1
|
Oefele M, Hau M, Ruuskanen S, Casagrande S. Mitochondrial function is enhanced by thyroid hormones during zebra finch development. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 11:240417. [PMID: 39086825 PMCID: PMC11288688 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
An organism's response to its environment is largely determined by changes in the energy supplied by aerobic mitochondrial metabolism via adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. ATP is especially important under energy-demanding conditions, such as during rapid growth. It is currently poorly understood how environmental factors influence energy metabolism and mitochondrial functioning, but recent studies suggest the role of thyroid hormones (TH). TH are key regulators of growth and metabolism and can be flexibly adjusted to environmental conditions, such as environmental temperature or food availability. To test whether TH enhancement is causally linked to mitochondrial function and growth, we provided TH orally at physiological concentrations during the main growth phase in zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) nestlings reared in a challenging environment. TH treatment accelerated maximal mitochondrial working capacity-a trait that reflects mitochondrial ATP production, without affecting growth. To our knowledge, this is the first study to characterize the regulation of mitochondria by TH during development in a semi-naturalistic context and to address implications for fitness-related traits, such as growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Oefele
- Evolutionary Physiology Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, Eberhard-Gwinner-Strasse, Seewiesen82319, Germany
| | - Michaela Hau
- Evolutionary Physiology Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, Eberhard-Gwinner-Strasse, Seewiesen82319, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, KonstanzD-78464, Germany
| | - Suvi Ruuskanen
- Environmental Physiology Research Group, University of Jyväskylä, Seminaarinkatu 15, University of Jyväskylä, JyväskyläFI-40014, Finland
| | - Stefania Casagrande
- Evolutionary Physiology Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, Eberhard-Gwinner-Strasse, Seewiesen82319, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hukkanen M, Hsu B, Cossin‐Sevrin N, Crombecque M, Delaunay A, Hollmen L, Kaukonen R, Konki M, Lund R, Marciau C, Stier A, Ruuskanen S. From maternal glucocorticoid and thyroid hormones to epigenetic regulation of offspring gene expression: An experimental study in a wild bird species. Evol Appl 2023; 16:1753-1769. [PMID: 38020869 PMCID: PMC10660793 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Offspring phenotype at birth is determined by its genotype and the prenatal environment including exposure to maternal hormones. Variation in both maternal glucocorticoids and thyroid hormones can affect offspring phenotype, but the underlying molecular mechanisms, especially those contributing to long-lasting effects, remain unclear. Epigenetic changes (such as DNA methylation) have been postulated as mediators of long-lasting effects of early-life environment. In this study, we determined the effects of elevated prenatal glucocorticoid and thyroid hormones on handling stress response (breath rate) as well as DNA methylation and gene expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and thyroid hormone receptor (THR) in great tits (Parus major). Eggs were injected before incubation onset with corticosterone (the main avian glucocorticoid) and/or thyroid hormones (thyroxine and triiodothyronine) to simulate variation in maternal hormone deposition. Breath rate during handling and gene expression of GR and THR were evaluated 14 days after hatching. Methylation status of GR and THR genes was analyzed from the longitudinal blood cells sampled 7 and 14 days after hatching, as well as the following autumn. Elevated prenatal corticosterone level significantly increased the breath rate during handling, indicating an enhanced metabolic stress response. Prenatal corticosterone manipulation had CpG-site-specific effects on DNA methylation at the GR putative promoter region, while it did not significantly affect GR gene expression. GR expression was negatively associated with earlier hatching date and chick size. THR methylation or expression did not exhibit any significant relationship with the hormonal treatments or the examined covariates, suggesting that TH signaling may be more robust due to its crucial role in development. This study provides some support to the hypothesis suggesting that maternal corticosterone may influence offspring metabolic stress response via epigenetic alterations, yet their possible adaptive role in optimizing offspring phenotype to the prevailing conditions, context-dependency, and the underlying molecular interplay needs further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikaela Hukkanen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FinlandUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Bin‐Yan Hsu
- Department of BiologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | | | | | - Axelle Delaunay
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM)Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHEMontpellierFrance
| | - Lotta Hollmen
- Department of BiologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Riina Kaukonen
- Turku Bioscience CentreUniversity of Turku and Åbo Akademi UniversityTurkuFinland
| | - Mikko Konki
- Turku Bioscience CentreUniversity of Turku and Åbo Akademi UniversityTurkuFinland
- Turku Doctoral Programme of Molecular MedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Riikka Lund
- Turku Bioscience CentreUniversity of Turku and Åbo Akademi UniversityTurkuFinland
| | - Coline Marciau
- Department of BiologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Antoine Stier
- Department of BiologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, UMR 7178University of Strasbourg, CNRSStrasbourgFrance
| | - Suvi Ruuskanen
- Department of BiologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hsu BY, Pakanen VM, Boner W, Doligez B, Eeva T, Groothuis TGG, Korpimäki E, Laaksonen T, Lelono A, Monaghan P, Sarraude T, Thomson RL, Tolvanen J, Tschirren B, Vásquez RA, Ruuskanen S. Maternally-transferred thyroid hormones and life-history variation in birds. J Anim Ecol 2022; 91:1489-1506. [PMID: 35470435 PMCID: PMC9546341 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, thyroid hormones (THs) play an important role in the regulation of growth, development, metabolism, photoperiodic responses and migration. Maternally transferred THs are important for normal early phase embryonic development when embryos are not able to produce endogenous THs. Previous studies have shown that variation in maternal THs within the physiological range can influence offspring phenotype. Given the essential functions of maternal THs in development and metabolism, THs may be a mediator of life‐history variation across species. We tested the hypothesis that differences in life histories are associated with differences in maternal TH transfer across species. Using birds as a model, we specifically tested whether maternally transferred yolk THs covary with migratory status, developmental mode and traits related to pace‐of‐life (e.g. basal metabolic rate, maximum life span). We collected un‐incubated eggs (n = 1–21 eggs per species, median = 7) from 34 wild and captive bird species across 17 families and six orders to measure yolk THs [both triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)], compiled life‐history trait data from the literature and used Bayesian phylogenetic mixed models to test our hypotheses. Our models indicated that both concentrations and total amounts of the two main forms of THs (T3 and T4) were higher in the eggs of migratory species compared to resident species, and total amounts were higher in the eggs of precocial species, which have longer prenatal developmental periods, than in those of altricial species. However, maternal yolk THs did not show clear associations with pace‐of‐life‐related traits, such as fecundity, basal metabolic rate or maximum life span. We quantified interspecific variation in maternal yolk THs in birds, and our findings suggest higher maternal TH transfer is associated with the precocial mode of development and migratory status. Whether maternal THs represent a part of the mechanism underlying the evolution of precocial development and migration or a consequence of such life histories is currently unclear. We therefore encourage further studies to explore the physiological mechanisms and evolutionary processes underlying these patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Yan Hsu
