1
|
Jonker I, Doorduin J, Knegtering H, van't Hag E, Dierckx RA, de Vries EFJ, Schoevers RA, Klein HC. Antiviral treatment in schizophrenia: a randomized pilot PET study on the effects of valaciclovir on neuroinflammation. Psychol Med 2023; 53:7087-7095. [PMID: 37016791 PMCID: PMC10719624 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291723000430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with schizophrenia experience cognitive impairment, which could be related to neuroinflammation in the hippocampus. The cause for such hippocampal inflammation is still unknown, but it has been suggested that herpes virus infection is involved. This study therefore aimed to determine whether add-on treatment of schizophrenic patients with the anti- viral drug valaciclovir would reduce hippocampal neuroinflammation and consequently improve cognitive symptoms. METHODS We performed a double-blind monocenter study in 24 male and female patients with schizophrenia, experiencing active psychotic symptoms. Patients were orally treated with the anti-viral drug valaciclovir for seven consecutive days (8 g/day). Neuroinflammation was measured with Positron Emission Tomography using the translocator protein ligand [11C]-PK11195, pre-treatment and at seven days post-treatment, as were psychotic symptoms and cognition. RESULTS Valaciclovir treatment resulted in reduced TSPO binding (39%) in the hippocampus, as well as in the brainstem, frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parahippocampal gyrus, amygdala, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, insula and cingulate gyri, nucleus accumbens and thalamus (31-40%) when using binding potential (BPND) as an outcome. With total distribution volume (VT) as outcome we found essentially the same results, but associations only approached statistical significance (p = 0.050 for hippocampus). Placebo treatment did not affect neuroinflammation. No effects of valaciclovir on psychotic symptoms or cognitive functioning were found. CONCLUSION We found a decreased TSPO binding following antiviral treatment, which could suggest a viral underpinning of neuroinflammation in psychotic patients. Whether this reduced neuroinflammation by treatment with valaciclovir has clinical implications and is specific for schizophrenia warrants further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iris Jonker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Janine Doorduin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Henderikus Knegtering
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Lentis Mental Health Institution, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erna van't Hag
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi A. Dierckx
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Erik F. J. de Vries
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Robert A. Schoevers
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans C. Klein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pavlov D, Gorlova A, Bettendorff L, Kalueff AA, Umriukhin A, Proshin A, Lysko A, Landgraf R, Anthony DC, Strekalova T. Enhanced conditioning of adverse memories in the mouse modified swim test is associated with neuroinflammatory changes - Effects that are susceptible to antidepressants. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2020; 172:107227. [PMID: 32325189 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Deficient learning and memory are well-established pathophysiologic features of depression, however, mechanisms of the enhanced learning of aversive experiences associated with this disorder are poorly understood. Currently, neurobiological mechanisms of enhanced retention of aversive memories during depression, and, in particular, their relation to neuroinflammation are unclear. As the association between major depressive disorder and inflammation has been recognized for some time, we aimed to address whether neuroinflammatory changes are involved in enhanced learning of adversity in a depressive state. To study this question, we used a recently described mouse model of enhanced contextual conditioning of aversive memories, the modified forced swim model (modFST). In this model, the classic two-day forced swim is followed by an additional delayed session on Day 5, where increased floating behaviour and upregulated glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) are context-dependent. Here, increased time spent floating on Day 5, a parameter of enhanced learning of the adverse context, was accompanied by hypercorticosteronemia, increased gene expression of GSK-3α, GSK-3β, c-Fos, cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and elevated concentrations of protein carbonyl, a marker of oxidative stress, in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. There were significant correlations between cytokine levels and GSK-3β gene expression. Two-week administration of compounds with antidepressant properties, imipramine (7 mg/kg/day) or thiamine (vitamin B1; 200 mg/kg/day) ameliorated most of the modFST-induced changes. Thus, enhanced learning of adverse memories is associated with pro-inflammatory changes that should be considered for optimizing pharmacotherapy of depression associated with enhanced learning of aversive memories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii Pavlov
