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Jawich K, Hadakie R, Jamal S, Habeeb R, Al Fahoum S, Ferlin A, De Toni L. Emerging Role of Non-collagenous Bone Proteins as Osteokines in Extraosseous Tissues. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2024; 25:215-225. [PMID: 37937553 DOI: 10.2174/0113892037268414231017074054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Bone is a unique tissue, composed of various types of cells embedded in a calcified extracellular matrix (ECM), whose dynamic structure consists of organic and inorganic compounds produced by bone cells. The main inorganic component is represented by hydroxyapatite, whilst the organic ECM is primarily made up of type I collagen and non-collagenous proteins. These proteins play an important role in bone homeostasis, calcium regulation, and maintenance of the hematopoietic niche. Recent advances in bone biology have highlighted the importance of specific bone proteins, named "osteokines", possessing endocrine functions and exerting effects on nonosseous tissues. Accordingly, osteokines have been found to act as growth factors, cell receptors, and adhesion molecules, thus modifying the view of bone from a static tissue fulfilling mobility to an endocrine organ itself. Since bone is involved in a paracrine and endocrine cross-talk with other tissues, a better understanding of bone secretome and the systemic roles of osteokines is expected to provide benefits in multiple topics: such as identification of novel biomarkers and the development of new therapeutic strategies. The present review discusses in detail the known osseous and extraosseous effects of these proteins and the possible respective clinical and therapeutic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenda Jawich
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, International University of Science and Technology, Darrah, Syrian Arab Republic
| | - Rana Hadakie
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
| | - Souhaib Jamal
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
| | - Rana Habeeb
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, International University of Science and Technology, Darrah, Syrian Arab Republic
| | - Sahar Al Fahoum
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
| | - Alberto Ferlin
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca De Toni
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Kim M, Jang HJ, Baek SY, Choi KJ, Han DH, Sung JS. Regulation of base excision repair during adipogenesis and osteogenesis of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16384. [PMID: 37773206 PMCID: PMC10542337 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43737-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) can differentiate into various lineages, such as chondrocytes, adipocytes, osteoblasts, and neuronal lineages. It has been shown that the high-efficiency DNA-repair capacity of hMSCs is decreased during their differentiation. However, the underlying its mechanism during adipogenesis and osteogenesis is unknown. Herein, we investigated how alkyl-damage repair is modulated during adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation, especially focusing on the base excision repair (BER) pathway. Response to an alkylation agent was assessed via quantification of the double-strand break (DSB) foci and activities of BER-related enzymes during differentiation in hMSCs. Adipocytes showed high resistance against methyl methanesulfonate (MMS)-induced alkyl damage, whereas osteoblasts were more sensitive than hMSCs. During the differentiation, activities, and protein levels of uracil-DNA glycosylase were found to be regulated. In addition, ligation-related proteins, such as X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 1 (XRCC1) and DNA polymerase β, were upregulated in adipocytes, whereas their levels and recruitment declined during osteogenesis. These modulations of BER enzyme activity during differentiation influenced DNA repair efficiency and the accumulation of DSBs as repair intermediates in the nucleus. Taken together, we suggest that BER enzymatic activity is regulated in adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation and these alterations in the BER pathway led to different responses to alkyl damage from those in hMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kim
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Biomedi Campus, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Jang
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Biomedi Campus, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Song-Yi Baek
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Biomedi Campus, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Jin Choi
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Biomedi Campus, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hee Han
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Biomedi Campus, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Suk Sung
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Biomedi Campus, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea.
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Zheng XQ, Lin JL, Huang J, Wu T, Song CL. Targeting aging with the healthy skeletal system: The endocrine role of bone. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2023; 24:695-711. [PMID: 37402956 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-023-09812-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging is an inevitable biological process, and longevity may be related to bone health. Maintaining strong bone health can extend one's lifespan, but the exact mechanism is unclear. Bone and extraosseous organs, including the heart and brain, have complex and precise communication mechanisms. In addition to its load bearing capacity, the skeletal system secretes cytokines, which play a role in bone regulation of extraosseous organs. FGF23, OCN, and LCN2 are three representative bone-derived cytokines involved in energy metabolism, endocrine homeostasis and systemic chronic inflammation levels. Today, advanced research methods provide new understandings of bone as a crucial endocrine organ. For example, gene editing technology enables bone-specific conditional gene knockout models, which allows the study of bone-derived cytokines to be more precise. We systematically evaluated the various effects of bone-derived cytokines on extraosseous organs and their possible antiaging mechanism. Targeting aging with the current knowledge of the healthy skeletal system is a potential therapeutic strategy. Therefore, we present a comprehensive review that summarizes the current knowledge and provides insights for futures studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan-Qi Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Liang Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Li Song
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Disease Research, Beijing, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, Beijing, China.
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Charoenphandhu N, Chanpaisaeng K, Teerapornpuntakit J, Wongdee K. Editorial: Crosstalk between bone and other cells. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1209053. [PMID: 37228815 PMCID: PMC10203695 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1209053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Narattaphol Charoenphandhu
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- The Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Krittikan Chanpaisaeng
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Jarinthorn Teerapornpuntakit
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Kannikar Wongdee
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand
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Matta RA, Farrage HM, Saedii AA, Abdelrahman MM. Male subclinical hypogonadism and late-onset hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism: mechanisms, endothelial function, and interplay between reproductive hormones, undercarboxylated osteocalcin, and endothelial dysfunction. Aging Male 2022; 25:72-87. [PMID: 35291927 DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2022.2049744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogenesis and endothelial function in subclinical hypogonadism (SCH) remain unclear. Undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) participates in atherosclerosis and reproduction. We explored the underlying mechanisms and interplay of endothelial dysfunction, unOC and reproductive hormones in SCH and primary late-onset hypogonadism (LOH). METHODS In the SCH, LOH, and healthy eugonadal male groups, we measured serum unOC, calculated luteinizing hormone/testosterone (LH/T), LH.T product, and estradiol/T (E/T) as indicators of impaired Leydig cells, androgen sensitivity index (ASI), and aromatase activity, respectively (LH set-point regulators), and assessed flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery (FMD%), carotid-intima media thickness (CIMT), and aortic stiffness (AS). RESULTS ↑LH/T, ↑ASI, ↓aromatase activity, normal T, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels, ↑unOC, and enhanced atherosclerotic markers (↓FMD%, ↑CIMT, ↑AS) are characteristics of SCH. Testosterone was positively correlated with FMD% in SCH. The independent predictors were: SHBG and LH for FMD% and CIMT, respectively, and LH/T, ucOC, FSH, estradiol, and E/T ratio for AS in the LOH group; and LH for FMD% & AS and LH and LH/T for CIMT in all study subjects. CONCLUSIONS SCH is a distinct clinical entity characterized by impaired androgen sensitivity and aromatase activity, compensatory elevated unOC, endothelial dysfunction, and anti-atherogenic role of testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragaa Abedelshaheed Matta
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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Jawich K, Rocca MS, Al Fahoum S, Alhalabi M, Di Nisio A, Foresta C, Ferlin A, De Toni L. RS 2247911 polymorphism of GPRC6A gene and serum undercarboxylated-osteocalcin are associated with testis function. J Endocrinol Invest 2022; 45:1673-1682. [PMID: 35482214 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-022-01803-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Undercarboxylated-Osteocalcin (ucOCN), acting on its putative receptor GPRC6A, was shown to stimulate testosterone (T) production by Leydig cells in rodents, in parallel with the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG) mediated by luteinizing hormone (LH). The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the association among serum ucOCN, rs2247911 polymorphism of GPRC6A gene and the endocrine/semen pattern in a cohort of infertile males, possibly identifying an involvement of the ucOCN-GPRC6A axis on testis function. METHODS 190 males, including 74 oligozoospermic subjects, 58 azoosperminc patients and 58 normozoospermic controls, were prospectively recruited at the Orient Hospital for Infertility, Assisted Reproduction and Genetics in Syria (Study N. 18FP), from July 2018 to June 2020. Outpatient evaluation included the clinical history, anthropometrics and a fasting blood sampling for hormonals, serum OCN (both carboxylated and undercarboxylated), glycemic and lipid profile and screening for rs2247911 GPRC6A gene polymorphism. RESULTS Higher serum ucOCN associated with higher T and HDL-cholesterol (respectively: r = 0.309, P < 0.001 and r = 0.248, P = 0.001), and with lower FSH (r = - 0.327, P < 0.001) and LDL-cholesterol (r = - 0.171; P = 0.018). Patients bearing the GG genotype of rs2247911 had higher sperm count compared to GA genotype (P = 0.043) and, compared to both AG and AA genotypes, had higher serum T (P = 0.004, P = 0.001) and lower triglycerides levels (P = 0.002, P < 0.001). Upon normalization for LH levels and body mass index, rs2274911 and ucOCN were significantly associated with higher serum T at linear stepwise regression analysis (P = 0.013, P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest the involvement of ucOCN-GPRC6A axis in the regulation of T production by the testis, subsidiary to HPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jawich
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
| | - M Santa Rocca
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - S Al Fahoum
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic.
