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (C.v.d.H), and UROLOGIE Zentrum Kiel (C.S.), 24103 Kiel, Germany; and Institute of Human Genetics (R.S.), University of Ulm and University Hospital of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - M Cools
- Department of Pediatrics (N.C.H., M.U., J.D., P.R., A.E.K., P.-M.H.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, and Institute of Human Genetics (L.W., R.S., O.A.), Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Schwanenweg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Department of Medicine III (H.U.S., G.W.), Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nussallee 11, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (O.H., R.W.), Division of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (S.L.S.D.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Sophia Childreńs Hospital, Erasmus Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (Medical Center), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (I.A.H.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Pediatric Endocrinology Research Unit (L.A.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Developmental Endocrinology Research Group (S.F.A.), School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Yorkhill Glasgow G3 8SJ, United Kingdom; Kinderklinik (D.D.), Klinikum Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany; Klinikum Esslingen (E.M.-R.), 73730 Esslingen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University Witten/Herdecke, 45711 Datteln, Germany; Hypospadiezentrum (A.T.H.), 63500 Seligenstadt, Germany; Gemeinschaftspraxis für Kinderchirurgie (A.K.E.), 24119 Kronshagen, Germany; Urologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (C.v.d.H), and UROLOGIE Zentrum Kiel (C.S.), 24103 Kiel, Germany; and Institute of Human Genetics (R.S.), University of Ulm and University Hospital of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - I A Hughes
- Department of Pediatrics (N.C.H., M.U., J.D., P.R., A.E.K., P.-M.H.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, and Institute of Human Genetics (L.W., R.S., O.A.), Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Schwanenweg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Department of Medicine III (H.U.S., G.W.), Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nussallee 11, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (O.H., R.W.), Division of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (S.L.S.D.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Sophia Childreńs Hospital, Erasmus Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (Medical Center), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (I.A.H.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Pediatric Endocrinology Research Unit (L.A.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Developmental Endocrinology Research Group (S.F.A.), School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Yorkhill Glasgow G3 8SJ, United Kingdom; Kinderklinik (D.D.), Klinikum Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany; Klinikum Esslingen (E.M.-R.), 73730 Esslingen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University Witten/Herdecke, 45711 Datteln, Germany; Hypospadiezentrum (A.T.H.), 63500 Seligenstadt, Germany; Gemeinschaftspraxis für Kinderchirurgie (A.K.E.), 24119 Kronshagen, Germany; Urologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (C.v.d.H), and UROLOGIE Zentrum Kiel (C.S.), 24103 Kiel, Germany; and Institute of Human Genetics (R.S.), University of Ulm and University Hospital of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - L Audi
- Department of Pediatrics (N.C.H., M.U., J.D., P.R., A.E.K., P.-M.H.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, and Institute of Human Genetics (L.W., R.S., O.A.), Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Schwanenweg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Department of Medicine III (H.U.S., G.W.), Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nussallee 11, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (O.H., R.W.), Division of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (S.L.S.D.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Sophia Childreńs Hospital, Erasmus Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (Medical Center), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (I.A.H.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Pediatric Endocrinology Research Unit (L.A.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Developmental Endocrinology Research Group (S.F.A.), School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Yorkhill Glasgow G3 8SJ, United Kingdom; Kinderklinik (D.D.), Klinikum Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany; Klinikum Esslingen (E.M.-R.), 73730 Esslingen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University Witten/Herdecke, 45711 Datteln, Germany; Hypospadiezentrum (A.T.H.), 63500 Seligenstadt, Germany; Gemeinschaftspraxis für Kinderchirurgie (A.K.E.), 24119 Kronshagen, Germany; Urologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (C.v.d.H), and UROLOGIE Zentrum Kiel (C.S.), 24103 Kiel, Germany; and Institute of Human Genetics (R.S.), University of Ulm and University Hospital of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - S F Ahmed