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology and Department of Normal Physiology, Moscow, Russia; Laboratory of Neurophysiology, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Anna Gorlova
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology and Department of Normal Physiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lucien Bettendorff
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Allan A Kalueff
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Aleksei Umriukhin
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology and Department of Normal Physiology, Moscow, Russia; Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "P.K. Anokhin Research Institute of Normal Physiology", Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Proshin
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "P.K. Anokhin Research Institute of Normal Physiology", Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Lysko
- Laboratory of Cognitive Dysfunctions, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Rainer Landgraf
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology and Department of Normal Physiology, Moscow, Russia; Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel C Anthony
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology and Department of Normal Physiology, Moscow, Russia; Department of Pharmacology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Tatyana Strekalova
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology and Department of Normal Physiology, Moscow, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Royes LFF, Gomez-Pinilla F. Making sense of gut feelings in the traumatic brain injury pathogenesis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 102:345-361. [PMID: 31102601 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a devastating condition which often initiates a sequel of neurological disorders that can last throughout lifespan. From metabolic perspective, TBI also compromises systemic physiology including the function of body organs with subsequent malfunctions in metabolism. The emerging panorama is that the effects of TBI on the periphery strike back on the brain and exacerbate the overall TBI pathogenesis. An increasing number of clinical reports are alarming to show that metabolic dysfunction is associated with incidence of long-term neurological and psychiatric disorders. The autonomic nervous system, associated hypothalamic-pituitary axis, and the immune system are at the center of the interface between brain and body and are central to the regulation of overall homeostasis and disease. We review the strong association between mechanisms that regulate cell metabolism and inflammation which has important clinical implications for the communication between body and brain. We also discuss the integrative actions of lifestyle interventions such as diet and exercise on promoting brain and body health and cognition after TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Fernando Freire Royes
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Center of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernando Gomez-Pinilla
- Departments of Neurosurgery, and Integrative and Biology and Physiology, UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Effect of overnight smoking abstinence on a marker for microglial activation: a [ 11C]DAA1106 positron emission tomography study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:3525-3534. [PMID: 30343364 PMCID: PMC6497451 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-5077-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Microglia are the main immune cells in the central nervous system and participate in neuroinflammation. When activated, microglia express increased levels of the translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO), thereby making TSPO availability a marker for neuroinflammation. Using positron emission tomography (PET) scanning, our group recently demonstrated that smokers in the satiated state had 16.8% less binding of the radiotracer [11C]DAA1106 (a radioligand for TSPO) in the brain than nonsmokers. OBJECTIVES We sought to determine the effect of overnight smoking abstinence on [11C]DAA1106 binding in the brain. METHODS Forty participants (22 smokers and 18 nonsmokers) completed the study (at one of two sites) and had usable data, which included images from a dynamic [11C]DAA1106 PET scanning session (with smokers having been abstinent for 17.9 ± 2.3 h) and a blood sample for TSPO genotyping. Whole brain standardized uptake values (SUVs) were determined, and analysis of variance was performed, with group (overnight abstinent smoker vs. nonsmoker), site, and TSPO genotype as factors, thereby controlling for site and genotype. RESULTS Overnight abstinent smokers had lower whole brain SUVs (by 15.5 and 17.0% for the two study sites) than nonsmokers (ANCOVA, P = 0.004). The groups did not significantly differ in injected radiotracer dose or body weight, which were used to calculate SUV. CONCLUSIONS These results in overnight abstinent smokers are similar to those in satiated smokers, indicating that chronic cigarette smoking leads to global impairment of microglial activation which persists into early abstinence. Other explanations for study results, such as smoking leading to reduced numbers of microglia or smokers having more rapid metabolism of the radiotracer than nonsmokers, are also possible.
