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Seiler S, Rudolf F, Gomes FR, Pavlovic A, Nebel J, Seidenbecher CI, Foo LC. Astrocyte-derived factors regulate CNS myelination. Glia 2024. [PMID: 39092473 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
The role that astrocytes play in central nervous system (CNS) myelination is poorly understood. We investigated the contribution of astrocyte-derived factors to myelination and revealed a substantial overlap in the secretomes of human and rat astrocytes. Using in vitro myelinating co-cultures of primary retinal ganglion cells and cortical oligodendrocyte precursor cells, we discovered that factors secreted by resting astrocytes, but not reactive astrocytes, facilitated myelination. Soluble brevican emerged as a new enhancer of developmental myelination in vivo, CNS and its absence was linked to remyelination deficits following an immune-mediated damage in an EAE mouse model. The observed reduction of brevican expression in reactive astrocytes and human MS lesions suggested a potential link to the compromised remyelination characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Our findings suggested brevican's role in myelination may be mediated through interactions with binding partners such as contactin-1 and tenascin-R. Proteomic analysis of resting versus reactive astrocytes highlighted a shift in protein expression profiles, pinpointing candidates that either facilitate or impede CNS repair, suggesting that depending on their reactivity state, astrocytes play a dual role during myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybille Seiler
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, pRED, Neuroscience, Discovery & Translational Area (NRD), Basel, Switzerland
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Rudolf
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, pRED, Neuroscience, Discovery & Translational Area (NRD), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Filipa Ramilo Gomes
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, pRED, Neuroscience, Discovery & Translational Area (NRD), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anto Pavlovic
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, pRED, Neuroscience, Discovery & Translational Area (NRD), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jana Nebel
- Department Neurochemistry & Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Constanze I Seidenbecher
- Department Neurochemistry & Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lynette C Foo
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, pRED, Neuroscience, Discovery & Translational Area (NRD), Basel, Switzerland
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2
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Sterin I, Niazi A, Kim J, Park J, Park S. Novel extracellular matrix architecture on excitatory neurons revealed by HaloTag-HAPLN1. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.29.587384. [PMID: 38585814 PMCID: PMC10996768 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.29.587384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The brain's extracellular matrix (ECM) regulates neuronal plasticity and animal behavior. ECM staining shows an aggregated pattern in a net-like structure around a subset of neurons and diffuse staining in the interstitial matrix. However, understanding the structural features of ECM deposition across various neuronal types and subcellular compartments remains limited. To visualize the organization pattern and assembly process of the hyaluronan-scaffolded ECM in the brain, we fused a HaloTag to HAPLN1, which links hyaluronan and proteoglycans. Expression or application of the probe enables us to identify spatial and temporal regulation of ECM deposition and heterogeneity in ECM aggregation among neuronal populations. Dual-color birthdating shows the ECM assembly process in culture and in vivo. Sparse expression in vivo reveals novel forms of ECM architecture around excitatory neurons and developmentally regulated dendritic ECM. Overall, our study uncovers extensive structural features of the brain' ECM, suggesting diverse roles in regulating neuronal plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igal Sterin
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Ava Niazi
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Neuroscience Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Jennifer Kim
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Joosang Park
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Sungjin Park
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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3
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Blondiaux A, Jia S, Annamneedi A, Çalışkan G, Nebel J, Montenegro-Venegas C, Wykes RC, Fejtova A, Walker MC, Stork O, Gundelfinger ED, Dityatev A, Seidenbecher CI. Linking epileptic phenotypes and neural extracellular matrix remodeling signatures in mouse models of epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 188:106324. [PMID: 37838005 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsies are multifaceted neurological disorders characterized by abnormal brain activity, e.g. caused by imbalanced synaptic excitation and inhibition. The neural extracellular matrix (ECM) is dynamically modulated by physiological and pathophysiological activity and critically involved in controlling the brain's excitability. We used different epilepsy models, i.e. mice lacking the presynaptic scaffolding protein Bassoon at excitatory, inhibitory or all synapse types as genetic models for rapidly generalizing early-onset epilepsy, and intra-hippocampal kainate injection, a model for acquired temporal lobe epilepsy, to study the relationship between epileptic seizures and ECM composition. Electroencephalogram recordings revealed Bassoon deletion at excitatory or inhibitory synapses having diverse effects on epilepsy-related phenotypes. While constitutive Bsn mutants and to a lesser extent GABAergic neuron-specific knockouts (BsnDlx5/6cKO) displayed severe epilepsy with more and stronger seizures than kainate-injected animals, mutants lacking Bassoon solely in excitatory forebrain neurons (BsnEmx1cKO) showed only mild impairments. By semiquantitative immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry we show model-specific patterns of neural ECM remodeling, and we also demonstrate significant upregulation of the ECM receptor CD44 in null and BsnDlx5/6cKO mutants. ECM-associated WFA-binding chondroitin sulfates were strongly augmented in seizure models. Strikingly, Brevican, Neurocan, Aggrecan and link proteins Hapln1 and Hapln4 levels reliably predicted seizure properties across models, suggesting a link between ECM state and epileptic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shaobo Jia
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Site Magdeburg (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anil Annamneedi
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Biology, Otto-Von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg 39120, Germany
| | - Gürsel Çalışkan
- Institute of Biology, Otto-Von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg 39120, Germany
| | - Jana Nebel
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Carolina Montenegro-Venegas
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg 39120, Germany; Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Robert C Wykes
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK; Nanomedicine Lab & Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Center, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Anna Fejtova
- Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthew C Walker
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Oliver Stork
- Institute of Biology, Otto-Von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg 39120, Germany
| | - Eckart D Gundelfinger
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg 39120, Germany; Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Alexander Dityatev
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Site Magdeburg (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg 39120, Germany; Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Constanze I Seidenbecher
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg 39120, Germany.
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4
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Lev-Ram V, Lemieux SP, Deerinck TJ, Bushong EA, Toyama BH, Perez A, Pritchard DR, Park SKR, McClatchy DB, Savas JN, Taylor SS, Ellisman MH, Yates J, Tsien RY. Do perineuronal nets stabilize the engram of a synaptic circuit? BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.09.536164. [PMID: 37066274 PMCID: PMC10104172 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.09.536164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNN), a specialized form of ECM (?), surround numerous neurons in the CNS and allow synaptic connectivity through holes in its structure. We hypothesis that PNNs serve as gatekeepers that guard and protect synaptic territory, and thus may stabilize an engram circuit. We present high-resolution, and 3D EM images of PNN- engulfed neurons showing that synapses occupy the PNN holes, and that invasion of other cellular components are rare. PNN constituents are long-lived and can be eroded faster in an enriched environment, while synaptic proteins have high turnover rate. Preventing PNN erosion by using pharmacological inhibition of PNN-modifying proteases or MMP9 knockout mice allowed normal fear memory acquisition but diminished remote-memory stabilization, supporting the above hypothesis. Significance In this multidisciplinary work, we challenge the hypothesis that the pattern of holes in the perineuronal nets (PNN) hold the code for very-long-term memories. The scope of this work might lead us closer to the understanding of how we can vividly remember events from childhood to death bed. We postulate that the PNN holes hold the code for the engram. To test this hypothesis, we used three independent experimental strategies; high-resolution 3D electron microscopy, Stable Isotop Labeling in Mammals (SILAM) for proteins longevity, and pharmacologically and genetically interruption of memory consolidation in fear conditioning experiments. All of these experimental results did not dispute the PNN hypothesis.