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Veli-Matti Pakanen
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, Finland.,Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Winnie Boner
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Healthy and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Blandine Doligez
- Department of Biometry and Evolutionary Biology, CNRS UMR 5558, Université de Lyon 1, France
| | - Tapio Eeva
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Ton G G Groothuis
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Asmoro Lelono
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, the Netherlands.,Biology Department, Natural Sciences and Mathematics Faculty, Jember University of Indonesia, Indonesia
| | - Pat Monaghan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Healthy and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Sarraude
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Finland.,Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Robert L Thomson
- Fitzpatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jere Tolvanen
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Barbara Tschirren
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Rodrigo A Vásquez
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Suvi Ruuskanen
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Finland.,Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Iodothyronine deiodinases are enzymes capable of activating and inactivating thyroid hormones (THs) and have an important role in regulating TH action in tissues throughout the body. Three types of deiodinases (D1, D2, and D3) were originally defined based on their biochemical characteristics. Cloning of the first complementary DNAs in the 1990s (Dio1 in rat and dio2 and dio3 in frog) allowed to confirm the existence of 3 distinct enzymes. Over the years, increasing genomic information revealed that deiodinases are present in all chordates, vertebrates, and nonvertebrates and that they can even be found in some mollusks and annelids, pointing to an ancient origin. Research in nonmammalian models has substantially broadened our understanding of deiodinases. In relation to their structure, we discovered for instance that biochemical properties such as inhibition by 6-propyl-2-thiouracil, stimulation by dithiothreitol, and temperature optimum are subject to variation. Data from fish, amphibians, and birds were key in shifting our view on the relative importance of activating and inactivating deiodination pathways and in showing the impact of D2 and D3 not only in local but also whole body T3 availability. They also led to the discovery of new local functions such as the acute reciprocal changes in D2 and D3 in hypothalamic tanycytes upon photostimulation, involved in seasonal rhythmicity. With the present possibilities for rapid and precise gene silencing in any species of interest, comparative research will certainly further contribute to a better understanding of the importance of deiodinases for adequate TH action, also in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veerle M Darras
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Correspondence: Veerle Darras, PhD, Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 61, PB 2464, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Explaining discrepancies in the study of maternal effects: the role of context and embryo. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
6
|
Groeneweg S, van Geest FS, Peeters RP, Heuer H, Visser WE. Thyroid Hormone Transporters. Endocr Rev 2020; 41:5637505. [PMID: 31754699 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnz008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone transporters at the plasma membrane govern intracellular bioavailability of thyroid hormone. Monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 8 and MCT10, organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1C1, and SLC17A4 are currently known as transporters displaying the highest specificity toward thyroid hormones. Structure-function studies using homology modeling and mutational screens have led to better understanding of the molecular basis of thyroid hormone transport. Mutations in MCT8 and in OATP1C1 have been associated with clinical disorders. Different animal models have provided insight into the functional role of thyroid hormone transporters, in particular MCT8. Different treatment strategies for MCT8 deficiency have been explored, of which thyroid hormone analogue therapy is currently applied in patients. Future studies may reveal the identity of as-yet-undiscovered thyroid hormone transporters. Complementary studies employing animal and human models will provide further insight into the role of transporters in health and disease. (Endocrine Reviews 41: 1 - 55, 2020).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Groeneweg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ferdy S van Geest
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robin P Peeters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Heike Heuer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - W Edward Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gothié J, Vancamp P, Demeneix B, Remaud S. Thyroid hormone regulation of neural stem cell fate: From development to ageing. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 228:e13316. [PMID: 31121082 PMCID: PMC9286394 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the vertebrate brain, neural stem cells (NSCs) generate both neuronal and glial cells throughout life. However, their neuro‐ and gliogenic capacity changes as a function of the developmental context. Despite the growing body of evidence on the variety of intrinsic and extrinsic factors regulating NSC physiology, their precise cellular and molecular actions are not fully determined. Our review focuses on thyroid hormone (TH), a vital component for both development and adult brain function that regulates NSC biology at all stages. First, we review comparative data to analyse how TH modulates neuro‐ and gliogenesis during vertebrate brain development. Second, as the mammalian brain is the most studied, we highlight the molecular mechanisms underlying TH action in this context. Lastly, we explore how the interplay between TH signalling and cell metabolism governs both neurodevelopmental and adult neurogenesis. We conclude that, together, TH and cellular metabolism regulate optimal brain formation, maturation and function from early foetal life to adult in vertebrate species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean‐David Gothié
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery Montreal Neurological Institute & Hospital, McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Pieter Vancamp
- CNRS UMR 7221 Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle Paris France
| | | | - Sylvie Remaud
