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Connaughton SL, Williams A, Anderson F, Kelman KR, Gardner GE. Synthetic phantoms enable calibration between abattoir based dual energy X-ray absorptiometers used for prediction of lamb carcass composition. Meat Sci 2024; 215:109537. [PMID: 38788245 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2024.109537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) devices were installed at two Australian abattoirs to predict computed tomography (CT) determined fat % and lean % of lamb carcasses. This study tested three algorithms developed for these devices, termed β1, β2 and β3, and assessed their accuracy and precision in predicting CT composition. Algorithm β3 included the use of a plastic phantom calibration block scanned by both DXA devices to adjust prediction equations, resulting in superior accuracy to the algorithms without phantom calibration (β1 and β2). When compared to the gold-standard CT composition, the bias of the DXA predictions was lowest when using algorithm β3 at the two sites (-1.17%, -0.49% for fat %, 0.11%, -0.37% for lean %). The difference of DXA composition predictions between sites was lowest when using algorithm β3, which demonstrated between site differences of 0.59 CT fat %, and 0.46 CT lean%. In contrast, algorithm β1 and β2 produced differences of 23.7% and 30.8% for CT fat, and 17.3% and 21.9% for CT lean between the two DXA devices. There was a small difference of 0.78% between the fat predictions of the first DXA image compared to the second DXA image for each carcass. The precision of predictions improved slightly using algorithm β3. This work demonstrates that the in-line DXA systems can produce comparable results across sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Louis Connaughton
- Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Australia; Advanced Livestock Measurement Technologies, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Australia.
| | - Andrew Williams
- Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Australia; Advanced Livestock Measurement Technologies, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Fiona Anderson
- Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Australia; Advanced Livestock Measurement Technologies, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Australia
| | | | - Graham Edwin Gardner
- Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Australia; Advanced Livestock Measurement Technologies, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Australia
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2
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Boncan DAT, Yu Y, Zhang M, Lian J, Vardhanabhuti V. Machine learning prediction of hepatic steatosis using body composition parameters: A UK Biobank Study. NPJ AGING 2024; 10:4. [PMID: 38195699 PMCID: PMC10776620 DOI: 10.1038/s41514-023-00127-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as the most prevalent chronic liver disease worldwide, yet detection has remained largely based on surrogate serum biomarkers, elastography or biopsy. In this study, we used a total of 2959 participants from the UK biobank cohort and established the association of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-derived body composition parameters and leveraged machine learning models to predict NAFLD. Hepatic steatosis reference was based on MRI-PDFF which has been extensively validated previously. We found several significant associations with traditional measurements such as abdominal obesity, as defined by waist-to-hip ratio (OR = 2.50 (male), 3.35 (female)), android-gynoid ratio (OR = 3.35 (male), 6.39 (female)) and waist circumference (OR = 1.79 (male), 3.80 (female)) with hepatic steatosis. Similarly, A Body Shape Index (Quantile 4 OR = 1.89 (male), 5.81 (female)), and for fat mass index, both overweight (OR = 6.93 (male), 2.83 (female)) and obese (OR = 14.12 (male), 5.32 (female)) categories were likewise significantly associated with hepatic steatosis. DXA parameters were shown to be highly associated such as visceral adipose tissue mass (OR = 8.37 (male), 19.03 (female)), trunk fat mass (OR = 8.64 (male), 25.69 (female)) and android fat mass (OR = 7.93 (male), 21.77 (female)) with NAFLD. We trained machine learning classifiers with logistic regression and two histogram-based gradient boosting ensembles for the prediction of hepatic steatosis using traditional body composition indices and DXA parameters which achieved reasonable performance (AUC = 0.83-0.87). Based on SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis, DXA parameters that had the largest contribution to the classifiers were the features predicted with significant association with NAFLD. Overall, this study underscores the potential utility of DXA as a practical and potentially opportunistic method for the screening of hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delbert Almerick T Boncan
- Snowhill Science Ltd, Units 801-803, Level 8, Core C, Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Snowhill Science Ltd, Units 801-803, Level 8, Core C, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Miaoru Zhang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jie Lian
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Varut Vardhanabhuti
- Snowhill Science Ltd, Units 801-803, Level 8, Core C, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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3
