Inhibition of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor affects follicular development and ovarian proliferation, apoptosis and angiogenesis in prepubertal eCG-treated rats

Oocyte transcriptomes and follicular fluid proteomics of ovine atretic follicles reveal the underlying mechanisms of oocyte degeneration

BACKGROUND

In mammals, female fertility is influenced by the result of follicular development (ovulation or atresia). Follicular atresia is a complex physiological process that results in the degeneration of oocytes from the ovary. However, the molecular mechanisms of oocyte degeneration and key protein markers of follicular atresia remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the complex transcriptional regulatory mechanisms and protein profiles in oocytes and follicular fluid in atretic follicle stages using single-cell RNA sequencing and tandem mass tag proteomics.

RESULTS

First, through paired analysis of different follicle development stages, we identified 175 atresia-specific genes and eight candidate oocyte-secreted factors, including PKG1, YTHDF2, and MYC. Meanwhile, we also characterized unique features of the oocyte transcriptional landscape in the atretic follicle stage that displayed cell death-related transcriptional changes and mechanisms, such as autophagy (TBK1 and IRS4), necroptosis (PKR), and apoptosis (MARCKS). Moreover, we identified atresia-specific genes, namely FTH1, TF, and ACSL4, which may participate in regulation of oocyte ferroptosis in atretic follicles through a series of mechanisms including ferritinophagy, ferritin transport, and lipid metabolism. Additionally, we uncovered 333 differentially expressed proteins that may coordinate follicular atresia and revealed key pathways, such as negative regulation of angiogenesis, metabolic pathways, and transcription and mRNA splicing, that lead to oocyte degeneration. Finally, by combining transcriptome and proteomics analyses, we identified two oocyte-secreted biomarkers, PGK1 and ANGPT2, that may be associated with follicular atresia.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, our work offers a thorough characterization of oocyte transcription mechanism and follicular fluid protein changes in ovine atretic follicles, which offers a crucial reference for analyzing the mechanism of follicular atresia and establishing an oocyte quality assessment system in sheep.

Comparing the coagulation and platelet parameters of women with premature ovarian insufficiency with those of age-matched controls: A case-control study

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to compare the coagulation and platelet parameters in women with spontaneous premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) with those in age-matched controls.

METHODS

This case-control study recruited 202 women with POI and 202 age-matched women with benign gynecological diseases as controls. Coagulation parameters, including prothrombin time (PT), international normalized ratio (INR), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and thrombin time (TT), fibrinogen, and platelet parameters, including platelet count (PLT), mean platelet volume (MPV), plateletcrit (PCT), and platelet distribution width (PDW), were compared between women with POI and controls. Factors associated with coagulation and platelet parameters were also analyzed in women with POI.

RESULTS

In women with POI, higher fibrinogen levels and PDW, lower PLT, MPV, and PCT levels, and shorter TT were observed (p < 0.001). Linear regression analysis further revealed that women with POI were more likely to exhibit increased serum fibrinogen levels (β = 0.465, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.366-0.564) and PDW (β = 0.340, 95% CI 0.300-0.379), decreased TT (β = -1.101, 95% CI -1.233--0.969), PLT (β = -50.985, 95% CI -65.087--36.882), MPV (β = -1.498, 95% CI -1.875 to -1.120), PCT levels (β = -0.084, 95% CI -0.095--0.973). Additionally, follicle-stimulating hormone levels were positively associated with fibrinogen levels in women with POI. There were no statistically significant differences in PT, INR, and APTT between women with POI and controls.

CONCLUSIONS

Women with POI exhibited decreased platelet numbers, abnormal platelet morphology, and elevated fibrinogen concentrations, potentially implicating POI's etiopathogenesis or contributing to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in women with POI. No coagulation abnormalities were observed in women with POI.

Physiological and tumor-associated angiogenesis: Key factors and therapy targeting VEGF/VEGFR pathway

Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide and poses a significant challenge to effective treatment due to its complexity. Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is one of the cancer hallmarks and is a critical process in tumor growth and metastasis. The pivotal role of angiogenesis in cancer development has made antiangiogenic treatment a promising strategy for cancer therapy. To develop an effective therapy, it is essential to understand the basics of the physiological and tumor angiogenesis process. This review presents the primary factors related to physiological and tumor angiogenesis and the mechanisms of angiogenesis in tumors. We summarize potential molecular targets for cancer treatment by focusing on the vasculature, with the VEGF/VEGFR pathway being one of the most important and well-studied. Additionally, we present the advantages and limitations of currently used clinical protocols for cancer treatment targeting the VEGF/VEGFR pathway.

Increased Hepatocyte Growth Factor Secretion by Placenta-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improves Ovarian Function in an Ovariectomized Rat Model via Vascular Remodeling by Wnt Signaling Activation

The vascular network contributes to the development of follicles. However, the therapeutic mechanism between vascular remodeling and ovarian functions is still unclear. Therefore, we demonstrated whether increased HGF by placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells (PD-MSCs) improves ovarian function in an ovariectomized rat model via vascular remodeling by Wnt signaling activation. We established a half-ovariectomized rat model in which damaged ovaries were induced by ovariectomy of half of each ovary, and PD-MSCs (5 × 105 cells) were transplanted by intravenous injection. Three weeks after transplantation, rats in all groups were sacrificed. We examined the secretion of HGF by PD-MSCs through culture medium. The vascular structure in injured ovarian tissues was restored to a greater extent in the PD-MSC transplantation (Tx) group than in the nontransplantation (NTx) group (* p < 0.05). The expression of genes related to Wnt signaling (e.g., LRP6, GSK3β, β-catenin) was significantly increased in the Tx group compared to the NTx group (* p < 0.05). However, the expression of genes related to vascular permeability (e.g., Asef, ERG3) was significantly decreased in the Tx group compared to the NTx group (* p < 0.05). Follicular development was improved in the Tx group compared to the NTx group (* p < 0.05). Furthermore, to evaluate vascular function, we cocultivated PD-MSCs after human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and we analyzed the vascular formation assay and dextran assay in HUVECs. Cocultivation of PD-MSCs with injured HUVECs enhanced vascular formation and decreased endothelial cell permeability (* p < 0.05). Also, cocultivation of PD-MSCs with explanted ovarian tissues improved follicular maturation compared to cocultivation of the Wnt inhibitor-treated PD-MSCs with explanted ovarian tissues. Therefore, HGF secreted by PD-MSCs improved ovarian function in rats with ovarian dysfunction by decreasing vascular permeability via Wnt signaling.