- Department of Pediatrics (N.C.H., M.U., J.D., P.R., A.E.K., P.-M.H.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, and Institute of Human Genetics (L.W., R.S., O.A.), Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Schwanenweg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Department of Medicine III (H.U.S., G.W.), Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nussallee 11, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (O.H., R.W.), Division of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (S.L.S.D.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Sophia Childreńs Hospital, Erasmus Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (Medical Center), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (I.A.H.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Pediatric Endocrinology Research Unit (L.A.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Developmental Endocrinology Research Group (S.F.A.), School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Yorkhill Glasgow G3 8SJ, United Kingdom; Kinderklinik (D.D.), Klinikum Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany; Klinikum Esslingen (E.M.-R.), 73730 Esslingen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University Witten/Herdecke, 45711 Datteln, Germany; Hypospadiezentrum (A.T.H.), 63500 Seligenstadt, Germany; Gemeinschaftspraxis für Kinderchirurgie (A.K.E.), 24119 Kronshagen, Germany; Urologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (C.v.d.H), and UROLOGIE Zentrum Kiel (C.S.), 24103 Kiel, Germany; and Institute of Human Genetics (R.S.), University of Ulm and University Hospital of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - J Demiri
- Department of Pediatrics (N.C.H., M.U., J.D., P.R., A.E.K., P.-M.H.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, and Institute of Human Genetics (L.W., R.S., O.A.), Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Schwanenweg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Department of Medicine III (H.U.S., G.W.), Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nussallee 11, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (O.H., R.W.), Division of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (S.L.S.D.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Sophia Childreńs Hospital, Erasmus Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (Medical Center), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (I.A.H.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Pediatric Endocrinology Research Unit (L.A.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Developmental Endocrinology Research Group (S.F.A.), School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Yorkhill Glasgow G3 8SJ, United Kingdom; Kinderklinik (D.D.), Klinikum Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany; Klinikum Esslingen (E.M.-R.), 73730 Esslingen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University Witten/Herdecke, 45711 Datteln, Germany; Hypospadiezentrum (A.T.H.), 63500 Seligenstadt, Germany; Gemeinschaftspraxis für Kinderchirurgie (A.K.E.), 24119 Kronshagen, Germany; Urologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (C.v.d.H), and UROLOGIE Zentrum Kiel (C.S.), 24103 Kiel, Germany; and Institute of Human Genetics (R.S.), University of Ulm and University Hospital of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - P Rodens
- Department of Pediatrics (N.C.H., M.U., J.D., P.R., A.E.K., P.-M.H.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, and Institute of Human Genetics (L.W., R.S., O.A.), Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Schwanenweg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Department of Medicine III (H.U.S., G.W.), Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nussallee 11, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (O.H., R.W.), Division of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (S.L.S.D.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Sophia Childreńs Hospital, Erasmus Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (Medical Center), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (I.A.H.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Pediatric Endocrinology Research Unit (L.A.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Developmental Endocrinology Research Group (S.F.A.), School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Yorkhill Glasgow G3 8SJ, United Kingdom; Kinderklinik (D.D.), Klinikum Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany; Klinikum Esslingen (E.M.-R.), 73730 Esslingen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University Witten/Herdecke, 45711 Datteln, Germany; Hypospadiezentrum (A.T.H.), 63500 Seligenstadt, Germany; Gemeinschaftspraxis für Kinderchirurgie (A.K.E.), 24119 Kronshagen, Germany; Urologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (C.v.d.H), and UROLOGIE Zentrum Kiel (C.S.), 24103 Kiel, Germany; and Institute of Human Genetics (R.S.), University of Ulm and University Hospital of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - L Worch
- Department of Pediatrics (N.C.H., M.U., J.D., P.R., A.E.K., P.-M.H.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, and Institute of Human Genetics (L.W., R.S., O.A.), Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Schwanenweg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Department of Medicine III (H.U.S., G.W.), Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nussallee 11, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (O.H., R.W.), Division of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (S.L.S.D.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Sophia Childreńs Hospital, Erasmus Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (Medical Center), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (I.A.H.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Pediatric Endocrinology Research Unit (L.A.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Developmental Endocrinology Research Group (S.F.A.), School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Yorkhill Glasgow G3 8SJ, United Kingdom; Kinderklinik (D.D.), Klinikum Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany; Klinikum Esslingen (E.M.-R.), 73730 Esslingen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University Witten/Herdecke, 45711 Datteln, Germany; Hypospadiezentrum (A.T.H.), 63500 Seligenstadt, Germany; Gemeinschaftspraxis für Kinderchirurgie (A.K.E.), 24119 Kronshagen, Germany; Urologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (C.v.d.H), and UROLOGIE Zentrum Kiel (C.S.), 24103 Kiel, Germany; and Institute of Human Genetics (R.S.), University of Ulm and University Hospital of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - G Wehner