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Justice SM, Jesch E, Duckett SK. Effects of Dam and Sire Breeds on Lamb Carcass Quality and Composition in Pasture-Based Systems. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3560. [PMID: 38003177 PMCID: PMC10668792 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study explored the impacts of sire and dam breed on carcass quality and composition in a pasture-based system and the use of DXA to rapidly rank carcasses for leanness. Southdown (SD) and Suffolk (SF) ewes were mated to Texel (TX) or SD rams to produce seventy-nine lambs. Lambs were raised on pasture-based systems with limited grain supplementation. Lamb birth weight was greater (p < 0.01) for TX, regardless of dam breed. Lambing rate was lower (p < 0.01) for SD than SF ewes. Circulating myostatin concentrations were greater (p < 0.05) on d 42 than d 75 or d 110 but did not differ by sire breed. Texel-sired lambs had greater (p < 0.01) carcass weight, ribeye area and quality grade compared to SD-sired. Total and primal fat mass as predicted from DXA was higher (p < 0.05) in carcasses from SD than TX sires. Muscles from TX lambs had greater (p < 0.05) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) composition than SD-sired. Shear force values were influenced (p < 0.01) by dam breed, muscle cut and postmortem age but not by sire breed. The use of TX sires in pasture-based systems improved carcass leanness and muscle PUFA concentrations without altering tenderness.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Maggie Justice
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;
| | - Elliot Jesch
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;
| | - Susan K. Duckett
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;
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4
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Xavier C, Morel I, Dohme-Meier F, Siegenthaler R, Le Cozler Y, Lerch S. Estimation of carcass chemical composition in beef-on-dairy cattle using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans of cold half-carcass or 11th rib cut. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad380. [PMID: 37950488 PMCID: PMC10718802 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to estimate the chemical composition (water, lipid, protein, mineral, and energy contents) of carcasses measured postmortem using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans of cold half-carcass or 11th rib cut. One hundred and twenty beef-on-dairy (dam: Swiss Brown, sire: Angus, Limousin, or Simmental) bulls (n = 66), heifers (n = 42), and steers (n = 12) were included in the study. The reference carcass composition measured after grinding, homogenization, and chemical analyses was estimated from DXA variables using simple or multiple linear regressions with model training on 70% (n = 84) and validation on 30% (n = 36) of the observations. In the validation step, the estimates of water and protein masses from the half-carcass (R2 = 0.998 and 0.997; root mean square error of prediction [RMSEP], 1.0 and 0.5 kg, respectively) and 11th rib DXA scans (R2 = 0.997 and 0.996; RMSEP, 1.5 and 0.5 kg, respectively) were precise. Lipid mass was estimated precisely from the half-carcass DXA scan (R2 = 0.990; RMSEP = 1.0 kg) with a slightly lower precision from the 11th rib DXA scan (R2 = 0.968; RMSEP = 1.7 kg). Mineral mass was estimated from half-carcass (R² = 0.975 and RMSEP = 0.3 kg) and 11th rib DXA scans (R2 = 0.947 and RMSEP = 0.4 kg). For the energy content, the R2 values ranged from 0.989 (11th rib DXA scan) to 0.996 (half-carcass DXA scan), and the RMSEP ranged from 36 (half-carcass) to 55 MJ (11th rib). The proportions of water, lipids, and energy in the carcasses were also precisely estimated (R2 ≥ 0.882) using either the half-carcass (RMSEP ≤ 1.0%) or 11th rib-cut DXA scans (RMSEP ≤ 1.3%). Precision was lower for the protein and mineral proportions (R2 ≤ 0.794, RMSEP ≤ 0.5%). The cattle category (sex and breed of sire) effect was observed only in some estimative models for proportions from the 11th rib cut. In conclusion, DXA imaging of either a cold half-carcass or 11th rib cut is a precise method for estimating the chemical composition of carcasses from beef-on-dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Xavier
- Ruminant Nutrition and Emissions, Agroscope, 1725 Posieux, Switzerland
- PEGASE INRAE-Institut Agro Rennes-Angers, 16 Le Clos, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France
| | - Isabelle Morel
- Ruminant Nutrition and Emissions, Agroscope, 1725 Posieux, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Yannick Le Cozler
- PEGASE INRAE-Institut Agro Rennes-Angers, 16 Le Clos, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France
| | - Sylvain Lerch
- Ruminant Nutrition and Emissions, Agroscope, 1725 Posieux, Switzerland
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5
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Lobo AAG, Cônsolo NRB, Dias J, Menezes ACB, Martins T, Silva J, Machado FS, Marcondes MI, Pflanzer SB, Nassu RT, Scheffler TL, Chizzotti ML. Short Communication: 'The use of dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)' to predict the veal carcass composition. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.105104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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6
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Zhang Z, Li X, Tian J, Chen J, Gao G. A review: Application and research progress of bioimpedance in meat quality inspection. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.14153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Zhang
- Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Information and Electrical Engineering China Agricultural University Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxing Li
- Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Information and Electrical Engineering China Agricultural University Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Tian
- College of Food Science and Engineering Inner Mongolia Agricultural University Hohhot People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Logistics Beijing Wuzi University Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Ge Gao
- School of Logistics Beijing Wuzi University Beijing People's Republic of China