Collapse
|
5
|
Effect of Cigarette Smoking on a Marker for Neuroinflammation: A [ 11C]DAA1106 Positron Emission Tomography Study. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:1630-1639. [PMID: 28262740 PMCID: PMC5518907 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In the brain, microglia continuously scan the surrounding extracellular space in order to respond to damage or infection by becoming activated and participating in neuroinflammation. When activated, microglia increase the expression of translocator protein (TSPO) 18 kDa, thereby making the TSPO expression a marker for neuroinflammation. We used the radiotracer [11C]DAA1106 (a ligand for TSPO) and positron emission tomography (PET) to determine the effect of smoking on availability of this marker for neuroinflammation. Forty-five participants (30 smokers and 15 non-smokers) completed the study and had usable data. Participants underwent a dynamic PET scanning session with bolus injection of [11C]DAA1106 (with smokers in the satiated state) and blood draws during PET scanning to determine TSPO affinity genotype and plasma nicotine levels. Whole-brain standardized uptake values (SUVs) were determined, and analysis of variance was performed, with group (smoker vs non-smoker) and genotype as factors, thereby controlling for genotype. Smokers and non-smokers differed in whole-brain SUVs (P=0.006) owing to smokers having 16.8% lower values than non-smokers. The groups did not differ in injected radiotracer dose or body weight, which were used to calculate SUV. An inverse association was found between whole-brain SUV and reported cigarettes per day (P<0.05), but no significant relationship was found for plasma nicotine. Thus, smokers have less [11C]DAA1106 binding globally than non-smokers, indicating less microglial activation. Study findings are consistent with much prior research demonstrating that smokers have impaired inflammatory functioning compared with non-smokers and that constituents of tobacco smoke other than nicotine affect inflammatory processes.
Collapse
|
6
|
Couch Y, Trofimov A, Markova N, Nikolenko V, Steinbusch HW, Chekhonin V, Schroeter C, Lesch KP, Anthony DC, Strekalova T. Low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inhibits aggressive and augments depressive behaviours in a chronic mild stress model in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:108. [PMID: 27184538 PMCID: PMC4867526 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0572-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aggression, hyperactivity, impulsivity, helplessness and anhedonia are all signs of depressive-like disorders in humans and are often reported to be present in animal models of depression induced by stress or by inflammatory challenges. However, chronic mild stress (CMS) and clinically silent inflammation, during the recovery period after an infection, for example, are often coincident, but comparison of the behavioural and molecular changes that underpin CMS vs a mild inflammatory challenge and impact of the combined challenge is largely unexplored. Here, we examined whether stress-induced behavioural and molecular responses are analogous to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced behavioural and molecular effects and whether their combination is adaptive or maladaptive. Methods Changes in measures of hedonic sensitivity, helplessness, aggression, impulsivity and CNS and systemic cytokine and 5-HT-system-related gene expression were investigated in C57BL/6J male mice exposed to chronic stress alone, low-dose LPS alone or a combination of LPS and stress. Results When combined with a low dose of LPS, chronic stress resulted in an enhanced depressive-like phenotype but significantly reduced manifestations of aggression and hyperactivity. At the molecular level, LPS was a strong inducer of TNFα, IL-1β and region-specific 5-HT2A mRNA expression in the brain. There was also increased serum corticosterone as well as increased TNFα expression in the liver. Stress did not induce comparable levels of cytokine expression to an LPS challenge, but the combination of stress with LPS reduced the stress-induced changes in 5-HT genes and the LPS-induced elevated IL-1β levels. Conclusions It is evident that when administered independently, both stress and LPS challenges induced distinct molecular and behavioural changes. However, at a time when LPS alone does not induce any overt behavioural changes per se, the combination with stress exacerbates depressive and inhibits aggressive behaviours. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0572-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Couch
- Department of Pharmacology, Oxford University, Mansfield Road, OX1 3QT, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexander Trofimov
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, NL 6229, ER, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Natalyia Markova
- Department of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, NL 6229, ER, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Moscow Region, Russia
| | | | - Harry W Steinbusch
- Department of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, NL 6229, ER, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Vladimir Chekhonin
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, Serbsky Federal Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Careen Schroeter
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Maastricht Medical Centre Annadal, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Klaus-Peter Lesch
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, NL 6229, ER, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Daniel C Anthony
- Department of Pharmacology, Oxford University, Mansfield Road, OX1 3QT, Oxford, UK.