- Department of Pediatrics (N.C.H., M.U., J.D., P.R., A.E.K., P.-M.H.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, and Institute of Human Genetics (L.W., R.S., O.A.), Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Schwanenweg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Department of Medicine III (H.U.S., G.W.), Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nussallee 11, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (O.H., R.W.), Division of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (S.L.S.D.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Sophia Childreńs Hospital, Erasmus Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (Medical Center), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (I.A.H.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Pediatric Endocrinology Research Unit (L.A.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Developmental Endocrinology Research Group (S.F.A.), School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Yorkhill Glasgow G3 8SJ, United Kingdom; Kinderklinik (D.D.), Klinikum Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany; Klinikum Esslingen (E.M.-R.), 73730 Esslingen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University Witten/Herdecke, 45711 Datteln, Germany; Hypospadiezentrum (A.T.H.), 63500 Seligenstadt, Germany; Gemeinschaftspraxis für Kinderchirurgie (A.K.E.), 24119 Kronshagen, Germany; Urologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (C.v.d.H), and UROLOGIE Zentrum Kiel (C.S.), 24103 Kiel, Germany; and Institute of Human Genetics (R.S.), University of Ulm and University Hospital of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - A E Kulle
- Department of Pediatrics (N.C.H., M.U., J.D., P.R., A.E.K., P.-M.H.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, and Institute of Human Genetics (L.W., R.S., O.A.), Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Schwanenweg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Department of Medicine III (H.U.S., G.W.), Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nussallee 11, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (O.H., R.W.), Division of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (S.L.S.D.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Sophia Childreńs Hospital, Erasmus Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (Medical Center), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (I.A.H.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Pediatric Endocrinology Research Unit (L.A.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Developmental Endocrinology Research Group (S.F.A.), School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Yorkhill Glasgow G3 8SJ, United Kingdom; Kinderklinik (D.D.), Klinikum Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany; Klinikum Esslingen (E.M.-R.), 73730 Esslingen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University Witten/Herdecke, 45711 Datteln, Germany; Hypospadiezentrum (A.T.H.), 63500 Seligenstadt, Germany; Gemeinschaftspraxis für Kinderchirurgie (A.K.E.), 24119 Kronshagen, Germany; Urologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (C.v.d.H), and UROLOGIE Zentrum Kiel (C.S.), 24103 Kiel, Germany; and Institute of Human Genetics (R.S.), University of Ulm and University Hospital of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - D Dunstheimer
- Department of Pediatrics (N.C.H., M.U., J.D., P.R., A.E.K., P.-M.H.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, and Institute of Human Genetics (L.W., R.S., O.A.), Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Schwanenweg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Department of Medicine III (H.U.S., G.W.), Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nussallee 11, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (O.H., R.W.), Division of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (S.L.S.D.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Sophia Childreńs Hospital, Erasmus Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (Medical Center), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (I.A.H.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Pediatric Endocrinology Research Unit (L.A.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Developmental Endocrinology Research Group (S.F.A.), School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Yorkhill Glasgow G3 8SJ, United Kingdom; Kinderklinik (D.D.), Klinikum Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany; Klinikum Esslingen (E.M.-R.), 73730 Esslingen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University Witten/Herdecke, 45711 Datteln, Germany; Hypospadiezentrum (A.T.H.), 63500 Seligenstadt, Germany; Gemeinschaftspraxis für Kinderchirurgie (A.K.E.), 24119 Kronshagen, Germany; Urologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (C.v.d.H), and UROLOGIE Zentrum Kiel (C.S.), 24103 Kiel, Germany; and Institute of Human Genetics (R.S.), University of Ulm and University Hospital of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - E Müller-Roßberg