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7
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Payne CE, Anderson F, Pannier L, Pethick DW, Gardner GE. Bone mineral concentration predicted by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and its relationship with lamb eating quality. Meat Sci 2021; 186:108725. [PMID: 35078013 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2021.108725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lumbar bone mineral concentration, as predicted by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), may reflect changes in lamb maturity and eating quality. New season (n = 60) and old season (n = 60) lambs were slaughtered and DEXA scanned at a commercial abattoir across 2 kill groups. The second lumbar vertebra was isolated from the spine for determination of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium concentration (mg/g). The loin and rack cuts were collected for consumer sensory grilling and roasting analyses. Mineral concentration was significantly higher in old season lambs within kill group 1 (P < 0.05). DEXA was a positive predictor of phosphorus and calcium concentration, but only when DEXA lean % (P < 0.05) was included in the model. Calcium and phosphorus were significant positive predictors of overall liking scores (P < 0.05), but only for the rack roast. These effects became insignificant when DEXA lean % was included. These results suggest that DEXA values likely reflect changes in both DEXA lean % and bone minerals, and that DEXA lean % was the driver of eating quality, rather than maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Payne
- Australian Cooperative Research Centre for Sheep Industry Innovation, Australia; Murdoch University, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Western Australia 6150, Australia; Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Western Australia 6151, Australia.
| | - F Anderson
- Murdoch University, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - L Pannier
- Murdoch University, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - D W Pethick
- Australian Cooperative Research Centre for Sheep Industry Innovation, Australia; Murdoch University, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - G E Gardner
- Australian Cooperative Research Centre for Sheep Industry Innovation, Australia; Murdoch University, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Western Australia 6150, Australia
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8
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Anderson F, Payne C, Pannier L, Pethick D, Gardner G. The potential for dual energy X-ray absorptiometry to predict lamb eating quality. Meat Sci 2021; 181:108434. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2021.108434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Segura J, Aalhus JL, Prieto N, Larsen IL, Juárez M, López-Campos Ó. Carcass and Primal Composition Predictions Using Camera Vision Systems (CVS) and Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) Technologies on Mature Cows. Foods 2021; 10:foods10051118. [PMID: 34070040 PMCID: PMC8158109 DOI: 10.3390/foods10051118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study determined the potential of computer vision systems, namely the whole-side carcass camera (HCC) compared to the rib-eye camera (CCC) and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) technology to predict primal and carcass composition of cull cows. The predictability (R2) of the HCC was similar to the CCC for total fat, but higher for lean (24.0%) and bone (61.6%). Subcutaneous fat (SQ), body cavity fat, and retail cut yield (RCY) estimations showed a difference of 6.2% between both CVS. The total lean meat yield (LMY) estimate was 22.4% better for CCC than for HCC. The combination of HCC and CCC resulted in a similar prediction of total fat, SQ, and intermuscular fat, and improved predictions of total lean and bone compared to HCC/CCC. Furthermore, a 25.3% improvement was observed for LMY and RCY estimations. DXA predictions showed improvements in R2 values of 26.0% and 25.6% compared to the HCC alone or the HCC + CCC combined, respectively. These results suggest the feasibility of using HCC for predicting primal and carcass composition. This is an important finding for slaughter systems, such as those used for mature cattle in North America that do not routinely knife rib carcasses, which prevents the use of CCC.
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10
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Calnan H, Williams A, Peterse J, Starling S, Cook J, Connaughton S, Gardner GE. A prototype rapid dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) system can predict the CT composition of beef carcases. Meat Sci 2020; 173:108397. [PMID: 33370621 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The development of a novel rapid dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) system provides the opportunity to improve measurement of beef carcase composition. A prototype rapid DEXA system was built in a shipping container to scan 51 beef carcases selected for a wide range in weight and fatness. One side of each carcase was spray chilled and the other conventionally chilled overnight before being quartered for DEXA scanning and then being cut into 16 pieces for CT scanning to determine carcase composition. Spray chilling did not impact DEXA prediction of CT composition, with the DEXA system describing 89%, 95%, and 87% of the variation in beef carcase CT lean %, fat % and bone %, with a root mean square error of prediction of 2.31 lean %, 2.15 fat %, and 1.12 bone % units. These results demonstrate that the novel rapid DEXA system has excellent capacity to predict CT composition in beef carcases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Calnan
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Australia.