Ovarian rescue in women with premature ovarian insufficiency: facts and fiction

The ovary has a comparatively short functional lifespan compared with other organs, and genetic and pathological injuries can further shorten its functional life. Thus, preserving ovarian function should be considered in the context of women with threats to ovarian reserve, such as ageing, premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and diminished ovarian reserve (DOR). Indeed, one-third of women with POI retain resting follicles that can be reactivated to produce competent oocytes, as proved by the in-vitro activation of dormant follicles. This paper discusses mechanisms and clinical data relating to new therapeutic strategies using ovarian fragmentation, stem cells or platelet-rich plasma to regain ovarian function in women of older age (>38 years) or with POI or DOR. Follicle reactivation techniques show promising experimental outcomes and have been successful in some cases, when POI is established or DOR diagnosed; however, there is scarce clinical evidence to warrant their widespread clinical use. Beyond these contexts, also discussed is how new insights into the biological mechanisms governing follicular dynamics and oocyte competence may play a role in reversing ovarian damage, as no technique modifies oocyte quality. Additional studies should focus on increasing follicle number and quality. Finally, there is a small but important subgroup of women lacking residual follicles and requiring oocyte generation from stem cells.

Intraovarian Platelet-rich Plasma Administration Induced Spontaneous Ovulation in an Anovulatory Woman With PCOS

The use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has become popular as an adjunct to fertility treatment for women with infertility, particularly those with low ovarian reserve and premature ovarian insufficiency. Recent data in a polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) animal model demonstrated that intraovarian PRP administration improved folliculogenesis, ovarian antioxidant potential, and serum hormonal imbalance, suggesting that PRP could be considered a novel technique to alleviate PCOS-induced pathogenesis. With injection of PRP into the ovaries, it has been hypothesized that the infusion of cytokines and growth factors may exhibit a local effect that changes the expression of genes important in folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis, decreases inflammation, and partially restores normal ovarian function. This report is the first to present a case of a long-term amenorrheic woman with PCOS who has been trying to conceive, who resumed spontaneous ovulatory cycles, and had improvement in several aspects of her hormonal imbalance following intraovarian PRP administration. The purpose of this case report is to increase awareness regarding the possible benefits of intraovarian PRP injections for women with PCOS. There is a clear need for larger prospective studies to properly elucidate the effect of intraovarian PRP administration on both the reproductive and metabolic dysfunctions observed in women with PCOS.

Vasoactive intestinal peptide deficiency promotes ovarian dysfunction associated to a proinflammatory microenvironment reminiscent of premature aging

Complex immune regulation during pregnancy is required to ensure a successful pregnancy outcome. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) has local immunoregulatory effects on the ovary, uterus and maternal-fetal interface that favor a tolerogenic maternal microenvironment. Since the VIP Knockout (KO) mice are subfertile, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the effects of VIP deficiency on ovarian physiology and immune homeostasis. Therefore, we studied VIP KO, deficient (HT) and wild type (WT) female mice in estrus at 3 or 8 months of age. Young KO mice showed abnormal cycle timing and regularity associated with dysfunctional ovaries. Ovaries presented higher number of atretic follicles and reduced number of corpora lutea leading to a lower ovulation rates. Part of the VIP KO mice (25 %) failed to ovulate or ovulated oocytes incompetent to be fertilized (50 %). In particular, ovaries of young KO mice exhibited features of premature aging accompanied by a pro-inflammatory milieu with increased levels of IL-1β. A unique macrophage subpopulation identified as "foamy macrophages" was found. On the other hand, aged VIP KO females did not gain body weight probably due to the sustained production of E2. Finally, the adoptive transfer of FOXP3+ cells to infertile VIP KO females resulted in their selective recruitment to the ovary. It increased FOXP3/RORγt and TGFβ/IL-6 ratio improving ovarian microenvironment and pregnancy rate. The present results suggest that VIP contributes to ovarian homeostatic mechanisms required for a successful pregnancy.

Potential ovarian toxicity and infertility risk following targeted anti-cancer therapies

Unlike traditional chemotherapy agents which are generally cytotoxic to all cells, targeted anti-cancer therapies are designed to specifically target proliferation mechanisms in cancer cells but spare normal cells, resulting in high potency and reduced toxicity. There has therefore been a rapid increase in their development and use in clinical settings, including in curative-intent treatment regimens. However, the targets of some of these drugs including kinases, epigenetic regulatory proteins, DNA damage repair enzymes and proteasomes, have fundamental roles in governing normal ovarian physiology. Inhibiting their action could have significant consequences for ovarian function, with potentially long-lasting adverse effects which persist after cessation of treatment, but there is limited evidence of their effects on reproductive function. In this review, we will use literature that examines these pathways to infer the potential toxicity of targeted anti-cancer drugs on the ovary.

Lay summary

Compared to traditional chemotherapy agents, anti-cancer therapies are thought to be highly effective at targeting cancer cells but sparing normal cells, resulting in reduced drug side effects. However, many of processes within the cells that these drugs affect are also important for the ovary to work normally, so suppressing them in this way could have long-lasting implications for female fertility. This review examines the potential toxicity of anti-cancer therapies on the ovary.