| | - M Alhalabi
- Department of Embryology and Reproductive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
| | - A Di Nisio
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - C Foresta
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - A Ferlin
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - L De Toni
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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Guo X, Li Y, Zhou Y, Zhang C, Liang S, Zheng Y, Chen X, Cai G. Osteocalcin association with vascular function in chronic kidney disease. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2022; 24:928-936. [PMID: 35687487 PMCID: PMC9278578 DOI: 10.1111/jch.14523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Osteocalcin (OCN) is a bone‐derived and vitamin K dependent hormone that affects energy metabolism and vascular calcification. The relationship between serum OCN and vascular function in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is uncertain. This study investigated the association between serum OCN and vascular function as expressed with reactive hyperemia index (RHI) and augmentation index (AIx) measured by Endo‐PAT 2000 device. This cross‐sectional analysis was based on 256 pre‐dialysis CKD patients who had completed the Endo‐PAT 2000 test and serum OCN at the First Center of Chinese PLA Hospital from November 2017 to December 2019. Based on whether the RHI was less than 1.67, the patients were divided into endothelial dysfunction and normal endothelial function groups. Multiple logistic and linear regression were used to analyze the association between OCN and vascular function. Subgroup analyses were performed to examine the effects of OCN on vascular function in different CKD populations. After multivariate adjustment, CKD with low OCN were more likely to have endothelial dysfunction (OR: 0.794; 95%CI: 0.674‐0.934; P = .006); on the contrary, patients with high OCN had a higher degree of arterial stiffness (standardized β: 0.174; P = .003). Subgroup analyses showed that higher OCN was associated with severe arterial stiffness but a better endothelial function in young (age < 65 years, PRHI/PAIx@75 = .027/.011), male (PRHI/PAIx@75 = .040/.016), patients with a history of hypertension (PRHI/PAIx@75 = .004/.009) or diabetes (PRHI/PAIx@75 = .005/.005), and in early CKD (PRHI/PAIx@75 = .014/.015). In conclusion, serum OCN correlates with vascular function in CKD patients: beneficial for endothelial function but detrimental to arterial stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Guo
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Nephrology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yisha Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yena Zhou
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Nephrology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyan Cai
- Department of Nephrology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
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Shahrour HE, Al Fahom S, Al-Massarani G, AlSaadi AR, Magni P. Osteocalcin-expressing endothelial progenitor cells and serum osteocalcin forms are independent biomarkers of coronary atherosclerotic disease severity in male and female patients. J Endocrinol Invest 2022; 45:1173-1180. [PMID: 35089541 PMCID: PMC9098612 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-022-01744-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Osteocalcin (OC), an osteoblast-derived regulator of metabolic processes, and circulating early endothelial progenitor cells (EPC, CD34 - /CD133 + /KDR +) expressing OC (OC +) are potential candidates linking bone metabolism and the vasculature and might be involved in vascular atherosclerotic calcification. This study aimed at assessing the association of circulating levels of different OC forms and of EPCs count with disease severity in patients with documented coronary atherosclerosis (CAD). METHODS Patients (n = 59) undergoing coronary angiography were divided, according to stenosis severity, into (1) early coronary atherosclerosis (ECA) (n = 22), and (2) late coronary atherosclerosis (LCA) (n = 37). Total OC (TOC), carboxylated OC (cOC), undercarboxylated OC (unOC) were quantified by ELISA. EPC OC + count was assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS EPC OC + counts showed significant differences between ECA and LCA groups. unOC and unOC/TOC ratio were inversely correlated with EPC OC + count. A significant decrease in TOC and unOC plasma levels was associated with higher cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) number. EPC OC + count was correlated with LDL-C, total cholesterol, and triglycerides, with a greater significance in the LCA group. No association between the different forms of circulating OC (TOC, ucOC, cOC) and severity of CAD was found. CONCLUSION This study showed a significant association between EPCs (CD34 - /CD133 + /KDR + /OC +), CAD severity and CVRFs, suggesting an active role for EPC OC + in the development of CAD. An inverse correlation between TOC, ucOC, and number of CVRFs was observed, suggesting that OC, regardless of its carboxylation status, may be developed as a further cardiovascular risk biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Shahrour
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
| | - S Al Fahom
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
| | - G Al-Massarani
- Department Radiation Medicine, Pharmacological Studies Division, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), Damascus, Syria
| | - A R AlSaadi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Disease Section, Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
| | - P Magni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
- IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto S. Giovanni, Milan, Italy.
- DISFeB-UNIMI, via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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Shtaif B, Hornfeld SH, Yackobovitch-Gavan M, Phillip M, Gat-Yablonski G. Anxiety and Cognition in Cre- Collagen Type II Sirt1 K/O Male Mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:756909. [PMID: 34867800 PMCID: PMC8641514 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.756909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Using transgenic collagen type II-specific Sirt1 knockout (CKO) mice we studied the role of Sirt1 in nutritional induced catch up growth (CUG) and we found that these mice have a less organized growth plate and reduced efficiency of CUG. In addition, we noted that they weigh more than control (CTL) mice. Studying the reason for the increased weigh, we found differences in activity and brain function. Methods Several tests for behavior and activity were used: open field; elevated plus maze, Morris water maze, and home cage running wheels. The level of Glu- osteocalcin, known to connect bone and brain function, was measured by Elisa; brain Sirt1 was analyzed by western blot. Results We found that CKO mice had increased anxiety, with less spatial memory, learning capabilities and reduced activity in their home cages. No significant differences were found between CKO and CTL mice in Glu- osteocalcin levels; nor in the level of brain SIRT1. Discussion/Conclusion Using transgenic collagen type II-specific Sirt1 knockout (CKO) mice we found a close connection between linear growth and brain function. Using a collagen type II derived system we affected a central regulatory mechanism leading to hypo activity, increased anxiety, and slower learning, without affecting circadian period. As children with idiopathic short stature are more likely to have lower IQ, with substantial deficits in working memory than healthy controls, the results of the current study suggest that SIRT1 may be the underlying factor connecting growth and brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biana Shtaif
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Laboratory for Molecular Endocrinology and Diabetes, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Shay Henry Hornfeld
- Laboratory for Molecular Endocrinology and Diabetes, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Michal Yackobovitch-Gavan
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Moshe Phillip
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Laboratory for Molecular Endocrinology and Diabetes, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
- The Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Galia Gat-Yablonski
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Laboratory for Molecular Endocrinology and Diabetes, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
- The Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel
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Patil KC, Soekmadji C. Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Bone Remodeling and Bone Metastasis: Implications in Prostate Cancer. Subcell Biochem 2021; 97:297-361. [PMID: 33779922 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67171-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone metastasis is the tendency of certain primary tumors to spawn and dictate secondary neoplasia in the bone. The process of bone metastasis is regulated by the dynamic crosstalk between metastatic cancer cells, cellular components of the bone marrow microenvironment (osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes), and the bone matrix. The feed-forward loop mechanisms governs the co-option of homeostatic bone remodeling by cancer cells in bone. Recent developments have highlighted the discovery of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their diverse roles in distant outgrowths. Several studies have implicated EV-mediated interactions between cancer cells and the bone microenvironment in synergistically promoting pathological skeletal metabolism in the metastatic site. Nevertheless, the potential role that EVs serve in arbitrating intricate sequences of coordinated events within the bone microenvironment remains an emerging field. In this chapter, we review the role of cellular participants and molecular mechanisms in regulating normal bone physiology and explore the progress of current research into bone-derived EVs in directly triggering and coordinating the processes of physiological bone remodeling. In view of the emerging role of EVs in interorgan crosstalk, this review also highlights the multiple systemic pathophysiological processes orchestrated by the EVs to direct organotropism in bone in prostate cancer. Given the deleterious consequences of bone metastasis and its clinical importance, in-depth knowledge of the multifarious role of EVs in distant organ metastasis is expected to open new possibilities for prognostic evaluation and therapeutic intervention for advanced bone metastatic prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani C Patil
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Carolina Soekmadji
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. .,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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The Dual Role of Vitamin K2 in "Bone-Vascular Crosstalk": Opposite Effects on Bone Loss and Vascular Calcification. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041222. [PMID: 33917175 PMCID: PMC8067793 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP) and vascular calcification (VC) represent relevant health problems that frequently coexist in the elderly population. Traditionally, they have been considered independent processes, and mainly age-related. However, an increasing number of studies have reported their possible direct correlation, commonly defined as “bone-vascular crosstalk”. Vitamin K2 (VitK2), a family of several natural isoforms also known as menaquinones (MK), has recently received particular attention for its role in maintaining calcium homeostasis. In particular, VitK2 deficiency seems to be responsible of the so-called “calcium paradox” phenomenon, characterized by low calcium deposition in the bone and its accumulation in the vessel wall. Since these events may have important clinical consequences, and the role of VitK2 in bone-vascular crosstalk has only partially been explained, this review focuses on its effects on the bone and vascular system by providing a more recent literature update. Overall, the findings reported here propose the VitK2 family as natural bioactive molecules that could be able to play an important role in the prevention of bone loss and vascular calcification, thus encouraging further in-depth studies to achieve its use as a dietary food supplement.
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Widyowati R, Suciati S, Haryadi DM, Chang HI, Suryawan IN, Tarigan N. The effect of deer antler from East Kalimantan to increase trabecular bone density and calcium levels in serum on osteoporotic mice. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 32:1145-1150. [PMID: 33580921 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (dexamethasone) is a primary cause of secondary osteoporosis by the decreasing formation and increasing resorption activities. Previously, the in vitro study showed that 70% ethanol and aqueous extract of deer antler have increased alkaline phosphatase in osteoblast cell that known as marker of bone formation. The mind of this study is to analyze the effect of deer antlers in increasing the bone trabecular density of osteoporosis-induced male mice. METHODS This study used a post-test control group design. A total of 54 healthy male mice were randomly divided to nine groups, i.e., healthy control, osteoporotic, positive control, 70% ethanol (4, 8, and 12 mg/kg BW), and aqueous extracts (4, 8, and 12 mg/kg BW) of deer antler groups. All of the interventions were given 1 mL of test sample for 4 weeks orally. The bone densities were determined using histomorphometry by Image J and Adobe Photoshop. The statistical data were performed using SPSS 23 and statistical significance was set at p<0.05. RESULTS The results showed that alendronate group, 70% ethanol, and aqueous extract groups increased bone density and calcium levels in serum (p<0.05) compared to osteoporotic group in dose dependent manner. It indicated that 70% ethanol and aqueous extract of deer antler stimulating bone turnover and aqueous extract showed the highest. CONCLUSIONS Dexamethasone induction for 4 weeks caused osteoporotic mice and the administration of 70% ethanol and aqueous extracts of deer antler from East Kalimantan increased trabecular bone density and calcium levels in dose dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Retno Widyowati
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Nanizar Zaman Joenoes Building, Campus C, Mulyorejo, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Suciati Suciati
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Nanizar Zaman Joenoes Building, Campus C, Mulyorejo, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Dewi Melani Haryadi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Nanizar Zaman Joenoes Building, Campus C, Mulyorejo, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Hsin-I Chang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan, P. R. China
| | - Ipg Ngurah Suryawan
- UPTD Pembibitan dan Inseminasi Buatan, Dinas Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan Provinsi Kalimantan Timur, Penajam Paser Utara, Indonesia
| | - Nurliana Tarigan
- UPTD Pembibitan dan Inseminasi Buatan, Dinas Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan Provinsi Kalimantan Timur, Penajam Paser Utara, Indonesia
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Yaglova N, Yaglov V. Endocrine Disruptors as a New Etiologic Factor of Bone Tissue Diseases (Review). Sovrem Tekhnologii Med 2021; 13:84-94. [PMID: 34513081 PMCID: PMC8353721 DOI: 10.17691/stm2021.13.2.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, diseases of bones and joints stand third after cardiovascular and oncological pathologies which demands the necessity of searching for new etiological factors and pathogenetical mechanisms of these illnesses. The accumulating data show the association between the impairment of bone tissue development and regeneration and endocrine disruptor impact. Endocrine disruptors are chemical substances, mainly of anthropogenic origin, capable of affecting endocrine system functioning and interfering with organ morphogenesis and physiological functions. The development and regeneration of bone tissues have a complex hormonal regulation and therefore bone tissue cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts can be considered as potential targets for endocrine disruptors. Endocrine disruptors have been established to be able to impair calcium metabolism which also contributes to the development of musculoskeletal system pathology. Data on histogenesis of bone tissue and regeneration, calcium metabolism as well as on hormonal regulation of bone growth and remodeling processes are presented in this work. Recent information on the effect of the main endocrine disruptor classes (diethylstilbestrol, organochlorine pesticides, alkylphenols, bisphenol A, dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls, and phthalic acid esters) on the development and remodeling of bone tissues and calcium metabolism has been summarized. The established physiological and molecular mechanisms of their action have been also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- N.V. Yaglova
- Head of the Laboratory of Endocrine System Development, Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupy St., Moscow, 117418, Russia
| | - V.V. Yaglov
- Chief Researcher, Laboratory of Endocrine System Development, Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupy St., Moscow, 117418, Russia
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The carboxylation status of osteocalcin has important consequences for its structure and dynamics. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1865:129809. [PMID: 33340588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The carboxylation status of Osteocalcin (Ocn) not only influences formation and structure in bones but also has important endocrine functions affecting energy metabolism and expenditure. In this study, the role of γ-carboxylation of the glutamate residues in the structure-dynamics-function relationship in Ocn is investigated. METHODS Three forms of Ocn, differentially carboxylated at the Glu-17, 21 and 24 residues, along with a mutated form of Ocn carrying Glu/Ala mutations, are modeled and simulated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation in the presence of calcium ions. RESULTS Characterization of the global conformational dynamics of Ocn, described in terms of the orientational variations within its 3-helical domain, highlights large structural variations in the non-carboxylated osteocalcin (nOcn). The bi-carboxylated Ocn (bOcn) and tri-carboxylated (tOcn) species, in contrast, display relatively rigid tertiary structures, with the dynamics of most regions strongly correlated. Radial distribution functions calculated for both bOcn and tOcn show long-range ordering of the calcium ion distribution around the carboxylated glutamate (γGlu) residues, likely playing an important role in promoting stability of these Ocns. Additionally, the same calcium ions are observed to coordinate with neighboring γGlu, better shielding their negative charges and in turn stabilizing these systems more than do the singly coordinating calcium ions observed in the case of nOcn. bOcn is also found to exhibit a more helical C-terminal structure, that has been shown to activate its cellular receptor GPRC6A, highlighting the allosteric role of Ocn carboxylation in modulating the stability and binding potential of the active C-terminal. CONCLUSIONS The carboxylation status of Ocn as well and its calcium coordination appear to have a direct influence on Ocn structure and dynamics, possibly leading to the known differences in Ocn biological function. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Modification of Ocn sequence or its carboxylation state may provide the blueprint for developing high-affinity peptides targeting its cellular receptor GPRC6A, with therapeutic potential for treatment of metabolic disorders.