| | - A Williams
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Australia
| | - J Peterse
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Australia
| | - S Starling
- Scott Automation and Robotics Pty Ltd, 10 Clevedon Street, Botany, NSW, Australia
| | - J Cook
- Scott Automation and Robotics Pty Ltd, 10 Clevedon Street, Botany, NSW, Australia
| | - S Connaughton
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Australia
| | - G E Gardner
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Australia
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11
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Using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry to estimate commercial cut weights at abattoir chain-speed. Meat Sci 2020; 173:108400. [PMID: 33316705 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This experiment assessed the ability of an on-line dual energy x-ray absorptiometer (DEXA) installed at a commercial abattoir to determine commercial cut weights in lamb carcases at abattoir chain-speed. 200 lamb carcases were scanned using a DEXA that was trained to predict the computed tomography determined proportions of fat, lean, and bone. Models were then trained using hot carcase weight and, DEXA fat% value or GR tissue depth to predict cut weight. Results from validation tests of DEXA models demonstrated excellent precision for predicting cut weight, in most cases describing more than 85% of the variation, and RMSE values that represented between 5 and 13% of the average weight of each cut. For most cuts these weight predictions were superior to those informed by GR tissue depth. This precision was maintained upon validation. Additional analyses utilised pixel information from the fore, saddle, and hind sections of DEXA images. This further enhanced the predictive power of cut weight models.
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12
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Silva S, Guedes C, Rodrigues S, Teixeira A. Non-Destructive Imaging and Spectroscopic Techniques for Assessment of Carcass and Meat Quality in Sheep and Goats: A Review. Foods 2020; 9:E1074. [PMID: 32784641 PMCID: PMC7466308 DOI: 10.3390/foods9081074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, there has been a significant development in rapid, non-destructive and non-invasive techniques to evaluate carcass composition and meat quality of meat species. This article aims to review the recent technological advances of non-destructive and non-invasive techniques to provide objective data to evaluate carcass composition and quality traits of sheep and goat meat. We highlight imaging and spectroscopy techniques and practical aspects, such as accuracy, reliability, cost, portability, speed and ease of use. For the imaging techniques, recent improvements in the use of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging to assess sheep and goat carcass and meat quality will be addressed. Optical technologies are gaining importance for monitoring and evaluating the quality and safety of carcasses and meat and, among them, those that deserve more attention are visible and infrared reflectance spectroscopy, hyperspectral imagery and Raman spectroscopy. In this work, advances in research involving these techniques in their application to sheep and goats are presented and discussed. In recent years, there has been substantial investment and research in fast, non-destructive and easy-to-use technology to raise the standards of quality and food safety in all stages of sheep and goat meat production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severiano Silva
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV) Universidade Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Cristina Guedes
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV) Universidade Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Sandra Rodrigues
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), Escola Superior Agrária/Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus Sta Apolónia Apt 1172, 5301-855 Bragança, Portugal; (S.R.); (A.T.)
| | - Alfredo Teixeira
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), Escola Superior Agrária/Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus Sta Apolónia Apt 1172, 5301-855 Bragança, Portugal; (S.R.); (A.T.)
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13
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Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry precisely and accurately predicts lamb carcass composition at abattoir chain speed across a range of phenotypic and genotypic variables. Animal 2020; 14:2194-2202. [PMID: 32398191 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731120001019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) is an imaging modality that has been used to predict the computed tomography (CT)-determined carcass composition of multiple species, including sheep and pigs, with minimal inaccuracies, using medical grade DEXA scanners. An online DEXA scanner in an Australian abattoir has shown that a high level of precision can be achieved when predicting lamb carcass composition in real time. This study investigated the accuracy of that same online DEXA when predicting fat and lean percentages as determined by CT over a wide range of phenotypic and genotypic variables across 454 lambs over 6 kill groups and contrasted these results against the current Australian industry standard of grade-rule (GR) measurements to grade carcasses. Lamb carcasses were DEXA scanned and then CT scanned to determine CT Fat % and CT Lean %. All phenotypic traits and genotypic information, including Australian Sheep Breeding Values, were recorded for each carcass. Residuals of the DEXA predicted CT Fat % and Lean %, and the actual CT Fat % and Lean % were calculated and tested against all phenotypic and genotypic variables. Excellent overall precision was recorded when predicting CT Fat % (R2 = 0.91, RMSE = 1.19%). Small biases present for sire breed, sire type, dam breed, hot carcass weight and c-site eye muscle area could be explained by a regression paradox; however, biases among kill group (-0.73% to 1.01% for CT Fat %, -1.48% to 0.76% for CT Lean %) and the Merino sire type (0.36% for CT Fat %, -0.73% for CT Lean %) could not be explained by this effect. Over the large range of phenotypic and genotypic variation, there was excellent precision when predicting CT Fat % and CT Lean % by an online DEXA, with only minor biases, showing superiority to the existing Australian standard of GR measurements.
