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Bánáti D, Hellman-Regen J, Mack I, Young HA, Benton D, Eggersdorfer M, Rohn S, Dulińska-Litewka J, Krężel W, Rühl R. Defining a vitamin A5/X specific deficiency - vitamin A5/X as a critical dietary factor for mental health. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2024; 94:443-475. [PMID: 38904956 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
A healthy and balanced diet is an important factor to assure a good functioning of the central and peripheral nervous system. Retinoid X receptor (RXR)-mediated signaling was identified as an important mechanism of transmitting major diet-dependent physiological and nutritional signaling such as the control of myelination and dopamine signalling. Recently, vitamin A5/X, mainly present in vegetables as provitamin A5/X, was identified as a new concept of a vitamin which functions as the nutritional precursor for enabling RXR-mediated signaling. The active form of vitamin A5/X, 9-cis-13,14-dehydroretinoic acid (9CDHRA), induces RXR-activation, thereby acting as the central switch for enabling various heterodimer-RXR-signaling cascades involving various partner heterodimers like the fatty acid and eicosanoid receptors/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), the cholesterol receptors/liver X receptors (LXRs), the vitamin D receptor (VDR), and the vitamin A(1) receptors/retinoic acid receptors (RARs). Thus, nutritional supply of vitamin A5/X might be a general nutritional-dependent switch for enabling this large cascade of hormonal signaling pathways and thus appears important to guarantee an overall organism homeostasis. RXR-mediated signaling was shown to be dependent on vitamin A5/X with direct effects for beneficial physiological and neuro-protective functions mediated systemically or directly in the brain. In summary, through control of dopamine signaling, amyloid β-clearance, neuro-protection and neuro-inflammation, the vitamin A5/X - RXR - RAR - vitamin A(1)-signaling might be "one of" or even "the" critical factor(s) necessary for good mental health, healthy brain aging, as well as for preventing drug addiction and prevention of a large array of nervous system diseases. Likewise, vitamin A5/X - RXR - non-RAR-dependent signaling relevant for myelination/re-myelination and phagocytosis/brain cleanup will contribute to such regulations too. In this review we discuss the basic scientific background, logical connections and nutritional/pharmacological expert recommendations for the nervous system especially considering the ageing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diána Bánáti
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Julian Hellman-Regen
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité-Campus Benjamin Franklin, Section Neurobiology, University Medicine Berlin, Germany
| | - Isabelle Mack
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hayley A Young
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Swansea University, UK
| | - David Benton
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Swansea University, UK
| | - Manfred Eggersdorfer
- Department of Healthy Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), The Netherlands
| | - Sascha Rohn
- Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Wojciech Krężel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Inserm U1258, CNRS UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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Zhang H, Wang J, Sun J, Wang Q, Guo L, Ju X. Regulatory mechanism underlying liver X receptor effects on the tumor microenvironment, inflammation and tumorigenesis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:989-998. [PMID: 37753584 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2264513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Liver X receptors (LXRs) have emerged as novel targets for tumor treatment. LXRs within the tumor microenvironment show the capacity to impact tumorigenesis and tumor development by regulating the infiltration of immune cells and release of cytokines to moderate inflammation. AREAS COVERED In this review, we present a systematic description of recent progress in understanding the impact of LXRs on the tumor microenvironment and tumorigenesis. We also summarize the antitumor effects mediated by LXRs via their regulation of cytokine expression. Additionally, we discuss the limitations of LXR research in tumor studies to date. EXPERT OPINION Previous studies have demonstrated abnormal LXR expression in tumor tissues, and activation of LXRs has been shown to inhibit tumorigenesis and promote apoptosis in tumor cells. However, LXRs can also affect tumorigenesis by regulating immune cell functions within the tumor immune microenvironment. By summarizing the impact of LXRs on immune cells, we provide new insights into the multifaceted nature of LXRs as antitumor targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Lishui District People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiang Sun
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lanfang Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Fourth People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoli Ju
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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Validation of Knock-Out Caco-2 TC7 Cells as Models of Enterocytes of Patients with Familial Genetic Hypobetalipoproteinemias. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030505. [PMID: 36771214 PMCID: PMC9921550 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Abetalipoproteinemia (FHBL-SD1) and chylomicron retention disease (FHBL-SD3) are rare recessive disorders of lipoprotein metabolism due to mutations in MTTP and SAR1B genes, respectively, which lead to defective chylomicron formation and secretion. This results in lipid and fat-soluble vitamin malabsorption, which induces severe neuro-ophthalmic complications. Currently, treatment combines a low-fat diet with high-dose vitamin A and E supplementation but still fails in normalizing serum vitamin E levels and providing complete ophthalmic protection. To explore these persistent complications, we developed two knock-out cell models of FHBL-SD1 and FHBL-SD3 using the CRISPR/Cas9 technique in Caco-2/TC7 cells. DNA sequencing, RNA quantification and Western blotting confirmed the introduction of mutations with protein knock-out in four clones associated with i) impaired lipid droplet formation and ii) defective triglyceride (-57.0 ± 2.6% to -83.9 ± 1.6%) and cholesterol (-35.3 ± 4.4% to -60.6 ± 3.5%) secretion. A significant decrease in α-tocopherol secretion was also observed in these clones (-41.5 ± 3.7% to -97.2 ± 2.8%), even with the pharmaceutical forms of vitamin E: tocopherol-acetate and tocofersolan (α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate 1000). MTTP silencing led to a more severe phenotype than SAR1B silencing, which is consistent with clinical observations. Our cellular models thus provide an efficient tool to experiment with therapeutic strategies and will allow progress in understanding the mechanisms involved in lipid metabolism.
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Hao J, Liu Y. Epigenetics of methylation modifications in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1119765. [PMID: 37008904 PMCID: PMC10050754 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1119765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is one of the most common metabolic diseases with complications including diabetic cardiomyopathy and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Recently, a growing body of research has revealed that the complex interplay between epigenetic changes and the environmental factors may significantly contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular complications secondary to diabetes. Methylation modifications, including DNA methylation and histone methylation among others, are important in developing diabetic cardiomyopathy. Here we summarized the literatures of studies focusing on the role of DNA methylation, and histone modifications in microvascular complications of diabetes and discussed the mechanism underlying these disorders, to provide the guidance for future research toward an integrated pathophysiology and novel therapeutic strategies to treat or prevent this frequent pathological condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hao
- Department of Emergency, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yao Liu,
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Deshwal S, Baidya AT, Kumar R, Sandhir R. Structure-based virtual screening for identification of potential non-steroidal LXR modulators against neurodegenerative conditions. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 223:106150. [PMID: 35787453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Liver X Receptors (LXRs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily that regulate cholesterol metabolism. LXRs have been suggested as promising targets against many neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). The present study was aimed to identify novel non-steroidal molecules that may potentially modulate LXR activity. The structure-based virtual screening (SBVS) was used to search for suitable compounds from the Asinex library. The top hits were selected and filtered based on their binding affinity for LXR α and β isoforms. Based on molecular docking and scoring results, 24 compounds were selected that had binding energy in the range of - 13.9 to - 12 for LXRα and - 12.5 to - 11 for LXRβ, which were higher than the reference ligands (GW3965 and TO901317). Further, the five hits referred to as model 29, 64, 202, 250, 313 were selected by virtue of their binding interactions with amino acid residues at the active site of LXRs. The selected hits were then subjected to absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) analysis and blood-brain permeability prediction. It was observed that the selected hits had better pharmacokinetic properties with no toxicity and could cross blood-brain barrier. Further, the selected hits were analysed for dynamic evolution of the system with LXRs by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation at 100 ns using GROMACS. The MD simulation results validated that selected hits possess a remarkable amount of flexibility, stability, compactness, binding energy and exhibited limited conformational modification. The root mean square deviation (RMSD) values of the top-scoring hits complexed with LXRα and LXRβ were 0.05-0.6 nm and 0.05-0.45 nm respectively, which is greater than the protein itself. Altogether the study identified potential non-steroidal LXR modulators that appear to be effective against various neurodegenerative conditions involving perturbed cholesterol and lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Deshwal
- Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical Sciences, Block-II, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Anurag Tk Baidya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, UP, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, UP, India
| | - Rajat Sandhir
- Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical Sciences, Block-II, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
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Ma L, Vidana Gamage HE, Tiwari S, Han C, Henn MA, Krawczynska N, Dibaeinia P, Koelwyn GJ, Das Gupta A, Bautista Rivas RO, Wright CL, Xu F, Moore KJ, Sinha S, Nelson ER. The Liver X Receptor Is Selectively Modulated to Differentially Alter Female Mammary Metastasis-associated Myeloid Cells. Endocrinology 2022; 163:bqac072. [PMID: 35569056 PMCID: PMC9188661 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of cholesterol homeostasis is associated with many diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. Liver X receptors (LXRs) are major upstream regulators of cholesterol homeostasis and are activated by endogenous cholesterol metabolites such as 27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC). LXRs and various LXR ligands such as 27HC have been described to influence several extra-hepatic biological systems. However, disparate reports of LXR function have emerged, especially with respect to immunology and cancer biology. This would suggest that, similar to steroid nuclear receptors, the LXRs can be selectively modulated by different ligands. Here, we use RNA-sequencing of macrophages and single-cell RNA-sequencing of immune cells from metastasis-bearing murine lungs to provide evidence that LXR satisfies the 2 principles of selective nuclear receptor modulation: (1) different LXR ligands result in overlapping but distinct gene expression profiles within the same cell type, and (2) the same LXR ligands differentially regulate gene expression in a highly context-specific manner, depending on the cell or tissue type. The concept that the LXRs can be selectively modulated provides the foundation for developing precision pharmacology LXR ligands that are tailored to promote those activities that are desirable (proimmune), but at the same time minimizing harmful side effects (such as elevated triglyceride levels).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqian Ma
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Hashni Epa Vidana Gamage
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Srishti Tiwari
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Chaeyeon Han
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Madeline A Henn
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Natalia Krawczynska
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Payam Dibaeinia
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Graeme J Koelwyn
- NYU Cardiovascular Research Center, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Anasuya Das Gupta
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Rafael Ovidio Bautista Rivas
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Chris L Wright
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center DNA Services, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Fangxiu Xu
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center DNA Services, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Kathryn J Moore
- NYU Cardiovascular Research Center, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Saurabh Sinha
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Erik R Nelson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Lewandowski CT, Laham MS, Thatcher GR. Remembering your A, B, C's: Alzheimer's disease and ABCA1. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:995-1018. [PMID: 35530134 PMCID: PMC9072248 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of ATP binding cassette protein A1 (ABCA1) is central to cholesterol mobilization. Reduced ABCA1 expression or activity is implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other disorders. Therapeutic approaches to boost ABCA1 activity have yet to be translated successfully to the clinic. The risk factors for AD development and progression, including comorbid disorders such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, highlight the intersection of cholesterol transport and inflammation. Upregulation of ABCA1 can positively impact APOE lipidation, insulin sensitivity, peripheral vascular and blood–brain barrier integrity, and anti-inflammatory signaling. Various strategies towards ABCA1-boosting compounds have been described, with a bias toward nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) agonists. These agonists display beneficial preclinical effects; however, important side effects have limited development. In particular, ligands that bind liver X receptor (LXR), the primary NHR that controls ABCA1 expression, have shown positive effects in AD mouse models; however, lipogenesis and unwanted increases in triglyceride production are often observed. The longstanding approach, focusing on LXRβ vs. LXRα selectivity, is over-simplistic and has failed. Novel approaches such as phenotypic screening may lead to small molecule NHR modulators that elevate ABCA1 function without inducing lipogenesis and are clinically translatable.