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Wang H, Zheng X, Zhang Y, Huang J, Zhou W, Li X, Tian H, Wang B, Xing D, Fu W, Chen T, Wang X, Zhang X, Wu A. The endocrine role of bone: Novel functions of bone-derived cytokines. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 183:114308. [PMID: 33137323 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bone-derived cytokines refer to various proteins and peptides that are released from the skeleton and can distribute in organisms to regulate homeostasis by targeting many organs, such as the pancreas, brain, testicles, and kidneys. In addition to providing support and movement, many studies have disclosed the novel endocrine function of bone, and bone can modulate glucose and energy metabolism as well as phosphate metabolism by versatile bone-derived cytokines. However, this specific exoskeletonfunction of bone-derived cytokines in the regulation of homeostasis and the pathological response caused by skeletal dysfunction are still not very clear, and elucidation of the above mechanisms is of great significance for understanding the pathological processes of metabolic disorders and in the search for novel therapeutic measures for maintaining organ stability and physical fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xuanqi Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Jinfeng Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenxian Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xunlin Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, PR China
| | - Haijun Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, PR China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstruction Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Dan Xing
- Arthritis Clinic & Research Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Weili Fu
- Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiangyang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Aimin Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
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Arslanian KJ, Fidow UT, Atanoa T, Naseri T, Duckham RL, McGarvey ST, Choy C, Hawley NL. Effect of maternal nutrient intake during 31-37 weeks gestation on offspring body composition in Samoa. Ann Hum Biol 2020; 47:587-596. [PMID: 32892647 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2020.1820078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnancy dietary intake may be associated with newborn body composition, a predictor of future obesity. In Samoa, an energy-dense diet contributes to an alarming prevalence of adult obesity. Identifying associations between pregnancy nutrition and infant body composition in this setting may guide strategies to mitigate intergenerational transmission of obesity risk. AIM To examine dietary macro- and micronutrient intake of Samoan women during the third trimester of pregnancy and associations with infant body composition. SUBJECTS AND METHODS At 34-41 weeks of gestation, we measured dietary intake from the prior month using a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measured infant body composition at 1-14 days. We used multivariable linear regression models accounting for confounders to identify independent effects of nutrient intake on infant body composition. RESULTS After adjusting for maternal body mass index, age, gravidity, infant age, and sex, a respective 0.2 g increase and 0.2 g decrease in infant bone mass was associated with fibre and saturated fat intake. Increased protein intake was associated with 0.02 g decrease in bone mass. CONCLUSIONS While maternal dietary intake was not associated with infant adiposity or lean mass, we observed an effect on bone mass whose role in regulating metabolic health is overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ulai T Fidow
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Tupua Tamasese Meaole Hospital, Samoa National Health Services, Apia, Samoa
| | - Theresa Atanoa
- Community Studies Program, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Take Naseri
- Ministry of Health, Government of Samoa, Apia, Samoa
| | - Rachel L Duckham
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Sciences (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Medicine, St. Albans, Australia
| | - Stephen T McGarvey
- Departments of Epidemiology and Anthropology, International Health Institute, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Courtney Choy
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Nicola L Hawley
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
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Ho HJ, Komai M, Shirakawa H. Beneficial Effects of Vitamin K Status on Glycemic Regulation and Diabetes Mellitus: A Mini-Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082485. [PMID: 32824773 PMCID: PMC7469006 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that is characterized by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and dysfunctional insulin secretion. Glycemic control remains a crucial contributor to the progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus as well as the prevention or delay in the onset of diabetes-related complications. Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin that plays an important role in the regulation of the glycemic status. Supplementation of vitamin K may reduce the risk of diabetes mellitus and improve insulin sensitivity. This mini-review summarizes the recent insights into the beneficial effects of vitamin K and its possible mechanism of action on insulin sensitivity and glycemic status, thereby suppressing the progression of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Jung Ho
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan; (M.K.); (H.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-11-706-3395
| | - Michio Komai
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan; (M.K.); (H.S.)
| | - Hitoshi Shirakawa
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan; (M.K.); (H.S.)
- International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
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Kirk B, Feehan J, Lombardi G, Duque G. Muscle, Bone, and Fat Crosstalk: the Biological Role of Myokines, Osteokines, and Adipokines. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2020; 18:388-400. [PMID: 32529456 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-020-00599-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Skeletal muscle and bone are connected anatomically and physiologically, and play a crucial role in human locomotion and metabolism. Historically, the coupling between muscle and bone has been viewed in light of mechanotransduction, which dictates that the mechanical forces applied to muscle are transmitted to the skeleton to initiate bone formation. However, these organs also communicate through the endocrine system, orchestrated by a family of cytokines namely myokines (derived from myocytes) and osteokines (derived from bone cells). A third player in this biochemical crosstalk is adipose tissue and the secretion of adipokines (derived from adipocytes). In this review, we discuss the bidirectional effects of myokines and osteokines on muscle and bone metabolism, and the impact of adipokines on both of these secretory organs. RECENT FINDINGS Several myokines, notably, IL6, irisin, IGF-1, BDNF, myostatin, and FGF2 exert anabolic/catabolic effects on bone, while the osteokines osteocalcin and sclerostin have shown to induce muscle anabolism and catabolism, respectively. Adipokines, such as leptin, resistin, adiponectin, and TNFα (released from adipose tissue), can also modulate muscle and bone metabolism. Contrarily, exercise-mediated release of lipolytic myokines (IL6, irisin, and LIF) stimulates thermogenesis by promoting the browning of adipocytes. Myokines, osteokines, and adipokines exert autocrine/paracrine effects locally as well as through the endocrine system, to regulate muscle, bone, and fat metabolism. Reductions in physical activity and increases in energy intake, both linked with aging, leads to adipocyte hypertrophy and the recruitment of immunological cells (macrophages). In turn, this releases pro-inflammatory adipokines which induces chronic low-grade inflammation (LGI), a key player in the pathology of several diseases. However, exercise-induced stimulation of bioactive cytokines, through muscle-bone-fat crosstalk, increases muscle anabolism, bone formation, mitochondrial biogenesis, glucose utilization, and fatty acid oxidation, and attenuates chronic LGI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Kirk
- Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, St Albans, VIC, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Jack Feehan
- Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, St Albans, VIC, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Gustavo Duque
- Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, St Albans, VIC, Australia.
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia.