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Pantazopoulos H, Hossain NM, Chelini G, Durning P, Barbas H, Zikopoulos B, Berretta S. Chondroitin Sulphate Proteoglycan Axonal Coats in the Human Mediodorsal Thalamic Nucleus. Front Integr Neurosci 2022; 16:934764. [PMID: 35875507 PMCID: PMC9298528 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2022.934764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence supports a key involvement of the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) NG2 and brevican (BCAN) in the regulation of axonal functions, including axon guidance, fasciculation, conductance, and myelination. Prior work suggested the possibility that these functions may, at least in part, be carried out by specialized CSPG structures surrounding axons, termed axonal coats. However, their existence remains controversial. We tested the hypothesis that NG2 and BCAN, known to be associated with oligodendrocyte precursor cells, form axonal coats enveloping myelinated axons in the human brain. In tissue blocks containing the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MD) from healthy donors (n = 5), we used dual immunofluorescence, confocal microscopy, and unbiased stereology to characterize BCAN and NG2 immunoreactive (IR) axonal coats and measure the percentage of myelinated axons associated with them. In a subset of donors (n = 3), we used electron microscopy to analyze the spatial relationship between axons and NG2- and BCAN-IR axonal coats within the human MD. Our results show that a substantial percentage (∼64%) of large and medium myelinated axons in the human MD are surrounded by NG2- and BCAN-IR axonal coats. Electron microscopy studies show NG2- and BCAN-IR axonal coats are interleaved with myelin sheets, with larger axons displaying greater association with axonal coats. These findings represent the first characterization of NG2 and BCAN axonal coats in the human brain. The large percentage of axons surrounded by CSPG coats, and the role of CSPGs in axonal guidance, fasciculation, conductance, and myelination suggest that these structures may contribute to several key axonal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Pantazopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry and Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | | | - Gabriele Chelini
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Mclean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Peter Durning
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Mclean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Helen Barbas
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Basilis Zikopoulos
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sabina Berretta
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Mclean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Sabina Berretta,
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Dankovich TM, Rizzoli SO. The Synaptic Extracellular Matrix: Long-Lived, Stable, and Still Remarkably Dynamic. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2022; 14:854956. [PMID: 35350469 PMCID: PMC8957932 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2022.854956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In the adult brain, synapses are tightly enwrapped by lattices of the extracellular matrix that consist of extremely long-lived molecules. These lattices are deemed to stabilize synapses, restrict the reorganization of their transmission machinery, and prevent them from undergoing structural or morphological changes. At the same time, they are expected to retain some degree of flexibility to permit occasional events of synaptic plasticity. The recent understanding that structural changes to synapses are significantly more frequent than previously assumed (occurring even on a timescale of minutes) has called for a mechanism that allows continual and energy-efficient remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) at synapses. Here, we review recent evidence for such a process based on the constitutive recycling of synaptic ECM molecules. We discuss the key characteristics of this mechanism, focusing on its roles in mediating synaptic transmission and plasticity, and speculate on additional potential functions in neuronal signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal M. Dankovich
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute for Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, Göttingen, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Neuroscience, Göttingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Tal M. Dankovich Silvio O. Rizzoli
| | - Silvio O. Rizzoli
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute for Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, Göttingen, Germany
- Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN) Center & Multiscale Bioimaging Excellence Center, Göttingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Tal M. Dankovich Silvio O. Rizzoli
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7
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Enzymatic Degradation of Cortical Perineuronal Nets Reverses GABAergic Interneuron Maturation. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:2874-2893. [PMID: 35233718 PMCID: PMC9016038 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02772-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are specialised extracellular matrix structures which preferentially enwrap fast-spiking (FS) parvalbumin interneurons and have diverse roles in the cortex. PNN maturation coincides with closure of the critical period of cortical plasticity. We have previously demonstrated that BDNF accelerates interneuron development in a c-Jun-NH2-terminal kinase (JNK)–dependent manner, which may involve upstream thousand-and-one amino acid kinase 2 (TAOK2). Chondroitinase-ABC (ChABC) enzymatic digestion of PNNs reportedly reactivates ‘juvenile-like’ plasticity in the adult CNS. However, the mechanisms involved are unclear. We show that ChABC produces an immature molecular phenotype in cultured cortical neurons, corresponding to the phenotype prior to critical period closure. ChABC produced different patterns of PNN-related, GABAergic and immediate early (IE) gene expression than well-characterised modulators of mature plasticity and network activity (GABAA-R antagonist, bicuculline, and sodium-channel blocker, tetrodotoxin (TTX)). ChABC downregulated JNK activity, while this was upregulated by bicuculline. Bicuculline, but not ChABC, upregulated Bdnf expression and ERK activity. Furthermore, we found that BDNF upregulation of semaphorin-3A and IE genes was TAOK mediated. Our data suggest that ChABC heightens structural flexibility and network disinhibition, potentially contributing to ‘juvenile-like’ plasticity. The molecular phenotype appears to be distinct from heightened mature synaptic plasticity and could relate to JNK signalling. Finally, we highlight that BDNF regulation of plasticity and PNNs involves TAOK signalling.
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8
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Lin JZ, Duan MR, Lin N, Zhao WJ. The emerging role of the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan family in neurodegenerative diseases. Rev Neurosci 2021; 32:737-750. [PMID: 33655733 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2020-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a kind of linear polysaccharide that is covalently linked to proteins to form proteoglycans. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) consist of a core protein, with one or more CS chains covalently attached. CSPGs are precisely regulated and they exert a variety of physiological functions by binding to adhesion molecules and growth factors. Widely distributed in the nervous system in human body, CSPGs contribute to the major component of extracellular matrix (ECM), where they play an important role in the development and maturation of the nervous system, as well as in the pathophysiological response to damage to the central nervous system (CNS). While there are more than 30 types of CSPGs, this review covers the roles of the most important ones, including versican, aggrecan, neurocan and NG2 in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis. The updated reports of the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases are involving CSPGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Zhe Lin
- Neurosurgical Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Ming-Rui Duan
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Nuan Lin
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei-Jiang Zhao
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
- Cell Biology Department, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
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9
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Liu X, Ying J, Wang X, Zheng Q, Zhao T, Yoon S, Yu W, Yang D, Fang Y, Hua F. Astrocytes in Neural Circuits: Key Factors in Synaptic Regulation and Potential Targets for Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:729273. [PMID: 34658786 PMCID: PMC8515196 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.729273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are the major glial cells in the brain, which play a supporting role in the energy and nutritional supply of neurons. They were initially regarded as passive space-filling cells, but the latest progress in the study of the development and function of astrocytes highlights their active roles in regulating synaptic transmission, formation, and plasticity. In the concept of "tripartite synapse," the bidirectional influence between astrocytes and neurons, in addition to their steady-state and supporting function, suggests that any negative changes in the structure or function of astrocytes will affect the activity of neurons, leading to neurodevelopmental disorders. The role of astrocytes in the pathophysiology of various neurological and psychiatric disorders caused by synaptic defects is increasingly appreciated. Understanding the roles of astrocytes in regulating synaptic development and the plasticity of neural circuits could help provide new treatments for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Jun Ying
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Xifeng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qingcui Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Tiancheng Zhao
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sungtae Yoon
- Helping Minds International Charitable Foundation, New York, NY, United States
| | - Wen Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Danying Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Yang Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Fuzhou Hua
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
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Strackeljan L, Baczynska E, Cangalaya C, Baidoe-Ansah D, Wlodarczyk J, Kaushik R, Dityatev A. Microglia Depletion-Induced Remodeling of Extracellular Matrix and Excitatory Synapses in the Hippocampus of Adult Mice. Cells 2021; 10:1862. [PMID: 34440631 PMCID: PMC8393852 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a key role in synaptogenesis and the regulation of synaptic functions in the central nervous system. Recent studies revealed that in addition to dopaminergic and serotoninergic neuromodulatory systems, microglia also contribute to the regulation of ECM remodeling. In the present work, we investigated the physiological role of microglia in the remodeling of perineuronal nets (PNNs), predominantly associated with parvalbumin-immunopositive (PV+) interneurons, and the perisynaptic ECM around pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus. Adult mice were treated with PLX3397 (pexidartinib), as the inhibitor of colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1-R), to deplete microglia. Then, confocal analysis of the ECM and synapses was performed. Although the elimination of microglia did not alter the overall number or intensity of PNNs in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, it decreased the size of PNN holes and elevated the expression of the surrounding ECM. In the neuropil area in the CA1 str. radiatum, the depletion of microglia increased the expression of perisynaptic ECM proteoglycan brevican, which was accompanied by the elevated expression of presynaptic marker vGluT1 and the increased density of dendritic spines. Thus, microglia regulate the homeostasis of pre- and postsynaptic excitatory terminals and the surrounding perisynaptic ECM as well as the fine structure of PNNs enveloping perisomatic-predominantly GABAergic-synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Strackeljan
- Molecular Neuroplasticity, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (L.S.); (C.C.); (D.B.-A.)
| | - Ewa Baczynska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (E.B.); (J.W.)
| | - Carla Cangalaya
- Molecular Neuroplasticity, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (L.S.); (C.C.); (D.B.-A.)
- Institut für Biochemie und Zellbiologie, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke-University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- ESF International Graduate School on Analysis, Imaging and Modelling of Neuronal and Inflammatory Processes, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - David Baidoe-Ansah
- Molecular Neuroplasticity, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (L.S.); (C.C.); (D.B.-A.)
| | - Jakub Wlodarczyk
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (E.B.); (J.W.)
| | - Rahul Kaushik
- Molecular Neuroplasticity, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (L.S.); (C.C.); (D.B.-A.)
| | - Alexander Dityatev
- Molecular Neuroplasticity, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (L.S.); (C.C.); (D.B.-A.)
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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11
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Fontanil T, Mohamedi Y, Espina-Casado J, Obaya ÁJ, Cobo T, Cal S. Hyalectanase Activities by the ADAMTS Metalloproteases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062988. [PMID: 33804223 PMCID: PMC8000579 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The hyalectan family is composed of the proteoglycans aggrecan, versican, brevican and neurocan. Hyalectans, also known as lecticans, are components of the extracellular matrix of different tissues and play essential roles in key biological processes including skeletal development, and they are related to the correct maintenance of the vascular and central nervous system. For instance, hyalectans participate in the organization of structures such as perineural nets and in the regulation of neurite outgrowth or brain recovery following a traumatic injury. The ADAMTS (A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease domains, with thrombospondin motifs) family consists of 19 secreted metalloproteases. These enzymes also perform important roles in the structural organization and function of the extracellular matrix through interactions with other matrix components or as a consequence of their catalytic activity. In this regard, some of their preferred substrates are the hyalectans. In fact, ADAMTSs cleave hyalectans not only as a mechanism for clearance or turnover of proteoglycans but also to generate bioactive fragments which display specific functions. In this article we review some of the physiological and pathological effects derived from cleavages of hyalectans mediated by ADAMTSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Fontanil
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (T.F.); (Y.M.)