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Willems S, Zaienne D, Merk D. Targeting Nuclear Receptors in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation. J Med Chem 2021; 64:9592-9638. [PMID: 34251209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors, also known as ligand-activated transcription factors, regulate gene expression upon ligand signals and present as attractive therapeutic targets especially in chronic diseases. Despite the therapeutic relevance of some nuclear receptors in various pathologies, their potential in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation is insufficiently established. This perspective gathers preclinical and clinical data for a potential role of individual nuclear receptors as future targets in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis, and concomitantly evaluates the level of medicinal chemistry targeting these proteins. Considerable evidence suggests the high promise of ligand-activated transcription factors to counteract neurodegenerative diseases with a particularly high potential of several orphan nuclear receptors. However, potent tools are lacking for orphan receptors, and limited central nervous system exposure or insufficient selectivity also compromises the suitability of well-studied nuclear receptor ligands for functional studies. Medicinal chemistry efforts are needed to develop dedicated high-quality tool compounds for the therapeutic validation of nuclear receptors in neurodegenerative pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Willems
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel Zaienne
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel Merk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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Liu C, Zhou X, Pan Y, Liu Y, Zhang Y. Pyruvate carboxylase promotes thyroid cancer aggressiveness through fatty acid synthesis. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:722. [PMID: 34158007 PMCID: PMC8220755 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08499-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) is an important anaplerotic enzyme in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) in cancer cells. Although PC overexpression has been observed in thyroid cancer (TC), the mechanisms involved in the carcinogenic effects of PC are still unclear. Methods Bioinformatics analysis and clinical specimens were used to analyze the relationship of PC expression with clinicopathological variables in TC. Fatty acid synthesis was monitored by LC/MS, Nile red staining, and triglyceride analysis. Mitochondrial oxygen consumption was evaluated by the Seahorse XF Mito Cell Stress Test. The correlation of PC with FASN and SREBP1c was assessed by qRT-PCR and IHC in 38 human TC tissues. Western blotting was used to evaluate the protein expression of PC, FASN, and SREBP1c and members of the AKT/mTOR and EMT pathways in TC cell lines. Wound-healing, CCK-8, and Transwell assays and a nude mouse xenograft model were used to verify the regulatory effects of PC and SREBP1c on thyroid tumor cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Results We demonstrated that PC increased fatty acid synthesis, which then promoted TC progression and metastasis. Analysis of GEO data showed that the overexpression of PC in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) was associated with PTC invasion and the fatty acid synthesis pathway. Analysis of clinical tissue specimens from PTC patients revealed that PC was more highly expressed in specimens from PTC patients with lymph node metastasis than in those from patients without metastasis. Multiple genes in the fatty acid synthesis signaling pathway, including FASN and SREBP1c, were downregulated in PC-knockdown TC cells compared to control cells. Lipid levels were also decreased in the PC-knockdown TC cells. Moreover, the ability of cells to grow, invade, and metastasize was also suppressed upon PC knockdown, suggesting that PC-mediated lipogenesis activation increases the aggressiveness of TC cells. In addition, PC was found to activate the AKT/mTOR pathway, thus improving FASN-mediated de novo lipogenesis in TC cells by upregulating SREBP1c expression. Studies in a nude mouse xenograft model showed that PC knockdown decreased tumor weight, but this effect was attenuated by forced expression of SREBP1c. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that PC is strongly involved in the tumor aggressiveness of TC via its stimulation of fatty acid synthesis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-08499-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Pan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Xu H, Ohoka N, Yokoo H, Nemoto K, Ohtsuki T, Matsufuji H, Naito M, Inoue T, Tsuji G, Demizu Y. Development of Agonist-Based PROTACs Targeting Liver X Receptor. Front Chem 2021; 9:674967. [PMID: 34124002 PMCID: PMC8187946 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.674967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) belong to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily and function as ligand-dependent transcription factors that regulate cholesterol homeostasis, lipid homeostasis, and immune responses. LXR antagonists are promising treatments for hypercholesterolemia and diabetes. However, effective LXR antagonists and inhibitors are yet to be developed. Thus, we aimed to develop LXR degraders (proteolysis targeting chimeras PROTACs against LXR) as a complementary strategy to provide a similar effect to LXR inhibition. In this study, we report the development of GW3965-PEG5-VH032 (3), a PROTAC capable of effectively degrading LXRβ protein. Compound 3 induced the ubiquitin-proteasome system-dependent degradation of the LXRβ protein, which requires VHL E3 ligase. We hope that PROTACs targeting LXR proteins will become novel therapeutic agents for LXR-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqiao Xu
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan.,Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Nobumichi Ohoka
- Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hidetomo Yokoo
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kanako Nemoto
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohtsuki
- Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsufuji
- Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Mikihiko Naito
- Laboratory of Targeted Protein Degradation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Inoue
- Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Genichiro Tsuji
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yosuke Demizu
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan.,Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan
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González-Ortiz A, Galindo-Hernández O, Hernández-Acevedo GN, Hurtado-Ureta G, García-González V. Impact of cholesterol-pathways on breast cancer development, a metabolic landscape. J Cancer 2021; 12:4307-4321. [PMID: 34093831 PMCID: PMC8176427 DOI: 10.7150/jca.54637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
ApoB-lipoproteins and their components modulate intracellular metabolism and have been associated with the development of neoplastic phenomena, such as proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and cancer invasion. In cancer cells, the modulation of targets that regulate cholesterol metabolism, such as synthesis de novo, endocytosis, and oxidation, are contributing factors to cancer development. While mechanisms associated with sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP-2)/mevalonate, the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) and liver X receptor (LXR) have been linked with tumor growth; metabolites derived from cholesterol-oxidation, such as oxysterols and epoxy-cholesterols, also have been described as tumor processes-inducers. From this notion, we perform an analysis of the role of lipoproteins, their association with intracellular cholesterol metabolism, and the impact of these conditions on breast cancer development, mechanisms that can be shared during atherogenesis promoted mainly by LDL. Pathways connecting plasma dyslipidemias in conjunction with the effect of cholesterol-derived metabolites on intracellular mechanisms and cellular plasticity phenomena could provide new approaches to elucidate the triggering factors of carcinogenesis, conditions that could be considered in the development of new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Victor García-González
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina Mexicali, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, 21000 Mexicali, México
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Wang Q, Wang J, Wang J, Zhang H. Molecular mechanism of liver X receptors in cancer therapeutics. Life Sci 2021; 273:119287. [PMID: 33667512 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are receptors that belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily (NRs). It was originally called the "orphan receptor" when it was firstly discovered. Then it was found to be activated by oxysterol and it was officially named LXRs. LXRs are activated by ligands and bind to the retinol X receptor to form a heterodimer and regulate metabolism. Numerous studies have shown that LXRs are involved in regulating immune function and maintaining immune tolerance. Activating LXRs can also inhibit the tumorigenesis and promote apoptosis of tumor cells, which make LXRs as potential targets in cancer treatment. This review will discuss the recent progress of LXRs from the structure and function of LXRs, the signaling pathway of LXRs, the molecular mechanism of LXRs activation in cancers, and the potential targets of LXRs in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiayou Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Lishui District People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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Tanshinone IIA Downregulates Lipogenic Gene Expression and Attenuates Lipid Accumulation through the Modulation of LXRα/SREBP1 Pathway in HepG2 Cells. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9030326. [PMID: 33806955 PMCID: PMC8004631 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9030326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal and excessive accumulation of lipid droplets within hepatic cells is the main feature of steatosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). Dysregulation of lipogenesis contributes to hepatic steatosis and plays an essential role in the pathological progress of MAFLD. Tanshinone IIA is a bioactive phytochemical isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge and exhibits anti-inflammatory, antiatherosclerotic and antihyperlipidemic effects. In this study, we aimed to investigate the lipid-lowering effects of tanshinone IIA on the regulation of lipogenesis, lipid accumulation, and the underlying mechanisms in hepatic cells. We demonstrated that tanshinone IIA can significantly inhibit the gene expression involved in de novo lipogenesis including FASN, ACC1, and SCD1, in HepG2 and Huh 7 cells. Tanshinone IIA could increase phosphorylation of ACC1 protein in HepG2 cells. We further demonstrated that tanshinone IIA also could suppress the fatty-acid-induced lipogenesis and TG accumulation in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, tanshinone IIA markedly downregulated the mRNA and protein expression of SREBP1, an essential transcription factor regulating lipogenesis in hepatic cells. Moreover, we found that tanshinone IIA attenuated liver X receptor α (LXRα)-mediated lipogenic gene expression and lipid droplet accumulation, but did not change the levels of LXRα mRNA or protein in HepG2 cells. The molecular docking data predicted tanshinone IIA binding to the ligand-binding domain of LXRα, which may result in the attenuation of LXRα-induced transcriptional activation. Our findings support the supposition that tanshinone IIA possesses a lipid-modulating effect that suppresses lipogenesis and attenuates lipid accumulation by modulating the LXRα/SREBP1 pathway in hepatic cells. Tanshinone IIA can be potentially used as a supplement or drug for the prevention or treatment of MAFLD.