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19
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Diegel CR, Hann S, Ayturk UM, Hu JCW, Lim KE, Droscha CJ, Madaj ZB, Foxa GE, Izaguirre I, Transgenics Core VAIVA, Paracha N, Pidhaynyy B, Dowd TL, Robling AG, Warman ML, Williams BO. An osteocalcin-deficient mouse strain without endocrine abnormalities. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008361. [PMID: 32463812 PMCID: PMC7255615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteocalcin (OCN), the most abundant noncollagenous protein in the bone matrix, is reported to be a bone-derived endocrine hormone with wide-ranging effects on many aspects of physiology, including glucose metabolism and male fertility. Many of these observations were made using an OCN-deficient mouse allele (Osc–) in which the 2 OCN-encoding genes in mice, Bglap and Bglap2, were deleted in ES cells by homologous recombination. Here we describe mice with a new Bglap and Bglap2 double-knockout (dko) allele (Bglap/2p.Pro25fs17Ter) that was generated by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing. Mice homozygous for this new allele do not express full-length Bglap or Bglap2 mRNA and have no immunodetectable OCN in their serum. FTIR imaging of cortical bone in these homozygous knockout animals finds alterations in the collagen maturity and carbonate to phosphate ratio in the cortical bone, compared with wild-type littermates. However, μCT and 3-point bending tests do not find differences from wild-type littermates with respect to bone mass and strength. In contrast to the previously reported OCN-deficient mice with the Osc−allele, serum glucose levels and male fertility in the OCN-deficient mice with the Bglap/2pPro25fs17Ter allele did not have significant differences from wild-type littermates. We cannot explain the absence of endocrine effects in mice with this new knockout allele. Possible explanations include the effects of each mutated allele on the transcription of neighboring genes, or differences in genetic background and environment. So that our findings can be confirmed and extended by other interested investigators, we are donating this new Bglap and Bglap2 double-knockout strain to the Jackson Laboratories for academic distribution. Cells that make and maintain bone express proteins that function either locally or systemically. The former proteins, such as type 1 collagen, affect the material properties of the skeleton, while the latter, such as fibroblast growth factor 23, enable the skeleton to communicate with other organ systems. Mutations that affect the functions of most bone-cell-expressed proteins cause diseases that have similar features in humans and other mammals such as mice, for example, brittle bone diseases for type 1 collagen mutations and hypophosphatemic rickets for mutations in fibroblast growth factor 23. Our study focuses on another bone-cell-expressed protein, osteocalcin, which has been suggested to function locally to affect bone strength and systemically as a hormone. Studies using osteocalcin knockout mice led other investigators to suggest endocrine roles for osteocalcin in regulating blood glucose, male fertility, muscle mass, brain development, behavior, and cognition. We therefore decided to generate a new strain of osteocalcin knockout mice that could also be used to investigate these nonskeletal effects. To our surprise, the osteocalcin knockout mice we created did not significantly differ from wild-type mice for the three phenotypes we examined: bone strength, blood glucose, and male fertility. Our data are consistent with findings from osteocalcin knockout rats but are inconsistent with data from the original osteocalcin knockout mice. Because we do not know why our new strain fails to recapitulate the phenotypes previously reported for another knockout mouse stain, we have donated our mice to a public repository so that they can be easily obtained and studied in other academic laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra R. Diegel
- Program in Skeletal Disease and Tumor Microenvironment and Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Steven Hann
- Orthopedic Research Labs, Boston Children’s Hospital and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ugur M. Ayturk
- Orthopedic Research Labs, Boston Children’s Hospital and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Musculoskeletal Integrity Program, Hospital for Special Surgery Research Institute, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jennifer C. W. Hu
- Orthopedic Research Labs, Boston Children’s Hospital and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kyung-eun Lim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Casey J. Droscha
- Program in Skeletal Disease and Tumor Microenvironment and Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Zachary B. Madaj
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Gabrielle E. Foxa
- Program in Skeletal Disease and Tumor Microenvironment and Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Isaac Izaguirre
- Program in Skeletal Disease and Tumor Microenvironment and Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | | | - Noorulain Paracha
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Bohdan Pidhaynyy
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Terry L. Dowd
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry and Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alexander G. Robling
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Matthew L. Warman
- Orthopedic Research Labs, Boston Children’s Hospital and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bart O. Williams
- Program in Skeletal Disease and Tumor Microenvironment and Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Gargus ES, Rogers HB, McKinnon KE, Edmonds ME, Woodruff TK. Engineered reproductive tissues. Nat Biomed Eng 2020; 4:381-393. [PMID: 32251392 PMCID: PMC7416444 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-020-0525-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Engineered male and female biomimetic reproductive tissues are being developed as autonomous in vitro units or as integrated multi-organ in vitro systems to support germ cell and embryo function, and to display characteristic endocrine phenotypic patterns, such as the 28-day human ovulatory cycle. In this Review, we summarize how engineered reproductive tissues facilitate research in reproductive biology, and overview strategies for making engineered reproductive tissues that might eventually allow the restoration of reproductive capacity in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma S Gargus
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hunter B Rogers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kelly E McKinnon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Maxwell E Edmonds
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Teresa K Woodruff
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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21
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Russo V, Chen R, Armamento-Villareal R. Hypogonadism, Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus, and Bone Health: A Narrative Review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:607240. [PMID: 33537005 PMCID: PMC7848021 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.607240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the complications from chronic hyperglycemia and insulin resistance due to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in men is the high prevalence of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH). Both T2DM and hypogonadism are associated with impaired bone health and increased fracture risk but whether the combination results in even worse bone disease than either one alone is not well-studied. It is possible that having both conditions predisposes men to an even greater risk for fracture than either one alone. Given the common occurrence of HH or hypogonadism in general in T2DM, a significant number of men could be at risk. To date, there is very little information on the bone health men with both hypogonadism and T2DM. Insulin resistance, which is the primary defect in T2DM, is associated with low testosterone (T) levels in men and may play a role in the bidirectional relationship between these two conditions, which together may portend a worse outcome for bone. The present manuscript aims to review the available evidences on the effect of the combination of hypogonadism and T2DM on bone health and metabolic profile, highlights the possible metabolic role of the skeleton, and examines the pathways involved in the interplay between bone, insulin resistance, and gonadal steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Russo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Rui Chen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Reina Armamento-Villareal
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Reina Armamento-Villareal,
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Exercise-Dependent Modulation of Bone Metabolism and Bone Endocrine Function: New Findings and Therapeutic Perspectives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42978-019-0010-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Hosseinpour S, Fekrazad R, Arany PR, Ye Q. Molecular impacts of photobiomodulation on bone regeneration: A systematic review. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 149:147-159. [PMID: 31002851 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Photobiomodulation (PBM) encompasses a light application aimed to increase healing process, tissue regeneration, and reducing inflammation and pain. PBM is specifically aimed to modify the expression of cellular molecules; however, PBM impacts on cellular and molecular pathways especially in bone regenerative medicine have been investigated in scattered different studies. The purpose of the current study is to systematically review evidence on molecular impact of PBM on bone regeneration. A comprehensive electronic search in Medline, Scopus, EMBASE, EBSCO, Cochrane library, web of science, and google scholar was conducted from January 1975 to October 2018 limited to English language publications on administrations of photobiomodulation for bone regeneration which evaluated biological factors. In addition, hand search of selected journals was done to retrieve all articles. This systematic review was performed based on PRISMA guideline. Among these studies, five articles reported in vitro results, twelve articles were in vivo, and three of them were clinical trials. The data tabulated according to the type of markers (osteogenic markers, angiogenic markers, growth factors, and inflammation mediators). PBM's effects depend on many parameters which energy density is more important than the others. PBM can significantly enhance expression of osteocalcin, collagen, RUNX-2, vascular endothelial growth factor, bone morphogenic proteins, and COX-2. Although since the heterogeneity of the studies and their limitations, an evidence-based decision for definite therapeutic application of PBM is still unattainable, the findings of our review can help other researchers to ameliorate their study design and elect more efficient approach for their investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepanta Hosseinpour
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia; Department of Periodontology, Dental Faculty - Laser Research Center in Medical Sciences, AJA University of Medical Sciences, 19839, Fatemi, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Fekrazad
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Faculty - Laser Research Center in Medical Sciences, AJA University of Medical Sciences, 19839, Fatemi, Tehran, Iran; International Network for Photo Medicine and Photo Dynamic Therapy (INPMPDT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Praveen R Arany
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, NY, 14214, USA.
| | - Qingsong Ye
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia.
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Wasilewski GB, Vervloet MG, Schurgers LJ. The Bone-Vasculature Axis: Calcium Supplementation and the Role of Vitamin K. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:6. [PMID: 30805347 PMCID: PMC6370658 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium supplements are broadly prescribed to treat osteoporosis either as monotherapy or together with vitamin D to enhance calcium absorption. It is still unclear whether calcium supplementation significantly contributes to the reduction of bone fragility and fracture risk. Data suggest that supplementing post-menopausal women with high doses of calcium has a detrimental impact on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients are prone to vascular calcification in part due to impaired phosphate excretion. Calcium-based phosphate binders further increase risk of vascular calcification progression. In both bone and vascular tissue, vitamin K-dependent processes play an important role in calcium homeostasis and it is tempting to speculate that vitamin K supplementation might protect from the potentially untoward effects of calcium supplementation. This review provides an update on current literature on calcium supplementation among post-menopausal women and CKD patients and discusses underlying molecular mechanisms of vascular calcification. We propose therapeutic strategies with vitamin K2 treatment to prevent or hold progression of vascular calcification as a consequence of excessive calcium intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz B Wasilewski
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Nattopharma ASA, Hovik, Norway
| | - Marc G Vervloet
- Department of Nephrology and Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Leon J Schurgers
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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25
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Barbonetti A, D'Andrea S, Samavat J, Martorella A, Felzani G, Francavilla S, Luconi M, Francavilla F. Can the positive association of osteocalcin with testosterone be unmasked when the preeminent hypothalamic-pituitary regulation of testosterone production is impaired? The model of spinal cord injury. J Endocrinol Invest 2019; 42:167-173. [PMID: 29729005 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-018-0897-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Osteocalcin (OCN), released from the bone matrix during the resorption phase, in its undercarboxylated form, stimulates testosterone (T) biosynthesis in mouse and a loss-of-function mutation of its receptor was associated with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism in humans. Nevertheless, when population-based studies have explored the OCN-T association, conflicting results have been reported. Hypothesizing that the evidence of a positive association between OCN and T could have been hindered by the preeminent role of a well-functioning hypothalamus-pituitary axis in promoting T biosynthesis, we explored this association in men with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI), exhibiting high prevalence of non-hypergonadotropic androgen deficiency. METHODS Fifty-five consecutive men with chronic SCI underwent clinical/biochemical evaluations, including measurements of total T (TT), OCN and 25(OH)D levels. Free T (FT) levels were calculated by the Vermeulen formula. Comorbidity was scored by Charlson comorbidity index (CCI). RESULTS A biochemical androgen deficiency (TT < 300 ng/dL) was observed in 15 patients (27.3%). TT was positively correlated with OCN, 25(OH)D and leisure time physical activity and negatively correlated with age, BMI and CCI. OCN was also positively correlated with calculated FT and negatively correlated with BMI and HOMA-IR. At the multiple linear regression analyses, a positive association of OCN with TT and calculated FT persisted after adjustment for confounders. CONCLUSIONS The positive association here found between OCN and T levels in men with chronic SCI reinforces the notion that a bone-testis axis is also functioning in humans and suggests that it can be unmasked when the preeminent hypothalamic-pituitary regulation of T production is impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Barbonetti
- Spinal Unit, San Raffaele Sulmona Institute, 67039, Sulmona, Italy.
| | - S D'Andrea
- Andrology Unit, Department of Life, Health and Environment Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - J Samavat
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - A Martorella
- Andrology Unit, Department of Life, Health and Environment Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - G Felzani
- Spinal Unit, San Raffaele Sulmona Institute, 67039, Sulmona, Italy
| | - S Francavilla
- Andrology Unit, Department of Life, Health and Environment Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - M Luconi
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - F Francavilla
- Andrology Unit, Department of Life, Health and Environment Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
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Storbeck KH, Mostaghel EA. Canonical and Noncanonical Androgen Metabolism and Activity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1210:239-277. [PMID: 31900912 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32656-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Androgens are critical drivers of prostate cancer. In this chapter we first discuss the canonical pathways of androgen metabolism and their alterations in prostate cancer progression, including the classical, backdoor and 5α-dione pathways, the role of pre-receptor DHT metabolism, and recent findings on oncogenic splicing of steroidogenic enzymes. Next, we discuss the activity and metabolism of non-canonical 11-oxygenated androgens that can activate wild-type AR and are less susceptible to glucuronidation and inactivation than the canonical androgens, thereby serving as an under-recognized reservoir of active ligands. We then discuss an emerging literature on the potential non-canonical role of androgen metabolizing enzymes in driving prostate cancer. We conclude by discussing the potential implications of these findings for prostate cancer progression, particularly in context of new agents such as abiraterone and enzalutamide, which target the AR-axis for prostate cancer therapy, including mechanisms of response and resistance and implications of these findings for future therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Heinz Storbeck
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Elahe A Mostaghel
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center S-182, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.