- CNRS UMR 7221 Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle Paris France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shallie PD, Naicker T. The placenta as a window to the brain: A review on the role of placental markers in prenatal programming of neurodevelopment. Int J Dev Neurosci 2019; 73:41-49. [PMID: 30634053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During development, the placenta can be said to be the most important organ, however, the most poorly researched. There is currently a broader understanding of how specific insults during development affect the fetal brain, and also the importance of placental signaling in neurodevelopmental programming. Epigenetic responses to maternal and fetal signals are an obvious candidate for transforming early life inputs into long-term programmatic outcomes. As a mediator of maternal and environmental signals to the developing fetus, epigenetic processes within the placenta are particularly powerful such that alterations of placental gene expression, downstream function, and signalling during foetal development have the potential for dramatic changes in developmental programming. SUMMARY In this article, we reviewed emerging evidence for a placental role in prenatal neurodevelopmental programming with a specific focus on nutrient and prenatal stress signals integration into chromatin changes; this new understanding, we hope will provide the means for lowering developmentally based disorder risk, and new therapeutic targets for treatment in adulthood. KEY MESSAGES Based on this review, the placenta is a potent micro-environmental player in neurodevelopment as it orchestrates a series of complex maternal-foetal interactions. Maternal insults to this microenvironment will impair these processes and disrupt foetal brain development resulting in the prenatal programming of neurodevelopmental disorders. These findings should inspire advance animal model and human research drive to appraise gene-environment impacts during pregnancy that will target the developmental cause of adult-onset mental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philemon Dauda Shallie
- Optics and Imaging Centre, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, Nelson Mandela Medical School, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Thajasvarie Naicker
- Optics and Imaging Centre, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, Nelson Mandela Medical School, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Darras VM. The Role of Maternal Thyroid Hormones in Avian Embryonic Development. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:66. [PMID: 30800099 PMCID: PMC6375826 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During avian embryonic development, thyroid hormones (THs) coordinate the expression of a multitude of genes thereby ensuring that the correct sequence of cell proliferation, differentiation and maturation is followed in each tissue and organ. Although THs are needed from the start of development, the embryonic thyroid gland only matures around mid-incubation in precocial birds and around hatching in altricial species. Therefore, maternal THs deposited in the egg yolk play an essential role in embryonic development. They are taken up by the embryo throughout its development, from the first day till hatching, and expression of TH regulators such as distributor proteins, transporters, and deiodinases in the yolk sac membrane provide the tools for selective metabolism and transport starting from this level. TH receptors and regulators of local TH availability are expressed in avian embryos in a dynamic and tissue/cell-specific pattern from the first stages studied, as shown in detail in chicken. Maternal hyperthyroidism via TH supplementation as well as injection of THs into the egg yolk increase TH content in embryonic tissues while induction of maternal hypothyroidism by goitrogen treatment results in a decrease. Both increase and decrease of maternal TH availability were shown to alter gene expression in early chicken embryos. Knockdown of the specific TH transporter monocarboxylate transporter 8 at early stages in chicken cerebellum, optic tectum, or retina allowed to reduce local TH availability, interfering with gene expression and confirming that development of the central nervous system (CNS) is highly dependent on maternal THs. While some of the effects on cell proliferation, migration and differentiation seem to be transient, others result in persistent defects in CNS structure. In addition, a number of studies in both precocial and altricial birds showed that injection of THs into the yolk at the start of incubation influences a number of parameters in posthatch performance and fitness. In conclusion, the data presently available clearly indicate that maternal THs play an important role in avian embryonic development, but how exactly their influence on cellular and molecular processes in the embryo is linked to posthatch fitness needs to be further explored.
Collapse
|
10
|
Técher R, Houde M, Verreault J. Changes in thyroid axis responses in two ring-billed gull sub-populations differentially exposed to halogenated flame retardants. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 211:844-854. [PMID: 30103139 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Developing bird embryos may be affected by a number of thyroid disrupting chemicals through maternal transfer. However, thyroid disruption in developing embryos of wild birds remains largely unstudied, especially with respect to exposure to ubiquitous environmental contaminant classes including halogenated flame retardants (HFRs). The objective of the present study was to investigate responses of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis of developing birds that are exposed to elevated concentrations of HFRs in their environment. Ring-billed gulls (Larus delawarensis) were collected at the external pipping stage (i.e., just prior to hatching) from two sub-populations that are differentially exposed to HFRs in the St. Lawrence River (QC, Canada). Plasma levels of thyroid hormones (THs) and transcription levels of thyroid-related genes in three tissues (i.e., liver, thyroid gland and brain) were related to liver concentrations of HFRs in pipping gulls from these two colonies. Liver polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations were negatively correlated with plasma total T4 and total T4/T3 in pipping ring-billed gulls. Moreover, plasma TH levels and hepatic PBDE concentrations were correlated with the transcription of genes involved in metabolism (deiodinases type 1, 2 and 3) and synthesis (sodium iodide symporter and thyroglobulin) in the thyroid gland, negative feedback loop (thyrotropin and corticotropin releasing hormones) in the brain and the pituitary and targeted action (TH receptors) in the three tissues of gulls. The present study suggested that the alteration of TH homeostasis in developing wild birds through changes in the transcription of several thyroid-related genes may be related to potential PBDE-mediated effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romy Técher
- Centre de recherche en toxicologie de l'environnement (TOXEN), Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Magali Houde
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 105 McGill Street, Montreal, QC H2Y 2E7, Canada
| | - Jonathan Verreault
- Centre de recherche en toxicologie de l'environnement (TOXEN), Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Richardson SJ, Van Herck S, Delbaere J, McAllan BM, Darras VM. The affinity of transthyretin for T 3 or T 4 does not determine which form of the hormone accumulates in the choroid plexus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 264:131-137. [PMID: 28919452 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Normal development of the brain is dependent on the required amounts of thyroid hormones (THs) reaching specific regions of the brain during each stage of ontogeny. Many proteins are involved with regulation of TH bioavailability in the brain: the TH distributor protein transthyretin (TTR), TH transmembrane transporters (e.g. MCT8, MCT10, LAT1, OATP1C1) and deiodinases (D1, D2 and D3) which either activate or inactivate THs. Previous studies revealed that in mammals, T4, but not T3, accumulated in the choroid plexus and then entered the cerebrospinal fluid. In all mammalian species studied so far, TTR binds T4 with higher affinity than T3, whereas TTR in non-mammalian vertebrates binds T3 with higher affinity than T4. We investigated if the form of TH preferentially bound by TTR influenced the form of the TH that accumulated in the choroid plexus and consequently other areas of the brain. We measured the mRNA levels corresponding to TTR, MCT8, MCT10, LAT1, OATP1C1, D1, D2 and D3 in the brains of chickens at 11days post-hatching. TTR, D3 and OATP1C1 expression were found to be highly concentrated in the choroid plexus. D1, MCT8 and MCT10 mRNA levels were slightly greater in the choroid plexus than in other areas of the brain while D2 mRNA levels were lower. LAT1 mRNA was evenly expressed throughout the brain. Therefore, the choroid plexus appears to be a structure which exhibits sophisticated control of TH levels within the brain. We also measured the uptake of intravenously injected 125I-T3 and 125I-T4 into brains of chickens of the same age. 125I-T4 but not 125I-T3 accumulated in the choroid plexus and optic lobes. Therefore, the form of TH preferentially bound by TTR does not determine the form of TH that accumulates in the choroid plexus and other areas of the brain. As for mammals, T3 present in the avian brain therefore seems mainly produced locally by conversion of T4 into T3 by D2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Richardson