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Goel D, Vohora D. Liver X receptors and skeleton: Current state-of-knowledge. Bone 2021; 144:115807. [PMID: 33333244 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The liver X receptors (LXR) is a nuclear receptor that acts as a prominent regulator of lipid homeostasis and inflammatory response. Its therapeutic effectiveness against various diseases like Alzheimer's disease and atherosclerosis has been investigated in detail. Emerging pieces of evidence now reveal that LXR is also a crucial modulator of bone remodeling. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the pharmacological actions of LXR on the skeleton and its role in osteoporosis are poorly understood. Therefore, in the current review, we highlight LXR and its actions through different molecular pathways modulating skeletal homeostasis. The studies described in this review propound that LXR in association with estrogen, PTH, PPARγ, RXR hedgehog, and canonical Wnt signaling regulates osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. It regulates RANKL-induced expression of c-Fos, NFATc1, and NF-κB involved in osteoclast differentiation. Additionally, several studies suggest suppression of RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation by synthetic LXR ligands. Given the significance of modulation of LXR in various physiological and pathological settings, our findings indicate that therapeutic targeting of LXR might potentially prevent or treat osteoporosis and improve bone quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Goel
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Divya Vohora
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
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15
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Buñay J, Fouache A, Trousson A, de Joussineau C, Bouchareb E, Zhu Z, Kocer A, Morel L, Baron S, Lobaccaro JMA. Screening for liver X receptor modulators: Where are we and for what use? Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:3277-3293. [PMID: 33080050 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily that are canonically activated by oxidized derivatives of cholesterol. Since the mid-90s, numerous groups have identified LXRs as endocrine receptors that are involved in the regulation of various physiological functions. As a result, when their expression is genetically modified in mice, phenotypic analyses reveal endocrine disorders ranging from infertility to diabetes and obesity, nervous system pathologies such Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease, immunological disturbances, inflammatory response, and enhancement of tumour development. Based on such findings, it appears that LXRs could constitute good pharmacological targets to prevent and/or to treat these diseases. This review discusses the various aspects of LXR drug discovery, from the tools available for the screening of potential LXR modulators to the current situational analysis of the drugs in development. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Oxysterols, Lifelong Health and Therapeutics. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.16/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Buñay
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Allan Fouache
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Amalia Trousson
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cyrille de Joussineau
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Erwan Bouchareb
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Zhekun Zhu
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ayhan Kocer
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Laurent Morel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Silvere Baron
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Marc A Lobaccaro
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Zhang Z, Chen H, Chen Z, Ding P, Ju Y, Gu Q, Xu J, Zhou H. Identify liver X receptor β modulator building blocks by developing a fluorescence polarization-based competition assay. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 178:458-467. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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17
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Mouzat K, Chudinova A, Polge A, Kantar J, Camu W, Raoul C, Lumbroso S. Regulation of Brain Cholesterol: What Role Do Liver X Receptors Play in Neurodegenerative Diseases? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3858. [PMID: 31398791 PMCID: PMC6720493 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver X Receptors (LXR) alpha and beta are two members of nuclear receptor superfamily documented as endogenous cholesterol sensors. Following conversion of cholesterol in oxysterol, both LXR isoforms detect intracellular concentrations and act as transcription factors to promote expression of target genes. Among their numerous physiological roles, they act as central cholesterol-lowering factors. In the central nervous system (CNS), cholesterol has been shown to be an essential determinant of brain function, particularly as a major constituent of myelin and membranes. In the brain, LXRs act as cholesterol central regulators, and, beyond this metabolic function, LXRs have additional roles such as providing neuroprotective effects and lowering neuroinflammation. In many neurodegenerative disorders, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and multiple sclerosis (MS), dysregulations of cholesterol and oxysterol have been reported. In this paper, we propose to focus on recent advances in the knowledge of the LXRs roles on brain cholesterol and oxysterol homeostasis, neuroinflammation, neuroprotection, and their putative involvement in neurodegenerative disorders. We will discuss their potential use as candidates for both molecular diagnosis and as promising pharmacological targets in the treatment of ALS, AD, or MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Mouzat
- Motoneuron Disease: Pathophysiology and Therapy, The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Nimes University Hospital, 30029 Nîmes, France.
| | - Aleksandra Chudinova
- Motoneuron Disease: Pathophysiology and Therapy, The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Nimes University Hospital, 30029 Nîmes, France
| | - Anne Polge
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Nimes University Hospital, University of Montpellier, 30029 Nîmes, France
| | - Jovana Kantar
- Motoneuron Disease: Pathophysiology and Therapy, The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Nimes University Hospital, 30029 Nîmes, France
| | - William Camu
- ALS Reference Center, Montpellier University Hospital and University of Montpellier, Inserm UMR1051, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Cédric Raoul
- The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier, Inserm UMR1051, University of Montpellier, 34091 Montpellier, France
| | - Serge Lumbroso
- Motoneuron Disease: Pathophysiology and Therapy, The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Nimes University Hospital, 30029 Nîmes, France
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18
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Fouache A, Zabaiou N, De Joussineau C, Morel L, Silvente-Poirot S, Namsi A, Lizard G, Poirot M, Makishima M, Baron S, Lobaccaro JMA, Trousson A. Flavonoids differentially modulate liver X receptors activity-Structure-function relationship analysis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 190:173-182. [PMID: 30959154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) α (NR1H3) and β (NR1H2) are nuclear receptors that have been involved in the regulation of many physiological processes, principally in the control of cholesterol homeostasis, as well as in the control of the cell death and proliferation balance. These receptors are thus promising therapeutic targets in various pathologies such as dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, diabetes and/or cancers. These receptors are known to be activated by specific oxysterol compounds. The screening for LXR-specific ligands is a challenging process: indeed, these molecules should present a specificity towards each LXR-isoform. Because some natural products have significant effects in the regulation of the LXR-regulated homeostasis and are enriched in flavonoids, we have decided to test in cell culture the effects of 4 selected flavonoids (galangin, quercetin, apigenin and naringenin) on the modulation of LXR activity using double-hybrid experiments. In silico, molecular docking suggests specific binding pattern between agonistic and antagonistic molecules. Altogether, these results allow a better understanding of the ligand binding pocket of LXRα/β. They also improve our knowledge about flavonoid mechanism of action, allowing the selection and development of better LXR selective ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Fouache
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28, place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, F-63009, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Nada Zabaiou
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28, place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Science, Université Mohamed Seddik Ben Yahia, 18000, Jijel, Algeria.