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27
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Nam GH, Mishra A, Gim JA, Lee HE, Jo A, Yoon D, Kim A, Kim WJ, Ahn K, Kim DH, Kim S, Cha HJ, Choi YH, Park CI, Kim HS. Gene expression profiles alteration after infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Sci Rep 2018; 8:18065. [PMID: 30584247 PMCID: PMC6305387 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36342-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) is one of economically valuable fish species in the East Asia. In comparison with its economic importance, available genomic information of the olive flounder is very limited. The mass mortality caused by variety of pathogens (virus, bacteria and parasites) is main problem in aquaculture industry, including in olive flounder culture. In this study, we carried out transcriptome analysis using the olive flounder gill tissues after infection of three types of pathogens (Virus; Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus, Bacteria; Streptococcus parauberis, and Parasite; Miamiensis avidus), respectively. As a result, we identified total 12,415 differentially expressed genes (DEG) from viral infection, 1,754 from bacterial infection, and 795 from parasite infection, respectively. To investigate the effects of pathogenic infection on immune response, we analyzed Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis with DEGs and sorted immune-related GO terms per three pathogen groups. Especially, we verified various GO terms, and genes in these terms showed down-regulated expression pattern. In addition, we identified 67 common genes (10 up-regulated and 57 down-regulated) present in three pathogen infection groups. Our goals are to provide plenty of genomic knowledge about olive flounder transcripts for further research and report genes, which were changed in their expression after specific pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu-Hwi Nam
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Anshuman Mishra
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-An Gim
- Center for Convergence Approaches in Drug Development (CCADD), Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Eun Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Ara Jo
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahye Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Proteome Biophysics and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahran Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Jin Kim
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Kung Ahn
- Theragen ETEX Bio Institute, Suwon, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hyung Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhkmann Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Proteome Biophysics and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jae Cha
- Department of Parasitology and Genetics, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, 49267, Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongeui University, Busan, 47227, Korea
| | - Chan-Il Park
- Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong, 53064, Korea
| | - Heui-Soo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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28
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Zhu Y, Ma Y, Elefteriou F. Cortical bone is an extraneuronal site of norepinephrine uptake in adult mice. Bone Rep 2018; 9:188-198. [PMID: 30581894 PMCID: PMC6296164 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system is a major efferent pathway through which the central nervous system controls the function of peripheral organs. Genetic and pharmacologic evidence in mice indicated that stimulation of the β2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR) in osteoblasts promotes bone loss, leading to the paradigm that high sympathetic nervous activity is deleterious to bone mass. However, considerably less data exist to understand the putative impact of endogenous norepinephrine (NE), released by sympathetic nerves, on bone homeostasis. In this study, we investigated the in vivo expression and activity of the norepinephrine transporter (NET), a membrane pump known to actively uptake NE from the extracellular space in presynaptic neurons. Consistent with previously published in vitro data showing NET uptake activity in differentiated osteoblasts, we were able to detect active NET-specific NE uptake in the mouse cortical bone compartment in vivo. This uptake was the highest in young mice and accordingly with an age-related reduction in NET uptake, NE bone content increased whereas Net RNA and protein expression decreased with age. Histologically, NET expression in adult mouse bones was detected in osteocytes via immunofluorescence. Lastly, taking advantage of tissue-specific fluorescent reporter mice, we used CLARITY imaging and light sheet microscopy to visualize the 3D distribution of sympathetic fibers in whole mount preparations of bone tissues. These analyses allowed us to detect tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive sympathetic nerve fibers penetrating the cortical bone, where NET+ osteocytes reside. Together, these in vitro results support the existence of an age-dependent extraneuronal and osteocytic function of NET with potential to buffer the bone catabolic action of endogenous NE released by sympathetic nerves in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuantee Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Orthopedics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yun Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Florent Elefteriou
- Department of Orthopedics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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29
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Diaz-Franco MC, Franco-Diaz de Leon R, Villafan-Bernal JR. Osteocalcin‑GPRC6A: An update of its clinical and biological multi‑organic interactions (Review). Mol Med Rep 2018; 19:15-22. [PMID: 30431093 PMCID: PMC6297736 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteocalcin is no longer regarded as a molecule exclusive to bone remodeling and osteogenesis, but as a hormone with manifold functions. The discovery of the interaction of osteocalcin with the G protein‑coupled receptor family C group 6‑member A (GPRC6A) receptor has accompanied the characterization of several roles that this peptide serves in body regulation and homeostasis. These roles include the modulation of memory in the brain, fertility in the testis, fat accumulation in the liver, incretins release in the intestine and adaptation to exercise in muscle, in addition to the well‑known effects on β‑cell proliferation, insulin release and adiponectin secretion. The aim of the present review was to provide a practical update of the multi‑organ effects that osteocalcin exerts through its interaction with GPRC6A and the clinical implications of this.
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Abstract
The skeleton shows an unconventional role in the physiology and pathophysiology of the human organism, not only as the target tissue for a number of systemic hormones, but also as endocrine tissue modulating some skeletal and extraskeletal systems. From this point of view, the principal cells in the skeleton are osteocytes. These cells primarily work as mechano-sensors and modulate bone remodeling. Mechanically unloaded osteocytes synthetize sclerostin, the strong inhibitor of bone formation and RANKL, the strong activator of bone resorption. Osteocytes also express hormonally active vitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) and phosphatonins, such as FGF23. Both 1,25(OH)2D and FGF23 have been identified as powerful regulators of the phosphate metabolism, including in chronic kidney disease. Further endocrine cells of the skeleton involved in bone remodeling are osteoblasts. While FGF23 targets the kidney and parathyroid glands to control metabolism of vitamin D and phosphates, osteoblasts express osteocalcin, which through GPRC6A receptors modulates beta cells of the pancreatic islets, muscle, adipose tissue, brain and testes. This article reviews some knowledge concerning the interaction between the bone hormonal network and phosphate or energy homeostasis and/or male reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. ZOFKOVA
- Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
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31
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Guo XZ, Shan C, Hou YF, Zhu G, Tao B, Sun LH, Zhao HY, Ning G, Li ST, Liu JM. Osteocalcin Ameliorates Motor Dysfunction in a 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Parkinson's Disease Rat Model Through AKT/GSK3β Signaling. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:343. [PMID: 30319352 PMCID: PMC6170617 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoblasts derived osteocalcin (OCN) is recently reported to be involved in dopaminergic neuronal development. As dopaminergic neuronal injury in the substantia nigra (SN) is a pathological hallmark of Parkinson’s disease (PD), we investigated whether OCN could exert protective effects on 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced PD rat model. Our data showed that the OCN level in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in PD rat models was significantly lower than that in controls. Intervention with OCN could improve the behavioral dysfunction in PD rat models and reduce the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) loss in the nigrostriatal system. In addition, OCN could inhibit the astrocyte and microglia proliferation in the SN of PD rats. In vitro studies showed that OCN significantly ameliorated the neurotoxicity of 6-OHDA through the AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway. In summary, OCN plays a protective role against parkinsonian neurodegeneration in the PD rat model, suggesting a potential therapeutic use of OCN in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Zhi Guo
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Rujin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang Shan
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Rujin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Fang Hou
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Rujin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Geng Zhu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bei Tao
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Rujin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Hao Sun
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Rujin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Yan Zhao
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Rujin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang Ning
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Rujin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Tian Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Min Liu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Rujin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, China
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32
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Kim HJ, Park KH, Kim DH, Chae HJ, Sung GH, Kim YO. In vitro assessments of bone microcomputed tomography in an aged male rat model supplemented with Panax ginseng. Saudi J Biol Sci 2018; 25:1135-1139. [PMID: 30174513 PMCID: PMC6117371 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research has confirmed that Panax ginseng (P. ginseng) has effect on cultured osteoblast of the mouse. In this study we aim to validate the usefulness of tibia quantification by correlating micro-computed tomographic (microCT) images with histology analysis in the aged male rats. A total of thirty - old male WISTAR rats were used and divided into ten 8 weeks rats and ten 112 weeks aged rats with vehicle and ten 112 weeks aged rats with P. ginseng (300 mg/kg/day). Daily oral administration of P. ginseng lasted for 8 weeks. Bone histomorphometric parameters and the trabecular bone microarchitectural properties of tibia were determined by microCT scan. MicroCT analysis showed significantly lower bone mineral density (BMD) and trabecular bone number in the aged group. Ginseng prevented total BMD decrease in the tibia induced by natural aging, which was accompanied by a significant decrease in skeletal remodeling. Furthermore, the aged group with ginseng was found to have a significantly higher osteoblast. In the blood biochemistry results, serum phosphorus, calcium, osteocalcin, T3, and T4 remained unchanged. The present study indicated that P. ginseng might be a potential alternative medicine for the prevention and treatment of natural aging-induced osteoporosis in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hak-Jae Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, 330-930, South Korea
| | - Kyeong-Hun Park
- Department of Medicinal Crop Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 369-873, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hwi Kim
- Department of Medicinal Crop Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 369-873, South Korea
| | - Han-Jung Chae
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, Chonbuk National University, Chonbuk 54907, South Korea
| | - Gi-Ho Sung
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Life Science, International St. Mary’s Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, South Korea
| | - Young-Ock Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Life Science, International St. Mary’s Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, South Korea
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Vitamin K and Bone Metabolism: A Review of the Latest Evidence in Preclinical Studies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:4629383. [PMID: 30050932 PMCID: PMC6040265 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4629383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Bone is a metabolically active tissue that renews itself throughout one's life. Cytokines along with several hormonal, nutritional, and growth factors are involved in tightly regulated bone remodeling. Accordingly, vitamin K as a multifunctional vitamin has been recently deemed appreciable as a topic of research as it plays a pivotal role in maintenance of the bone strength, and it has been proved to have a positive impact on the bone metabolism. Vitamin K exerts its anabolic effect on the bone turnover in different ways such as promoting osteoblast differentiation, upregulating transcription of specific genes in osteoblasts, and activating the bone-associated vitamin k dependent proteins which play critical roles in extracellular bone matrix mineralization. There is also credible evidence to support the effects of vitamin k2 on differentiation of other mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblast. The main objective of the present paper is to comprehensively outline the preclinical studies on the properties of vitamin K and its effects on the bone metabolism. The evidence could shed light on further clinical studies to improve osteogenesis in bone graft surgeries.
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Khalil Bas W, Fahim Bool H, Abd El-Mak N, El-Bassyou GET. Ameliorative Effects of Brachidontes variabilis Calcium Carbonate Against Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Rats. INT J PHARMACOL 2018. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2018.477.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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35
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Abstract
New insights into G protein coupled receptor regulation of glucose metabolism by β-cells, skeletal muscle and liver hepatocytes identify GPRC6A as a potential therapeutic target for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Activating GPRC6A with a small molecule drug represents a potential paradigm-shifting opportunity to make significant strides in regulating glucose homeostasis by simultaneously correcting multiple metabolic derangements that underlie T2D, including abnormalities in β-cell proliferation and insulin secretion and peripheral insulin resistance. Using a computational, structure-based high-throughput screening approach, we identified novel tri-phenyl compounds predicted to bind to the venus fly trap (VFT) and 7-transmembrane (7-TM) domains of GPRC6A. Experimental testing found that these compounds dose-dependently stimulated GPRC6A signaling in a heterologous cell expression system. Additional chemical modifications and functional analysis identified one tri-phenyl lead compound, DJ-V-159 that demonstrated the greatest potency in stimulating insulin secretion in β-cells and lowering serum glucose in wild-type mice. Collectively, these studies show that GPRC6A is a “druggable” target for developing chemical probes to treat T2DM.