- Departamento de Investigación, Instituto Ordóñez, 33012 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Yamina Mohamedi
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (T.F.); (Y.M.)
| | - Jorge Espina-Casado
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
| | - Álvaro J. Obaya
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Fisiología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología, IUOPA, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Teresa Cobo
- Departamento de Cirugía y Especialidades Médico-Quirúrgicas, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Asturiano de Odontología, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Correspondence: (T.C.); (S.C.); Tel.: +34-985966014 (T.C.); +34-985106282 (S.C.)
| | - Santiago Cal
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (T.F.); (Y.M.)
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología, IUOPA, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Correspondence: (T.C.); (S.C.); Tel.: +34-985966014 (T.C.); +34-985106282 (S.C.)
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12
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Modulatory properties of extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans on neural stem cells behavior: Highlights on regenerative potential and bioactivity. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 171:366-381. [PMID: 33422514 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite the poor regenerative capacity of the adult central nervous system (CNS) in mammals, two distinct regions, subventricular zone (SVZ) and the subgranular zone (SGZ), continue to generate new functional neurons throughout life which integrate into the pre-existing neuronal circuitry. This process is not fixed but highly modulated, revealing many intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms by which this performance can be optimized for a given environment. The capacity for self-renewal, proliferation, migration, and multi-lineage potency of neural stem cells (NSCs) underlines the necessity of controlling stem cell fate. In this context, the native and local microenvironment plays a critical role, and the application of this highly organized architecture in the CNS has been considered as a fundamental concept in the generation of new effective therapeutic strategies in tissue engineering approaches. The brain extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of biomacromolecules, including glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins that provide various biological actions through biophysical and biochemical signaling pathways. Herein, we review predominantly the structure and function of the mentioned ECM composition and their regulatory impact on multiple and diversity of biological functions, including neural regeneration, survival, migration, differentiation, and final destiny of NSCs.
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Gil Jang
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Hyo Jung Sim
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Song
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Taejoon Kwon
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Tae Joo Park
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Korea
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14
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Bartholome O, de la Brassinne Bonardeaux O, Neirinckx V, Rogister B. A Composite Sketch of Fast-Spiking Parvalbumin-Positive Neurons. Cereb Cortex Commun 2020; 1:tgaa026. [PMID: 34296100 PMCID: PMC8153048 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgaa026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Parvalbumin-positive neurons are inhibitory neurons that release GABA and are mostly represented by fast-spiking basket or chandelier cells. They constitute a minor neuronal population, yet their peculiar profiles allow them to react quickly to any event in the brain under normal or pathological conditions. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge about the fundamentals of fast-spiking parvalbumin-positive neurons, focusing on their morphology and specific channel/protein content. Next, we will explore their development, maturation, and migration in the brain. Finally, we will unravel their potential contribution to the physiopathology of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bernard Rogister
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liege, 4000 Liège, Belgium.,Neurology Department, CHU, Academic Hospital, University of Liege, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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15
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Mitlöhner J, Kaushik R, Niekisch H, Blondiaux A, Gee CE, Happel MFK, Gundelfinger E, Dityatev A, Frischknecht R, Seidenbecher C. Dopamine Receptor Activation Modulates the Integrity of the Perisynaptic Extracellular Matrix at Excitatory Synapses. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020260. [PMID: 31972963 PMCID: PMC7073179 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the brain, Hebbian-type and homeostatic forms of plasticity are affected by neuromodulators like dopamine (DA). Modifications of the perisynaptic extracellular matrix (ECM), which control the functions and mobility of synaptic receptors as well as the diffusion of transmitters and neuromodulators in the extracellular space, are crucial for the manifestation of plasticity. Mechanistic links between synaptic activation and ECM modifications are largely unknown. Here, we report that neuromodulation via D1-type DA receptors can induce targeted ECM proteolysis specifically at excitatory synapses of rat cortical neurons via proteases ADAMTS-4 and -5. We showed that receptor activation induces increased proteolysis of brevican (BC) and aggrecan, two major constituents of the adult ECM both in vivo and in vitro. ADAMTS immunoreactivity was detected near synapses, and shRNA-mediated knockdown reduced BC cleavage. We have outlined a molecular scenario of how synaptic activity and neuromodulation are linked to ECM rearrangements via increased cAMP levels, NMDA receptor activation, and intracellular calcium signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Mitlöhner
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany; (J.M.); (A.B.); (E.G.)
| | - Rahul Kaushik
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Molecular Neuroplasticity Group, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany;
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Niekisch
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Department of Systems Physiology of Learning, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany; (H.N.); (M.F.K.H.)
| | - Armand Blondiaux
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany; (J.M.); (A.B.); (E.G.)
| | - Christine E. Gee
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), Institute for Synaptic Physiology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Max F. K. Happel
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Department of Systems Physiology of Learning, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany; (H.N.); (M.F.K.H.)
| | - Eckart Gundelfinger
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany; (J.M.); (A.B.); (E.G.)
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Otto-von-Guericke University, Medical Faculty, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Dityatev
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Molecular Neuroplasticity Group, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany;
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Otto-von-Guericke University, Medical Faculty, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.D.); (R.F.); (C.S.); Tel.: +49-391 67-24526 (A.D.); +49-9131 85-28051 (R.F.); +49-391-6263-92401 (C.S.)
| | - Renato Frischknecht
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany; (J.M.); (A.B.); (E.G.)
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.D.); (R.F.); (C.S.); Tel.: +49-391 67-24526 (A.D.); +49-9131 85-28051 (R.F.); +49-391-6263-92401 (C.S.)
| | - Constanze Seidenbecher
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany; (J.M.); (A.B.); (E.G.)
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Otto-von-Guericke University, Medical Faculty, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.D.); (R.F.); (C.S.); Tel.: +49-391 67-24526 (A.D.); +49-9131 85-28051 (R.F.); +49-391-6263-92401 (C.S.)
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16
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Eill GJ, Sinha A, Morawski M, Viapiano MS, Matthews RT. The protein tyrosine phosphatase RPTPζ/phosphacan is critical for perineuronal net structure. J Biol Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)49907-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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17
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Hermann M, Reumann R, Schostak K, Kement D, Gelderblom M, Bernreuther C, Frischknecht R, Schipanski A, Marik S, Krasemann S, Sepulveda-Falla D, Schweizer M, Magnus T, Glatzel M, Galliciotti G. Deficits in developmental neurogenesis and dendritic spine maturation in mice lacking the serine protease inhibitor neuroserpin. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 102:103420. [PMID: 31805346 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2019.103420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroserpin is a serine protease inhibitor of the nervous system required for normal synaptic plasticity and regulating cognitive, emotional and social behavior in mice. The high expression level of neuroserpin detected at late stages of nervous system formation in most regions of the brain points to a function in neurodevelopment. In order to evaluate the contribution of neuroserpin to brain development, we investigated developmental neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation in the hippocampus of neuroserpin-deficient mice. Moreover, synaptic reorganization and composition of perineuronal net were studied during maturation and stabilization of hippocampal circuits. We showed that absence of neuroserpin results in early termination of neuronal precursor proliferation and premature neuronal differentiation in the first postnatal weeks. Additionally, at the end of the critical period neuroserpin-deficient mice had changed morphology of dendritic spines towards a more mature phenotype. This was accompanied by increased protein levels and reduced proteolytic cleavage of aggrecan, a perineuronal net core protein. These data suggest a role for neuroserpin in coordinating generation and maturation of the hippocampus, which is essential for establishment of an appropriate neuronal network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Hermann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rebecca Reumann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Schostak
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dilara Kement
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Gelderblom
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Bernreuther
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Renato Frischknecht
- Department of Biology and Animal Physiology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Angela Schipanski
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sergej Marik
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Krasemann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Diego Sepulveda-Falla
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Schweizer
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Magnus
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Giovanna Galliciotti
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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18
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Eill GJ, Sinha A, Morawski M, Viapiano MS, Matthews RT. The protein tyrosine phosphatase RPTPζ/phosphacan is critical for perineuronal net structure. J Biol Chem 2019; 295:955-968. [PMID: 31822561 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are conspicuous neuron-specific substructures within the extracellular matrix of the central nervous system that have generated an explosion of interest over the last decade. These reticulated structures appear to surround synapses on the cell bodies of a subset of the neurons in the central nervous system and play key roles in both developmental and adult-brain plasticity. Despite the interest in these structures and compelling demonstrations of their importance in regulating plasticity, their precise functional mechanisms remain elusive. The limited mechanistic understanding of PNNs is primarily because of an incomplete knowledge of their molecular composition and structure and a failure to identify PNN-specific targets. Thus, it has been challenging to precisely manipulate PNNs to rigorously investigate their function. Here, using mouse models and neuronal cultures, we demonstrate a role of receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase zeta (RPTPζ) in PNN structure. We found that in the absence of RPTPζ, the reticular structure of PNNs is lost and phenocopies the PNN structural abnormalities observed in tenascin-R knockout brains. Furthermore, we biochemically analyzed the contribution of RPTPζ to PNN formation and structure, which enabled us to generate a more detailed model for PNNs. We provide evidence for two distinct kinds of interactions of PNN components with the neuronal surface, one dependent on RPTPζ and the other requiring the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan. We propose that these findings offer important insight into PNN structure and lay important groundwork for future strategies to specifically disrupt PNNs to precisely dissect their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey J Eill
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210
| | - Ashis Sinha
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210
| | - Markus Morawski
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Jahnallee 59, D-04109 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mariano S Viapiano
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210.,Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210
| | - Russell T Matthews
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210
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19
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Rauti R, Renous N, Maoz BM. Mimicking the Brain Extracellular Matrix
in Vitro
: A Review of Current Methodologies and Challenges. Isr J Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201900052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Rauti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Tel Aviv University Israel
| | - Noa Renous
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Tel Aviv University Israel
| | - Ben M. Maoz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Tel Aviv University Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
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20
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The roles of perineuronal nets and the perinodal extracellular matrix in neuronal function. Nat Rev Neurosci 2019; 20:451-465. [PMID: 31263252 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-019-0196-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are extracellular matrix (ECM) chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG)-containing structures that surround the soma and dendrites of various mammalian neuronal cell types. PNNs appear during development around the time that the critical periods for developmental plasticity end and are important for both their onset and closure. A similar structure - the perinodal ECM - surrounds the axonal nodes of Ranvier and appears as myelination is completed, acting as an ion-diffusion barrier that affects axonal conduction speed. Recent work has revealed the importance of PNNs in controlling plasticity in the CNS. Digestion, blocking or removal of PNNs influences functional recovery after a variety of CNS lesions. PNNs have further been shown to be involved in the regulation of memory and have been implicated in a number of psychiatric disorders.