| | - Cyrille De Joussineau
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28, place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, F-63009, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Laurent Morel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28, place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, F-63009, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | | | - Amira Namsi
- University Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, UR/11ES09, Lab. 'Functional Neurophysiology and Pathology', 2092, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Team Bio-peroxIL, "Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism" (EA7270)/University Bourgogne Franche-Comté/Inserm, 21000, Dijon, France.
| | - Marc Poirot
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, UMR 1037 INSERM-University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
| | - Makoto Makishima
- Nihon University School of Medicine, Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan.
| | - Silvère Baron
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28, place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, F-63009, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Jean-Marc A Lobaccaro
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28, place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, F-63009, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Amalia Trousson
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28, place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, F-63009, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Bilotta MT, Abruzzese MP, Molfetta R, Scarno G, Fionda C, Zingoni A, Soriani A, Garofalo T, Petrucci MT, Ricciardi MR, Paolini R, Santoni A, Cippitelli M. Activation of liver X receptor up-regulates the expression of the NKG2D ligands MICA and MICB in multiple myeloma through different molecular mechanisms. FASEB J 2019; 33:9489-9504. [PMID: 31125275 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900319r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
NK cells have an important role in immunosurveillance of multiple myeloma (MM) progression, and their activity is enhanced by combination therapies able to regulate the expression of specific activating ligands. Liver X receptors (LXRs) are nuclear receptors and important regulators of intracellular cholesterol and lipid homeostasis. Moreover, they have regulatory roles in both cancer and immune response. Indeed, they can regulate inflammation and innate and acquired immunity. Furthermore, LXR activation directly acts in cancer cells (e.g., prostate, breast, melanoma, colon cancer, hepatocarcinoma, glioblastoma, and MM) that show an accumulation of cholesterol and alteration of LXR-mediated metabolic pathways. Here, we investigated the role of LXR and cholesterol on the expression of the NK cell-activating ligands major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related molecule A and B (MICA and MICB) in MM cells. The results shown in this work indicate that MM cells are responsive to LXR activation, which induces changes in the intracellular cholesterol content. These changes correlate with an enhanced expression of MICA and MICB in human MM cell lines and in primary malignant plasma cells, 2 ligands of the NK group 2D receptor (NKG2D)/CD314 activating receptor expressed in cytotoxic lymphocytes, rendering MM cells more sensitive to recognition, degranulation, and killing by NK cells. Mechanistically, we observed that LXR activation regulates MICA and MICB expression at different levels: MICA at the transcriptional level, enhancing mica promoter activity, and MICB by inhibiting its degradation in lysosomes. The present study provides evidence that activation of LXR, by enhancing NKG2D ligand expression, can promote NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity and suggests a novel immune-mediated mechanism involving modulation of intracellular cholesterol levels in cancer cells.-Bilotta, M. T., Abruzzese, M. P., Molfetta, R., Scarno, G., Fionda, C., Zingoni, A., Soriani, A., Garofalo, T., Petrucci, M. T., Ricciardi, M. R., Paolini, R., Santoni, A., Cippitelli, M. Activation of liver X receptor up-regulates the expression of the NKG2D ligands MICA and MICB in multiple myeloma through different molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rosa Molfetta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Scarno
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Fionda
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Zingoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Soriani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Tina Garofalo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Petrucci
- Division of Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Ricciardi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Hematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Paolini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Santoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy.,Istituto Mediterraneo di Neuroscienze Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Marco Cippitelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Fang F, Li D, Zhao L, Li Y, Zhang T, Cui B. Expression of NR1H3 in endometrial carcinoma and its effect on the proliferation of Ishikawa cells in vitro. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:685-697. [PMID: 30705597 PMCID: PMC6343513 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s180534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Our study aimed to investigate the expression of NR1H3 in endometrial carcinoma, its effect on the proliferation of endometrial carcinoma cells in vitro, and the underlying mechanism of this effect. Materials and methods Immunohistochemistry of paraffin-embedded, sectioned specimens and of a tissue microarray was conducted to estimate the expression of NR1H3 (liver X receptors α: LXRα) and NR1H2 (liver X receptors β: LXRβ) in endometrial carcinoma tissues. The subcellular localization of NR1H3 in the endometrial carcinoma cell line Ishikawa was determined by immunofluorescence. An agonist of NR1H3, TO901317, was then administered to activate the expression of NR1H3, and cell viability and cell-cycle progression were investigated through MTT and flow cytometric assays, respectively. The gene and protein expression levels of NR1H3, cyclin D1 (CCND1), and cyclin E (CCNE) in cells pretreated with different concentrations of TO901317 for different periods of time were also detected by real-time RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. Results The results showed that, in contrast to NR1H2, which was expressed at low levels in endometrial tissues, NR1H3 was upregulated in endometrial adenocarcinoma tissues compared to levels in normal endometrial tissues and endometrial polyps. Moreover, NR1H3 was mainly expressed in the cytoplasm of Ishikawa cells. TO901317 significantly decreased cell viability and arrested the cell cycle in Ishikawa cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, the administration of TO901317 not only promoted the expression of NR1H3 but also inhibited the expression of CCND1 and CCNE in Ishikawa cells. Conclusion We demonstrated that NR1H3 is upregulated in endometrial adenocarcinoma and that it inhibits cell viability by inhibiting the expression of CCND1 and CCNE in endometrial carcinoma cells. Our study indicates that NR1H3 may play a role in the development of endometrial cancer and may emerge as a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Fang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China, .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Weihai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Dawei Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China, .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Weihai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China,
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China, .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Weihai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Teng Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China,
| | - Baoxia Cui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China,
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Long MD, Singh PK, Russell JR, Llimos G, Rosario S, Rizvi A, van den Berg PR, Kirk J, Sucheston-Campbell LE, Smiraglia DJ, Campbell MJ. The miR-96 and RARγ signaling axis governs androgen signaling and prostate cancer progression. Oncogene 2019; 38:421-444. [PMID: 30120411 PMCID: PMC6336686 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0450-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Expression levels of retinoic acid receptor gamma (NR1B3/RARG, encodes RARγ) are commonly reduced in prostate cancer (PCa). Therefore, we sought to establish the cellular and gene regulatory consequences of reduced RARγ expression, and determine RARγ regulatory mechanisms. RARG shRNA approaches in non-malignant (RWPE-1 and HPr1-AR) and malignant (LNCaP) prostate models revealed that reducing RARγ levels, rather than adding exogenous retinoid ligand, had the greatest impact on prostate cell viability and gene expression. ChIP-Seq defined the RARγ cistrome, which was significantly enriched at active enhancers associated with AR binding sites. Reflecting a significant genomic role for RARγ to regulate androgen signaling, RARγ knockdown in HPr1-AR cells significantly regulated the magnitude of the AR transcriptome. RARγ downregulation was explained by increased miR-96 in PCa cell and mouse models, and TCGA PCa cohorts. Biochemical approaches confirmed that miR-96 directly regulated RARγ expression and function. Capture of the miR-96 targetome by biotin-miR-96 identified that RARγ and a number of RARγ interacting co-factors including TACC1 were all targeted by miR-96, and expression of these genes were prominently altered, positively and negatively, in the TCGA-PRAD cohort. Differential gene expression analyses between tumors in the TCGA-PRAD cohort with lower quartile expression levels of RARG and TACC1 and upper quartile miR-96, compared to the reverse, identified a gene network including several RARγ target genes (e.g., SOX15) that significantly associated with worse disease-free survival (hazard ratio 2.23, 95% CI 1.58 to 2.88, p = 0.015). In summary, miR-96 targets a RARγ network to govern AR signaling, PCa progression and disease outcome.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/mortality
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Androgens
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Disease Progression
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic
- Fetal Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Regulatory Networks
- Humans
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Male
- Mice
- MicroRNAs/physiology
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/genetics
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/mortality
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/pathology
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/mortality
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Neoplasm/physiology
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/physiology
- Signal Transduction
- Retinoic Acid Receptor gamma
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Long
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (RPCCC), Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Prashant K Singh
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - James R Russell
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (RPCCC), Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Gerard Llimos
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (RPCCC), Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
- Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Spencer Rosario
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (RPCCC), Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Abbas Rizvi
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Patrick R van den Berg
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (RPCCC), Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
- Leiden institute of Physics, Leiden University, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jason Kirk
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Lara E Sucheston-Campbell
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Dominic J Smiraglia
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (RPCCC), Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Moray J Campbell
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 536 Parks Hall, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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22
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Abstract
As plant-derived natural products, saponins have been widely applied for the dietary modification of metabolic syndrome. However, the underlying mechanisms of their preventive and therapeutic effects are still largely unclear. Nuclear receptors have been identified as potential pharmaceutical targets for treating various types of metabolic disorders. With similar structure to endogenous hormones, several saponins may serve as selective ligands for nuclear receptors. Recently, a series of saponins are proved to exert their physiological activities through binding to nuclear receptors. This review summarizes the biological and pharmacological activities of typical saponins mediated by some of the most well described nuclear receptors, including the classical steroid hormone receptors (ER, GR, MR, and AR) and the adopted orphan receptors (PPAR, LXR, FXR, and PXR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiehua Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuning Zhong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tiezhu Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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23
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Buñay J, Baron S, Lobaccaro JMA. LXRs are finally being adequately targeted in atherosclerosis. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2018; 6:S28. [PMID: 30613603 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2018.09.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julio Buñay
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28, place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Silvère Baron
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28, place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Marc A Lobaccaro
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28, place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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24
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Cariello M, Ducheix S, Maqdasy S, Baron S, Moschetta A, Lobaccaro JMA. LXRs, SHP, and FXR in Prostate Cancer: Enemies or Ménage à Quatre With AR? NUCLEAR RECEPTOR SIGNALING 2018; 15:1550762918801070. [PMID: 30718981 PMCID: PMC6348739 DOI: 10.1177/1550762918801070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Androgens and androgen receptor (AR, NR3C4) clearly play a crucial role in
prostate cancer progression. Besides, the link between metabolic disorders and
the risk of developing a prostate cancer has been emerging these last years.