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14
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López-Campos Ó, Roberts JC, Larsen IL, Prieto N, Juárez M, Dugan ME, Aalhus JL. Rapid and non-destructive determination of lean fat and bone content in beef using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Meat Sci 2018; 146:140-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Juárez M, López-Campos Ó, Roberts J, Prieto N, Larsen I, Uttaro B, Dugan M, Cancino-Baier D, Hosford S, Galbraith J, Aalhus J. Exploration of methods for lamb carcass yield estimation in Canada. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2017-0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Different approaches were evaluated to improve the accuracy of carcass yield predictions of Canadian lamb carcasses using manually obtained measurements and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Several linear carcass measurements were obtained from a population of commercial lamb carcasses representative of the variability in Canadian slaughter plants (n = 155). Carcass measures were categorized into four sets according to when each measure could be obtained in the slaughter process. Each set of carcass measurements were subjected to stepwise regression and used to develop models for the estimation of lean meat and saleable yield percentages. Tissue depth measures (at the GR site) explained 44% of variation in lean meat yield in hot carcasses and 53% in cold carcasses. When additional parameters were included with cold GR, the regression model explained 61.9% of the variability in lean meat yield. Saleable yield predictions were less accurate (R2 < 0.40); the greatest degree of variability was predicted when the model included ribeye area (R2 = 0.39). The DEXA scans obtained on carcass sides were able to predict about 78% of variability in carcass lean meat yield and 91% of fat content. This information could be used by the lamb meat industry to establish new carcass classification systems based on more accurate lean meat yield values.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Juárez
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Lacombe, AB T4L1W1, Canada
| | - Ó. López-Campos
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Lacombe, AB T4L1W1, Canada
| | - J.C. Roberts
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Lacombe, AB T4L1W1, Canada
| | - N. Prieto
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Lacombe, AB T4L1W1, Canada
| | - I.L. Larsen
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Lacombe, AB T4L1W1, Canada
| | - B. Uttaro
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Lacombe, AB T4L1W1, Canada
| | - M.E.R. Dugan
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Lacombe, AB T4L1W1, Canada
| | | | - S. Hosford
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Camrose, AB, Canada
| | - J. Galbraith
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Camrose, AB, Canada
| | - J.L. Aalhus
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Lacombe, AB T4L1W1, Canada
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Gardner GE, Starling S, Charnley J, Hocking-Edwards J, Peterse J, Williams A. Calibration of an on-line dual energy X-ray absorptiometer for estimating carcase composition in lamb at abattoir chain-speed. Meat Sci 2018; 144:91-99. [PMID: 30008338 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This experiment assessed the ability of an on-line dual energy x-ray absorptiometer (DEXA) installed at a commercial abattoir to determine carcase composition at abattoir chain-speed. 607 lamb carcases from 7 slaughter groups were DEXA scanned and then scanned using computed tomography to determine the proportions of fat (CT fat%), lean (CT lean%), and bone (CT bone%). Data between slaughter groups were standardised relative to a synthetic phantom consisting of Nylon-6. Models were then trained within each dataset using hot carcase weight and DEXA value to predict CT composition, and then validated in the remaining datasets. Results from across-dataset validation tests demonstrated excellent precision for predicting CT fat%, with RMSE and R2 values of 1.32 and 0.89, compared to values of 1.69 and 0.69 for CT lean%, and 0.81 and 0.68 for CT bone% which had less precision. Accuracy across datasets was also robust, with average bias values of 0.66, 0.83, and 0.51 for CT fat%, lean%, and bone%.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Gardner
- Murdoch University, School of Veterinary & Life Sciences, Western Australia 6150, Australia; Australian Cooperative Research Centre for Sheep Industry Innovation, Australia.