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21
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Van De Vijver S, Missault S, Van Soom J, Van Der Veken P, Augustyns K, Joossens J, Dedeurwaerdere S, Giugliano M. The effect of pharmacological inhibition of Serine Proteases on neuronal networks in vitro. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6796. [PMID: 31065460 PMCID: PMC6485206 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons are embedded in an extracellular matrix (ECM), which functions both as a scaffold and as a regulator of neuronal function. The ECM is in turn dynamically altered through the action of serine proteases, which break down its constituents. This pathway has been implicated in the regulation of synaptic plasticity and of neuronal intrinsic excitability. In this study, we determined the short-term effects of interfering with proteolytic processes in the ECM, with a newly developed serine protease inhibitor. We monitored the spontaneous electrophysiological activity of in vitro primary rat cortical cultures, using microelectrode arrays. While pharmacological inhibition at a low dosage had no significant effect, at elevated concentrations it altered significantly network synchronization and functional connectivity but left unaltered single-cell electrical properties. These results suggest that serine protease inhibition affects synaptic properties, likely through its actions on the ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Van De Vijver
- Molecular, Cellular, and Network Excitability, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Stephan Missault
- Experimental Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience and Otolaryngology, Department of Translational Neurosciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Van Soom
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Pieter Van Der Veken
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Koen Augustyns
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Jurgen Joossens
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Stefanie Dedeurwaerdere
- Laboratory of Experimental Haematology, VAXINFECTIO, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Michele Giugliano
- Molecular, Cellular, and Network Excitability, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Flanders, Belgium
- Neuroscience sector, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Trieste, Italy
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22
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Lam D, Enright HA, Cadena J, Peters SKG, Sales AP, Osburn JJ, Soscia DA, Kulp KS, Wheeler EK, Fischer NO. Tissue-specific extracellular matrix accelerates the formation of neural networks and communities in a neuron-glia co-culture on a multi-electrode array. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4159. [PMID: 30858401 PMCID: PMC6411890 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain’s extracellular matrix (ECM) is a macromolecular network composed of glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and fibrous proteins. In vitro studies often use purified ECM proteins for cell culture coatings, however these may not represent the molecular complexity and heterogeneity of the brain’s ECM. To address this, we compared neural network activity (over 30 days in vitro) from primary neurons co-cultured with glia grown on ECM coatings from decellularized brain tissue (bECM) or MaxGel, a non-tissue-specific ECM. Cells were grown on a multi-electrode array (MEA) to enable noninvasive long-term interrogation of neuronal networks. In general, the presence of ECM accelerated the formation of networks without affecting the inherent network properties. However, specific features of network activity were dependent on the type of ECM: bECM enhanced network activity over a greater region of the MEA whereas MaxGel increased network burst rate associated with robust synaptophysin expression. These differences in network activity were not attributable to cellular composition, glial proliferation, or astrocyte phenotypes, which remained constant across experimental conditions. Collectively, the addition of ECM to neuronal cultures represents a reliable method to accelerate the development of mature neuronal networks, providing a means to enhance throughput for routine evaluation of neurotoxins and novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Lam
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Heather A Enright
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Jose Cadena
- Engineering Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Sandra K G Peters
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Ana Paula Sales
- Engineering Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Joanne J Osburn
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - David A Soscia
- Engineering Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Kristen S Kulp
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth K Wheeler
- Engineering Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas O Fischer
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA.
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23
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Bekku Y, Oohashi T. Under the ECM Dome: The Physiological Role of the Perinodal Extracellular Matrix as an Ion Diffusion Barrier. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1190:107-122. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9636-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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24
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Ueno H, Suemitsu S, Murakami S, Kitamura N, Wani K, Matsumoto Y, Okamoto M, Ishihara T. Layer-specific expression of extracellular matrix molecules in the mouse somatosensory and piriform cortices. IBRO Rep 2018; 6:1-17. [PMID: 30582064 PMCID: PMC6293036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the developing central nervous system (CNS), extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules have regulating roles such as in brain development, neural-circuit maturation, and synaptic-function control. However, excluding the perineuronal net (PNN) area, the distribution, constituent elements, and expression level of granular ECM molecules (diffuse ECM) present in the mature CNS remain unclear. Diffuse ECM molecules in the CNS share the components of PNNs and are likely functional. As cortical functions are greatly region-dependent, we hypothesized that ECM molecules would differ in distribution, expression level, and components in a region- and layer-dependent manner. We examined the layer-specific expression of several chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (aggrecan, neurocan, and brevican), tenascin-R, Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA)-positive molecules, hyaluronic acid, and link protein in the somatosensory and piriform cortices of mature mice. Furthermore, we investigated expression changes in WFA-positive molecules due to aging. In the somatosensory cortex, PNN density was particularly high at layer 4 (L4), but not all diffuse ECM molecules were highly expressed at L4 compared to the other layers. There was almost no change in tenascin-R and hyaluronic acid in any somatosensory-cortex layer. Neurocan showed high expression in L1 of the somatosensory cortex. In the piriform cortex, many ECM molecules showed higher expression in L1 than in the other layers. However, hyaluronic acid showed high expression in deep layers. Here, we clarified that ECM molecules differ in constituent elements and expression in a region- and layer-dependent manner. Region-specific expression of ECM molecules is possibly related to functions such as region-specific plasticity and vulnerability.