Interestingly, “lipid” nuclear receptors such as LXRα/NR1H3 and LXRβ/NR1H2 (as
well as FXRα/NR1H4 and SHP/NR0B2) have been described to decrease the lipid
metabolism, while AR increases it. Moreover, these former orphan nuclear
receptors can regulate androgen levels and modulate AR activity. Thus, it is not
surprising to find such receptors involved in the physiology of prostate. This
review is focused on the roles of liver X receptors (LXRs), farnesoid X receptor
(FXR), and small heterodimeric partner (SHP) in prostate physiology and their
capabilities to interfere with the androgen-regulated pathways by modulating the
levels of active androgen within the prostate. By the use of prostate cancer
cell lines, mice deficient for these nuclear receptors and human tissue
libraries, several authors have pointed out the putative possibility to
pharmacologically target these receptors. These data open a new field of
research for the development of new drugs that could overcome the castration
resistance in prostate cancer, a usual phenomenon in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon Ducheix
- Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Roma, Italy
| | - Salwan Maqdasy
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,CHU Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Silvère Baron
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Antonio Moschetta
- "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Roma, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Oncologico "Giovanni Paolo II," Bari, Italy
| | - Jean-Marc A Lobaccaro
- "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Roma, Italy.,Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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25
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Nahon JE, Groeneveldt C, Geerling JJ, van Eck M, Hoekstra M. Inhibition of protein arginine methyltransferase 3 activity selectively impairs liver X receptor-driven transcription of hepatic lipogenic genes in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:3175-3183. [PMID: 29774529 PMCID: PMC6031883 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Agonists for the liver X receptor (LXR) are considered promising therapeutic moieties in cholesterol-driven diseases by promoting cellular cholesterol efflux pathways. However, current clinical application of these agents is hampered by concomitant LXR-induced activation of a lipogenic transcriptional network, leading to hepatic steatosis. Recent studies have suggested that protein arginine methyltransferase 3 (PRMT3) may act as a selective co-activator of LXR activity. Here, we verified the hypothesis that PRMT3 inhibition selectively disrupts the ability of LXR to stimulate lipogenesis while maintaining its capacity to modulate macrophage cholesterol homeostasis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A combination of the LXR agonist T0901317 and palm oil was administered to C57BL/6 mice to maximally stimulate LXR and PRMT3 activity. PRMT3 activity was inhibited using the allosteric inhibitor SGC707. KEY RESULTS Treatment with SGC707 did not negatively influence the T0901317/palm oil-induced up-regulation of the cholesterol efflux ATP-binding cassette transporter genes, ABCA1 and ABCG1, in peritoneal cells. In contrast, SGC707 treatment was associated with a significant decrease in the hepatic expression of the lipogenic gene fatty acid synthase (-64%). A similar trend was observed for stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase and acetyl CoA carboxylase expression (-43%; -56%). This obstruction of lipogenic gene transcription coincided with a significant 2.3-fold decrease in liver triglyceride content as compared with the T0901317 and palm oil-treated control group. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS We showed that inhibition of PRMT3 activity by SGC707 treatment selectively impairs LXR-driven transcription of hepatic lipogenic genes, while the positive effect of LXR stimulation on macrophage cholesterol efflux pathways is maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joya E Nahon
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christianne Groeneveldt
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Janine J Geerling
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Miranda van Eck
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Menno Hoekstra
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden, The Netherlands
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26
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El-Gendy BEDM, Goher SS, Hegazy LS, Arief MMH, Burris TP. Recent Advances in the Medicinal Chemistry of Liver X Receptors. J Med Chem 2018; 61:10935-10956. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bahaa El-Dien M. El-Gendy
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa S. Goher
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
| | - Lamees S. Hegazy
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
| | - Mohamed M. H. Arief
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
| | - Thomas P. Burris
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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27
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Czarnowicki T, Dohlman AB, Malik K, Antonini D, Bissonnette R, Chan TC, Zhou L, Wen HC, Estrada Y, Xu H, Bryson C, Shen J, Lala D, Ma'ayan A, McGeehan G, Gregg R, Guttman-Yassky E. Effect of short-term liver X receptor activation on epidermal barrier features in mild to moderate atopic dermatitis: A randomized controlled trial. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018; 120:631-640.e11. [PMID: 29567358 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver X receptors (LXRs) are involved in maintaining epidermal barrier and suppressing inflammatory responses in model systems. The LXR agonist VTP-38543 showed promising results in improving barrier function and inflammatory responses in model systems. OBJECTIVE To assess the safety, tolerability, cellular and molecular changes, and clinical efficacy of the topical VTP-38543 in adults with mild to moderate atopic dermatitis (AD). METHODS A total of 104 ambulatory patients with mild to moderate AD were enrolled in this randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled trial between December 2015 and September 2016. VTP-38543 cream in 3 concentrations (0.05%, 0.15%, and 1.0%) or placebo was applied twice daily for 28 days. Pretreatment and posttreatment skin biopsy specimens were obtained from a subset of 33 patients. Changes in SCORing of Atopic Dermatitis, Eczema Area and Severity Index, Investigator's Global Assessment, and tissue biomarkers (by real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunostaining) were evaluated. RESULTS Topical VTP-38543 was safe and well tolerated. VTP-38543 significantly increased messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of epidermal barrier differentiation (loricrin and filaggrin, P = .02) and lipid (adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette subfamily G member 1 and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c, P < .01) measures and reduced epidermal hyperplasia markers (thickness, keratin 16 mRNA). VTP-38543 nonsignificantly suppressed cellular infiltrates and down-regulated mRNA expression of several TH17/TH22-related (phosphatidylinositol 3, S100 calcium-binding protein A12) and innate immunity (interleukin 6) markers. CONCLUSION Topical VTP-38543 is safe and well tolerated. Its application led to improvement in barrier differentiation and lipids. Longer-term studies are needed to clarify whether a barrier-based approach can induce meaningful suppression of immune abnormalities. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02655679.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tali Czarnowicki
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Anders B Dohlman
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, BD2K-LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai School, New York, New York
| | - Kunal Malik
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; College of Medicine, SUNY Downstate, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Diane Antonini
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals Inc, an Allergan affiliate, Irvine, California
| | | | - Tom C Chan
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Lisa Zhou
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Huei-Chi Wen
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Yeriel Estrada
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Catherine Bryson
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals Inc, an Allergan affiliate, Irvine, California
| | - Jie Shen
- Allergan plc, Irvine, California
| | - Deepak Lala
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals Inc, an Allergan affiliate, Irvine, California
| | - Avi Ma'ayan
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, BD2K-LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai School, New York, New York
| | - Gerard McGeehan
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals Inc, an Allergan affiliate, Irvine, California
| | - Richard Gregg
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals Inc, an Allergan affiliate, Irvine, California
| | - Emma Guttman-Yassky
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York.
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28
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Martínez MD, Ghini AA, Dansey MV, Veleiro AS, Pecci A, Alvarez LD, Burton G. Synthesis and activity evaluation of a series of cholanamides as modulators of the liver X receptors. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:1092-1101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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Tamura S, Okada M, Kato S, Shinoda Y, Shioda N, Fukunaga K, Ui-Tei K, Ueda M. Ouabagenin is a naturally occurring LXR ligand without causing hepatic steatosis as a side effect. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2305. [PMID: 29396543 PMCID: PMC5797171 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20663-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ouabagenin (OBG) is an aglycone of the cardiotonic steroid ouabain and until now was considered a biologically inactive biosynthetic precursor. Herein, we revealed that OBG functions as a novel class of ligand for the liver X receptor (LXR). Luciferase reporter assays and in silico docking studies suggested that OBG has LXR-selective agonistic activity. In addition, OBG repressed the expression of epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), a LXR target gene, without causing hepatic steatosis, a typical side effect of conventional LXR ligands. This remarkable biological activity can be attributed to a unique mode of action; the LXR agonist activity mainly proceeds through the LXRβ subtype without affecting LXRα, unlike conventional LXR ligands. Thus, OBG is a novel class of LXR ligand that does not cause severe side effects, with potential for use as an antihypertensive diuretic or a tool compound for exploring LXR subtype-specific biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Tamura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan.,School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa-gun, Iwate, 028-3694, Japan
| | - Maiko Okada
- Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 970-8551, Japan.,Genome regulation and Molecular Pharmacogenomics, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0982, Japan
| | - Shigeaki Kato
- Iwaki Meisei University, Iwaki, Fukushima, 970-8551, Japan.,Research Institute of Innovative Medicine, Tokiwa Foundation, Iwaki, Fukushima, 972-8322, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Shinoda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Norifumi Shioda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kohji Fukunaga
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ui-Tei
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Minoru Ueda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan.