Impact of imatinib administration on the mouse ovarian follicle count and levels of intra-ovarian proteins related to follicular quality

Objective

The impact of imatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, on ovarian follicles and several proteins related to follicular function and apoptosis was investigated in mice.

Methods

Saline, cyclophosphamide (Cp; 50 or 75 mg/kg), or imatinib (7.5 or 15 mg/kg) was injected once intraperitoneally into female B6D2F1 mice (18 mice in each group). In multiple ovarian sections, the number of various types of follicles and the proportion of good-quality (G1) follicles were counted. The levels of six proteins (anti-Müllerian hormone [AMH], BCL-xL, BAX, acid sphingomyelinase [A-SMase], caspase-3, and α-smooth muscle actin [α-SMA]) within the whole ovaries were quantified using Western blots.

Results

Compared to the saline group, a significant reduction of the primordial follicle count was observed in the group treated with imatinib 7.5 and 15 mg/kg, as well as in the group treated with Cp 75 mg/kg. Administration of Cp significantly decreased the proportion of G1 primordial follicles, but administration of imatinib did not. No differences in the AMH, anti-apoptotic BCLX-L, pro-apoptotic BAX, and A-SMase levels in the ovarian tissues were observed among the five groups. However, caspase-3 and α-SMA levels were significantly higher in the imatinib and Cp groups than in the saline group.

Conclusion

The administration of imatinib to mice significantly reduced the primordial follicle count and increased the protein levels of caspase-3 and α-SMA. Our findings suggest that imatinib potentially exerts ovarian toxicity via apoptotic processes, similarly to Cp.

Interferon-Tau regulates a plethora of functions in the corpus luteum

The corpus luteum (CL) plays a vital role in regulating the reproductive cycle, fertility, and in maintaining pregnancy. Interferon-tau (IFNT) is the maternal recognition of a pregnancy signal in domestic ruminants; its uterine, paracrine actions, which extend the CL lifespan, are widely established. However, considerable evidence also suggests a direct, endocrine role for IFNT. The purpose of this review is to highlight the importance of IFNT in CL maintenance, acting directly and in a cell-specific manner. A transcriptomic study revealed a distinct molecular profile of IFNT-exposed day 18, pregnant bovine CL, compared to the non-pregnant gland. A substantial fraction of the differentially expressed genes was downregulated, many of which are known to be elevated by prostaglandin F2A (PGF2A). In vitro, IFNT was found to mimic changes observed in the luteal transcriptome of early pregnancy. Key luteolytic genes such as endothelin-1 (EDN1), transforming growth factor-B1 (TGFB1), thrombospondins (THBSs) 1&2 and serpine-1 (SERPINE1) were downregulated in luteal endothelial cells. Luteal steroidogenic large cells (LGCs) were also found to be a target for the antilutelotytic actions of IFNT. IFNT-treated LGCs showed a significant reduction in the expression of the proapoptotic, antiangiogenic THBS1&2, as well as TGFBR1 and 2. Furthermore, IFNT was shown to be a potent survival factor for luteal cells in vivo and in vitro, activating diverse pathways to promote cell survival while suppressing cell death signals. Pentraxin 3 (PTX3), robustly upregulated by IFNT in various luteal cell types, mediated many of the prosurvival effects of IFNT in LGCs. A novel reciprocal inhibitory crosstalk between PTX3 and THBS1 lends further support to their respective survival and apoptotic actions in the CL. Even though IFNT did not directly regulate progesterone synthesis, it could maintain its concentrations, by increasing luteal cell survival and by supporting vascular stabilization. The direct effects of IFNT in the CL, enhancing cell survival and vasculature stabilization while curbing luteolytic activities, may constitute an important complementary branch leading to the extension of the luteal lifespan during early pregnancy.

Resveratrol Hinders Postovulatory Aging by Modulating Oxidative Stress in Porcine Oocytes

Postovulatory aging of the mammalian oocytes causes deterioration of oocytes through several factors including oxidative stress. Keeping that in mind, we aimed to investigate the potential of a well-known antioxidant, resveratrol (RV), to evaluate the adverse effects of postovulatory aging in porcine oocytes. After in vitro maturation (IVM), a group of (25–30) oocytes (in three replicates) were exposed to 0, 1, 2, and 4 μmol/L of RV, respectively. The results revealed that the first polar body (PB1) extrusion rate of the oocytes significantly increased when the RV concentration reached up to 2 μmol/L (p < 0.05). Considering optimum RV concentration of 2 μmol/L, the potential of RV was evaluated in oocytes aged for 24 and 48 h. We used fluorescence microscopy to detect the relative level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), while GHS contents were measured through the enzymatic method. Our results revealed that aged groups (24 h and 48 h) treated with RV (2 μmol/L) showed higher (p < 0.05) ROS fluorescence intensity than the control group, but lower (p < 0.05) than untreated aged groups. The GSH content in untreated aged groups (24 h and 48 h) was lower (p < 0.05) than RV-treated groups, but both groups showed higher levels than the control. Similarly, the relative expression of the genes involved in antioxidant activity (CAT, GPXGSH-Px, and SOD1) in RV-treated groups was lower (p < 0.05) as compared to the control group but higher than that of untreated aged groups. Moreover, the relative mRNA expression of caspase-3 and Bax in RV-treated groups was higher (p < 0.05) than the control group but lower than untreated groups. Furthermore, the expression of Bcl-2 in the RV-treated group was significantly lower than control but higher than untreated aged groups. Taken together, our findings revealed that the RV can increase the expression of antioxidant genes by decreasing the level of ROS, and its potent antiapoptotic effects resisted against the decline in mitochondrial membrane potential in aged oocytes.