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Stijn Van Herck
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joke Delbaere
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bronwyn M McAllan
- Physiology and Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, 2006 New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Veerle M Darras
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ruuskanen S, Hsu BY. Maternal Thyroid Hormones: An Unexplored Mechanism Underlying Maternal Effects in an Ecological Framework. Physiol Biochem Zool 2018; 91:904-916. [DOI: 10.1086/697380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
13
|
Vancamp P, Darras VM. Dissecting the role of regulators of thyroid hormone availability in early brain development: Merits and potential of the chicken embryo model. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 459:71-78. [PMID: 28153797 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are important mediators of vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) development, thereby regulating the expression of a wide variety of genes by binding to nuclear TH receptors. TH transporters and deiodinases are both needed to ensure appropriate intracellular TH availability, but the precise function of each of these regulators and their coaction during brain development is only partially understood. Rodent knockout models already provided some crucial insights, but their in utero development severely hampers research regarding the role of TH regulators during early embryonic stages. The establishment of novel gain- and loss-of-function techniques has boosted the position of externally developing non-mammalian vertebrates as research models in developmental endocrinology. Here, we elaborate on the chicken as a model organism to elucidate the function of TH regulators during embryonic CNS development. The fast-developing, relatively big and accessible embryo allows easy experimental manipulation, especially at early stages of brain development. Recent data on the characterisation and spatiotemporal expression pattern of different TH regulators in embryonic chicken CNS have provided the necessary background to dissect the function of each of them in more detail. We highlight some recent advances and important strategies to investigate the role of TH transporters and deiodinases in various CNS structures like the brain barriers, the cerebellum, the retina and the hypothalamus. Exploiting the advantages of this non-classical model can greatly contribute to complete our understanding of the regulation of TH bioavailability throughout embryonic CNS development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Vancamp
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Department of Biology, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle M Darras
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Department of Biology, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Too HC, Shibata M, Yayota M, Darras VM, Iwasawa A. Expression of thyroid hormone regulator genes in the yolk sac membrane of the developing chicken embryo. J Reprod Dev 2017; 63:463-472. [PMID: 28652559 PMCID: PMC5649095 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2017-017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are essential for the correct development of nearly every structure in the body from the very early stages of development, yet the embryonic thyroid gland is not functional at these stages. To clarify the roles of the egg yolk as a source of THs, the TH content in the yolk and the expression of TH regulator genes in the yolk sac membrane were evaluated throughout the 21-day incubation period of chicken embryos. The yolk TH content (22.3 ng triiodothyronine and 654.7 ng thyroxine per total yolk on day 4 of incubation) decreased almost linearly along with development. Real-time PCR revealed gene expression of transthyretin, a principal TH distributor in the chicken, and of a TH-inactivating iodothyronine deiodinase (DIO3), until the second week of incubation when the embryonic pituitary-thyroid axis is generally thought to start functioning. The TH-activating deiodinase (DIO2) and transmembrane transporter of thyroxine (SLCO1C1) genes were expressed in the last week of incubation, which coincided with a marked increase of circulating thyroxine and a reduction in the yolk sac weight. DIO1, which can remove iodine from inactive THs, was expressed throughout the incubation period. It is assumed that the chicken yolk sac inactivates THs contained abundantly in the yolk and supplies the hormones to the developing embryo in appropriate concentrations until the second week of incubation, while THs may be activated in the yolk sac membrane in the last week of incubation. Additionally, the yolk sac could serve as a source of iodine for the embryo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanny Cho Too
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, Naypyidaw, Myanmar
| | - Mitsuhiro Shibata
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Masato Yayota
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Veerle M Darras
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
| | - Atsushi Iwasawa
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Alves RN, Cardoso JCR, Harboe T, Martins RST, Manchado M, Norberg B, Power DM. Duplication of Dio3 genes in teleost fish and their divergent expression in skin during flatfish metamorphosis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 246:279-293. [PMID: 28062304 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Deiodinase 3 (Dio3) plays an essential role during early development in vertebrates by controlling tissue thyroid hormone (TH) availability. The Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) possesses duplicate dio3 genes (dio3a and dio3b). Expression analysis indicates that dio3b levels change in abocular skin during metamorphosis and this suggests that this enzyme is associated with the divergent development of larval skin to the juvenile phenotype. In larvae exposed to MMI, a chemical that inhibits TH production, expression of dio3b in ocular skin is significantly up-regulated suggesting that THs normally modulate this genes expression during this developmental event. The molecular basis for divergent dio3a and dio3b expression and responsiveness to MMI treatment is explained by the multiple conserved TREs in the proximal promoter region of teleost dio3b and their absence from the promoter of dio3a. We propose that the divergent expression of dio3 in ocular and abocular skin during halibut metamorphosis contributes to the asymmetric pigment development in response to THs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R N Alves
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
| | - J C R Cardoso
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
| | - T Harboe
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Austevoll, Norway.