| | - Tatyana Strekalova
- Department of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, NL 6229, ER, Maastricht, Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Catalan-Figueroa J, Palma-Florez S, Alvarez G, Fritz HF, Jara MO, Morales JO. Nanomedicine and nanotoxicology: the pros and cons for neurodegeneration and brain cancer. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 11:171-87. [PMID: 26653284 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Current strategies for brain diseases are mostly symptomatic and noncurative. Nanotechnology has the potential to facilitate the transport of drugs across the blood-brain barrier and to enhance their pharmacokinetic profile. However, to reach clinical application, an understanding of nanoneurotoxicity in terms of oxidative stress and inflammation is required. Emerging evidence has also shown that nanoparticles have the ability to alter autophagy, which can induce inflammation and oxidative stress, or vice versa. These effects may increase neurodegenerative processes damage, but on the other hand, they may have benefits for brain cancer therapies. In this review, we emphasize how nanomaterials may induce neurotoxic effects focusing on neurodegeneration, and how these effects could be exploited toward brain cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Catalan-Figueroa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, School of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8380494, Chile.,Laboratory of Neuroplasticity & Neurogenetics, School of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8380494, Chile
| | | | - Gonzalo Alvarez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, School of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8380494, Chile
| | - Hans F Fritz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, School of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8380494, Chile
| | - Miguel O Jara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, School of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8380494, Chile
| | - Javier O Morales
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, School of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8380494, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago 8380494, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ansari MA. Temporal profile of M1 and M2 responses in the hippocampus following early 24h of neurotrauma. J Neurol Sci 2015; 357:41-9. [PMID: 26148932 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) elicits complex inflammatory assets (M1 and M2 responses) in the brain that include the expression of various cytokines/chemokines and the recruitment of blood cells, contributing secondary injury cascades (SIC), and also recovery processes. The modulation of such inflammatory assets might be a therapeutic option following TBI. The present study assesses a temporal profile of various molecular markers of M1 and M2 response in the hippocampus after TBI. Following a unilateral controlled cortical impact (CCI) on young rats, hippocampal tissues of each brain were harvested at 2, 4, 6, 10, and 24h post trauma. Including shams (craniotomy only), half of the rats were assessed for gene expression and half for the protein of various markers for M1 [interferon-gamma (IFNγ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interleukin (IL)-1-β (IL-1β), and IL-6] and M2 [IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, arginase 1 (Arg1), YM1, FIZZ1, and mannose receptor C-1 (MRC1)] responses. Analysis revealed that molecular markers of M1 and M2 responses have heterogeneous injury effects in the hippocampus and that "time-post-injury" is an important factor in determining inflammation status. With the heterogeneous gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, M1 response was significantly elevated at 2h and declined at 24h after TBI, however, their levels remained higher than the sham rats. Except IFNγ, proteins of M1 cytokines were significantly elevated in the first 24h, and peaked between 2-6h [TNFα (2h), IL-1β (6h), and IL-6 (4-6h)]. With the heterogeneous relative gene expression of Arg1, YM1, FIZZ1, and MRC1, levels of M2 cytokines were peaked at 24h post TBI. IL-10 and IL-13 expression appeared biphasic in the first 24h. Protein values of IL-4 and IL-13 peaked at 24h and IL-10 at 6h post injury. Results suggest that the M1 response rises rapidly after injury and overpowers the initial, comparatively smaller, or transient M2 response. A treatment that can modulate inflammation, reduce SIC, and improve recovery should be initiated early (within 10h) after TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mubeen A Ansari
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Spinal Cord Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Brody AL, Okita K, Shieh J, Liang L, Hubert R, Mamoun M, Farahi J, Mandelkern MA. Radiation dosimetry and biodistribution of the translocator protein radiotracer [(11)C]DAA1106 determined with PET/CT in healthy human volunteers. Nucl Med Biol 2014; 41:871-5. [PMID: 25156039 PMCID: PMC4192057 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION When microglia become activated (an integral part of neuroinflammation), cellular morphology changes and expression of translocator protein (TSPO) 18 kDa is increased. Over the past several years, [(11)C]DAA1106 has emerged as a reliable radiotracer for labeling TSPO with high affinity during positron emission tomography (PET) scanning. While [(11)C]DAA1106 PET scanning has been used in several research studies, a radiation dosimetry study of this radiotracer in humans has not yet been published. METHODS Twelve healthy participants underwent full body dynamic [(11)C]DAA1106 PET scanning, with 8 sequential whole body scans (approximately 12 bed positions each), following a single injection. Regions of interest were drawn manually, and time activity curves (TACs) were obtained for 15 organs. OLINDA/EXM 1.1 was used to compute