Platelet-derived growth factor B restores vascular barrier integrity and diminishes permeability in ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome

Although advances in the prediction and management of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) have been introduced, complete prevention is not yet possible. Previously, we and other authors have shown that vascular endothelial growth factor, angiopoietins (ANGPTs) and sphingosine-1-phosphate are involved in OHSS etiology. In addition, we have demonstrated that ovarian protein levels of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) ligands -B and -D decrease in an OHSS rat model, whilst PDGFR-β and ANGPT2 remain unchanged. In the present work, we investigated the role of PDGF-B in OHSS by evaluating ligand protein levels in follicular fluid (FF) from women at risk of developing OHSS and by using an immature rat model of OHSS. We demonstrated that PDGF-B and PDGF-D are lower in FF from women at risk of developing OHSS compared to control patients (P < 0.05). In the OHSS rat model, PDGF-B (0.5 µg/ovary) administration decreased ovarian weight (P < 0.05), reduced serum progesterone (P < 0.05) and lowered the percentage of cysts (P < 0.05), compared to untreated OHSS rats, but had no effect on the proportion of follicles or corpora lutea (CL). PDGF-B treatment also restored the expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (P < 0.05) and P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P < 0.01) to control levels. In addition, PDGF-B increased the peri-endothelial cell area in CL and cystic structures, and reduced vascular permeability compared to untreated OHSS ovaries. Lastly, PDGF-B increased the levels of junction proteins claudin-5 (P < 0.05), occludin (P < 0.05) and β-catenin (P < 0.05), while boosting the extracellular deposition of collagen IV surrounding the ovarian vasculature (PP < 0.01), compared to OHSS alone. In conclusion, our findings indicate that PDGF-B could be another crucial mediator in the onset and development of OHSS, which may lead to the development of novel prediction markers and therapeutic strategies.

Stereoselective synthesis of (26R)-26-hydroxydiosgenin and its effect on the regulation of rat ovarian function

The stereoselective cyclization of a C-16 acetylated 22,26-dioxocholestene derivative to give the spirostane E and F rings, under alkaline conditions, yields exclusively the (26R)-26-hydroxydiosgenin. Both experimental and computational data support the formation of a single diastereoisomer. The effect of diosgenin and (26R)-26-hydroxydiosgenin on rat ovary is also investigated.

Intraovarian injection of platelet-rich plasma in assisted reproduction: too much too soon?

The prospect of ovarian rejuvenation offers the tantalising prospect of treating age-related declines in fertility or in pathological conditions such as premature ovarian failure. The concept of ovarian rejuvenation was invigorated by the indication of the existence of oogonial stem cells (OSCs), which have been shown experimentally to have the ability to differentiate into functional follicles and generate oocytes; however, their clinical potential remains unknown. Furthermore, there is now growing interest in performing ovarian rejuvenation in situ. One proposed approach involves injecting the ovary with platelet rich plasma (PRP).

PRP is a component of blood that remains after the in vitro removal of red and white blood cells. It contains blood platelets, tiny anucleate cells of the blood, which are responsible for forming athrombus to prevent bleeding. In addition, PRP contains an array of cytokines and growth factors, as well as a number of small molecules.The utility ofPRP has been investigatedin a range of regenerative medicine approaches and has been shown to induce differentiation of a range of cell types, presumably through the action of cytokines.

A handful ofcasereports have described the use of PRP injections into the ovaryin the human, and while these clinical data report promising results, knowledge on the mechanisms and safety of PRP injections into the ovary remain limited.In this article, we summarise some of the physiological detail of platelets and PRP, before reviewing the existing emerging literature in this area. We then propose potential mechanisms by which PRP may be eliciting any effects before reflecting on some considerations for future studies in the area. Importantly, on the basis of our existing knowledge, we suggest that immediate use of PRP in clinical applications is perhaps premature and further fundamental and clinical research on the nature of ovarian insufficiency, as well as the mechanism by which PRP may act on the ovary, is needed to fully understand this promising development.

Intraovarian PRP Injection Improved Hot Flashes in a Woman With Very Low Ovarian Reserve

PRP, rich in growth factors and cytokines, has been gaining considerable attention as an adjunct therapy to fertility treatment for women with very low ovarian reserve and premature ovarian insufficiency. To date, most prior studies have focused on the effect of PRP on ovarian response pertaining to oocyte production and pregnancy outcome following assisted reproductive technology. This report presents a patient with very low ovarian reserve, with medical problems that preclude her from taking hormone replacement therapy, who presented for fertility treatment with PRP and then accidentally reported significant improvement of menopausal symptoms including her hot flashes for 14 weeks following PRP intra-ovarian injection. The purpose of this case report is to increase awareness of clinicians about the use of PRP as a potential alternative therapy for hot flashes in women who have contraindications for hormone replacement therapy.

Bisphenol analogs AF and S: Effects on cell status and production of angiogenesis-related factors by COV434 human granulosa cell line

While Bisphenol A (BPA) has been a requisite plastic additive, as an endocrine disruptor it has been associated with adverse health effects including ovarian disorders. Following implemented restrictions on BPA usage, it is replaced by alternative bisphenols, biological effects of which have not been adequately investigated. Our study examined effects of bisphenols AF (BPAF) and S (BPS), on the human ovarian granulosa cell line COV434, and compared them with BPA, with the focus on cell viability (10^-9-10^-4 M) and angiogenesis-related factors (10^-9-10^-5 M), relevant for both the follicle development and ovarian pathologies: vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), platelet-derived growth factor AA (PDGF-AA), and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9). Each bisphenol impaired cell viability and increased generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species at the highest concentration (10^-4 M). While VEGF-A production in BPAF-treated groups did not differ from the control, all doses of BPS and BPA caused a marked reduction in VEGF-A output. Nevertheless, the alterations in VEGF-A production were not caused by the impact on VEGFA gene expression since there were no indications of VEGFA downregulation in the presence of either BPS or BPA. Interestingly, we observed a similar pattern of PDGF-AA output reduction in BPS- and BPA-treated groups to that of VEGF-A production. BPAF and BPS (10^-5 M) increased MMP9 expression, however, this effect was not reflected by the increase in MMP-9 production. The results obtained demonstrate that the novel bisphenol analogs are not inert with respect to the ovarian cells, and their effects might contribute to dysregulation of granulosa cells functions.