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Pi M, Kapoor K, Ye R, Smith JC, Baudry J, Quarles LD. GPCR6A Is a Molecular Target for the Natural Products Gallate and EGCG in Green Tea. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1700770. [PMID: 29468843 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The molecular mechanisms whereby gallates in green tea exert metabolic effects are poorly understood. METHODS AND RESULTS We found that GPRC6A, a multi-ligand-sensing G-protein-coupled receptor that regulates energy metabolism, sex hormone production, and prostate cancer progression, is a target for gallates. Sodium gallate (SG), gallic acid (GA) > ethyl gallate (EG) > octyl gallate (OG) dose dependently activated ERK in HEK-293 cells transfected with GPRC6A but not in non-transfected controls. SG also stimulated insulin secretion in β-cells isolated from wild-type mice similar to the endogenous GPRC6A ligands, osteocalcin (Ocn) and testosterone (T). Side-chain additions to create OG resulted in loss of GPRC6A agonist activity. Another component of green tea, epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG), dose-dependently inhibited Ocn activation of GPRC6A in HEK-293 cells transfected with GPRC6A and blocked the effect of Ocn in stimulating glucose production in CH10T1/2 cells. Using structural models of the venus fly trap (VFT) and 7-transmembrane (7-TM) domains of GPRC6A, calculations suggest that l-amino acids and GA bind to the VFT, whereas EGCG is calculated to bind to sites in both the VFT and 7-TM. CONCLUSION GA and EGCG have offsetting agonist and antagonist effects on GPRC6A that may account for the variable metabolic effect of green tea consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Pi
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 19 S Manassas St., Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Karan Kapoor
- UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Ruisong Ye
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 19 S Manassas St., Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Jeremy C Smith
- UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Jerome Baudry
- UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Leigh D Quarles
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 19 S Manassas St., Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
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Cappariello A, Loftus A, Muraca M, Maurizi A, Rucci N, Teti A. Osteoblast-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Are Biological Tools for the Delivery of Active Molecules to Bone. J Bone Miner Res 2018; 33:517-533. [PMID: 29091316 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are newly appreciated regulators of tissue homeostasis and a means of intercellular communication. Reports have investigated the role of EVs and their cargoes in cellular regulation and have tried to fine-tune their biotechnological use, but to date very little is known on their function in bone biology. To investigate the relevance of EV-mediated communication between bone cells, we isolated EVs from primary mouse osteoblasts and assessed membrane integrity, size, and structure by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). EVs actively shuttled loaded fluorochromes to osteoblasts, monocytes, and endothelial cells. Moreover, osteoblast EVs contained mRNAs shared with donor cells. Osteoblasts are known to regulate osteoclastogenesis, osteoclast survival, and osteoclast function by the pro-osteoclastic cytokine, receptor activator of nuclear factor κ-B ligand (Rankl). Osteoblast EVs were enriched in Rankl, which increased after PTH treatment. These EVs were biologically active, supporting osteoclast survival. EVs isolated from rankl-/- osteoblasts lost this pro-osteoclastic function, indicating its Rankl-dependence. They integrated ex vivo into murine calvariae, and EV-shuttled fluorochromes were quickly taken up by the bone upon in vivo EV systemic administration. Rankl-/- mice lack the osteoclast lineage and are negative for its specific marker tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAcP). Treatment of rankl-/- mice with wild-type osteoblast EVs induced the appearance of TRAcP-positive cells in an EV density-dependent manner. Finally, osteoblast EVs internalized and shuttled anti-osteoclast drugs (zoledronate and dasatinib), inhibiting osteoclast activity in vitro and in vivo. We conclude that osteoblast EVs are involved in intercellular communication between bone cells, contribute to the Rankl pro-osteoclastic effect, and shuttle anti-osteoclast drugs, representing a potential means of targeted therapeutic delivery. © 2017 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research Published by Wiley Periodicals Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Cappariello
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Alexander Loftus
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Maurizio Muraca
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Antonio Maurizi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Nadia Rucci
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Anna Teti
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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Inadequate Dietary Phosphorus Levels Cause Skeletal Anomalies and Alter Osteocalcin Gene Expression in Zebrafish. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020364. [PMID: 29370119 PMCID: PMC5855586 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an essential mineral for the development and maintenance of the vertebrate skeletal system. Modulation of P levels is believed to influence metabolism and the physiological responses of gene expression. In this study, we investigated the influence of dietary P on skeletal deformities and osteocalcin gene expression in zebrafish (Danio rerio), and sought to determine appropriate levels in a diet. We analyzed a total of 450 zebrafish within 31 days of hatching. Animals were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design that consisted of five replications. After an eight-week experiment, fish were diaphanized to evaluate cranial and spinal bone deformities. Increases in dietary phosphorus were inversely proportional to the occurrence of partial spine fusions, the absence of spine fusions, absence of parallelism between spines, intervertebral spacing, vertebral compression, scoliosis, lordosis, ankylosis, fin caudal insertion, and craniofacial deformities. Additionally, osteocalcin expression was inversely correlated to P levels, suggesting a physiological recovery response for bone mineralization deficiency. Our data showed that dietary P concentration was a critical factor in the occurrence of zebrafish skeletal abnormalities. We concluded that 1.55% P in the diet significantly reduces the appearance of skeletal deformities and favors adequate bone mineralization through the adjustment of osteocalcin expression.
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Camerino C, Conte E, Caloiero R, Fonzino A, Carratù M, Lograno MD, Tricarico D. Evaluation of Short and Long Term Cold Stress Challenge of Nerve Grow Factor, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Osteocalcin and Oxytocin mRNA Expression in BAT, Brain, Bone and Reproductive Tissue of Male Mice Using Real-Time PCR and Linear Correlation Analysis. Front Physiol 2018; 8:1101. [PMID: 29375393 PMCID: PMC5768886 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The correlation between the Ngf/p75ntr-Ntrk1 and Bdnf, Osteocalcin-Ost/Gprc6a and Oxytocin-Oxt/Oxtr genes, was challenged investigating their mRNA levels in 3 months-old mice after cold-stress (CS). Uncoupling protein-1 (Ucp-1) was used as positive control. Control mice were maintained at room temperature T = 25°C, CS mice were maintained at T = 4°C for 6 h and 5-days (N = 15 mice). RT-PCR experiments showed that Ucp-1 and Ngf genes were up-regulated after 6 h CS in brown adipose tissues (BAT), respectively, by 2 and 1.5-folds; Ucp-1 was upregulated also after 5-days, while Ngfr (p75ntr) and Ntrk1 genes were downregulated after 6 h and 5-days CS in BAT. NGF and P75NTR were upregulated in bone and testis following 5-days, and P75NTR in testis after 6 h CS. Bdnf was instead up-regulated in bone following 5-days CS and down-regulated in testis. OST was upregulated by 16 and 3-fold in bone and BAT, respectively, following 5-days CS. Gprc6a was upregulated after 6 h in brain, while Bglap (Ost) gene was downregulated. Oxt gene was upregulated by 5-fold following 5-days CS in bone. Oxtr was upregulated by 0.5 and 0.3-fold, respectively, following 6 h and 5-days CS in brain. Oxtr and Oxt were downregulated in testis and in BAT. The changes in the expression levels of control genes vs. genes following 6 h and 5-days CS were correlated in all tissues, but not in BAT. Correlation in BAT was improved eliminating Ngfr (p75ntr) data. The correlation in brain was lost eliminating Oxtr data. In sum, Ucp-1 potentiation in BAT after cold stress is associated with early Ngf-response in the same tissue and trophic action in bone and testis. In contrast, BDNF exerts bone and neuroprotective effects. Similarly to Ucp-1, Bglap (Ost) signaling is enhanced in bone and BAT while it may exert local neuroprotective effects thought its receptor. Ngfr (p75ntr) regulates the adaptation to CS through a feed-back loop in BAT. Oxtr regulates the gene-response to CS through a feed-forward loop in brain. Overall these results expand the understanding of the physiology of these molecules under metabolic thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Camerino
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.,Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Elena Conte
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Roberta Caloiero
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Adriano Fonzino
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Carratù
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Marcello D Lograno
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Tricarico
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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Martinez-Portilla RJ, Villafan-Bernal JR, Lip-Sosa DL, Meler E, Clotet J, Serna-Vela FJ, Velazquez-Garcia S, Serrano-Diaz LC, Figueras F. Osteocalcin Serum Levels in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Their Intrinsic and Extrinsic Determinants: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Diabetes Res 2018; 2018:4986735. [PMID: 30693288 PMCID: PMC6332945 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4986735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) increases insulin release and insulin resistance in mice. In humans, evidence is scarce but a correlation of ucOC and total osteocalcin (tOC) with glycemic status markers has been demonstrated. The relationship of ucOC and tOC with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has been even less characterized. OBJECTIVE To assess the mean difference of tOC and ucOC serum concentrations among nondiabetic pregnant women and women diagnosed as GDM in the second trimester of pregnancy and to determine the possible intrinsic and extrinsic contributors to this difference. METHODS A systematic search was performed to identify relevant studies published in English and Spanish using PubMed, SCOPUS, ISI Web of Knowledge, and PROSPERO database for meta-analysis. Observational studies measuring mean serum levels of osteocalcin among GDM, with at least 10 subjects analyzed in each group were selected. Mean difference (MD) by random effects model was used. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed using Cochran's Q, H, and I 2 statistics. RESULTS From 38 selected studies, 5 were retained for analysis for a total of 1119 pregnant women. Serum concentrations of tOC were not significantly different among women with GDM and nondiabetic pregnant controls (MD: 1.56; 95% CI: -0.70 to 3.82; p = 0.175). Meanwhile, ucOC serum levels were significantly higher among women with GDM (MD: 1.17; 95% CI: 0.24 to 2.11; p = 0.013). The only factor influencing tOC was the UV index, showing a reduction in mean difference between GDM and controls when exposed to higher concentrations of UV rays. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis provides evidence to support the use of ucOC as a potential marker for GDM rather than tOC, yielding very little variability among studies and no difference among methods or brands used for its analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raigam J. Martinez-Portilla
- Fetal i+D Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal-Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Spain
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Therapy Research Center Mexico in behalf of the Iberoamerican Research Network in Translational, Molecular and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Mexico
| | - Jose R. Villafan-Bernal
- Mexican Consortium of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Health Dissemination-Consortium BIO2-DIS, Mexico
- CONACYT Researcher at the Department of Surgery, Health Science Center, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Mexico
- Center for Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Diana L. Lip-Sosa
- Fetal i+D Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal-Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Meler
- Fetal i+D Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal-Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Clotet
- Fetal i+D Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal-Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Francesc Figueras
- Fetal i+D Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal-Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), Madrid, Spain
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41
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Miyake H, Kanazawa I, Sugimoto T. Association of Bone Mineral Density, Bone Turnover Markers, and Vertebral Fractures with All-Cause Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Calcif Tissue Int 2018; 102:1-13. [PMID: 28965188 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-017-0324-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have an increased risk of fragility fracture. However, the association between diabetes-related osteoporosis and mortality in T2DM remains unknown. This historical cohort study assessed the endpoint of all-cause mortality in patients with T2DM. According to our hospital record, bone parameters were examined in 797 patients from 1997 to 2009. We excluded 78 because of diseases affecting bone metabolism and could not follow-up 308 patients. Finally, in 411 patients, the associations of bone turnover markers, bone mineral density (BMD), and the prevalence of vertebral fractures with mortality were investigated by Cox regression analyses adjusted for confounding factors. Of 411 patients, 56 died during the follow-up period of almost 7 years. Cox regression analyses showed that reduced BMD at the lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN) (T-score ≤ -2.5) and severe vertebral fractures were associated with higher mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 3.25, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.48-7.16, p = 0.003 for LS-T score ≤ -2.5; HR 5.19, 95% CI 1.83-14.75, p = 0.002 for FN-T score ≤ -2.5; HR 2.93, 95% CI 1.42-6.02, p = 0.004 for multiple vertebral fractures; HR 7.64, 95% CI 2.13-27.42, p = 0.002 for grade 3 vertebral fracture). Separate analysis in men and women showed that decreased serum osteocalcin was associated with mortality in women (HR 3.82, 95% CI 1.01-14.46 per SD decrease, p = 0.048). The present study is the first to show the association of reduced BMD and severe vertebral fractures with increased all-cause mortality in patients with T2DM. Moreover, higher serum osteocalcin was significantly associated with decreased mortality in women with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Miyake
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, 693-8501, Japan
| | - Ippei Kanazawa
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, 693-8501, Japan.