radiation absorbed doses to the target organs, as well as effective dose (ED) and effective dose equivalent (EDE). RESULTS The ED and EDE were 4.06 ± 0.58 μSv/MBq and 5.89 ± 0.83 μSv/MBq, respectively. The highest absorbed doses were to the heart wall, kidney, liver, pancreas, and spleen. TACs revealed that peak dose rates are during the first scan (at 6 min) for all organs other than the urinary bladder wall, which had its peak dose rate during the fourth scan (at 30 min). CONCLUSIONS The recently developed radiotracer [(11)C]DAA1106 has its EDE and target-organ absorbed dose such that, for a single administration, its radiation dosimetry is well within the U.S. FDA guidelines for basic research studies in adults. This dose level implies that the dosimetry for multiple [(11)C]DAA1106 scans within a given year also falls within FDA guidelines, and this favorable property makes this radiotracer suitable for examining microglial activation repeatedly over time, which may in the future be useful for longitudinal tracking of disease progression and monitoring of therapy response in conditions marked by neuroinflammation (e.g., head trauma and multiple sclerosis).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur L Brody
- Department of Research, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (VAGLAHS), 11301 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90073; Department of Psychiatry, University of California at Los Angeles, 300 UCLA Medical Plaza, Suite 2200, Los Angeles, CA 90095.
| | - Kyoji Okita
- Department of Research, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (VAGLAHS), 11301 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90073; UCLA Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, 760 Westwood Plaza C8-538, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Jennifer Shieh
- Department of Research, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (VAGLAHS), 11301 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90073
| | - Lidia Liang
- Department of Research, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (VAGLAHS), 11301 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90073
| | - Robert Hubert
- Department of Research, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (VAGLAHS), 11301 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90073
| | - Michael Mamoun
- Department of Research, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (VAGLAHS), 11301 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90073
| | - Judah Farahi
- Department of Imaging, VAGLAHS, 11301 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90073
| | - Mark A Mandelkern
- Department of Imaging, VAGLAHS, 11301 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90073; Department of Physics, University of California at Irvine, 4129 Frederick Reines Hall, Irvine, CA 92697
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kroken RA, Løberg EM, Drønen T, Grüner R, Hugdahl K, Kompus K, Skrede S, Johnsen E. A critical review of pro-cognitive drug targets in psychosis: convergence on myelination and inflammation. Front Psychiatry 2014; 5:11. [PMID: 24550848 PMCID: PMC3912739 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antipsychotic drugs have thus far focused on dopaminergic antagonism at the D2 receptors, as counteracting the hyperdopaminergia in nigrostriatal and mesolimbic projections has been considered mandatory for the antipsychotic action of the drugs. Current drugs effectively target the positive symptoms of psychosis such as hallucinations and delusions in the majority of patients, whereas effect sizes are smaller for negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunctions. With the understanding that neurocognitive dysfunction associated with schizophrenia have a greater impact on functional outcome than the positive symptoms, the focus in pharmacotherapy for schizophrenia has shifted to the potential effect of future drugs on cognitive enhancement. A major obstacle is, however, that the biological underpinnings of cognitive dysfunction remain largely unknown. With the availability of increasingly sophisticated techniques in molecular biology and brain imaging, this situation is about to change with major advances being made in identifying the neuronal substrates underlying schizophrenia, and putative pro-cognitive drug targets may be revealed. In relation to cognitive effects, this review focuses on evidence from basic neuroscience and clinical studies, taking two separate perspectives. One perspective is the identification of previously under-recognized treatment targets for existing antipsychotic drugs, including myelination and mediators of inflammation. A second perspective is the development of new drugs or novel treatment targets for well-known drugs, which act on recently discovered treatment targets for cognitive enhancement, and which may complement the existing drugs. This might pave the way for personalized treatment regimens for patients with schizophrenia aimed at improved functional outcome. The review also aims at identifying major current constraints for pro-cognitive drug development for patients with schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rune A. Kroken
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Else-Marie Løberg
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tore Drønen
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Renate Grüner
- Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kenneth Hugdahl
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- NORMENT Center of Excellence, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kristiina Kompus
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Silje Skrede
- NORMENT Center of Excellence, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Dr. Einar Martens’ Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Centre for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Erik Johnsen
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|