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30
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Poirot M, Silvente-Poirot S. The tumor-suppressor cholesterol metabolite, dendrogenin A, is a new class of LXR modulator activating lethal autophagy in cancers. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 153:75-81. [PMID: 29409832 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dendrogenin A (DDA) is a mammalian cholesterol metabolite recently identified that displays tumor suppressor properties. The discovery of DDA has revealed the existence in mammals of a new metabolic branch in the cholesterol pathway centered on 5,6α-epoxycholesterol and bridging cholesterol metabolism with histamine metabolism. Metabolic studies showed a drop in DDA levels in cancer cells and tumors compared to normal cells, suggesting a link between DDA metabolism deregulation and oncogenesis. Importantly, complementation of cancer cells with DDA induced 1) cancer cell re-differentiation, 2) blockade of 6-oxo-cholestan-3β,5α-diol (OCDO) production, an endogenous tumor promoter and 3) lethal autophagy in tumors. Importantly, by binding the liver X receptor (LXR), DDA activates the expression of genes controlling autophagy. These genes include NR4A1, NR4A3, LC3 and TFEB. The canonical LXR ligands 22(R)hydroxycholesterol, TO901317 and GW3965 did not induce these effects indicating that DDA delineates a new class of selective LXR modulator (SLiM). The induction of lethal autophagy by DDA was associated with the accumulation in cancer cells of lysosomes and of the pro-lysosomal cholesterol precursor zymostenol due to the inhibition of the 3β-hydroxysteroid-Δ8Δ7-isomerase enzyme (D8D7I). The anti-cancer efficacy of DDA was established on different mouse and human cancers such as breast cancers, melanoma and acute myeloid leukemia, including patient derived xenografts, and did not discriminate bulk cancer cells from cancer cell progenitors. Together these data highlight that the mammalian metabolite DDA is a promising anticancer compound with a broad range of anticancer applications. In addition, DDA and LXR are new actors in the transcriptional control of autophagy and DDA being a "first in line" driver of lethal autophagy in cancers via the LXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Poirot
- Team "Cholesterol Metabolism and Therapeutic Innovations", Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, UMR 1037 INSERM-University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, UMR 1037 INSERM-University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
| | - Sandrine Silvente-Poirot
- Team "Cholesterol Metabolism and Therapeutic Innovations", Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, UMR 1037 INSERM-University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, UMR 1037 INSERM-University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
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31
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Modulation of nuclear receptor Liver X Receptor alpha by polyphenols. Proc Nutr Soc 2018. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665118002422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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32
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Dendrogenin A drives LXR to trigger lethal autophagy in cancers. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1903. [PMID: 29199269 PMCID: PMC5712521 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01948-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendrogenin A (DDA) is a newly discovered cholesterol metabolite with tumor suppressor properties. Here, we explored its efficacy and mechanism of cell death in melanoma and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We found that DDA induced lethal autophagy in vitro and in vivo, including primary AML patient samples, independently of melanoma Braf status or AML molecular and cytogenetic classifications. DDA is a partial agonist on liver-X-receptor (LXR) increasing Nur77, Nor1, and LC3 expression leading to autolysosome formation. Moreover, DDA inhibited the cholesterol biosynthesizing enzyme 3β-hydroxysterol-Δ8,7-isomerase (D8D7I) leading to sterol accumulation and cooperating in autophagy induction. This mechanism of death was not observed with other LXR ligands or D8D7I inhibitors establishing DDA selectivity. The potent anti-tumor activity of DDA, its original mechanism of action and its low toxicity support its clinical evaluation. More generally, this study reveals that DDA can direct control a nuclear receptor to trigger lethal autophagy in cancers.
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33
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Ju X, Huang P, Chen M, Wang Q. Liver X receptors as potential targets for cancer therapeutics. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:7676-7680. [PMID: 29250170 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are important members of the nuclear receptor family that were originally determined to function in cholesterol transport and the regulation of immune responses. Synthetic LXR ligands have been developed to treat various diseases including diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and atherosclerosis. Previous studies have suggested that LXRs are also involved in numerous types of cancer and are therefore potential targets for cancer therapeutics. The present review summarizes LXR ligands and their mechanisms of action, the effects of LXRs in different types of cancer and their potential applications in clinical treatment. Together, the studies discussed in the present review indicate that LXRs may be potential targets for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Ju
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Pan Huang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Miao Chen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China.,Department of Pathology, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
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34
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Bakry OA, El Farargy SM, El Kady NNED, Dawy HFA. Immunohistochemical Expression of Cyclo-oxygenase 2 and Liver X Receptor-α in Acne Vulgaris. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:WC01-WC07. [PMID: 29207817 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/28754.10577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Acne Vulgaris (AV) is a common inflammatory disease of pilosebaceous units. Liver X Receptor-α (LXR-α) is a ligand activated transcription factor. It controls transcription of genes involved in lipid and fatty acid synthesis. Cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX2) is a rate limiting enzyme in prostaglandin synthesis. It plays important role in inflammation. Aim To evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of LXR-α and COX2 in acne vulgaris skin biopsies to explore their possible pathogenic role in this disease. Materials and Methods Sixty five subjects were included (45 cases with AV and 20 age and gender-matched healthy controls). Skin biopsies were taken from lesional and perilesional skin of cases and from site-matched areas of control subjects. The evaluation of LXR-α and COX2 was done using immunohistochemical technique. Data were collected, tabulated and statistically analysed using a personal computer with "(SPSS) version 11" program. Chi-square test was used to study the association between qualitative variables. Mann-Whitney test was used for comparison between quantitative variables. Student's t-test was used for comparison between two groups having quantitative variables. Spearman's coefficient was used to study the correlation between two different variables. Differences were considered statistically significant with p<0.05. Results COX2 was upregulated in lesional skin compared with peilesional and control skin both in epidermis and pilosebaceous units (p<0.001 for all). Higher epidermal COX2% was significantly associated with papulopustular acne (p=0.009) and higher acne score (p=0.018). Higher pilosebaceous units COX2% was significantly associated with papulopustular acne (p=0.04). LXR-α was upregulated in lesional skin compared with peilesional and control skin both in epidermis and pilosebaceous units (p<0.001 for all). Higher LXR-α % in epidermis and pilosebaceous units was significantly associated with papulopustular acne (p=0.01 for both) and higher acne score (p=0.03 for both). Significant positive correlation was detected between COX2% and LXR-α % in epidermis (p=0.001, r=0.87) and pilosebaceous units (p=0.001, r=0.65). Conclusion Both LXR-α and COX-2 play a role in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris through their effects on cellular proliferation, inflammation and lipid synthesis. Research for new therapeutic modalities based on their inhibition is needed. More understanding of the interaction between LXR-α, COX2 and acne lesions may lead to effective interference, possibly directed toward specific cell types or steps within inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Ahmed Bakry
- Assistant Professor, Department of Dermatology, Andrology and STDs, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufiya University, Shibeen El Koom, Egypt
| | - Shawky Mahmoud El Farargy
- Professor, Department of Dermatology, Andrology and STDs, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufiya University, Shibeen El Koom, Egypt
| | - Noha Nour El Din El Kady
- Lecturer, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufiya University, Shibeen El Koom, Egypt
| | - Hend Farag Abu Dawy
- Dermatology Specialist, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufiya University, Shibeen El Koom, Egypt
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Liver X Receptor α Is Involved in Counteracting Mechanical Allodynia by Inhibiting Neuroinflammation in the Spinal Dorsal Horn. Anesthesiology 2017; 127:534-547. [PMID: 28617705 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000001718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver X receptors, including α and β isoforms, are ligand-activated transcription factors. Whether liver X receptor α plays a role in neuropathic pain is unknown. METHODS A spared nerve injury model was established in adult male rats and mice. Von Frey tests were performed to evaluate the neuropathic pain behavior; Western blot and immunohistochemistry were performed to understand the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS Intrathecal injection of a specific liver X receptor agonist T0901317 or GW3965 could either prevent the development of mechanical allodynia or alleviate the established mechanical allodynia, both in rats and wild-type mice. GW3965 could inhibit the activation of glial cells and the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (mean ± SD: 196 ± 48 vs. 119 ± 57; n = 6; P < 0.01) and interleukin 1β (mean ± SD: 215 ± 69 vs. 158 ± 74; n = 6; P < 0.01) and increase the expression of interleukin 10 in the spinal dorsal horn. All of the above effects of GW3965 could be abolished by liver X receptor α mutation. Moreover, more glial cells were activated, and more interleukin 1β was released in the spinal dorsal horn in liver X receptor α knockout mice than in wild-type mice after spared nerve injury. Aminoglutethimide, a neurosteroid synthesis inhibitor, blocked the inhibitory effect of T0901317 on mechanical allodynia, on the activation of glial cells, and on the expression of cytokines. CONCLUSIONS Activation of liver X receptor α inhibits mechanical allodynia by inhibiting the activation of glial cells and rebalancing cytokines in the spinal dorsal horn via neurosteroids.