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Key Words
- CNS, central nervous system
- CSPG, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans
- ChABC, chondroitinase ABC
- ECM, extracellular cellular matrix
- Extracellular matrix
- HA, hyaluronic acid
- HABP, hyaluronic acid binding protein
- Hapln1, hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1
- PNN, perineuronal ntes
- Perineuronal nets
- Piriform cortex
- Proteoglycans
- Somatosensory cortex
- WFA, Wisteria floribunda agglutinin
- Wisteria floribunda
- a.u., arbitrary units
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ueno
- Department of Medical Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, 288, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0193, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Suemitsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Shinji Murakami
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Naoya Kitamura
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Kenta Wani
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Yosuke Matsumoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Motoi Okamoto
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ishihara
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
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Hayani H, Song I, Dityatev A. Increased Excitability and Reduced Excitatory Synaptic Input Into Fast-Spiking CA2 Interneurons After Enzymatic Attenuation of Extracellular Matrix. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:149. [PMID: 29899690 PMCID: PMC5988902 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural extracellular matrix (ECM) is enriched with hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) and the glycoprotein tenascin-R, which play important roles in synaptic plasticity, as shown by studies of the CA1 region of the hippocampus. However, ECM molecules are strongly expressed in the CA2 region, which harbors a high number of fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs) surrounded by a particularly condensed form of ECM, perineuronal nets. Despite this intriguing peculiarity, the functional role of ECM in the CA2 region is mostly unknown. Here, we investigate the acute and delayed effects of chondroitinase ABC (ChABC), an enzyme that digests chondroitin sulfate side chains of CSPGs and greatly attenuates neural ECM, on neuronal excitability and excitatory transmission in the CA2 region. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings of CA2 pyramidal cells (PCs) and FSIs in hippocampal slices revealed that 7 days after injection of ChABC into the CA2 region in vivo, there are alterations in excitability of FSIs and PCs. FSIs generated action potentials with larger amplitudes and longer durations in response to less depolarizing currents compared to controls. PCs were excited at less depolarized membrane potentials, resulted in lower latency of spike generation. The frequency of excitatory postsynaptic currents in FSIs was selectively reduced, while the frequency of inhibitory postsynaptic currents was selectively increased. Acute treatment of hippocampal slices with ChABC did not result in any of these effects. This increase in excitability and changes in synaptic inputs to FSIs after attenuation of ECM suggests a crucial role for perineuronal nets associated with FSIs in regulation of synaptic and electrical properties of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussam Hayani
- Molecular Neuroplasticity, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Inseon Song
- Molecular Neuroplasticity, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Dityatev
- Molecular Neuroplasticity, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany.,Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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26
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Huang CYM, Rasband MN. Axon initial segments: structure, function, and disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1420:46-61. [PMID: 29749636 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The axon initial segment (AIS) is located at the proximal axon and is the site of action potential initiation. This reflects the high density of ion channels found at the AIS. Adaptive changes to the location and length of the AIS can fine-tune the excitability of neurons and modulate plasticity in response to activity. The AIS plays an important role in maintaining neuronal polarity by regulating the trafficking and distribution of proteins that function in somatodendritic or axonal compartments of the neuron. In this review, we provide an overview of the AIS cytoarchitecture, mechanism of assembly, and recent studies revealing mechanisms of differential transport at the AIS that maintain axon and dendrite identities. We further discuss how genetic mutations in AIS components (i.e., ankyrins, ion channels, and spectrins) and injuries may cause neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew N Rasband
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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27
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Agnati LF, Marcoli M, Maura G, Woods A, Guidolin D. The brain as a "hyper-network": the key role of neural networks as main producers of the integrated brain actions especially via the "broadcasted" neuroconnectomics. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018; 125:883-897. [PMID: 29427068 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-018-1855-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Investigations of brain complex integrative actions should consider beside neural networks, glial, extracellular molecular, and fluid channels networks. The present paper proposes that all these networks are assembled into the brain hyper-network that has as fundamental components, the tetra-partite synapses, formed by neural, glial, and extracellular molecular networks. Furthermore, peri-synaptic astrocytic processes by modulating the perviousness of extracellular fluid channels control the signals impinging on the tetra-partite synapses. It has also been surmised that global signalling via astrocytes networks and highly pervasive signals, such as electromagnetic fields (EMFs), allow the appropriate integration of the various networks especially at crucial nodes level, the tetra-partite synapses. As a matter of fact, it has been shown that astrocytes can form gap-junction-coupled syncytia allowing intercellular communication characterised by a rapid and possibly long-distance transfer of signals. As far as the EMFs are concerned, the concept of broadcasted neuroconnectomics (BNC) has been introduced to describe highly pervasive signals involved in resetting the information handling of brain networks at various miniaturisation levels. In other words, BNC creates, thanks to the EMFs, generated especially by neurons, different assemblages among the various networks forming the brain hyper-network. Thus, it is surmised that neuronal networks are the "core components" of the brain hyper-network that has as special "nodes" the multi-facet tetra-partite synapses. Furthermore, it is suggested that investigations on the functional plasticity of multi-partite synapses in response to BNC can be the background for a new understanding and perhaps a new modelling of brain morpho-functional organisation and integrative actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi F Agnati
- Department of Diagnostic, Clinical Medicine and Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy. .,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Manuela Marcoli
- Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148, Genoa, Italy. .,Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research CEBR, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Guido Maura
- Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148, Genoa, Italy
| | - Amina Woods
- Structural Biology Unit, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Diego Guidolin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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28
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Hyaluronic acid based extracellular matrix regulates surface expression of GluN2B containing NMDA receptors. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10991. [PMID: 28887453 PMCID: PMC5591221 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical areas of the juvenile rodent brain display a high degree of structural and functional plasticity, which disappears later in development. Coincident with the decline of plasticity 1) the hyaluronic acid-based extracellular matrix (ECM) of the brain, which stabilizes synapses and neuronal circuit is formed and 2) N-methyl-D-aspartate subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptors (NMDARs) implied in synaptic plasticity switch from mainly GluN2B to GluN2A subunit-containing receptors. Here we tested the hypothesis that ECM influences the NMDAR subunit composition in dissociated neuronal cultures. Experimental removal of ECM using hyaluronidase induced an increase in surface expression of GluN2B. This was due to decreased endocytosis of surface GluNB-containing receptors. We further found a reduction in phosphorylation at Tyr1472, which negatively regulates their binding to the endocytotic AP2 complex. We propose that maturation of ECM could induce switch in NMDAR composition necessary for normal adult synaptic plasticity and that increased expression of GluN2B contributes to rejuvenation of plasticity after ECM removal in vivo.
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29
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Miyata S, Kitagawa H. Formation and remodeling of the brain extracellular matrix in neural plasticity: Roles of chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronan. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017. [PMID: 28625420 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the brain is rich in glycosaminoglycans such as chondroitin sulfate (CS) and hyaluronan. These glycosaminoglycans are organized into either diffuse or condensed ECM. Diffuse ECM is distributed throughout the brain and fills perisynaptic spaces, whereas condensed ECM selectively surrounds parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory neurons (PV cells) in mesh-like structures called perineuronal nets (PNNs). The brain ECM acts as a non-specific physical barrier that modulates neural plasticity and axon regeneration. SCOPE OF REVIEW Here, we review recent progress in understanding of the molecular basis of organization and remodeling of the brain ECM, and the involvement of several types of experience-dependent neural plasticity, with a particular focus on the mechanism that regulates PV cell function through specific interactions between CS chains and their binding partners. We also discuss how the barrier function of the brain ECM restricts dendritic spine dynamics and limits axon regeneration after injury. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The brain ECM not only forms physical barriers that modulate neural plasticity and axon regeneration, but also forms molecular brakes that actively controls maturation of PV cells and synapse plasticity in which sulfation patterns of CS chains play a key role. Structural remodeling of the brain ECM modulates neural function during development and pathogenesis. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Genetic or enzymatic manipulation of the brain ECM may restore neural plasticity and enhance recovery from nerve injury. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Neuro-glycoscience, edited by Kenji Kadomatsu and Hiroshi Kitagawa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Miyata
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
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30
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Fowke TM, Karunasinghe RN, Bai JZ, Jordan S, Gunn AJ, Dean JM. Hyaluronan synthesis by developing cortical neurons in vitro. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44135. [PMID: 28287145 PMCID: PMC5347017 DOI: 10.1038/srep44135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan is a linear glycosaminoglycan that forms the backbone of perineuronal nets around neurons in the cerebral cortex. However, it remains controversial whether neurons are capable of independent hyaluronan synthesis. Herein, we examined the expression of hyaluronan and hyaluronan synthases (HASs) throughout cortical neuron development in vitro. Enriched cultures of cortical neurons were established from E16 rats. Neurons were collected at days in vitro (DIV) 0 (4 h), 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 for qPCR or immunocytochemistry. In the relative absence of glia, neurons exhibited HAS1–3 mRNA at all time-points. By immunocytochemistry, puncta of HAS2–3 protein and hyaluronan were located on neuronal cell bodies, neurites, and lamellipodia/growth cones from as early as 4 h in culture. As neurons matured, hyaluronan was also detected on dendrites, filopodia, and axons, and around synapses. Percentages of hyaluronan-positive neurons increased with culture time to ~93% by DIV21, while only half of neurons at DIV21 expressed the perineuronal net marker Wisteria floribunda agglutinin. These data clearly demonstrate that neurons in vitro can independently synthesise hyaluronan throughout all maturational stages, and that hyaluronan production is not limited to neurons expressing perineuronal nets. The specific structural localisation of hyaluronan suggests potential roles in neuronal development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania M Fowke
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rashika N Karunasinghe
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ji-Zhong Bai
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Shawn Jordan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alistair J Gunn
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Justin M Dean
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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31