Downregulated luteolytic pathways in the transcriptome of early pregnancy bovine corpus luteum are mimicked by interferon-tau in vitro

Background

Maintenance of the corpus luteum (CL) beyond the time of luteolysis is essential for establishing pregnancy. Identifying the distinct features of early pregnancy CL remains unresolved, hence we analyzed here the transcriptome of CL on day 18 pregnant (P) and non-pregnant (NP) cows using RNA-Seq. CL of P cows expressed ISGs, verifying exposure to the pregnancy recognition signal, interferon-tau (IFNT), whereas the CL of NP cows had elevated luteal progesterone levels, implying that luteolysis had not yet commenced.

Results

The DEGs, IPA, and metascape canonical pathways, along with GSEA analysis, differed markedly in the CL of P cows from those of NP cows, at the same day of the cycle. Both metascape and IPA identified similar significantly enriched pathways such as interferon alpha/beta, sonic hedgehog pathway, TNFA, EDN1, TGFB1, and PDGF. However, type-1 interferon and sonic hedgehog pathways were positively enriched whereas most of the enriched pathways were downregulated in the P compared to NP samples. Thirty-four % of these pathways are known to be elevated by PGF2A during luteolysis. Notably, selective DEGs in luteinized granulosa cells were modulated by IFNT in vitro in a similar manner to their regulation in the CL of P cows.

Conclusion

This study unraveled the unique transcriptomic signature of the IFNT-exposed, early pregnancy CL, highlighting the abundance of downregulated pathways known to be otherwise induced during luteolysis. These and IFNT-regulated in vitro pregnancy-specific DEGs suggest that IFNT contributes to the characteristics and maintenance of early pregnancy CL.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07747-3.

A case of ovarian stimulation for fertility preservation in a patient with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia after treatment with dasatinib

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are effective for treating Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ALL). However, the use of TKIs may decrease the number of collected oocytes during fertility preservation procedures. We report the case of a 19-year-old patient with Ph+ALL for whom 21 oocytes were frozen after controlled ovarian stimulation was initiated 2 days after the completion of 28 days of remission induction therapy with dasatinib. After collecting the oocytes, consolidation therapy was initiated immediately, and a hematopoietic stem cell transplant from her younger brother was scheduled. It is believed that a 2-day withdrawal period is sufficient for fertility preservation or that the effect of dasatinib on the number of oocytes obtained is minimal.

Long-term imatinib diminishes ovarian reserve and impacts embryo quality

PURPOSE

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as imatinib are commonly used chemotherapeutics, but the effects of long-term treatments on reproductive outlook for cancer survivors are unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of long-term imatinib treatments on follicle development and embryo quality. Since prospective studies are not possible in healthy humans, we have incorporated a commonly used mouse model.

METHODS

Adult female mice were treated with daily IP injections of imatinib for 4-6 weeks. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to measure imatinib in serum and ovarian tissues. At the end of treatments, females were superovulated and mated to yield fertilized embryos. Oocytes and embryos were collected from oviducts, assessed for development by microscopy, and fertilized embryos were cultured in vitro. Blastocysts were fixed and stained for differential cell counts.

RESULTS

Long-term imatinib treatments caused a shift in follicle development, with imatinib-treated females having fewer primordial follicles, but an increase in primary and secondary follicles (P < 0.05). There was no effect on ovulation or fertilization rates. However, blastocysts from imatinib-treated females had fewer total cells (P < 0.05) and a significant shift from inner cell mass to increased trophectoderm cells.

CONCLUSION

This pilot study indicates that long-term TKI treatments may have significant impact on ovarian reserve and embryo developmental capacity. More studies are needed in other model systems to determine the long-term impact of TKIs in patients. Knowing the potential effects of chemotherapeutics on reproductive outlook is critical for quality of life and more research is needed.

Effect of cold stress on ovarian & uterine microcirculation in rats and the role of endothelin system

BACKGROUND

Cold, an environmental factor, induces many reproductive diseases. It is known that endothelin (ET) is a potent vasoconstrictor, and cold stress can increase the expression of ET and its receptors. The cold stress rat model was developed to examine two parameters: (1) the effects of cold stress on ovarian and uterine morphology, function, and microvascular circulation and (2) possible mechanisms of ET and its receptors involved in cold stress-induced menstruation disorders.

METHODS

The rat cold stress model was prepared with an ice water bath. The estrous cycle was observed by methylene blue and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Serum estradiol 2 (E₂), testosterone (T), progesterone (P) were detected by radioimmunoassay. Hemorheology indices were measured. The real-time blood flow of auricle and uterine surfaces was measured. Expressions of CD34 and α-SMA in ovarian and uterine tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry. ET-1 contents in serum were tested, and expressions of ET-receptor types A and B (ET-AR and ET-BR) in ovarian tissues were detected via Western blotting.

RESULTS

Cold stress extended the estrous cycle, thereby causing reproductive hormone disorder, imbalance of local endothelin/nitric oxide expression, and microcirculation disturbance. Cold-stress led to up-regulation of ET-AR expression and protein and down-regulation of ET-BR expression in rats.