- Department of Pediatrics (N.C.H., M.U., J.D., P.R., A.E.K., P.-M.H.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, and Institute of Human Genetics (L.W., R.S., O.A.), Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Schwanenweg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Department of Medicine III (H.U.S., G.W.), Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nussallee 11, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (O.H., R.W.), Division of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (S.L.S.D.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Sophia Childreńs Hospital, Erasmus Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (Medical Center), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (I.A.H.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Pediatric Endocrinology Research Unit (L.A.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Developmental Endocrinology Research Group (S.F.A.), School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Yorkhill Glasgow G3 8SJ, United Kingdom; Kinderklinik (D.D.), Klinikum Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany; Klinikum Esslingen (E.M.-R.), 73730 Esslingen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University Witten/Herdecke, 45711 Datteln, Germany; Hypospadiezentrum (A.T.H.), 63500 Seligenstadt, Germany; Gemeinschaftspraxis für Kinderchirurgie (A.K.E.), 24119 Kronshagen, Germany; Urologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (C.v.d.H), and UROLOGIE Zentrum Kiel (C.S.), 24103 Kiel, Germany; and Institute of Human Genetics (R.S.), University of Ulm and University Hospital of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - T Reinehr
- Department of Pediatrics (N.C.H., M.U., J.D., P.R., A.E.K., P.-M.H.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, and Institute of Human Genetics (L.W., R.S., O.A.), Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Schwanenweg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Department of Medicine III (H.U.S., G.W.), Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nussallee 11, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (O.H., R.W.), Division of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (S.L.S.D.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Sophia Childreńs Hospital, Erasmus Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (Medical Center), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (I.A.H.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Pediatric Endocrinology Research Unit (L.A.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Developmental Endocrinology Research Group (S.F.A.), School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Yorkhill Glasgow G3 8SJ, United Kingdom; Kinderklinik (D.D.), Klinikum Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany; Klinikum Esslingen (E.M.-R.), 73730 Esslingen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University Witten/Herdecke, 45711 Datteln, Germany; Hypospadiezentrum (A.T.H.), 63500 Seligenstadt, Germany; Gemeinschaftspraxis für Kinderchirurgie (A.K.E.), 24119 Kronshagen, Germany; Urologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (C.v.d.H), and UROLOGIE Zentrum Kiel (C.S.), 24103 Kiel, Germany; and Institute of Human Genetics (R.S.), University of Ulm and University Hospital of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - A T Hadidi
- Department of Pediatrics (N.C.H., M.U., J.D., P.R., A.E.K., P.-M.H.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, and Institute of Human Genetics (L.W., R.S., O.A.), Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Schwanenweg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Department of Medicine III (H.U.S., G.W.), Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nussallee 11, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (O.H., R.W.), Division of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (S.L.S.D.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Sophia Childreńs Hospital, Erasmus Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (Medical Center), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (I.A.H.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Pediatric Endocrinology Research Unit (L.A.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Developmental Endocrinology Research Group (S.F.A.), School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Yorkhill Glasgow G3 8SJ, United Kingdom; Kinderklinik (D.D.), Klinikum Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany; Klinikum Esslingen (E.M.-R.), 73730 Esslingen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University Witten/Herdecke, 45711 Datteln, Germany; Hypospadiezentrum (A.T.H.), 63500 Seligenstadt, Germany; Gemeinschaftspraxis für Kinderchirurgie (A.K.E.), 24119 Kronshagen, Germany; Urologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (C.v.d.H), and UROLOGIE Zentrum Kiel (C.S.), 24103 Kiel, Germany; and Institute of Human Genetics (R.S.), University of Ulm and University Hospital of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - A K Eckstein