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Song I, Dityatev A. Crosstalk between glia, extracellular matrix and neurons. Brain Res Bull 2017; 136:101-108. [PMID: 28284900 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules in the central nervous system form highly organized ECM structures around cell somata, axon initial segments, and synapses and play prominent roles in early development by guiding cell migration, neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis, and by regulating closure of the critical period of development, synaptic plasticity and stability, cognitive flexibility, and axonal regeneration in adults. Major components of neural ECM, including chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), tenascin-R and hyaluronic acid, are synthesized by both neurons and glial cells. The expression of these molecules is dynamically regulated during brain development in physiological conditions, shaping both neuronal and glial functions through multitude of molecular mechanisms. Upregulation of particular CSPGs and other ECM molecules, in particular by reactive astrocytes, after CNS injuries, during aging, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration on the one hand results in formation of growth-impermissive environment and impaired synaptic plasticity. On the other hand, ECM appeared to have a neuroprotective effect, at least in the form of perineuronal nets. CSPGs-degrading matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and several members of the disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS) family of proteases are secreted by neurons and glia and may drive neural ECM remodeling in physiological conditions as well as after brain injury and other brain disorders. Thus, targeting expression of specific ECM molecules, associated glycans and degrading enzymes may lead to development of new therapeutic strategies promoting regeneration and synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inseon Song
- Molecular Neuroplasticity Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Dityatev
- Molecular Neuroplasticity Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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32
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Su J, Cole J, Fox MA. Loss of Interneuron-Derived Collagen XIX Leads to a Reduction in Perineuronal Nets in the Mammalian Telencephalon. ASN Neuro 2017; 9:1759091416689020. [PMID: 28090790 PMCID: PMC5298462 DOI: 10.1177/1759091416689020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are lattice-like supramolecular assemblies of extracellular glycoproteins that surround subsets of neuronal cell bodies in the mammalian telencephalon. PNNs emerge at the end of the critical period of brain development, limit neuronal plasticity in the adult brain, and are lost in a variety of complex brain disorders diseases, including schizophrenia. The link between PNNs and schizophrenia led us to question whether neuronally expressed extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules associated with schizophrenia contribute to the assembly of these specialized supramolecular ECM assemblies. We focused on collagen XIX-a minor, nonfibrillar collagen expressed by subsets of telencephalic interneurons. Genetic alterations in the region encoding collagen XIX have been associated with familial schizophrenia, and loss of this collagen in mice results in altered inhibitory synapses, seizures, and the acquisition of schizophrenia-related behaviors. Here, we demonstrate that loss of collagen XIX also results in a reduction of telencephalic PNNs. Loss of PNNs was accompanied with reduced levels of aggrecan (Acan), a major component of PNNs. Despite reduced levels of PNN constituents in collagen XIX-deficient mice ( col19a1-/-), we failed to detect reduced expression of genes encoding these ECM molecules. Instead, we discovered a widespread upregulation of extracellular proteases capable of cleaving Acan and other PNN constituents in col19a1-/- brains. Taken together, these results suggest a mechanism by which the loss of collagen XIX speeds PNN degradation and they identify a novel mechanism by which the loss of collagen XIX may contribute to complex brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Su
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - James Cole
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Michael A. Fox
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
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33
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Arnst N, Kuznetsova S, Lipachev N, Shaikhutdinov N, Melnikova A, Mavlikeev M, Uvarov P, Baltina TV, Rauvala H, Osin YN, Kiyasov AP, Paveliev M. Spatial patterns and cell surface clusters in perineuronal nets. Brain Res 2016; 1648:214-223. [PMID: 27425428 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNN) ensheath GABAergic and glutamatergic synapses on neuronal cell surface in the central nervous system (CNS), have neuroprotective effect in animal models of Alzheimer disease and regulate synaptic plasticity during development and regeneration. Crucial insights were obtained recently concerning molecular composition and physiological importance of PNN but the microstructure of the network remains largely unstudied. Here we used histochemistry, fluorescent microscopy and quantitative image analysis to study the PNN structure in adult mouse and rat neurons from layers IV and VI of the somatosensory cortex. Vast majority of meshes have quadrangle, pentagon or hexagon shape with mean mesh area of 1.29µm(2) in mouse and 1.44µm(2) in rat neurons. We demonstrate two distinct patterns of chondroitin sulfate distribution within a single mesh - with uniform (nonpolar) and node-enriched (polar) distribution of the Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-positive signal. Vertices of the node-enriched pattern match better with local maxima of chondroitin sulfate density as compared to the uniform pattern. PNN is organized into clusters of meshes with distinct morphologies on the neuronal cell surface. Our findings suggest the role for the PNN microstructure in the synaptic transduction and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Arnst
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 4, P.O.Box 56, 00790 Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, K. Marx 74, 420012 Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
| | - Svetlana Kuznetsova
- Interdisciplinary Center for Analytic Microscopy, Kazan Federal University, Parizhskoy Kommuny Str 9, 420021 Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
| | - Nikita Lipachev
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 4, P.O.Box 56, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nurislam Shaikhutdinov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, K. Marx 74, 420012 Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
| | - Anastasiya Melnikova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, K. Marx 74, 420012 Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
| | - Mikhail Mavlikeev
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, K. Marx 74, 420012 Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
| | - Pavel Uvarov
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 4, P.O.Box 56, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tatyana V Baltina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, K. Marx 74, 420012 Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
| | - Heikki Rauvala
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 4, P.O.Box 56, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yuriy N Osin
- Interdisciplinary Center for Analytic Microscopy, Kazan Federal University, Parizhskoy Kommuny Str 9, 420021 Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
| | - Andrey P Kiyasov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, K. Marx 74, 420012 Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
| | - Mikhail Paveliev
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 4, P.O.Box 56, 00790 Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, K. Marx 74, 420012 Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia.
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35
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In Sickness and in Health: Perineuronal Nets and Synaptic Plasticity in Psychiatric Disorders. Neural Plast 2015; 2016:9847696. [PMID: 26839720 PMCID: PMC4709762 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9847696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapidly emerging evidence implicates perineuronal nets (PNNs) and extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules that compose or interact with PNNs, in the pathophysiology of several psychiatric disorders. Studies on schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, mood disorders, Alzheimer's disease, and epilepsy point to the involvement of ECM molecules such as chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, Reelin, and matrix metalloproteases, as well as their cell surface receptors. In many of these disorders, PNN abnormalities have also been reported. In the context of the “quadripartite” synapse concept, that is, the functional unit composed of the pre- and postsynaptic terminals, glial processes, and ECM, and of the role that PNNs and ECM molecules play in regulating synaptic functions and plasticity, these findings resonate with one of the most well-replicated aspects of the pathology of psychiatric disorders, that is, synaptic abnormalities. Here we review the evidence for PNN/ECM-related pathology in these disorders, with particular emphasis on schizophrenia, and discuss the hypothesis that such pathology may significantly contribute to synaptic dysfunction.
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36
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Valenzuela JC, Heise C, Franken G, Singh J, Schweitzer B, Seidenbecher CI, Frischknecht R. Hyaluronan-based extracellular matrix under conditions of homeostatic plasticity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:20130606. [PMID: 25225099 PMCID: PMC4173291 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal networks are balanced by mechanisms of homeostatic plasticity, which adjusts synaptic strength via molecular and morphological changes in the pre- and post-synapse. Here, we wondered whether the hyaluronic acid-based extracellular matrix (ECM) of the brain is involved in mechanisms of homeostatic plasticity. We hypothesized that the ECM, being rich in chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans such as brevican, which are suggested to stabilize synapses by their inhibitory effect on structural plasticity, must be remodelled to allow for structural and molecular changes during conditions of homeostatic plasticity. We found a high abundance of cleaved brevican fragments throughout the hippocampus and cortex and in neuronal cultures, with the strongest labelling in perineuronal nets on parvalbumin-positive interneurons. Using an antibody specific for a brevican fragment cleaved by the matrix metalloprotease ADAMTS4, we identified the enzyme as the main brevican-processing protease. Interestingly, we found ADAMTS4 largely associated with synapses. After inducing homeostatic plasticity in neuronal cell cultures by prolonged network inactivation, we found increased brevican processing at inhibitory as well as excitatory synapses, which is in line with the ADAMTS4 subcellular localization. Thus, the ECM is remodelled in conditions of homeostatic plasticity, which may liberate synapses to allow for a higher degree of structural plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Valenzuela
- Department for Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Heise
- Department for Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Gilbert Franken
- Department for Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jeet Singh
- Department for Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Schweitzer
- Department for Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Constanze I Seidenbecher
- Department for Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS) Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Renato Frischknecht
- Department for Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS) Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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37
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Brain extracellular matrix retains connectivity in neuronal networks. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14527. [PMID: 26417723 PMCID: PMC4586818 DOI: 10.1038/srep14527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation and maintenance of connectivity are critically important for the processing and storage of information in neuronal networks. The brain extracellular matrix (ECM) appears during postnatal development and surrounds most neurons in the adult mammalian brain. Importantly, the removal of the ECM was shown to improve plasticity and post-traumatic recovery in the CNS, but little is known about the mechanisms. Here, we investigated the role of the ECM in the regulation of the network activity in dissociated hippocampal cultures grown on microelectrode arrays (MEAs). We found that enzymatic removal of the ECM in mature cultures led to transient enhancement of neuronal activity, but prevented disinhibition-induced hyperexcitability that was evident in age-matched control cultures with intact ECM. Furthermore, the ECM degradation followed by disinhibition strongly affected the network interaction so that it strongly resembled the juvenile pattern seen in naïve developing cultures. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the ECM plays an important role in retention of existing connectivity in mature neuronal networks that can be exerted through synaptic confinement of glutamate. On the other hand, removal of the ECM can play a permissive role in modification of connectivity and adaptive exploration of novel network architecture.