CONCLUSIONS

This study suggests that the reason for cold stress-induced dysfunction in reproductive organs may be closely related to the imbalance of ET-1 and its receptor expressions, leading to microvascular circulation disorders in local tissues.

The cytokine profile of follicular fluid changes during ovarian ageing

OBJECTIVE

Ovarian ageing is one of the commonest causes of infertility in patients consulting for assisted reproductive technology. The composition of the follicular fluid (FF), which reflects the exchanges between the oocyte and its microenvironment, has been extensively investigated to determine the metabolic pathways involved in various ovarian disorders. Considering the importance of cytokines in folliculogenesis, we focused on the cytokine profile of the FF during ovarian ageing.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Our cross-sectional study assesses the levels of 27 cytokines and growth factors in the FF of two groups of women undergoing in vitro fertilization. One group included 28 patients with ovarian ageing clinically characterized by a diminished ovarian reserve (DOR), and the other group included 29 patients with a normal ovarian reserve (NOR), serving as controls.

RESULTS

With univariate analysis, the cytokine profile was found to differ significantly between the two groups. After adjustment of the p-values, platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) was the only cytokine with a significantly lower concentration in the DOR group (7.34 ± 16.11 pg/mL) than in the NOR group (24.39 ± 41.38 pg/mL) (p = 0.005), independently of chronological age.

CONCLUSION

Thus, PDGF-BB would seem to be implicated in the physiopathology of DOR, potentially in relation to its role in folliculogenesis or in the protection against oxidative stress.

Low level laser therapy (LLLT) modulates ovarian function in mature female mice

It is known that LLLT has beneficial effects on several pathological conditions including wound healing, pain and inflammation. LLLT modulates biological processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis and angiogenesis. In the present study, we examined the effect of local application of LLLT on follicular dynamics, ovarian reserve, AMH expression, progesterone levels, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and reproductive outcome in adult mice. LLLT (200 J/cm2) increased the percentage of primary and preantral follicles, whilst decreasing the percentage of corpora lutea compared to control ovaries. LLLT-treated ovaries did not exhibit any changes regarding the number of primordial follicles. We observed a higher percentage of AMH-positive follicles (in early stages of development) in LLLT-treated ovaries compared to control ovaries. LLLT reduced the P4 concentration and the apoptosis in early antral follicles compared to control ones. LLLT caused a reduction in the endothelial cell area and an increase in the periendothelial cell area in the ovary. Additionally, LLLT was able to improve oocyte quality. Our findings suggest that local application of LLLT modulates follicular dynamics by regulating apoptosis and the vascular stability in mouse ovary. In conclusion, these data indicate that LLLT might become a novel and useful tool in the treatment of several pathologies, including female reproductive disorders.

Ceramide-1-phosphate has protective properties against cyclophosphamide-induced ovarian damage in a mice model of premature ovarian failure

STUDY QUESTION

Is ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P) an ovarian protective agent during alkylating chemotherapy?

SUMMARY ANSWER

Local administration of C1P drastically reduces ovarian damage induced by cyclophosphamide (Cy) via protection of follicular reserve, restoration of hormone levels, inhibition of apoptosis and improvement of stromal vasculature, while protecting fertility, oocyte quality and uterine morphology.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY

Cancer-directed therapies cause accelerated loss of ovarian reserve and lead to premature ovarian failure (POF). Previous studies have demonstrated that C1P regulates different cellular processes including cell proliferation, cell migration, angiogenesis and apoptosis. This sphingolipid may be capable of modulating vascular development and apoptosis in ovaries affected by chemotherapy.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION

The 6-8-week-old mice were weighed and administered either a single intraperitoneal injection of Cy (75 mg/kg) or an equal volume of saline solution only for control mice. Control and Cy mice underwent sham surgery and received an intrabursal injection of saline solution, while Cy + C1P animal groups received 5 μl C1P, either 0.5 or 1 mM, under the bursa of both ovaries 1 h prior to Cy administration.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS

Animals were euthanized by cervical dislocation or cardiac puncture 2 weeks after surgery for collection of blood orovary and uterus samples, which were cleaned of adhering tissue in culture medium and used for subsequent assays. Ovaries were used for Western blotting or immunohistochemical and/or histological analyses or steroid extraction, as required (n = 5-8 per group). A set of mice (n = 3/group) was destined for oocyte recovery and IVF. Finally, another set (n = 5-6/group) was separated to study fertility parameters.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE

The number of primordial (P < 0.01), primary (P < 0.05) and preantral follicles (P < 0.05) were decreased in Cy-treated mice compared to control animals, while atretic follicles were increased (P < 0.001). In Cy + C1P mice, the ovaries recovered control numbers of these follicular structures, in both C1P doses studied. Cy affected AMH expression, while it was at least partially recovered when C1P is administered as well. Cy caused an increase in serum FSH concentration (P < 0.01), which was prevented by C1P coadministration (P < 0.01). E2 levels in Cy-treated ovaries decreased significantly compared to control ovaries (P < 0.01), whilst C1P restored E2 levels to those of control ovaries (P < 0.01). Cy increased the expression of BAX (P < 0.01) and decreased the expression of BCLX-L compared to control ovaries (P < 0.01). The ovarian BCLX-L:BAX ratio was also lower in Cy-treated mice (P < 0.05). In the Cy + C1P group, the expression levels of BAX, BCLX-L and BCLX-L:BAX ratio were no different than those in control ovaries. In addition, acid sphingomyelinase (A-SMase) expression was higher in Cy-treated ovaries, whilst remaining similar to the control in the Cy + C1P group. Cy increased the apoptotic index (TUNEL-positive follicles/total follicles) in preantral and early antral stages, compared to control ovaries (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively). C1P protected follicles from this increase. No primordial or primary follicular cells stained for either cleaved caspase-3 or TUNEL when exposed to Cy, therefore, we have found no evidence for follicular reserve depletion in response to Cy being due to apoptosis. Cy caused evident vascular injury, especially in large cortical stromal vessels, and some neovascularization. In the Cy + C1P group, the disruptions in vascular wall continuity were less evident and the number of healthy stromal blood vessels seemed to be restored. In Cy-treated ovaries α-SMA-positive cells showed a less uniform distribution around blood vessels. C1P coadministration partially prevented this Cy-induced effect, with a higher presence of α-SMA-positive cells surrounding vessels. By H&E staining, Cy-treated mice showed endometrial alterations compared to controls, affecting both epithelial and stromal compartments. However, C1P allowed that the stromal tissue to maintain its loose quality and its glandular branches. Cy-treated animals had significantly lower pregnancy rates and smaller litter sizes compared with control mice (P = 0.013 and P < 0.05, respectively), whereas cotreatment with C1P preserved normal fertility. Furthermore, a higher (P < 0.05) proportion of abnormal oocytes was recovered from Cy-treated mice compared to the control, which was prevented by C1P administration.