| | - Toshitsugu Sugimoto
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, 693-8501, Japan
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Chen Y, Li J, Hu Y, Zhang H, Yang X, Jiang Y, Yao Z, Chen Y, Gao Y, Tan A, Liao M, Lu Z, Wu C, Xian X, Wei S, Zhang Z, Chen W, Wei GH, Wang Q, Mo Z. Multi-factors including Inflammatory/Immune, Hormones, Tumor-related Proteins and Nutrition associated with Chronic Prostatitis NIH IIIa+b and IV based on FAMHES project. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9143. [PMID: 28831136 PMCID: PMC5567298 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09751-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic prostatitis (CP) is a complex disease. Fragmentary evidence suggests that factors such as infection and autoimmunity might be associated with CP. To further elucidate potential risk factors, the current study utilized the Fangchenggang Area Male Health and Examination Survey (FAMHES) project; where 22 inflammatory/immune markers, hormone markers, tumor-related proteins, and nutrition-related variables were investigated. We also performed baseline, regression, discriminant, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses. According to NIH-Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI), participants were divided into chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS, pain ≥ 4; divided into IIIa and IIIb sub-groups) and non-CPPS (pain = 0; divided into IV and normal sub-groups). Analyses revealed osteocalcin as a consistent protective factor for CP/CPPS, NIH-IIIb, and NIH-IV prostatitis. Further discriminant analysis revealed that ferritin (p = 0.002) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) (p = 0.010) were significantly associated with NIH-IIIa and NIH-IV prostatitis, respectively. Moreover, ROC analysis suggested that ferritin was the most valuable independent predictor of NIH-IIIa prostatitis (AUC = 0.639, 95% CI = 0.534–0.745, p = 0.006). Together, our study revealed inflammatory/immune markers [immunoglobulin E, Complement (C3, C4), C-reactive protein, anti-streptolysin, and rheumatoid factors], hormone markers (osteocalcin, testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and insulin), tumor-related proteins (carcinoembryonic and PSA), and a nutrition-related variable (ferritin) were significantly associated with CP or one of its subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Institute of Urology and Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi key laboratory for genomic and personalized medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi collaborative innovation center for genomic and personalized medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi key laboratory of colleges and universities, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jie Li
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,The Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Family Planning Research Center, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yanling Hu
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi key laboratory for genomic and personalized medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi collaborative innovation center for genomic and personalized medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi key laboratory of colleges and universities, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Haiying Zhang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi key laboratory for genomic and personalized medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi collaborative innovation center for genomic and personalized medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi key laboratory of colleges and universities, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xiaobo Yang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi key laboratory for genomic and personalized medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi collaborative innovation center for genomic and personalized medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi key laboratory of colleges and universities, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yonghua Jiang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi key laboratory for genomic and personalized medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi collaborative innovation center for genomic and personalized medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi key laboratory of colleges and universities, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ziting Yao
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi key laboratory for genomic and personalized medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi collaborative innovation center for genomic and personalized medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi key laboratory of colleges and universities, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yinchun Chen
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi key laboratory for genomic and personalized medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi collaborative innovation center for genomic and personalized medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi key laboratory of colleges and universities, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yong Gao
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi key laboratory for genomic and personalized medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi collaborative innovation center for genomic and personalized medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi key laboratory of colleges and universities, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Aihua Tan
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi key laboratory for genomic and personalized medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi collaborative innovation center for genomic and personalized medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi key laboratory of colleges and universities, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ming Liao
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi key laboratory for genomic and personalized medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi collaborative innovation center for genomic and personalized medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi key laboratory of colleges and universities, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zhen Lu
- Institute of Urology and Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi key laboratory for genomic and personalized medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi collaborative innovation center for genomic and personalized medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi key laboratory of colleges and universities, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Chunlei Wu
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi key laboratory for genomic and personalized medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi collaborative innovation center for genomic and personalized medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi key laboratory of colleges and universities, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xiaoyin Xian
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi key laboratory for genomic and personalized medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi collaborative innovation center for genomic and personalized medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi key laboratory of colleges and universities, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Suchun Wei
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi key laboratory for genomic and personalized medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi collaborative innovation center for genomic and personalized medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi key laboratory of colleges and universities, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zhifu Zhang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi key laboratory for genomic and personalized medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi collaborative innovation center for genomic and personalized medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi key laboratory of colleges and universities, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi key laboratory for genomic and personalized medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi collaborative innovation center for genomic and personalized medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi key laboratory of colleges and universities, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Gong-Hong Wei
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Qiuyan Wang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. .,Guangxi key laboratory for genomic and personalized medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. .,Guangxi collaborative innovation center for genomic and personalized medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. .,Guangxi key laboratory of colleges and universities, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
| | - Zengnan Mo
- Institute of Urology and Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China. .,Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. .,Guangxi key laboratory for genomic and personalized medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. .,Guangxi collaborative innovation center for genomic and personalized medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. .,Guangxi key laboratory of colleges and universities, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
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de Oliveira LSDS, de Araújo AA, de Araújo Júnior RF, Barboza CAG, Borges BCD, da Silva JSP. Low-level laser therapy (780 nm) combined with collagen sponge scaffold promotes repair of rat cranial critical-size defects and increases TGF-β, FGF-2, OPG/RANK and osteocalcin expression. Int J Exp Pathol 2017; 98:75-85. [PMID: 28556971 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of collagen sponge scaffold (CSS) implantation associated with low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on repairing bone defects. A single 5-mm cranial defect was surgically created in forty Wistar rats, which then received one of the following four interventions (n = 10 per group): no treatment (G0); bone defect implanted with collagen sponge scaffold (CSS) alone (G1); defect treated with low-level laser therapy (LLLT) (wavelength 780 nm; total energy density 120 J/cm2 ; power 50 mW) alone (G2); and CSS associated with LLLT treatment (G3). After surgery, animals in each group were euthanized at 21 days and 30 days (n = 5 per euthanasia time group). Bone formation was monitored by X-ray imaging analysis. Biopsies were collected and processed for histological analysis and immunohistochemical evaluation of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor ƙ (RANK). Osteocalcin (OCN) was detected by immunofluorescence analysis. Compared to the G0 group, defects in the 30-day G3 group exhibited increased bone formation, both by increase in radiopaque areas (P < 0.01) and by histomorphometric analysis (P < 0.001). The histopathological analysis showed a decreased number of inflammatory cells (P < 0.001). The combined CCS + LLLT (G3) treatment also resulted in the most intense immunostaining for OPG, RANK, FGF-2 and TGF-β, and the most intense and diffuse OCN immunofluorescent labelling at 30 days postsurgery (G3 vs. G0 group, P < 0.05). Therefore, the use of CCS associated with LLLT could offer a synergistic advantage in improving the healing of bone fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aurigena Antunes de Araújo
- Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Post Graduation Program in Public Health/Post Graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Raimundo Fernandes de Araújo Júnior
- Department of Morphology, Post Graduation Program in Health Science/Post Graduation Program in Functional and Structural Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Carlos Augusto Galvão Barboza
- Department of Morphology, Post-Graduation Program in Oral Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Boniek Castillo Dutra Borges
- Department of Dentistry, Post-Graduation Program in Public Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - José Sandro Pereira da Silva
- Department of Dentistry, Post-Graduation Program in Public Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
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De Toni L, Di Nisio A, Rocca MS, De Rocco Ponce M, Ferlin A, Foresta C. Osteocalcin, a bone-derived hormone with important andrological implications. Andrology 2017; 5:664-670. [PMID: 28395130 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence disclosed the existence of a novel multi-organ endocrine pathway, involving bone, pancreas and testis, of high penetrance in energy metabolism and male fertility. The main mediator of this axis is undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC), a bone-derived protein-exerting systemic effects on tissues expressing the metabotropic receptor GPRC6A. The recognized effects of ucOC are the improvement of insulin secretion from the pancreas, the amelioration of systemic insulin sensitivity, in particular in skeletal muscle, and the stimulation of the global endocrine activity of the Leydig cell, including vitamin D 25-hydroxylation and testosterone production. The supporting evidence of this circuit in both animal and human models is here reviewed, with particular emphasis on the role of ucOC on testis function. The possible pharmacological modulation of this hormonal circuit for therapeutic aims is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L De Toni
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - A Di Nisio
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - M S Rocca
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - M De Rocco Ponce
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - A Ferlin
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - C Foresta