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38
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Oohashi T, Edamatsu M, Bekku Y, Carulli D. The hyaluronan and proteoglycan link proteins: Organizers of the brain extracellular matrix and key molecules for neuronal function and plasticity. Exp Neurol 2015; 274:134-44. [PMID: 26387938 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The hyaluronan and proteoglycanbinding link protein (Hapln) is a key molecule in the formation and control of hyaluronan-based condensed perineuronal matrix in the adult brain. This review summarizes the recent advances in understanding the role of Haplns in the formation and control of two distinct types of perineuronal matrices, one for "classical" PNN and the other for the specialized extracellular matrix (ECM) at the node of Ranvier in the central nervous system (CNS). We introduce the structural components of each ECM organization including the basic concept of supramolecular structure named "HLT model". We furthermore summarize the developmental and physiological role of perineuronal ECMs from the studies of Haplns and related molecules. Finally, we also discuss the potential mechanism modulating PNNs in the adult CNS. This layer of organized matrices may exert a direct effect via core protein or sugar moiety from the structure or by acting as a binding site for biologically active molecules, which are important for neuronal plasticity and saltatory conduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshitaka Oohashi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Midori Edamatsu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yoko Bekku
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, 522 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Daniela Carulli
- Department of Neuroscience, Neuroscience Institute of Turin (NIT), Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri-Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy
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Berretta S, Pantazopoulos H, Markota M, Brown C, Batzianouli ET. Losing the sugar coating: potential impact of perineuronal net abnormalities on interneurons in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2015; 167:18-27. [PMID: 25601362 PMCID: PMC4504843 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) were shown to be markedly altered in subjects with schizophrenia. In particular, decreases of PNNs have been detected in the amygdala, entorhinal cortex and prefrontal cortex. The formation of these specialized extracellular matrix (ECM) aggregates during postnatal development, their functions, and association with distinct populations of GABAergic interneurons, bear great relevance to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. PNNs gradually mature in an experience-dependent manner during late stages of postnatal development, overlapping with the prodromal period/age of onset of schizophrenia. Throughout adulthood, PNNs regulate neuronal properties, including synaptic remodeling, cell membrane compartmentalization and subsequent regulation of glutamate receptors and calcium channels, and susceptibility to oxidative stress. With the present paper, we discuss evidence for PNN abnormalities in schizophrenia, the potential functional impact of such abnormalities on inhibitory circuits and, in turn, cognitive and emotion processing. We integrate these considerations with results from recent genetic studies showing genetic susceptibility for schizophrenia associated with genes encoding for PNN components, matrix-regulating molecules and immune system factors. Notably, the composition of PNNs is regulated dynamically in response to factors such as fear, reward, stress, and immune response. This regulation occurs through families of matrix metalloproteinases that cleave ECM components, altering their functions and affecting plasticity. Several metalloproteinases have been proposed as vulnerability factors for schizophrenia. We speculate that the physiological process of PNN remodeling may be disrupted in schizophrenia as a result of interactions between matrix remodeling processes and immune system dysregulation. In turn, these mechanisms may contribute to the dysfunction of GABAergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Berretta
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Mclean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Dept. of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St., Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St., Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Harry Pantazopoulos
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Mclean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Dept. of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matej Markota
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Mclean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Dept. of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christopher Brown
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Mclean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Eleni T Batzianouli
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Mclean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Dept. of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St., Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Wójtowicz T, Brzdąk P, Mozrzymas JW. Diverse impact of acute and long-term extracellular proteolytic activity on plasticity of neuronal excitability. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:313. [PMID: 26321914 PMCID: PMC4530619 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Learning and memory require alteration in number and strength of existing synaptic connections. Extracellular proteolysis within the synapses has been shown to play a pivotal role in synaptic plasticity by determining synapse structure, function, and number. Although synaptic plasticity of excitatory synapses is generally acknowledged to play a crucial role in formation of memory traces, some components of neural plasticity are reflected by nonsynaptic changes. Since information in neural networks is ultimately conveyed with action potentials, scaling of neuronal excitability could significantly enhance or dampen the outcome of dendritic integration, boost neuronal information storage capacity and ultimately learning. However, the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. With this regard, several lines of evidence and our most recent study support a view that activity of extracellular proteases might affect information processing in neuronal networks by affecting targets beyond synapses. Here, we review the most recent studies addressing the impact of extracellular proteolysis on plasticity of neuronal excitability and discuss how enzymatic activity may alter input-output/transfer function of neurons, supporting cognitive processes. Interestingly, extracellular proteolysis may alter intrinsic neuronal excitability and excitation/inhibition balance both rapidly (time of minutes to hours) and in long-term window. Moreover, it appears that by cleavage of extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents, proteases may modulate function of ion channels or alter inhibitory drive and hence facilitate active participation of dendrites and axon initial segments (AISs) in adjusting neuronal input/output function. Altogether, a picture emerges whereby both rapid and long-term extracellular proteolysis may influence some aspects of information processing in neurons, such as initiation of action potential, spike frequency adaptation, properties of action potential and dendritic backpropagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Wójtowicz
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Patrycja Brzdąk
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Wroclaw University Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy W Mozrzymas
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University Wroclaw, Poland ; Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Wroclaw University Wroclaw, Poland
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Dyck SM, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans: Key modulators in the developing and pathologic central nervous system. Exp Neurol 2015; 269:169-87. [PMID: 25900055 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans (CSPGs) are a major component of the extracellular matrix in the central nervous system (CNS) and play critical role in the development and pathophysiology of the brain and spinal cord. Developmentally, CSPGs provide guidance cues for growth cones and contribute to the formation of neuronal boundaries in the developing CNS. Their presence in perineuronal nets plays a crucial role in the maturation of synapses and closure of critical periods by limiting synaptic plasticity. Following injury to the CNS, CSPGs are dramatically upregulated by reactive glia which form a glial scar around the lesion site. Increased level of CSPGs is a hallmark of all CNS injuries and has been shown to limit axonal plasticity, regeneration, remyelination, and conduction after injury. Additionally, CSPGs create a non-permissive milieu for cell replacement activities by limiting cell migration, survival and differentiation. Mounting evidence is currently shedding light on the potential benefits of manipulating CSPGs in combination with other therapeutic strategies to promote spinal cord repair and regeneration. Moreover, the recent discovery of multiple receptors for CSPGs provides new therapeutic targets for targeted interventions in blocking the inhibitory properties of CSPGs following injury. Here, we will provide an in depth discussion on the impact of CSPGs in normal and pathological CNS. We will also review the recent preclinical therapies that have been developed to target CSPGs in the injured CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Dyck
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and the Spinal Cord Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and the Spinal Cord Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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Morawski M, Dityatev A, Hartlage-Rübsamen M, Blosa M, Holzer M, Flach K, Pavlica S, Dityateva G, Grosche J, Brückner G, Schachner M. Tenascin-R promotes assembly of the extracellular matrix of perineuronal nets via clustering of aggrecan. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2014; 369:20140046. [PMID: 25225104 PMCID: PMC4173296 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNs) in the brains of tenascin-R-deficient (tn-r(-/-)) mice develop in temporal concordance with those of wild-type (tn-r(+/+)) mice. However, the histological appearance of PNs is abnormal in adult tn-r(-/-) mice. Here, we investigated whether similar defects are also seen in dissociated and organotypic cultures from hippocampus and forebrain of tn-r(-/-) mice and whether the structure of PNs could be normalized. In tn-r(-/-) cultures, accumulations of several extracellular matrix molecules were mostly associated with somata, whereas dendrites were sparsely covered, compared with tn-r(+/+) mice. Experiments to normalize the structure of PNs in tn-r(-/-) organotypic slice cultures by depolarization of neurons, or by co-culturing tn-r(+/+) and tn-r(-/-) brain slices failed to restore a normal PN phenotype. However, formation of dendritic PNs in cultures was improved by the application of tenascin-R protein and rescued by polyclonal antibodies to aggrecan and a bivalent, but not monovalent form of the lectin Wisteria floribunda agglutinin. These results show that tenascin-R and aggrecan are decisive contributors to formation and stabilization of PNs and that tenascin-R may implement these functions by clustering of aggrecan. Proposed approaches for restoration of normal PN structure are noteworthy in the context of PN abnormalities in neurological disorders, such as epilepsy, schizophrenia and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Morawski
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Jahnallee 59, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Dityatev
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg - Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Italian Institute of Technology, via Morego 30, Genoa, Italy Molecular Neuroplasticity Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Maike Hartlage-Rübsamen
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Jahnallee 59, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maren Blosa
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Jahnallee 59, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Max Holzer
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Jahnallee 59, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katharina Flach
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Jahnallee 59, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sanja Pavlica
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Jahnallee 59, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Galina Dityateva
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg - Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Italian Institute of Technology, via Morego 30, Genoa, Italy
| | - Jens Grosche
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Jahnallee 59, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gert Brückner
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Jahnallee 59, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg - Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou 515041, People's Republic of China Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08554, USA