| | - R S T Martins
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
| | - M Manchado
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Junta de Andalucía, Camino Tiro Pichón s/n, 11500 El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - B Norberg
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Austevoll, Norway.
| | - D M Power
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hsu BY, Dijkstra C, Darras VM, de Vries B, Groothuis TGG. Maternal thyroid hormones enhance hatching success but decrease nestling body mass in the rock pigeon (Columba livia). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 240:174-181. [PMID: 27793722 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) - triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) - are essential for embryonic development in vertebrates. All vertebrate embryos are exposed to THs from maternal origin. As maternal TH levels are known to be essential to embryonic development, the natural variation of maternal THs probably represents a pathway of maternal effects that can modify offspring phenotype. However, potential fitness consequences of variation of maternal TH exposure within the normal physiological range and without confounding effects of the mother have never been experimentally investigated. We experimentally manipulated the levels of yolk T3 and T4 within the physiological range in a species in which the embryo develops outside the mother's body, the Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) eggs. Making use of the natural difference of yolk testosterone between the two eggs of pigeon clutches, we were also able to investigate the potential interaction between THs and testosterone. Elevated yolk TH levels enhanced embryonic development and hatching success, and reduced body mass but not tarsus length between day 14 and fledging. The yolk hormones increased plasma T4 concentrations in females but reduced it in males, in line with the effect on metabolic rate at hatching. Plasma concentrations of T3 and testosterone were not significantly affected. The effects of treatment did not differ between eggs with high or low testosterone levels. Our data indicate that natural variation in maternal yolk TH levels affects offspring phenotype and embryonic survival, potentially influencing maternal and chick fitness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Yan Hsu
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Cor Dijkstra
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Veerle M Darras
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Section of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 61, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bonnie de Vries
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ton G G Groothuis
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ruuskanen S, Darras VM, Visser ME, Groothuis TGG. Effects of experimentally manipulated yolk thyroid hormone levels on offspring development in a wild bird species. Horm Behav 2016; 81:38-44. [PMID: 27056104 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Maternal effects are a crucial mechanism in a wide array of taxa to generate phenotypic variation, thereby affecting offspring development and fitness. Maternally derived thyroid hormones (THs) are known to be essential for offspring development in mammalian and fish models, but have been largely neglected in avian studies, especially in respect to natural variation and an ecological context. We studied, for the first time in a wild species and population, the effects of maternally derived THs on offspring development, behavior, physiology and fitness-related traits by experimental elevation of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in ovo within the physiological range in great tits (Parus major). We found that elevated yolk TH levels had a sex-specific effect on growth, increasing male and decreasing female growth, relative to controls, and this effect was similar throughout the nestling period. Hatching or fledging success, motor coordination behavior, stress reactivity and resting metabolic rate were not affected by the TH treatment. We conclude that natural variation in maternally derived THs may affect some offspring traits in a wild species. As this is the first study on yolk thyroid hormones in a wild species and population, more such studies are needed to investigate its effects on pre-hatching development, and juvenile and adult fitness before generalizations on the importance of maternally derived yolk thyroid hormones can be made. However, this opens a new, interesting avenue for further research in the field of hormone mediated maternal effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Ruuskanen
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Finland; Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Veerle M Darras
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Marcel E Visser
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ton G G Groothuis
- Groningen Institute of Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Técher R, Houde M, Verreault J. Associations between organohalogen concentrations and transcription of thyroid-related genes in a highly contaminated gull population. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 545-546:289-298. [PMID: 26747993 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A number of studies have reported altered circulating thyroid hormone levels in birds exposed either in controlled settings or in their natural habitat to ubiquitous organohalogen compounds including organochlorines (OCs) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants. However, limited attention has been paid to underlying homeostatic mechanisms in wild birds such as changes in the expression of genes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationships between hepatic concentrations of major organohalogens (PBDEs and OCs), and circulating thyroid hormone (free and total thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)) levels and transcription of 14 thyroid-related genes in three tissues (thyroid, brain, and liver) of an urban-adapted bird exposed to high organohalogen concentrations in the Montreal area (QC, Canada), the ring-billed gull (Larus delawarensis). Positive correlations were found between liver concentrations of several polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), PBDEs as well as chlordanes and total plasma T4 levels. Hepatic concentrations of several PBDEs were negatively correlated with mRNA levels of deiodinase type 3, thyroid peroxidase, and thyroid hormone receptor β (TRβ) in the thyroid gland. Liver PCB (deca-CB) correlated positively with mRNA levels of sodium-iodide symporter and TRα. In brain, concentrations of most PBDEs were positively correlated with mRNA levels of organic anion transporter protein 1C1 and transthyretin, while PCBs positively correlated with expression of TRα and TRβ as well as deiodinase type 2. These multiple correlative linkages suggest that organohalogens operate through several mechanisms (direct or compensatory) involving gene transcription, thus potentially perturbing the HPT axis of this highly organohalogen-contaminated ring-billed gull population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romy Técher
- Centre de recherche en toxicologie de l'environnement (TOXEN), Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Magali Houde
- Environment Canada, St. Lawrence Centre, 105 McGill Street, Montreal, QC H2Y 2E7, Canada.