| | - S Starling
- Meat and Livestock Australia, 40 Mount Street, North Sydney 2060, Australia
| | - J Charnley
- Scott Automation and Robotics Pty Ltd, 630 Kaikorai Rd, Dunedin, NZ
| | - J Hocking-Edwards
- South Australian Research & Development Institute, South Australia 5271, Australia
| | - J Peterse
- Murdoch University, School of Veterinary & Life Sciences, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - A Williams
- Murdoch University, School of Veterinary & Life Sciences, Western Australia 6150, Australia
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17
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Soladoye OP, Prieto N, Lopez-Campos O, Aalhus JL, Uttaro B, Roberts JC, Larsen I, Shand P, Gariépy C, Juárez M. Potential of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in predicting pork belly softness. Meat Sci 2018; 142:1-4. [PMID: 29630966 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Pork bellies (n = 198) were scanned with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Visible and near-infrared reflectance (Vis-NIR) spectra were collected from the lean (latissimus dorsi), subcutaneous fat and intermuscular fat layers. Belly-flop angle and subjective belly scores were collected as measures of pork belly softness. Vis-NIR spectra from a single fat layer could explain between 72.7 and 81.1% of the variation in pork belly softness (43.6-72.4% in validation set). The combination of the lean and subcutaneous layers improved the calibration model fit to 79.7-99.9% (66.3-71.5% in validation set). The DXA estimates explained 62.3% of variation in pork belly softness (65.2% in validation set). Results indicated that DXA and NIR technologies could potentially be utilized for pork belly softness sorting in the pork industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- O P Soladoye
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - N Prieto
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada
| | - O Lopez-Campos
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada
| | - J L Aalhus
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada
| | - B Uttaro
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada
| | - J C Roberts
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada
| | - I Larsen
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada
| | - P Shand
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - C Gariépy
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 8E3, Canada
| | - M Juárez
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada.
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Abstract
Body composition measurements from DXA have been available since DXA technology was developed 30years ago, but are historically underutilized. Recently, there have been rapid developments in body composition assessment including the analysis and publication of representative data for the US, official usage guidance from the International Society for Clinical Densitometry, and development of regional body composition measures with clinical utility. DXA body composition is much more than whole body percent fat. In this paper celebrating 30years of DXA for body composition, we will review the principles of DXA soft tissue analysis, practical clinical and research applications, and what to look for in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Shepherd
- UCSF, School of Medicine, 1 Irving Street, 94930 San Francisco, CA.
| | - Bennett K Ng
- UCSF, School of Medicine, 1 Irving Street, 94930 San Francisco, CA
| | - Markus J Sommer
- UCSF, School of Medicine, 1 Irving Street, 94930 San Francisco, CA
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19
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Pankey CL, Walton MW, Odhiambo JF, Smith AM, Ghnenis AB, Nathanielsz PW, Ford SP. Intergenerational impact of maternal overnutrition and obesity throughout pregnancy in sheep on metabolic syndrome in grandsons and granddaughters. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2017; 60:67-74. [PMID: 28527530 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that maternal overnutrition and obesity (MO) throughout pregnancy and lactation in sheep (MOF0) decreases term fetal pancreatic β-cell numbers and increases perirenal adiposity producing hyperphagia, increased adiposity and insulin resistance in adult female offspring (MOF1) fed ad libitum. Pregnant female MOF1 exhibited increased blood glucose from mid to late gestation vs control F1 (CTRF1) though both groups ate only to NRC recommendations. MOF1 ewes delivered female offspring (F2) who like their MOF1 mothers exhibited increased abdominal adiposity and absent neonatal leptin surge. In the current work, we determined if adult MOF2 exhibited metabolic syndrome components when fed ad libitum. After weaning, MOF2 males (n = 5), MOF2 females (n = 6), CTRF2 males (n = 5), and CTRF2 females (n = 6) were fed to NRC requirements until 19 mo followed by 12-wk ad libitum feeding. Body weight and % fat increased (P < 0.01) in all F2 during this feeding trial. MOF2 males were heavier (P < 0.01) than CTRF2 males and females, and MOF2 females throughout the trial. By wk 8, baseline blood glucose concentrations increased (P < 0.001) in MOF2 females, but not other groups, remaining elevated throughout the trial. Baseline insulin was similar through wk 6, increasing (P < 0.05) at wk 8 in MOF2 females only. MOF2 female insulin returned to CTRF2 female levels during wk 10 and 12. The progressive increase of plasma glucose on wk 8 in association with increased insulin in MOF2 females but not other groups demonstrated a diet-induced increase (P < 0.001) in MOF2 female insulin resistance. The subsequent decline in insulin during wk 10 and 12 despite elevated glucose in MOF2 females is consistent with a decrease in glucose-stimulated pancreatic β-cell function. These data indicate that ad libitum feeding exceeds the pancreatic secretory response predisposing MOF2 females to hyperglycemia. Furthermore, there was a sex difference where MOF2 males increased body mass and MOF2 females displayed insulin/glucose dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Pankey
- Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - M W Walton
- Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - J F Odhiambo
- Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - A M Smith
- Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - A B Ghnenis
- Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - P W Nathanielsz
- Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - S P Ford
- Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
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Soladoye O, López Campos Ó, Aalhus J, Gariépy C, Shand P, Juárez M. Accuracy of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in assessing carcass composition from different pig populations. Meat Sci 2016; 121:310-316. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Prados LF, Zanetti D, Amaral PM, Mariz LDS, Sathler DFT, Filho SCV, Silva FF, Silva BC, Pacheco MC, Alhadas HM, Chizzotti ML. Technical note: Prediction of chemical rib section composition by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in Zebu beef cattle. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:2479-84. [PMID: 27285924 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is expensive and laborious to evaluate carcass composition in beef cattle. The objective of this study was to evaluate a method to predict the 9th to 11th rib section (rib) composition through empirical equations using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry is a validated method used to describe tissue composition in humans and other animals, but few studies have evaluated this technique in beef cattle, and especially in the Zebu genotype. A total of 116 rib were used to evaluate published prediction equations for rib composition and to develop new regression models using a cross-validation procedure. For the proposed models, 93 ribs were randomly selected to calculate the new regression equations, and 23 different ribs were randomly selected to validate the regressions. The rib from left carcasses were taken from Nellore and Nellore × Angus bulls from 3 different studies and scanned using DXA equipment (GE Healthcare, Madison, WI) in the Health Division at Universidade Federal de Viçosa (Viçosa, Brazil). The outputs of the DXA report were DXA lean (g), DXA fat free mass (g), DXA fat mass (g), and DXA bone mineral content (BMC; g). After being scanned, the rib were dissected, ground, and chemically analyzed for total ether extract (EE), CP, water, and ash content. The predictions of rib fat and protein from previous published equations were different ( < 0.01) from the observed composition. New equations were established through leave-one-out cross-validation using the REG procedure in SAS. The equations were as follows: lean (g) = 37.082 + 0.907× DXA lean ( = 0.95); fat free mass (g) = 103.224 + 0.869 × DXA fat free mass ( = 0.93); EE mass (g) = 122.404 + 1.119 × DXA fat mass ( = 0.86); and ash mass (g) = 18.722 + 1.016 × DXA BMC ( = 0.39). The equations were validated using Mayer's test, the concordance correlation coefficient, and the mean square error of prediction for decomposition. For both equations, Mayer's test indicated that if the intercept and the slope were equal to 0 and 1 ( > 0.05), respectively, then the equation correctly estimated the rib composition. Comparing observed and predicted values using the new equations, Mayer's test was not significant for lean mass ( = 0.26), fat free mass ( = 0.67), EE mass ( = 0.054), and ash mass ( = 0.14). We concluded that the rib composition of Nellore and Nellore × Angus bulls can be estimated from DXA using the proposed equations.
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de Prados M, Fulladosa E, Gou P, Muñoz I, Garcia-Perez J, Benedito J. Non-destructive determination of fat content in green hams using ultrasound and X-rays. Meat Sci 2015; 104:37-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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23
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X-ray absorptiometry for non-destructive monitoring of the salt uptake in bone-in raw hams during salting. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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Aalhus JL, López-Campos Ó, Prieto N, Rodas-González A, Dugan MER, Uttaro B, Juárez M. Review: Canadian beef grading – Opportunities to identify carcass and meat quality traits valued by consumers. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas-2014-038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aalhus, J. L., López-Campos, Ó., Prieto, N., Rodas-González, A., Dugan, M. E. R., Uttaro, B. and Juárez, M. 2014. Review: Canadian beef grading – Opportunities to identify carcass and meat quality traits valued by consumers. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 94: 545–556. Beef value is in the eye, mouth or mind of the consumer; however, currently, producers are paid on the basis of carcass grade. In general, affluent consumers are becoming more discerning and are willing to pay for both credence and measureable quality differences. The Canadian grading system for youthful carcasses identifies both lean yield and quality attributes, whereas mature carcasses are broadly categorized. Opportunities exist to improve the prediction of lean meat yield and better identify meat quality characteristics in youthful beef, and to obtain additional value from mature carcasses through muscle profiling. Individual carcass identification along with development of database systems like the Beef InfoXchange System (BIXS) will allow a paradigm shift for the industry as traits of economic value can be easily identified to improve marketing value chains. In the near future, developing technologies (e.g., grade cameras, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and spectroscopic methods such as near infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging) will be successfully implemented on-line to identify a multitude of carcass and quality traits of growing importance to segments of the consuming population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Aalhus