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43
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Frischknecht R, Chang KJ, Rasband MN, Seidenbecher CI. Neural ECM molecules in axonal and synaptic homeostatic plasticity. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2014; 214:81-100. [PMID: 25410354 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63486-3.00004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neural circuits can express different forms of plasticity. So far, Hebbian synaptic plasticity was considered the most important plastic phenomenon, but over the last decade, homeostatic mechanisms gained more interest because they can explain how a neuronal network maintains stable baseline function despite multiple plastic challenges, like developmental plasticity, learning, or lesion. Such destabilizing influences can be counterbalanced by the mechanisms of homeostatic plasticity, which restore the stability of neuronal circuits. Synaptic scaling is a mechanism in which neurons can detect changes in their own firing rates through a set of molecular sensors that then regulate receptor trafficking to scale the accumulation of glutamate receptors at synaptic sites. Additional homeostatic mechanisms allow local changes in synaptic activation to generate local synaptic adaptations and network-wide changes in activity, which lead to adjustments in the balance between excitation and inhibition. The molecular pathways underlying these forms of homeostatic plasticity are currently under intense investigation, and it becomes clear that the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the brain, which surrounds individual neurons and integrates them into the tissue, is an important element in these processes. As a highly dynamic structure, which can be remodeled and degraded in an activity-dependent manner and in concerted action of neurons and glial cells, it can on one hand promote structural and functional plasticity and on the other hand stabilize neural microcircuits. This chapter highlights the composition of brain ECM with particular emphasis on perisynaptic and axonal matrix formations and its involvement in plastic and adaptive processes of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Frischknecht
- Department for Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS) Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kae-Jiun Chang
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matthew N Rasband
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Constanze I Seidenbecher
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS) Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Abstract
Chemical synapses allow neurons to perform complex computations and regulate other systems of the body. At a chemical synapse, pre- and postsynaptic sites are separated by a small space (the synaptic cleft) and surrounded by astrocytes. The basement membrane (BM), a sheetlike, specialized extracellular matrix (ECM), is found ubiquitously in the PNS. It has become clear that the ECMs not only play a structural role but also serve as barriers and filters in the PNS and CNS. Moreover, proteoglycans and tenascin family proteins in the ECM regulate synapse formation and synaptic plasticity. Although CNS synapses lack the BMs, recent results indicate that the BM-associated collagens are also present in the CNS synaptic cleft and affect synaptogenesis in both the CNS and the PNS. The C1q domain-containing family proteins are important components of the CNS synaptic cleft in regulating synapse formation, maintenance, and the pruning process. The ECM is regarded as a crucial component of the tetrapartite synapse, consisting of pre- and postsynaptic neurons, astrocyte, and ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Heikkinen
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Taina Pihlajaniemi
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Michisuke Yuzaki
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Primary hippocampal neurons, which lack four crucial extracellular matrix molecules, display abnormalities of synaptic structure and function and severe deficits in perineuronal net formation. J Neurosci 2013; 33:7742-55. [PMID: 23637166 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3275-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the brain plays crucial roles during the development, maturation, and regeneration of the CNS. In a subpopulation of neurons, the ECM condenses to superstructures called perineuronal nets (PNNs) that surround synapses. Camillo Golgi described PNNs a century ago, yet their biological functions remain elusive. Here, we studied a mouse mutant that lacks four ECM components highly enriched in the developing brain: the glycoproteins tenascin-C and tenascin-R and the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans brevican and neurocan. Primary embryonic hippocampal neurons and astrocytes were cultivated using a cell insert system that allows for co-culture of distinct cell populations in the absence of direct membrane contacts. The wild-type and knock-out cells were combined in the four possible permutations. Using this approach, neurons cultivated in the presence of mutant astrocytes displayed a transient increase of synapses after 2 weeks. However, after a period of 3 weeks or longer, synapse formation and stabilization were compromised when either neuron or astrocyte cell populations or both were of mutant origin. The development of PNN structures was observed, but their size was substantially reduced on knock-out neurons. The synaptic activity of both wild-type and knock-out neurons was monitored using whole-cell patch clamping. The salient observation was a reduced frequency of IPSCs and EPSCs, whereas the amplitudes were not modified. Remarkably, the knock-out neuron phenotypes could not be rescued by wild-type astrocytes. We conclude that the elimination of four ECM genes compromises neuronal function.
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Wanisch K, Kovac S, Schorge S. Tackling obstacles for gene therapy targeting neurons: disrupting perineural nets with hyaluronidase improves transduction. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53269. [PMID: 23301052 PMCID: PMC3536767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy has been proposed for many diseases in the nervous system. In most cases for successful treatment, therapeutic vectors must be able to transduce mature neurons. However, both in vivo, and in vitro, where preliminary characterisation of viral particles takes place, transduction of neurons is typically inefficient. One possible explanation is that the extracellular matrix (ECM), forming dense perineural nets (PNNs) around neurons, physically blocks access to the cell surface. We asked whether co-administration of lentiviral vectors with an enzyme that disrupts the ECM could improve transduction efficiency. Using hyaluronidase, an enzyme which degrades hyaluronic acid, a high molecular weight molecule of the ECM with mainly a scaffolding function, we show that in vitro in mixed primary cortical cultures, and also in vivo in rat cortex, hyaluronidase co-administration increased the percentage of transduced mature, NeuN-positive neurons. Moreover, hyaluronidase was effective at doses that showed no toxicity in vitro based on propidium iodide staining of treated cultures. Our data suggest that limited efficacy of neuronal transduction is partly due to PNNs surrounding neurons, and further that co-applying hyaluronidase may benefit applications where efficient transduction of neurons in vitro or in vivo is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Wanisch
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SS); (KW)
| | - Stjepana Kovac
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Stephanie Schorge
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SS); (KW)
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Chang KJ, Rasband MN. Excitable domains of myelinated nerves: axon initial segments and nodes of Ranvier. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2013; 72:159-92. [PMID: 24210430 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-417027-8.00005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurons are highly polarized cells. They can be subdivided into at least two structurally and functionally distinct domains: somatodendritic and axonal domains. The somatodendritic domain receives and integrates upstream input signals, and the axonal domain generates and relays outputs in the form of action potentials to the downstream target. Demand for quick response to the harsh surroundings prompted evolution to equip vertebrates' neurons with a remarkable glia-derived structure called myelin. Not only Insulating the axon, myelinating glia also rearrange the axonal components and elaborate functional subdomains along the axon. Proper functioning of all theses domains and subdomains is vital for a normal, efficient nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kae-Jiun Chang
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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48
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Blosa M, Sonntag M, Brückner G, Jäger C, Seeger G, Matthews RT, Rübsamen R, Arendt T, Morawski M. Unique features of extracellular matrix in the mouse medial nucleus of trapezoid body--implications for physiological functions. Neuroscience 2012; 228:215-34. [PMID: 23069754 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) is a vital structure of sound localization circuits in the auditory brainstem. Each principal cell of MNTB is contacted by a very large presynaptic glutamatergic terminal, the calyx of Held. The MNTB principal cells themselves are surrounded by extracellular matrix components forming prominent perineuronal nets (PNs). Throughout the CNS, PNs, which form lattice-like structures around the somata and proximal dendrites, are associated with distinct types of neurons. PNs are highly enriched in hyaluronan and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans therefore providing a charged surface structure surrounding the cell body and proximal neurites of these neurons. The localization and composition of PNs have lead investigators to a number of hypotheses about their functions including: creating a specific extracellular ionic milieu around these neurons, stabilizing synapses, and influencing the outgrowth of axons. However, presently the precise functions of PNs are still quite unclear primarily due to the lack of an ideal experimental model system that is highly enriched in PNs and in which the synaptic transmission properties can be precisely measured. The MNTB principal cells could offer such a model, since they have been extensively characterized electrophysiologically. However, extracellular matrix (ECM) in these neurons has not yet been precisely detailed. The present study gives a detailed examination of the ECM organization and structural differences in PNs of the mouse MNTB. The different PN components and their distribution pattern are scrutinized throughout the MNTB. The data are complemented by electron microscopic investigations of the unique ultrastructural localization of PN-components and their interrelation with distinct pre- and postsynaptic MNTB cell structures. Therefore, we believe this work identifies the MNTB as an ideal system for studying PN function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Blosa
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Jahnallee 59, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
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Brevican: A key proteoglycan in the perisynaptic extracellular matrix of the brain. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:1051-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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50
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Frischknecht R, Gundelfinger ED. The brain's extracellular matrix and its role in synaptic plasticity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 970:153-71. [PMID: 22351055 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0932-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the brain has important roles in regulating synaptic function and plasticity. A juvenile ECM supports the wiring of neuronal networks, synaptogenesis, and synaptic maturation. The closure of critical periods for experience-dependent shaping of neuronal circuits coincides with the implementation of a mature form of ECM that is characterized by highly elaborate hyaluronan-based structures, the perineuronal nets (PNN), and PNN-like perisynaptic ECM specializations. In this chapter, we will focus on some recently reported aspects of ECM functions in brain plasticity. These include (a) the discovery that the ECM can act as a passive diffusion barrier for cell surface molecules including neurotransmitter receptors and in this way compartmentalize cell surfaces, (b) the specific functions of ECM components in actively regulating synaptic plasticity and homeostasis, and (c) the shaping processes of the ECM by extracellular proteases and in turn the activation particular signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Frischknecht
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestr. 6, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany.
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