LARGE SCALE DATA

N/A.

LIMITATIONS REASONS FOR CAUTION

The results of this study were generated from an in-vivo animal experimental model, already used by several authors. Further studies on C1P functions in female reproduction in pathological conditions such as chemotherapy-induced ovarian failure and on the safety of use of this sphingolipid are required.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS

The present findings showed that C1P administration prior to Cy might be a promising fertility preservation strategy in female patients who undergo chemotherapy.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)

This work was supported by grants from ANPCyT (PICT 2015-1117), CONICET (PIP 380), Cancer National Institute (INC) and Roemmers Foundation, Argentina. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Ovarian angiogenesis in polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most prevalent endocrine pathology among women in reproductive age. Its main symptoms are oligo or amenorrhea, hyperandrogenism and the presence of ovarian cysts. It is also associated with infertility, obesity and insulin resistance. Mainly due to its heterogeneity, PCOS treatments are directed to manage its symptoms and to prevent associated diseases. The correct formation and regression of blood vessels during each ovarian cycle is indispensable for proper follicular development, ovulation and corpus luteum formation. The importance of these processes opened a new and promising field: ovarian angiogenesis. Vascular alterations characterize numerous pathologies, either with increased, decreased or abnormal angiogenesis. In the last years, several anomalies of ovarian angiogenesis have been described in women with PCOS. Therefore, it has been suggested that these alterations may be associated with the decreased - or lack of - ovulation rates and for the formation of cysts in the PCOS ovaries. Restoration of a proper vessel formation in the ovaries may lead to improved follicular development and ovulation in these patients. In the present review, we attempt to summarize the alterations in ovarian angiogenesis that have been described in women with PCOS. We also discuss the therapeutic approaches aimed to correct these alterations and their beneficial effects on the treatment of infertility in PCOS.

Molecular regulation and role of angiogenesis in reproduction

Angiogenesis is an essential process for proper functioning of the female reproductive system and for successful pregnancy realization. The multitude of factors required for physiological angiogenesis and the complexity of regulation of their temporal-spatial activities contribute to aberrations in human fertilization and pregnancy outcomes. In this study, we reviewed the current knowledge of the temporal expression patterns, functions, and regulatory mechanisms of angiogenic factors during foliculogenesis, early implantation/placentation and embryo development, as well as recurrent spontaneous abortions. Angiogenic factors including vascular endothelial growth factors and angiopoietins have documented roles in the development of primordial follicles into mature antral follicles. They also participate in decidualization, which is accompanied by the creation of an extensive network of vessels in the stromal bed that support the growth of the embryo and the placenta, and maintain early pregnancy. During placentation angiogenic and angiomodulatory cytokines, T and B lymphocytes and macrophages affect angiogenesis in a context-dependent manner. Defects in angiogenesis at the maternal-fetal interface contribute to miscarriage in humans. The establishment of more polymorphisms in the genes involved in angiogenesis/vasculogenesis, and their pathological phenotype and expression could give opportunities for prediction, creating a therapeutic strategy, and treatment of diseases related to female reproductive health and problematic conception.

Effects of vitrification and transplantation on follicular development and expression of EphrinB1 and PDGFA in mouse ovaries

The aim of this study was to assess the follicular development and the patterns of EphrinB1 and PDGFA immunostaining in vitrified mouse ovarian tissue (OT) with and without transplantation. Histological evaluation was performed on fresh and vitrified OTs, whether transplanted or not. RT-PCR was performed on fresh and vitrified ovarian samples (OSs) and vitrified OS graft. Vitrification alone did not significantly reduce the normal primordial, primary, and secondary follicles except antral ones (p > 0.05). However, transplantation decreased all the follicle types. The EphrinB1 immunoexpression showed high intensity in all follicular types in vitrified OT and the significant increased was detected in secondary and antral follicles (p < 0.05). PDGFA protein immunoexpression of primordial and primary follicles was decreased in vitrified OT (p < 0.05). However, the lowest immunoexpression of EphrinB1 and PDGFA was detected after transplantation (p < 0.05). The levels of ephrinb1 and pdgfa mRNA expressions in vitrified OS and vitrified OS grafts were found as comparable to the fresh OS. In conclusion, vitrification has no detrimental effect on the follicles at the different developmental stages, majority of ovarian follicular loss takes place after transplantation rather than vitrification. Overall, vitrification and grafting do not change the ephrinb1 and pdgfa gene expressions. In addition, EphrinB1 and PDGFA are expressed during different stages of folliculogenesis in a different manner in fresh, vitrified, or grafted OTs. Vitrification and/or grafting appear to affect the follicular expression of EphrinB1 and PDGFA. These findings suggest that these proteins could have several functions related to the development of follicles and angiogenesis after transplantation.