- Department of Pediatrics (N.C.H., M.U., J.D., P.R., A.E.K., P.-M.H.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, and Institute of Human Genetics (L.W., R.S., O.A.), Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Schwanenweg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Department of Medicine III (H.U.S., G.W.), Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nussallee 11, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (O.H., R.W.), Division of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (S.L.S.D.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Sophia Childreńs Hospital, Erasmus Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (Medical Center), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (I.A.H.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Pediatric Endocrinology Research Unit (L.A.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Developmental Endocrinology Research Group (S.F.A.), School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Yorkhill Glasgow G3 8SJ, United Kingdom; Kinderklinik (D.D.), Klinikum Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany; Klinikum Esslingen (E.M.-R.), 73730 Esslingen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University Witten/Herdecke, 45711 Datteln, Germany; Hypospadiezentrum (A.T.H.), 63500 Seligenstadt, Germany; Gemeinschaftspraxis für Kinderchirurgie (A.K.E.), 24119 Kronshagen, Germany; Urologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (C.v.d.H), and UROLOGIE Zentrum Kiel (C.S.), 24103 Kiel, Germany; and Institute of Human Genetics (R.S.), University of Ulm and University Hospital of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - C van der Horst
- Department of Pediatrics (N.C.H., M.U., J.D., P.R., A.E.K., P.-M.H.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, and Institute of Human Genetics (L.W., R.S., O.A.), Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Schwanenweg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Department of Medicine III (H.U.S., G.W.), Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nussallee 11, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (O.H., R.W.), Division of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (S.L.S.D.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Sophia Childreńs Hospital, Erasmus Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (Medical Center), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (I.A.H.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Pediatric Endocrinology Research Unit (L.A.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Developmental Endocrinology Research Group (S.F.A.), School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Yorkhill Glasgow G3 8SJ, United Kingdom; Kinderklinik (D.D.), Klinikum Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany; Klinikum Esslingen (E.M.-R.), 73730 Esslingen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University Witten/Herdecke, 45711 Datteln, Germany; Hypospadiezentrum (A.T.H.), 63500 Seligenstadt, Germany; Gemeinschaftspraxis für Kinderchirurgie (A.K.E.), 24119 Kronshagen, Germany; Urologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (C.v.d.H), and UROLOGIE Zentrum Kiel (C.S.), 24103 Kiel, Germany; and Institute of Human Genetics (R.S.), University of Ulm and University Hospital of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - C Seif
- Department of Pediatrics (N.C.H., M.U., J.D., P.R., A.E.K., P.-M.H.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, and Institute of Human Genetics (L.W., R.S., O.A.), Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Schwanenweg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Department of Medicine III (H.U.S., G.W.), Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nussallee 11, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (O.H., R.W.), Division of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (S.L.S.D.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Sophia Childreńs Hospital, Erasmus Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (Medical Center), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (I.A.H.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Pediatric Endocrinology Research Unit (L.A.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Developmental Endocrinology Research Group (S.F.A.), School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Yorkhill Glasgow G3 8SJ, United Kingdom; Kinderklinik (D.D.), Klinikum Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany; Klinikum Esslingen (E.M.-R.), 73730 Esslingen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University Witten/Herdecke, 45711 Datteln, Germany; Hypospadiezentrum (A.T.H.), 63500 Seligenstadt, Germany; Gemeinschaftspraxis für Kinderchirurgie (A.K.E.), 24119 Kronshagen, Germany; Urologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (C.v.d.H), and UROLOGIE Zentrum Kiel (C.S.), 24103 Kiel, Germany; and Institute of Human Genetics (R.S.), University of Ulm and University Hospital of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - R Siebert
- Department of Pediatrics (N.C.H., M.U., J.D., P.R., A.E.K., P.-M.H.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, and Institute of Human Genetics (L.W., R.S., O.A.), Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Schwanenweg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Department of Medicine III (H.U.S., G.W.), Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nussallee 11, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (O.H., R.W.), Division of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (S.L.S.D.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Sophia Childreńs Hospital, Erasmus Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (Medical Center), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (I.A.H.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Pediatric Endocrinology Research Unit (L.A.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Developmental Endocrinology Research Group (S.F.A.), School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Yorkhill Glasgow G3 8SJ, United Kingdom; Kinderklinik (D.D.), Klinikum Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany; Klinikum Esslingen (E.M.-R.), 73730 Esslingen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University Witten/Herdecke, 45711 Datteln, Germany; Hypospadiezentrum (A.T.H.), 63500 Seligenstadt, Germany; Gemeinschaftspraxis für Kinderchirurgie (A.K.E.), 24119 Kronshagen, Germany; Urologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (C.v.d.H), and UROLOGIE Zentrum Kiel (C.S.), 24103 Kiel, Germany; and Institute of Human Genetics (R.S.), University of Ulm and University Hospital of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - O Ammerpohl