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Ouedraogo ZG, Fouache A, Trousson A, Baron S, Lobaccaro JMA. Role of the liver X receptors in skin physiology: Putative pharmacological targets in human diseases. Chem Phys Lipids 2017; 207:59-68. [PMID: 28259649 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily that have been shown to regulate various physiological functions such as lipid metabolism and cholesterol homeostasis. Concordant reports have elicited the possibility to target them to cure many human diseases including arteriosclerosis, cancer, arthritis, and diabetes. The high relevance of modulating LXR activities to treat numerous skin diseases, mainly those with exacerbated inflammation processes, contrasts with the lack of approved therapeutic use. This review makes an assessment to sum up the findings regarding the physiological roles of LXRs in skin and help progress towards the therapeutic and safe management of their activities. It focuses on the possible pharmacological targeting of LXRs to cure or prevent selected skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zangbéwendé Guy Ouedraogo
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28, place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Allan Fouache
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28, place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Amalia Trousson
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28, place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Silvère Baron
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28, place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Jean-Marc A Lobaccaro
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28, place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Liver X Receptor Genes Variants Modulate ALS Phenotype. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:1959-1965. [PMID: 28244008 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0453-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is one of the most severe motor neuron (MN) disorders in adults. Phenotype of ALS patients is highly variable and may be influenced by modulators of energy metabolism. Recent works have implicated the liver X receptors α and β (LXRs), either in the propagation process of ALS or in the maintenance of MN survival. LXRs are nuclear receptors activated by oxysterols, modulating cholesterol levels, a suspected modulator of ALS severity. In a cohort of 438 ALS patients and 330 healthy controls, the influence of LXR genes on ALS risk and phenotype was studied using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The two LXRα SNPs rs2279238 and rs7120118 were shown to be associated with age at onset in ALS patients. Consistently, homozygotes were twice more correlated than were heterozygotes to delayed onset. The onset was thus delayed by 3.9 years for rs2279238 C/T carriers and 7.8 years for T/T carriers. Similar results were obtained for rs7120118 (+2.1 years and +6.7 years for T/C and C/C genotypes, respectively). The LXRβ SNP rs2695121 was also shown to be associated with a 30% increase of ALS duration (p = 0.0055, FDR = 0.044). The tested genotypes were not associated with ALS risk. These findings add further evidence to the suspected implication of LXR genes in the disease process of ALS and might open new perspectives in ALS therapeutics.
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Viktorsson EÖ, Gabrielsen M, Kumarachandran N, Sylte I, Rongved P, Åstrand OAH, Kase ET. Regulation of liver X receptor target genes by 22-functionalized oxysterols. Synthesis, in silico and in vitro evaluations. Steroids 2017; 118:119-127. [PMID: 28011133 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The endogenous oxysterol 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol (22RHC, 1) is an LXR agonist which upregulates genes of critical involvement in human cholesterol- and lipid metabolism. In contrast, its synthetic epimer 22(S)-hydroxycholesterol (22SHC, 8) has shown specific antagonistic effects in recent studies, avoiding unwanted side effects provided by potent LXR agonists. In terms of LXR modulation, the aim of this study was to compare 22SHC (8), 22RHC (1) and synthesized ligands with keto- and amide functionality in the 22nd position of the cholesterol scaffold. 22SHC (8) and 22RHC (1) performed as expected while 22-ketocholesterol (22KC, 10) revealed an attractive in vitro profile for further investigation in terms of anti-atherosclerotic properties as selective upregulation of the ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCA1 was observed. A new synthesized amide derivate, Fernholtz cyclohexylamide (13) was shown to reduce lipogenesis in a dose-responsive manner and abolish the effect of the potent LXR agonist T0901317 when administered simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvar Örn Viktorsson
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, N0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Mari Gabrielsen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Nugalya Kumarachandran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingebrigt Sylte
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Pål Rongved
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, N0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ove Alexander Høgmoen Åstrand
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, N0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Eili Tranheim Kase
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Komati R, Spadoni D, Zheng S, Sridhar J, Riley KE, Wang G. Ligands of Therapeutic Utility for the Liver X Receptors. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22010088. [PMID: 28067791 PMCID: PMC5373669 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) have been increasingly recognized as a potential therapeutic target to treat pathological conditions ranging from vascular and metabolic diseases, neurological degeneration, to cancers that are driven by lipid metabolism. Amidst intensifying efforts to discover ligands that act through LXRs to achieve the sought-after pharmacological outcomes, several lead compounds are already being tested in clinical trials for a variety of disease interventions. While more potent and selective LXR ligands continue to emerge from screening of small molecule libraries, rational design, and empirical medicinal chemistry approaches, challenges remain in minimizing undesirable effects of LXR activation on lipid metabolism. This review provides a summary of known endogenous, naturally occurring, and synthetic ligands. The review also offers considerations from a molecular modeling perspective with which to design more specific LXRβ ligands based on the interaction energies of ligands and the important amino acid residues in the LXRβ ligand binding domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Komati
- Department of Chemistry and RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA.
| | - Dominick Spadoni
- Department of Chemistry and RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA.
| | - Shilong Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA.
| | - Jayalakshmi Sridhar
- Department of Chemistry and RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA.
| | - Kevin E Riley
- Department of Chemistry and RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA.
| | - Guangdi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA.
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Åstrand OAH, Viktorsson EÖ, Kristensen AL, Ekeberg D, Røberg-Larsen H, Wilson SR, Gabrielsen M, Sylte I, Rustan AC, Thoresen GH, Rongved P, Kase ET. Synthesis, in vitro and in vivo biological evaluation of new oxysterols as modulators of the liver X receptors. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 165:323-330. [PMID: 27471149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Liver X Receptor (LXR) modulators have shown potential as drugs since they target genes affecting metabolism and fatty acid synthesis. LXR antagonists are of particular interest since they are able to reduce the synthesis of complex fatty acids and glucose uptake. Based on molecular modeling, five new cholesterol mimics were synthesized, where four contained a hydroxyl group in the 22-S-position. The new compounds were screened in vitro against several genes affecting lipid metabolism. The compound that performed best in vitro was a dimethylamide derivative of 22(S)-hydroxycholesterol and it was chosen for in vivo testing. However, the blood plasma analysis from the in vivo tests revealed a concentration lower than needed to give any response, indicating either rapid metabolism or low bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ove Alexander Høgmoen Åstrand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Elvar Örn Viktorsson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Aleksander Lim Kristensen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Dag Ekeberg
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, N-1432, Aas, Norway
| | - Hanne Røberg-Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1033 Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Steven Ray Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1033 Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Mari Gabrielsen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ingebrigt Sylte
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Arild Christian Rustan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - G Hege Thoresen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Rongved
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Eili Tranheim Kase
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
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Unsworth AJ, Bye AP, Gibbins JM. Platelet-Derived Inhibitors of Platelet Activation. PLATELETS IN THROMBOTIC AND NON-THROMBOTIC DISORDERS 2017. [PMCID: PMC7123044 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-47462-5_37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Mouzat K, Raoul C, Polge A, Kantar J, Camu W, Lumbroso S. Liver X receptors: from cholesterol regulation to neuroprotection-a new barrier against neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis? Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3801-8. [PMID: 27510420 PMCID: PMC11108529 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2330-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol plays a central role in numerous nervous system functions. Cholesterol is the major constituent of myelin sheaths, is essential for synapse and dendrite formation, axon guidance as well as neurotransmission. Among regulators of cholesterol homeostasis, liver X receptors (LXRs), two members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, play a determinant role. LXRs act as cholesterol sensors and respond to high intracellular cholesterol concentration by decreasing plasmatic and intracellular cholesterol content. Beyond their cholesterol-lowering role, LXRs have been proposed as regulators of immunity and anti-inflammatory factors. Dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism combined to neuroinflammatory context have been described in neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). ALS is characterized by the progressive loss of motoneurons in the brain and spinal cord, leading to severe paralytic condition and death of patients in a median time of 3 years. Motoneuron degeneration is accompanied by chronic neuroinflammatory response, involving microglial and astrocytic activation, infiltration of blood-derived immune cells and release of pro-inflammatory factors. We propose to discuss here the role of LXRs as a molecular link between the central nervous system cholesterol metabolism, neuroinflammation, motoneuron survival and their potential as promising therapeutic candidates for ALS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Mouzat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes, France.