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Razny U, Fedak D, Kiec‐Wilk B, Goralska J, Gruca A, Zdzienicka A, Kiec‐Klimczak M, Solnica B, Hubalewska‐Dydejczyk A, Malczewska‐Malec M. Carboxylated and undercarboxylated osteocalcin in metabolic complications of human obesity and prediabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2017; 33:e2862. [PMID: 27667744 PMCID: PMC6681168 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carboxylated osteocalcin (Gla-OC) participates in bone remodeling, whereas the undercarboxylated form (Glu-OC) takes part in energy metabolism. This study was undertaken to compare the blood levels of Glu-OC and Gla-OC in nonobese, healthy obese, and prediabetic volunteers and correlate it with the metabolic markers of insulin resistance and early markers of inflammation. METHODS Nonobese (body mass index [BMI] <30 kg/m2 ; n = 34) and obese subjects (30 <BMI <40 kg/m2 ; n = 98), both sexes, aged 25 to 65 years, were divided into healthy control, normal weight subjects, healthy obese, and obese with biochemical markers of prediabetes. The subgroups with obesity and low or high Gla-OC or Glu-OC were also considered for statistical analysis. After 2 weeks of diet standardization, venous blood was sampled for the determination of Gla-OC, Glu-OC, lipid profile, parameters of inflammation (hsCRP, interleukin 6, sE-selectin, sPECAM-1, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1), and adipokines (leptin, adiponectin, visfatin, and resistin). RESULTS Gla-OC in obese patients was significantly lower compared to nonobese ones (11.36 ± 0.39 vs 12.69 ± 0.90 ng/mL, P = .048) and weakly correlated with hsCRP (r = -0.18, P = .042), visfatin concentration (r = -0.19, P = .033), and BMI (r = -0.17, P = .047). Glu-OC was negatively associated with fasting insulin levels (r = -0.18, P = .049) and reduced in prediabetic individuals compared with healthy obese volunteers (3.04 ± 0.28 vs 4.48 ± 0.57, P = .025). CONCLUSIONS Decreased blood concentration of Glu-OC may be a selective early symptom of insulin resistance in obesity, whereas the decreased level of Gla-OC seems to be associated with the appearance of early markers of low grade inflammation accompanying obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Razny
- Department of Clinical BiochemistryJagiellonian University Medical CollegeKrakowPoland
| | - Danuta Fedak
- Department of Clinical BiochemistryJagiellonian University Medical CollegeKrakowPoland
| | - Beata Kiec‐Wilk
- Department of Metabolic DiseasesJagiellonian University Medical CollegeKrakowPoland
| | - Joanna Goralska
- Department of Clinical BiochemistryJagiellonian University Medical CollegeKrakowPoland
| | - Anna Gruca
- Department of Clinical BiochemistryJagiellonian University Medical CollegeKrakowPoland
| | - Anna Zdzienicka
- Department of Clinical BiochemistryJagiellonian University Medical CollegeKrakowPoland
| | | | - Bogdan Solnica
- Department of Clinical BiochemistryJagiellonian University Medical CollegeKrakowPoland
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Fernandes TAP, Gonçalves LML, Brito JAA. Relationships between Bone Turnover and Energy Metabolism. J Diabetes Res 2017; 2017:9021314. [PMID: 28695134 PMCID: PMC5485508 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9021314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that diabetes can be detrimental to bone health, and its chronic complications have been associated with an increased risk of osteoporotic fracture. However, there is growing evidence that the skeleton plays a key role in a whole-organism approach to physiology. The hypothesis that bone may be involved in the regulation of physiological functions, such as insulin sensitivity and energy metabolism, has been suggested. Given the roles of insulin, adipokines, and osteocalcin in these pathways, the need for a more integrative conceptual approach to physiology is emphasized. Recent findings suggest that bone plays an important role in regulating intermediary metabolism, being possibly both a target of diabetic complications and a potential pathophysiologic factor in the disease itself. Understanding the relationships between bone turnover and glucose metabolism is important in order to develop treatments that might reestablish energy metabolism and bone health. This review describes new insights relating bone turnover and energy metabolism that have been reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia A. P. Fernandes
- Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz (ISCSEM), Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- *Tânia A. P. Fernandes:
| | - Luísa M. L. Gonçalves
- Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz (ISCSEM), Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - José A. A. Brito
- Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz (ISCSEM), Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
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Zhang XY, He JW, Fu WZ, Liu YJ, Zhang ZL. Associations of Serum Osteocalcin and Polymorphisms of the Osteocalcin Gene with Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal and Elderly Chinese Women. JOURNAL OF NUTRIGENETICS AND NUTRIGENOMICS 2016; 9:231-242. [PMID: 28002816 DOI: 10.1159/000452130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aims of this study were: (1) to evaluate the association of serum osteocalcin with bone mineral density (BMD) and markers of bone metabolism in postmenopausal and elderly Chinese women, and (2) to observe the relationships of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in and around the osteocalcin gene with osteocalcin and BMD. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted with 725 postmenopausal Chinese women. Five SNPs (rs1543294, rs1800247, rs759330, rs2842880, and rs933489) of the osteocalcin gene were genotyped. Serum osteocalcin and intact parathyroid hormone (PTH), 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], and type I collagen containing cross-linked C-telopeptide (β-CTX) were measured. The BMD of the lumbar spine and proximal femur was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS Osteocalcin was positively correlated with serum phosphorus (p = 0.001), alkaline phosphatase (ALP; p < 0.001), PTH (p = 0.002) and β-CTX (p < 0.001), and negatively correlated with BMD at the lumbar spine (p < 0.001) and total hip (p = 0.002). No significant association was obtained between the SNPs, haplotypes of the osteocalcin gene, and BMD or osteocalcin. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that osteocalcin was positively correlated with serum phosphorus, ALP, PTH, and β-CTX, but negatively correlated with BMD at the lumbar spine and total hip. Common genetic variants of the osteocalcin gene may not be a major contributor to variations in serum osteocalcin or BMD in postmenopausal and elderly Chinese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ya Zhang
- Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Division of Osteoporosis and Bone Disease, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Duan L, Zhu J, Wang K, Zhou G, Yang Y, Cui L, Huang H, Cheng X, Ba Y. Does Fluoride Affect Serum Testosterone and Androgen Binding Protein with Age-Specificity? A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study in Chinese Male Farmers. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 174:294-299. [PMID: 27154732 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0726-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have demonstrated that exposure to excess fluoride was associated with a variety of diseases. Little is known about the variation of testosterone (T) levels caused by fluoride exposure. The aim of this study is to explore the association of fluoride exposure and age with serum T and androgen-binding protein (ABP) levels in male farmers. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a county of Henan Province, China, including high fluoride exposure from drinking water villages and control villages. Male farmers aged 18-55 years old who lived in these villages were recruited by cluster sampling and divided into a higher fluoride exposure group (HFG) and a lower fluoride exposure group (LFG) according to the level of urinary fluoride. Levels of T and ABP in serum were measured using chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) respectively. Markedly lower T levels were observed in male farmers from the HFG than in those from the LFG (t = 2.496, P < 0.05). Furthermore, younger farmers, 18-29 and 30-39 years old, may be the most likely to have lower T levels when exposed to fluoride (P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in serum ABP levels in all male farmers between the two groups with different fluoride exposure. These results supported that excess fluoride exposure decreased serum T levels of male farmers with age-specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leizhen Duan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Institute of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyuan Zhu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Institute of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Keyan Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Institute of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoyu Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Institute of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuejin Yang
- Kaifeng Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Kaifeng, Henan, 475000, People's Republic of China
| | - Liuxin Cui
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Institute of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Institute of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemin Cheng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Institute of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Ba
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Institute of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China.
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Camerino C, Conte E, Cannone M, Caloiero R, Fonzino A, Tricarico D. Nerve Growth Factor, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Osteocalcin Gene Relationship in Energy Regulation, Bone Homeostasis and Reproductive Organs Analyzed by mRNA Quantitative Evaluation and Linear Correlation Analysis. Front Physiol 2016; 7:456. [PMID: 27790153 PMCID: PMC5061807 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve Growth Factor (NGF)/Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and osteocalcin share common effects regulating energy, bone mass, reproduction and neuronal functions. To investigate on the gene-relationship between NGF, BDNF, and Osteocalcin we compared by RT-PCR the transcript levels of Ngf, Bdnf and Osteocalcin as well as of their receptors p75NTR/NTRK1, NTRK2, and Gprc6a in brain, bone, white/brown adipose tissue (WAT/BAT) and reproductive organs of 3 months old female and male mice. Brain and bone were used as positive controls for NGF/BDNF and Osteocalcin respectively. The role of oxitocin(Oxt) and its receptor(Oxtr) was also investigated. Ngf expression shows an opposite trend compared to Bdnf. Ngf /p75NTR expression is 50% higher in BAT than brain, in both genders, but lower in bone. In contrast, Bdnf expression in bone is higher than in brain, but low in BAT/WAT. We found Osteocalcin gene expressed in brain in both genders, but Gprc6a expression is low in brain and BAT/WAT. As expected, Gprc6a gene is expressed in bone. Oxt gene was markedly expressed in brain, Oxtr in the ovaries and in fat and bone in both genders. Ngf is highly expressed in reproductive tissues and p75NTR mRNA levels are respectively 300, 100, and 50% higher in testis/ovaries/uterus than in brain. In contrast, BDNF genes are not expressed in reproductive tissues. As expected, Gprc6a is expressed in testis but not in the ovaries/uterus. A significant correlation was found between the expression levels of the gene ligands and their receptors in brain, BAT and testis suggesting a common pathway of different genes in these tissues in either male and female. Changes in the expression levels of osteocalcin, Ngf, or Bdnf genes may mutually affect the expression levels of the others. Moreover, it may be possible that different ligands may operate through different receptor subtypes. Oxt and Oxtr failed to show significant correlation. The up-regulation of Ngf /p75NTR in BAT is consistent with NGF as an energy regulator and with BDNF regulating bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Camerino
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of BariBari, Italy; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of CincinnatiCincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Elena Conte
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Cannone
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari Bari, Italy
| | - Roberta Caloiero
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari Bari, Italy
| | - Adriano Fonzino
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari Bari, Italy
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Li J, Zhang H, Yang C, Li Y, Dai Z. An overview of osteocalcin progress. J Bone Miner Metab 2016; 34:367-79. [PMID: 26747614 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-015-0734-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An increasing amount of data indicate that osteocalcin is an endocrine hormone which regulates energy metabolism, male fertility and brain development. However, the detailed functions and mechanism of osteocalcin are not well understood and conflicting results have been obtained from researchers worldwide. In the present review, we summarize the progress of osteocalcin studies over the past 40 years, focusing on the structure of carboxylated and undercarboxylated osteocalcin, new functions and putative receptors, the role of osteocalcin in bone remodeling, specific expression and regulation in osteoblasts, and new indices for clinical studies. The complexity of osteocalcin in completely, uncompletely and non-carboxylated forms may account for the discrepancies in its tertiary structure and clinical results. Moreover, the extensive expression of osteocalcin and its putative receptor GPRC6A imply that there are new physiological functions and mechanisms of action of osteocalcin to be explored. New discoveries related to osteocalcin function will assist its potential clinical application and physiological theory, but comprehensive investigations are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqiao Li
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, P.O.Box 1053-23#, No. 26, Beijing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, P.O.Box 1053-23#, No. 26, Beijing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Chao Yang
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, P.O.Box 1053-23#, No. 26, Beijing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, P.O.Box 1053-23#, No. 26, Beijing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Zhongquan Dai
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, P.O.Box 1053-23#, No. 26, Beijing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100094, China.
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