| | - Jonathan Verreault
- Centre de recherche en toxicologie de l'environnement (TOXEN), Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cheled-Shoval SL, Druyan S, Uni Z. Bitter, sweet and umami taste receptors and downstream signaling effectors: Expression in embryonic and growing chicken gastrointestinal tract. Poult Sci 2015; 94:1928-41. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
|
20
|
Abstract
The cellular influx and efflux of thyroid hormones are facilitated by transmembrane protein transporters. Of these transporters, monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) is the only one specific for the transport of thyroid hormones and some of their derivatives. Mutations in SLC16A2, the gene that encodes MCT8, lead to an X-linked syndrome with severe neurological impairment and altered concentrations of thyroid hormones. Histopathological analysis of brain tissue from patients who have impaired MCT8 function indicates that brain lesions start prenatally, and are most probably the result of cerebral hypothyroidism. A Slc16a2 knockout mouse model has revealed that Mct8 is an important mediator of thyroid hormone transport, especially T3, through the blood-brain barrier. However, unlike humans with an MCT8 deficiency, these mice do not have neurological impairment. One explanation for this discrepancy could be differences in expression of the T4 transporter OATP1C1 in the blood-brain barrier; OATP1C1 is more abundant in rodents than in primates and permits the passage of T4 in the absence of T3 transport, thus preventing full cerebral hypothyroidism. In this Review, we discuss the relevance of thyroid hormone transporters in health and disease, with a particular focus on the pathophysiology of MCT8 mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Bernal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Guadaño-Ferraz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Morte
- Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Van Herck SLJ, Delbaere J, Bourgeois NMA, McAllan BM, Richardson SJ, Darras VM. Expression of thyroid hormone transporters and deiodinases at the brain barriers in the embryonic chicken: Insights into the regulation of thyroid hormone availability during neurodevelopment. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 214:30-9. [PMID: 25745816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are key regulators in the development of the vertebrate brain. Therefore, TH access to the developing brain needs to be strictly regulated. The brain barriers separate the central nervous system from the rest of the body and impose specific transport mechanisms on the exchange of molecules between the general circulation and the nervous system. As such they form ideal structures for regulating TH exchange between the blood and the brain. To investigate the mechanism by which the developing brain regulates TH availability, we investigated the ontogenetic expression profiles of TH transporters, deiodinases and the TH distributor protein transthyretin (TTR) at the brain barriers during embryonic and early postnatal development using the chicken as a model. In situ hybridisation revealed expression of the TH transporters monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) and 10 (MCT10), organic anion transporting polypeptide 1C1 (OATP1C1) and L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) and the inactivating type 3 deiodinase (D3) in the choroid plexus which forms the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. This was confirmed by quantitative PCR which additionally indicated strongly increasing expression of TTR as well as detectable expression of the activating type 2 deiodinase (D2) and the (in)activating type 1 deiodinase (D1). In the brain capillaries forming the blood-brain barrier in situ hybridisation showed exclusive expression of LAT1 and D2. The combined presence of LAT1 and D2 in brain capillaries suggests that the blood-brain barrier forms the main route for receptor-active T3 uptake into the embryonic chicken brain. Expression of multiple transporters, deiodinases and TTR in the choroid plexus indicates that the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier is also important in regulating early TH availability. The impact of these barrier systems can be deduced from the clear difference in T3 and T4 levels as well as the T3/T4 ratio between the developing brain and the general circulation. We conclude that the tight regulation of TH exchange at the brain barriers from early embryonic stages is one of the factors needed to allow the brain to develop within a relative microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stijn L J Van Herck
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Department of Biology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joke Delbaere
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Department of Biology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nele M A Bourgeois
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Department of Biology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bronwyn M McAllan
- The University of Sydney, Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, and Bosch Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Veerle M Darras
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Department of Biology, Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Darras VM, Houbrechts AM, Van Herck SL. Intracellular thyroid hormone metabolism as a local regulator of nuclear thyroid hormone receptor-mediated impact on vertebrate development. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2015; 1849:130-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
23
|
Cheled-Shoval SL, Behrens M, Meyerhof W, Niv MY, Uni Z. Perinatal administration of a bitter tastant influences gene expression in chicken palate and duodenum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:12512-12520. [PMID: 25427148 DOI: 10.1021/jf502219a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Bitter taste receptors (Tas2rs) and downstream effectors are responsible for mediating bitterness perception and regulation of food choice in mammals. Using RT-PCR, we demonstrated the expression of three Tas2rs and taste signal transduction molecules, α-gustducin, PLCβ2, and TRPM5, in the palate, tongue, and gastrointestinal tract sections in chicken. The bitter tastant quinine activates all three chicken Tas2rs in vitro as shown using calcium-imaging assays of transfected cells. Administration of quinine postnatally or perinatally (both pre- and posthatch) to chickens increased the expression of Tas2r genes in the palate by 6.45-fold (ggTas2r1 postnatal treatment), 4.86-fold (ggTas2r1 perinatal treatment), and 4.48-fold (ggTas2r7 postnatal treatment) compared to the genes' expression in the naı̈ve group respectively, and affected taste related gene expression in the duodenum. Whereas no-choice intake of quinine solution was not significantly lower than that of water in naı̈ve chicks, the treatment groups postnatal, prenatal, and perinatal showed significantly lower intake of quinine by 56.1, 47.7, and 50.2%, respectively, suggesting a possible trend toward sensitization. These results open new venues toward unraveling the formative stages shaping food intake and nutrition in chicken.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shira L Cheled-Shoval
- Department of Animal Science and ‡Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, and The Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, The Hebrew University , Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Préau L, Fini JB, Morvan-Dubois G, Demeneix B. Thyroid hormone signaling during early neurogenesis and its significance as a vulnerable window for endocrine disruption. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1849:112-21. [PMID: 24980696 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The essential roles of thyroid hormone (TH) in perinatal brain development have been known for decades. More recently, many of the molecular mechanisms underlying the multiple effects of TH on proliferation, differentiation, migration, synaptogenesis and myelination in the developing nervous system have been elucidated. At the same time data from both epidemiological studies and animal models have revealed that the influence of thyroid signaling on development of the nervous system, extends to all periods of life, from early embryogenesis to neurogenesis in the adult brain. This review focuses on recent insights into the actions of TH during early neurogenesis. A key concept is that, in contrast to the previous ideas that only the unliganded receptor was implicated in these early phases, a critical role of the ligand, T3, is increasingly recognized. These findings are considered in the light of increasing knowledge of cell specific control of T3 availability as a function of deiodinase activity and transporter expression. These requirements for TH in the early stages of neurogenesis take on new relevance given the increasing epidemiological data on adverse effects of TH lack in early pregnancy on children's neurodevelopmental outcome. These ideas lead logically into a discussion on how the actions of TH during the first phases of neurogenesis can be potentially disrupted by gestational iodine lack and/or chemical pollution. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Nuclear receptors in animal development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Préau