Tankyrase inhibition regulates corpus luteum development and luteal function in gonadotropin-treated rats

Tankyrases are physiological regulators of Axin, a protein involved in several cellular processes, including Wnt signaling. Here, we investigated the effect of a specific Tankyrase inhibitor (XAV939) in follicular-luteal dynamics, and its possible relationship with ovarian vascular development. Studies were designed to analyze the effect of intrabursa administration of XAV939 in gonadotropin-treated prepubertal rats. In particular, we examined follicle and corpus luteum development, steroidogenesis, angiogenic markers, and apoptotic parameters. We found that in vivo inhibition of Wnt signaling impaired corpus luteum development, with a decrease in the number of corpora lutea balanced by a high number of cysts; decreased circulating progesterone levels, likely due to a decrease in Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein content in the corpus luteum; and increased pro-apoptotic parameters. In addition, Extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation, Vascular endothelium growth factor 120 content, and endothelial cell area were diminished in corpora lutea of inhibitor-treated ovaries. Thus, Wnt/β-catenin signaling appears to participate in the regulation of corpus luteum development and luteal cell function.

[Conditioned medium from rat RSC96 cells promotes proliferation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in vitro]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effect of conditioned medium from rat RSC96 cells (RSC96-CM) on the proliferation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and explore the underlying mechanism.

METHODS

OPCs isolated from the spinal cords of SD rats of embryonic day 15 using immunopanning were treated with RSC96-CM. The proliferation of OPCs was detected using 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assay. The mRNA expressions of PDGF-AA and bFGF in RSC96 cells were detected using RT-PCR, and their protein concentrations in RSC96-CM were detected with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The effects of PDGF-AA and bFGF in RSC96-CM on OPC proliferation and the roles of ERK and JNK signaling pathways in RSC96-CM-induced OPC proliferation were determined by application of their specific inhibitors.

RESULTS

The percentage of BrdU+ OPCs was significantly increased in response to treatment with RSC96-CM (P<0.05), reaching the peak level when 50% RSC96-CM was added in the cell culture. RSC96 cells expressed a substantial amount of PDGF-AA and bFGF mRNAs, and PDGF-AA and bFGF protein concentrations in RSC96-CM were higher than those in a conditioned medium (B104CM) we used previously by 0.87 and 0.92 folds, respectively. Both the specific inhibitor of PDGFR signal pathway (AG1295) and the specific inhibitor of bFGFR signal pathway (PD173074) significantly attenuated RSC96-CM-induced OPC proliferation. The specific inhibitors of ERK signal pathway (U0126) and JNK signal pathway (SP600125) significantly decreased the percentage of BrdU+ cells in RSC96-CM-induced OPCs (P<0.01).

CONCLUSION

RSC96-CM can effectively promote OPC proliferation, possibly as a result of PDGF-AA and bFGF secretion by RSC96 cells to activate ERK1/2 and JNK signaling pathways. RSC96- CM can be used as a routine stimulator for promoting OPC proliferation.

Exosomes Derived from Akt-Modified Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improve Cardiac Regeneration and Promote Angiogenesis via Activating Platelet-Derived Growth Factor D

We have previously demonstrated the cardioprotective effects of exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). It is well known that the activation of Akt is involved in stem cell‐induced cardioprotection. In the present study, we investigated whether exosomes released from Akt‐overexpressing MSCs showed a beneficial effect on cardioprotection and angiogenesis. MSCs were collected from human umbilical cord (hucMSCs), and Akt was transfected into hucMSCs (Akt‐hucMSCs) by using an adenovirus transfection system. Exosomes were isolated from control hucMSCs (Exo) and Akt‐hucMSCs (Akt‐Exo). An acute myocardial infarction model was created by ligation of the left anterior decedent coronary artery (LAD) in rats. Various source exosomes (400 µg of protein) were infused via the tail vein immediately after LAD ligation. The cardiac function was evaluated by using echocardiography after different treatments for 1 and 5 weeks, respectively. Endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and tube‐like structure formation, as well as chick allantoic membrane assay, were used to evaluate the angiogenetic effects of Akt‐Exo. The results indicated that cardiac function was significantly improved in the animals treated with Akt‐Exo. In addition, Akt‐Exo significantly accelerated endothelial cell proliferation and migration, tube‐like structure formation in vitro, and blood vessel formation in vivo. The expression of platelet‐derived growth factor D (PDGF‐D) was significantly upregulated in Akt‐Exo. However, the angiogenesis was abrogated in endothelial cells treated with the exosomes obtained from MSCs transfected with PDGF‐D‐siRNA. Our studies suggest that exosomes obtained from Akt‐modified hucMSCs are more effective in myocardial infarction therapy through promoting angiogenesis. PDGF‐D plays an important role in Akt‐Exo‐mediated angiogenesis. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:51–59

Local administration of platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGFB) improves follicular development and ovarian angiogenesis in a rat model of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Alterations in ovarian angiogenesis are common features in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) patients; the most studied of these alterations is the increase in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production by ovarian cells. Platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGFB) and D (PDGFD) are decreased in follicular fluid of PCOS patients and in the ovaries of a rat model of PCOS. In the present study, we aimed to analyze the effects of local administration of PDGFB on ovarian angiogenesis, follicular development and ovulation in a DHEA-induced PCOS rat model. Ovarian PDGFB administration to PCOS rats partially restored follicular development, decreased the percentage of cysts, increased the percentage of corpora lutea, and decreased the production of anti-Müllerian hormone. In addition, PDGFB administration improved ovarian angiogenesis by reversing the increase in periendothelial cell area and restoring VEGF levels. Our results shed light into the mechanisms that lead to altered ovarian function in PCOS and provide new data for potential therapeutic strategies.