- Department of Pediatrics (N.C.H., M.U., J.D., P.R., A.E.K., P.-M.H.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, and Institute of Human Genetics (L.W., R.S., O.A.), Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Schwanenweg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Department of Medicine III (H.U.S., G.W.), Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nussallee 11, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (O.H., R.W.), Division of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (S.L.S.D.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Sophia Childreńs Hospital, Erasmus Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (Medical Center), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (I.A.H.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Pediatric Endocrinology Research Unit (L.A.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Developmental Endocrinology Research Group (S.F.A.), School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Yorkhill Glasgow G3 8SJ, United Kingdom; Kinderklinik (D.D.), Klinikum Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany; Klinikum Esslingen (E.M.-R.), 73730 Esslingen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University Witten/Herdecke, 45711 Datteln, Germany; Hypospadiezentrum (A.T.H.), 63500 Seligenstadt, Germany; Gemeinschaftspraxis für Kinderchirurgie (A.K.E.), 24119 Kronshagen, Germany; Urologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (C.v.d.H), and UROLOGIE Zentrum Kiel (C.S.), 24103 Kiel, Germany; and Institute of Human Genetics (R.S.), University of Ulm and University Hospital of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - P-M Holterhus
- Department of Pediatrics (N.C.H., M.U., J.D., P.R., A.E.K., P.-M.H.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, and Institute of Human Genetics (L.W., R.S., O.A.), Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Schwanenweg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Department of Medicine III (H.U.S., G.W.), Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nussallee 11, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (O.H., R.W.), Division of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (S.L.S.D.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Sophia Childreńs Hospital, Erasmus Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (Medical Center), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (I.A.H.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Pediatric Endocrinology Research Unit (L.A.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Developmental Endocrinology Research Group (S.F.A.), School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Yorkhill Glasgow G3 8SJ, United Kingdom; Kinderklinik (D.D.), Klinikum Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany; Klinikum Esslingen (E.M.-R.), 73730 Esslingen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University Witten/Herdecke, 45711 Datteln, Germany; Hypospadiezentrum (A.T.H.), 63500 Seligenstadt, Germany; Gemeinschaftspraxis für Kinderchirurgie (A.K.E.), 24119 Kronshagen, Germany; Urologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (C.v.d.H), and UROLOGIE Zentrum Kiel (C.S.), 24103 Kiel, Germany; and Institute of Human Genetics (R.S.), University of Ulm and University Hospital of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Biron E, Bédard F. Recent progress in the development of protein-protein interaction inhibitors targeting androgen receptor-coactivator binding in prostate cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016. [PMID: 26196120 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a key regulator for the growth, differentiation and survival of prostate cancer cells. Identified as a primary target for the treatment of prostate cancer, many therapeutic strategies have been developed to attenuate AR signaling in prostate cancer cells. While frontline androgen-deprivation therapies targeting either the production or action of androgens usually yield favorable responses in prostate cancer patients, a significant number acquire treatment resistance. Known as the castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), the treatment options are limited for this advanced stage. It has been shown that AR signaling is restored in CRPC due to many aberrant mechanisms such as AR mutations, amplification or expression of constitutively active splice-variants. Coregulator recruitment is a crucial regulatory step in AR signaling and the direct blockade of coactivator binding to AR offers the opportunity to develop therapeutic agents that would remain effective in prostate cancer cells resistant to conventional endocrine therapies. Structural analyses of the AR have identified key surfaces involved in protein-protein interaction with coregulators that have been recently used to design and develop promising AR-coactivator binding inhibitors. In this review we will discuss the design and development of small-molecule inhibitors targeting the AR-coactivator interactions for the treatment of prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Biron
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Centre de recherche en endocrinologie moléculaire et oncologique et génomique humaine, Université Laval, Canada; Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, CHU de Québec Research Centre, G1 V 4G2, Québec, QC, Canada.