- UMR CNRS 7221, Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Département Régulations, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Jean Baptiste Fini
- UMR CNRS 7221, Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Département Régulations, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Ghislaine Morvan-Dubois
- UMR CNRS 7221, Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Département Régulations, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Barbara Demeneix
- UMR CNRS 7221, Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Département Régulations, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 75231 Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wirth EK, Schweizer U, Köhrle J. Transport of thyroid hormone in brain. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:98. [PMID: 25009532 PMCID: PMC4067591 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) transport into the brain is not only pivotal for development and differentiation, but also for maintenance and regulation of adult central nervous system (CNS) function. In this review, we highlight some key factors and structures regulating TH uptake and distribution. Serum TH binding proteins play a major role for the availability of TH since only free hormone concentrations may dictate cellular uptake. One of these proteins, transthyretin is also present in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after being secreted by the choroid plexus. Entry routes into the brain like the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) and the blood-CSF-barrier will be explicated regarding fetal and adult status. Recently identified TH transmembrane transporters (THTT) like monocarboxylate transporter 8 (Mct8) play a major role in uptake of TH across the BBB but as well in transport between cells like astrocytes and neurons within the brain. Species differences in transporter expression will be presented and interference of TH transport by endogenous and exogenous compounds including endocrine disruptors and drugs will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva K. Wirth
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schweizer
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Josef Köhrle
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Josef Köhrle, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin 13353, Germany e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Van Herck SLJ, Geysens S, Delbaere J, Darras VM. Regulators of thyroid hormone availability and action in embryonic chicken brain development. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 190:96-104. [PMID: 23707378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are crucial elements in vertebrate brain development. They exert their action mainly through binding of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) to nuclear receptors that directly influence the expression of TH-regulated genes. Intracellular TH action is therefore dependent on both the availability of T3 and its receptors. TH uptake in cells is regulated by specific TH transporters and local activation and inactivation is regulated by deiodinases. This review provides an overview of the general expression pattern of TH transporters, deiodinases and receptors during embryonic chicken brain development and compares it to the situation in mammals. It is clear that THs and their regulators are present in the embryonic brain from the early stages of development, long before the onset of embryonic thyroid gland functioning. The mechanism of TH uptake across the brain barriers during development is only partly understood. At the developing blood-brain-barrier expression of the TH-activating type 2 deiodinase is closely associated with the blood vessels, but contrary to the situation in (adult) mammals no expression of MCT8 or OATP1C1 TH transporters is found at that level in the developing chicken. At the blood-cerebrospinal fluid-barrier co-expression of the TH-inactivating type 3 deiodinase and MCT8 and OATP1C1 is found in birds and mammals. These comparative data show overlapping patterns, pointing to general mechanisms, but also indicate specific interspecies differences that may help to understand species-specific responses to regulator gene knockout/mutation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stijn L J Van Herck
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Van Herck SLJ, Geysens S, Bald E, Chwatko G, Delezie E, Dianati E, Ahmed RG, Darras VM. Maternal transfer of methimazole and effects on thyroid hormone availability in embryonic tissues. J Endocrinol 2013; 218:105-15. [PMID: 23608220 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Methimazole (MMI) is an anti-thyroid drug used in the treatment of chronic hyperthyroidism. There is, however, some debate about its use during pregnancy as MMI is known to cross the mammalian placenta and reach the developing foetus. A similar problem occurs in birds, where MMI is deposited in the egg and taken up by the developing embryo. To investigate whether maternally derived MMI can have detrimental effects on embryonic development, we treated laying hens with MMI (0.03% in drinking water) and measured total and reduced MMI contents in the tissues of hens and embryos at different stages of development. In hens, MMI was selectively increased in the thyroid gland, while its levels in the liver and especially brain remained relatively low. Long-term MMI treatment induced a pronounced goitre with a decrease in thyroxine (T₄) content but an increase in thyroidal 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T₃) content. This resulted in normal T₃ levels in tissues except in the brain. In chicken embryos, MMI levels were similar in the liver and brain. They gradually decreased during development but always remained above those in the corresponding maternal tissues. Contrary to the situation in hens, T₄ availability was only moderately affected in embryos. Peripheral T₃ levels were reduced in 14-day-old embryos but normal in 18-day-old embryos, while brain T₃ content was decreased at all embryonic stages tested. We conclude that all embryonic tissues are exposed to relatively high doses of MMI and its oxidised metabolites. The effect of maternal MMI treatment on embryonic thyroid hormone availability is most pronounced for brain T₃ content, which is reduced throughout the embryonic development period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stijn L J Van Herck
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 61, PB 2464, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Dong W, Macaulay L, Kwok KWH, Hinton DE, Stapleton HM. Using whole mount in situ hybridization to examine thyroid hormone deiodinase expression in embryonic and larval zebrafish: a tool for examining OH-BDE toxicity to early life stages. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 132-133:190-9. [PMID: 23531416 PMCID: PMC3642849 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their oxidative metabolites (hydroxylated PBDEs; OH-BDEs) are known endocrine disrupting contaminants that have been shown to disrupt thyroid hormone regulation both in mammals and in fish. The purpose of this study was to determine the precise organ and tissue locations that express genes critical to thyroid hormone regulation in developing zebrafish (Danio rerio), and to determine the effects of an OH-BDE on their expression. While RT-PCR can provide quantitative data on gene expression, it lacks spatial sensitivity to examine localized gene expression; and, isolation of organs from zebrafish embryos is technically difficult, if not impossible. For this reason, the present study used whole mount in situ hybridization to simultaneously localize and quantify gene expression in vivo. While PBDEs and OH-BDEs have been shown to inhibit the activity and expression of deiodionases, a family of enzymes that regulate thyroid hormone concentrations intracellularly, it is unclear whether or not they can affect regional expression of the different isoforms during early development. In this study we investigated deiodinase 1 (Dio1), deiodinase 2 (Dio2), and deiodinase 3 (Dio3) mRNA expression at the following life stages (2, 8, and 1k-cells; 50%-epiboly, 6 and 18-somites, 22, 24, 48, 72 hpf and/or 10 dpf) in zebrafish and found life stage specific expression of these genes that were highly localized. To demonstrate the use of this technique for investigating potential endocrine disrupting effects, zebrafish embryos were exposed to 1, 10 and 100nM 6-OH-BDE-47. Significant increases in mean intensity of Dio1 and Dio3 expression in the periventricular zone of brain and pronephric duct, respectively (quantified by measuring intensity of coloration using ImageJ analysis software) were observed, suggesting localized response at the HPT axis with the possibility of impacting neurodevelopment. Our results demonstrate effects of OH-BDEs on thyroid regulating gene expression and provide more insight into potential sites of injury during early life stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wu Dong
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Heather Stapleton, Phone: 919-613-8717, Fax: (919) 684-8741.