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
- INSERM UMR1051, The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier (INM), Saint Eloi Hospital, Montpellier, France.
| | - Cédric Raoul
- INSERM UMR1051, The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier (INM), Saint Eloi Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Polge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes, France
| | - Jovana Kantar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes, France
- INSERM UMR1051, The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier (INM), Saint Eloi Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - William Camu
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- INSERM UMR1051, The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier (INM), Saint Eloi Hospital, Montpellier, France
- Neurology Department, ALS Center, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Serge Lumbroso
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes, France
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- INSERM UMR1051, The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier (INM), Saint Eloi Hospital, Montpellier, France
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Reyes-Quiroz ME, Alba G, Sáenz J, Geniz I, Jiménez J, Martín-Nieto J, Santa-María C, Sobrino F. Platelet-activating factor and hydrogen peroxide exert a dual modulatory effect on the transcription of LXRα and its target genes in human neutrophils. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 38:357-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Liver X receptor ligand cytotoxicity in colon cancer cells and not in normal colon epithelial cells depends on LXRβ subcellular localization. Oncotarget 2016; 6:26651-62. [PMID: 26450852 PMCID: PMC4694942 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that Liver X Receptors (LXRs) have some anticancer properties. We recently demonstrated that LXR ligands induce colon cancer cell pyroptosis through an LXRβ-dependent pathway. In the present study, we showed that human colon cancer cell lines presented differential cytoplasmic localizations of LXRβ. This localization correlated with caspase-1 activation and cell death induction under treatment with LXR ligand. The association of LXRβ with the truncated form of RXRα (t-RXRα) was responsible for the sequestration of LXRβ in the cytoplasm in colon cancer cells. Moreover t-RXRα was not expressed in normal colon epithelial cells. These cells presented a predominantly nuclear localization of LXRβ and were resistant to LXR ligand cytotoxicity. Our results showed that predominant cytoplasmic localization of LXRβ, which occurs in colon cancer cells but not in normal colon epithelial cells, allowed LXR ligand-induced pyroptosis. This study strengthens the hypothesis that LXRβ could be a promising target in cancer therapy.
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Zuo M, Rashid A, Wang Y, Jain A, Li D, Behari A, Kapoor VK, Koay EJ, Chang P, Vauthey JN, Li Y, Espinoza JA, Roa JC, Javle M. RNA sequencing-based analysis of gallbladder cancer reveals the importance of the liver X receptor and lipid metabolism in gallbladder cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:35302-12. [PMID: 27167107 PMCID: PMC5085230 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is an aggressive malignancy. Although surgical resection may be curable, most patients are diagnosed at an advanced unresectable disease stage. Cholelithiasis is the major risk factor; however the pathogenesis of the disease, from gallstone cholecystitis to cancer, is still not understood. To understand the molecular genetic underpinnings of this cancer and explore novel therapeutic targets for GBC, we examined the key genes and pathways involved in GBC using RNA sequencing. We performed gene expression analysis of 32 cases of surgically-resected GBC along with normal gallbladder tissue controls. We observed that 519 genes were differentially expressed between GBC and normal GB mucosal controls. The liver X receptor (LXR)/retinoid X receptor (RXR) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) /RXR pathways were the top canonical pathways involved in GBC. Key genes in these pathways, including SERPINB3 and KLK1, were overexpressed in GBC, especially in female GBC patients. Additionally, ApoA1 gene expression suppressed in GBC as compared with normal control tissues. LXR and FXR genes, known to be important in lipid metabolism also function as tumor suppressors and their down regulation appears to be critical for GBC pathogenesis. LXR agonists may have therapeutic value and as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxin Zuo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Asif Rashid
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Apurva Jain
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Donghui Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Anu Behari
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Vinay Kumar Kapoor
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Eugene J. Koay
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ping Chang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jean Nicholas Vauthey
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jaime A. Espinoza
- SciLifeLab, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juan Carlos Roa
- Department of Pathology, Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), UC-Center for Investigational Oncology (CITO), School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Milind Javle
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Once and for all, LXRα and LXRβ are gatekeepers of the endocrine system. Mol Aspects Med 2016; 49:31-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Lobaccaro JMA, Beaudoin C, Bayala B, Baron S, Trousson A. Lipid Homeostasis and Ligands for Liver X Receptors: Identification and Characterization. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1443:13-19. [PMID: 27246331 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3724-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Screening of bona fide ligands for nuclear receptors is a real tour de force as the identified molecules are supposed to be able to activate the targeted proteins in cell culture as well as in vivo. Indeed orphan nuclear receptors are putative pharmacologically targets for various diseases. It is thus necessary to have quick and reproductive systems that help in identifying new ligands, agonist or antagonist, before using them in vivo in animal models to check for secondary effects. Here, we describe the transient transfections (homologous and heterologous) used for the screening of ligands for liver X receptor α (LXRα, NR1H3) in HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc A Lobaccaro
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal, Génétique Reproduction et Développement, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, 24 avenue des Landais, BP80026, 63177, Aubière, France.
- INSERM, UMR 1103, GReD, 63177, Aubière, France.
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Claude Beaudoin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal, Génétique Reproduction et Développement, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, 24 avenue des Landais, BP80026, 63177, Aubière, France
- INSERM, UMR 1103, GReD, 63177, Aubière, France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bagora Bayala
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal, Génétique Reproduction et Développement, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, 24 avenue des Landais, BP80026, 63177, Aubière, France
- INSERM, UMR 1103, GReD, 63177, Aubière, France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- University of Koudougou, Burkina, Faso
| | - Silvère Baron
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal, Génétique Reproduction et Développement, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, 24 avenue des Landais, BP80026, 63177, Aubière, France
- INSERM, UMR 1103, GReD, 63177, Aubière, France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Amalia Trousson
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal, Génétique Reproduction et Développement, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, 24 avenue des Landais, BP80026, 63177, Aubière, France.
- INSERM, UMR 1103, GReD, 63177, Aubière, France.
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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48
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Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NR) act as an integrated conduit for environmental and hormonal signals to govern genomic responses, which relate to cell fate decisions. We review how their integrated actions with each other, shared co-factors and other transcription factors are disrupted in cancer. Steroid hormone nuclear receptors are oncogenic drivers in breast and prostate cancer and blockade of signaling is a major therapeutic goal. By contrast to blockade of receptors, in other cancers enhanced receptor function is attractive, as illustrated initially with targeting of retinoic acid receptors in leukemia. In the post-genomic era large consortia, such as The Cancer Genome Atlas, have developed a remarkable volume of genomic data with which to examine multiple aspects of nuclear receptor status in a pan-cancer manner. Therefore to extend the review of NR function we have also undertaken bioinformatics analyses of NR expression in over 3000 tumors, spread across six different tumor types (bladder, breast, colon, head and neck, liver and prostate). Specifically, to ask how the NR expression was distorted (altered expression, mutation and CNV) we have applied bootstrapping approaches to simulate data for comparison, and also compared these NR findings to 12 other transcription factor families. Nuclear receptors were uniquely and uniformly downregulated across all six tumor types, more than predicted by chance. These approaches also revealed that each tumor type had a specific NR expression profile but these were most similar between breast and prostate cancer. Some NRs were down-regulated in at least five tumor types (e.g. NR3C2/MR and NR5A2/LRH-1)) whereas others were uniquely down-regulated in one tumor (e.g. NR1B3/RARG). The downregulation was not driven by copy number variation or mutation and epigenetic mechanisms maybe responsible for the altered nuclear receptor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Long
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Moray J Campbell
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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49
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Destabilization of the torsioned conformation of a ligand side chain inverts the LXRβ activity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:1577-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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50
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Lin CY, Vedin LL, Steffensen KR. The emerging roles of liver X receptors and their ligands in cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 20:61-71. [PMID: 26788589 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1081169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Liver X receptors (LXRs) are nuclear receptors with well-known functions in cholesterol transport, fatty acid and glucose metabolism, and modulation of immune responses. Natural and synthetic ligands have been identified and are under development for the treatment of metabolic and inflammatory conditions and diseases. There is mounting evidence pointing to functional roles for LXRs in a variety of malignancies and the potential therapeutic efficacy of their ligands. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the discovery and characterization of LXRs and their ligands, surveys their effects and mechanisms of action in cell-based and animal models of cancer, and proposes the future direction of basic and translational studies of LXRs and their ligands in cancer research and therapeutics. EXPERT OPINION Targeting LXRs is a promising strategy for cancer treatment, particularly for those cancers which do not have effective treatment options. Key questions remain, however, regarding the specific mechanisms of action, effects on other target cells within the tumor microenvironment, and receptor status in patient populations. Moreover, LXR ligands optimized for disease-specific functions and cancer-related endpoints are currently not available. These issues represent both challenges and significant opportunities for future research and development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Yo Lin
- a 1 University of Houston, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lise-Lotte Vedin
- b 2 Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine , SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Knut R Steffensen
- b 2 Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine , SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
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