| | - François Bédard
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Centre de recherche en endocrinologie moléculaire et oncologique et génomique humaine, Université Laval, Canada; Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, CHU de Québec Research Centre, G1 V 4G2, Québec, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Jiang CY, Ruan Y, Wang XH, Zhao W, Jiang Q, Jing YF, Han BM, Xia SJ, Zhao FJ. MiR-185 attenuates androgen receptor function in prostate cancer indirectly by targeting bromodomain containing 8 isoform 2, an androgen receptor co-activator. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 427:13-20. [PMID: 26940039 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Aberrant androgen receptor (AR) signaling functions are implicated in prostate cancer (PCa) pathogenesis. Here, we studied interactions between miR-185 and the bromodomain containing 8 isoform 2 (BRD8 ISO2) to investigate indirect mechanisms of miR-185 with respect to AR function through BRD8 ISO2 in PCa. METHODS Putative miRNA response element (MRE) of miR-185 in 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of BRD8 ISO2 mRNA was predicted by software and confirmed using dual-luciferase assays and Ago2 immunoprecipitation. BRD8 and AR expression were determined by qRT-PCR and Western blot in PCa cells and tissues. MMTV-Fluc reporter plasmids and dual-luciferase assays were used to evaluate AR activity. RESULTS MRE prediction, dual-luciferase assays and Ago2 immunoprecipitation confirmed that miR-185 is capable of binding the 3'-UTR of BRD8 ISO2 mRNA. QRT-PCR and Western blot indicated that BRD8 ISO2 expression is decreased by miR-185 mimic transfection while increased by miR-185 inhibitor transfection. MMTV-Fluc reporter assays revealed that miR-185 can attenuate AR function by suppressing BRD8 ISO2. Additionally, Pearson's correlation analyses confirmed that BRD8 ISO2 mRNA expression is inversely correlated with miR-185 expression in clinical specimens. CONCLUSION In addition to suppression of AR expression, miR-185 can attenuate AR function indirectly by suppressing BRD8 ISO2. MiR-185 and BRD8 ISO2 may be possible therapeutic targets for PCa treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yi Jiang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Yuan Ruan
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Xiao-Hai Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Qi Jiang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Yi-Feng Jing
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Bang-Min Han
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China; Institute of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Shu-Jie Xia
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China; Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 200080, China; Institute of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, China.
| | - Fu-Jun Zhao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China; Institute of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, China.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Levina E, Ji H, Chen M, Baig M, Oliver D, Ohouo P, Lim CU, Schools G, Carmack S, Ding Y, Broude EV, Roninson IB, Buttyan R, Shtutman M. Identification of novel genes that regulate androgen receptor signaling and growth of androgen-deprived prostate cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:13088-104. [PMID: 26036626 PMCID: PMC4537001 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer progression to castration refractory disease is associated with anomalous transcriptional activity of the androgen receptor (AR) in an androgen-depleted milieu. To identify novel gene products whose downregulation transactivates AR in prostate cancer cells, we performed a screen of enzymatically-generated shRNA lenti-libraries selecting for transduced LNCaP cells with elevated expression of a fluorescent reporter gene under the control of an AR-responsive promoter. The shRNAs present in selected populations were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing to identify target genes. Highly enriched gene targets were then validated with siRNAs against selected genes, testing first for increased expression of luciferase from an AR-responsive promoter and then for altered expression of endogenous androgen-regulated genes in LNCaP cells. We identified 20 human genes whose silencing affected the expression of exogenous and endogenous androgen-responsive genes in prostate cancer cells grown in androgen-depleted medium. Knockdown of four of these genes upregulated the expression of endogenous AR targets and siRNAs targeting two of these genes (IGSF8 and RTN1) enabled androgen-independent proliferation of androgen-dependent cells. The effects of IGSF8 appear to be mediated through its interaction with a tetraspanin protein, CD9, previously implicated in prostate cancer progression. Remarkably, homozygous deletions of IGSF8 are found almost exclusively in prostate cancers but not in other cancer types. Our study shows that androgen independence can be achieved through the inhibition of specific genes and reveals a novel set of genes that regulate AR signaling in prostate cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elina Levina
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Hao Ji
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Mengqiang Chen
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Mirza Baig
- Cancer Center, Ordway Research Institute, Albany, NY, USA
| | - David Oliver
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Patrice Ohouo
- Cancer Center, Ordway Research Institute, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Chang-uk Lim
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Garry Schools
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Steven Carmack
- Wadsworth Center, NY State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Ye Ding
- Wadsworth Center, NY State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Eugenia V Broude
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Igor B Roninson
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Ralph Buttyan
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael Shtutman
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| |
Collapse
|