| | | | | | | | - Heather M. Stapleton
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Heather Stapleton, Phone: 919-613-8717, Fax: (919) 684-8741.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
|
30
|
Vatine GD, Zada D, Lerer-Goldshtein T, Tovin A, Malkinson G, Yaniv K, Appelbaum L. Zebrafish as a model for monocarboxyl transporter 8-deficiency. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:169-80. [PMID: 23161551 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.413831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome (AHDS) is a severe psychomotor retardation characterized by neurological impairment and abnormal thyroid hormone (TH) levels. Mutations in the TH transporter, monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8), are associated with AHDS. MCT8 knock-out mice exhibit impaired TH levels; however, they lack neurological defects. Here, the zebrafish mct8 gene and promoter were isolated, and mct8 promoter-driven transgenic lines were used to show that, similar to humans, mct8 is primarily expressed in the nervous and vascular systems. Morpholino-based knockdown and rescue experiments revealed that MCT8 is strictly required for neural development in the brain and spinal cord. This study shows that MCT8 is a crucial regulator during embryonic development and establishes the first vertebrate model for MCT8 deficiency that exhibits a neurological phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gad David Vatine
- Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Iodothyronine deiodinases are important mediators of thyroid hormone (TH) action. They are present in tissues throughout the body where they catalyse 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T(3)) production and degradation via, respectively, outer and inner ring deiodination. Three different types of iodothyronine deiodinases (D1, D2 and D3) have been identified in vertebrates from fish to mammals. They share several common characteristics, including a selenocysteine residue in their catalytic centre, but show also some type-specific differences. These specific characteristics seem very well conserved for D2 and D3, while D1 shows more evolutionary diversity related to its Km, 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil sensitivity and dependence on dithiothreitol as a cofactor in vitro. The three deiodinase types have an impact on systemic T(3) levels and they all contribute directly or indirectly to intracellular T(3) availability in different tissues. The relative contribution of each of them, however, varies amongst species, developmental stages and tissues. This is especially true for amphibians, where the impact of D1 may be minimal. D2 and D3 expression and activity respond to thyroid status in an opposite and conserved way, while the response of D1 is variable, especially in fish. Recently, a number of deiodinases have been cloned from lower chordates. Both urochordates and cephalochordates possess selenodeiodinases, although they cannot be classified in one of the three vertebrate types. In addition, the cephalochordate amphioxus also expresses a non-selenodeiodinase. Finally, deiodinase-like sequences have been identified in the genome of non-deuterostome organisms, suggesting that deiodination of externally derived THs may even be functionally relevant in a wide variety of invertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veerle M Darras
- Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Geysens S, Ferran JL, Van Herck SLJ, Tylzanowski P, Puelles L, Darras VM. Dynamic mRNA distribution pattern of thyroid hormone transporters and deiodinases during early embryonic chicken brain development. Neuroscience 2012; 221:69-85. [PMID: 22771619 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Maternal thyroid hormones (THs) are important in early brain development long before the onset of embryonic TH secretion, but information about the regulation of TH availability in the brain at these early stages is still limited. We therefore investigated in detail the mRNA distribution pattern of the TH activating type 2 and inactivating type 3 deiodinases (D2 and D3) and the TH transporters, organic anion transporting polypeptide 1c1 (Oatp1c1) and monocarboxylate transporter 8 (Mct8), in chicken embryonic brain as well as in retina and inner ear from day 3 to day 10 of development. Oatp1c1, Mct8 and D3 are expressed in the choroid plexus and its precursors allowing selective uptake of THs at the blood-cerebrospinal fluid-barrier with subsequent inactivation of excess hormone. In contrast, the developing blood-brain-barrier does not express Oatp1c1 or Mct8 but appears to be a site for TH activation by D2. Expression of D3 in several sensory brain centers may serve as protection against premature TH action. Expression of D2 and Mct8 but not D3 in the developing pituitary gland allows accumulation of active THs even at early stages. Mct8 is widely expressed in gray matter throughout the brain. This is the first comprehensive study on the dynamic distribution pattern of TH-transporters and deiodinases at stages of embryonic brain development when only maternal THs are available. It provides the essential background for further research aimed at understanding early developmental processes depending on maternal THs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Geysens
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|