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C&E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - Óscar López-Campos
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C&E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
- Livestock Gentec, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2C8
| | - Nuria Prieto
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C&E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - Argenis Rodas-González
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C&E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Michael E. R. Dugan
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C&E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - Bethany Uttaro
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C&E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - Manuel Juárez
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C&E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
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25
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Picouet P, Muñoz I, Fulladosa E, Daumas G, Gou P. Partial scanning using computed tomography for fat weight prediction in green hams: Scanning protocols and modelling. J FOOD ENG 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Multigenerational impact of maternal overnutrition/obesity in the sheep on the neonatal leptin surge in granddaughters. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014; 39:695-701. [PMID: 25354845 PMCID: PMC4390411 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES We have reported that maternal overnutrition/obesity (OB) in sheep resulting from feeding 150% of National Research Council (NRC) requirements throughout gestation leads to maternal hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. Further, newborn lambs born to OB vs control-fed (CON, 100% of NRC) ewes exhibited greater adiposity, increased blood cortisol, insulin and glucose and the elimination of the postnatal leptin spike seen in lambs born to CON ewes. This early postnatal leptin peak is necessary for the development of hypothalamic circuits, which program appetite in later life. This study evaluated the multigenerational impact of OB on insulin:glucose dynamics of mature female F1 offspring fed only to requirements throughout gestation and on their lambs (F2 generation). DESIGN AND METHODS Adult F1 female offspring born to OB (n=10) or CON (n=7) ewes were utilized. All F1 ewes were subjected to a glucose tolerance test at midgestation and late gestation. Jugular blood was obtained from F2 lambs at birth (day 1) through postnatal day 11, and plasma glucose, insulin, cortisol and leptin concentrations were determined. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was utilized to determine bone mineral density, bone mineral content, lean tissue mass and fat tissue mass. RESULTS Fasted blood glucose and insulin concentrations were greater (P<0.05) in OBF1 than CONF1 ewes at midgestation and late gestation. Further, after glucose infusion, both glucose and insulin concentrations remained higher in OBF1 ewes (P<0.05) than CONF1 ewes, demonstrating greater insulin resistance. Blood concentrations of glucose, insulin and cortisol and adiposity were higher (P<0.01) in OBF2 lambs than CONF2 lambs at birth. Importantly, OBF2 lambs failed to exhibit the early postnatal leptin peak exhibited by CONF2 lambs. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that these OBF2 lambs are predisposed to exhibit the same metabolic alterations as their mothers, suggesting a multigenerational programming effect.
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Tuersunjiang N, Odhiambo JF, Long NM, Shasa DR, Nathanielsz PW, Ford SP. Diet reduction to requirements in obese/overfed ewes from early gestation prevents glucose/insulin dysregulation and returns fetal adiposity and organ development to control levels. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E868-78. [PMID: 23921140 PMCID: PMC3798706 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00117.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity at conception and excess gestational weight gain pose significant risks for adverse health consequences in human offspring. This study evaluated the effects of reducing dietary intake of obese/overfed ewes beginning in early gestation on fetal development. Sixty days prior to conception, ewes were assigned to a control diet [CON: 100% of National Research Council (NRC) recommendations], a diet inducing maternal obesity (MO: 150% of NRC recommendations), or a maternal obesity intervention diet (MOI: 150% of NRC recommendations to day 28 of gestation, then 100% NRC) until necropsy at midgestation (day 75) or late (day 135) gestation. Fetal size and weight, as well as fetal organ weights, were greater (P < 0.05) at midgestation in MO ewes than those of CON and MOI ewes. By late gestation, whereas fetal size and weight did not differ among dietary groups, cardiac ventricular weights and wall thicknesses as well as liver and perirenal fat weights remained elevated in fetuses from MO ewes compared with those from CON and MOI ewes. MO ewes and fetuses exhibited elevated (P < 0.05) plasma concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, insulin, glucose, and cortisol at midgestation compared with CON and MOI ewes and fetuses. In late gestation, whereas plasma triglycerides and cholesterol, insulin, and cortisol remained elevated in MO vs. CON and MOI ewes and fetuses, glucose concentrations were elevated in both MO and MOI fetuses compared with CON fetuses, which was associated with elevated placental GLUT3 expression in both groups. These data are consistent with the concept that reducing maternal diet of obese/overfed ewes to requirements from early gestation can prevent subsequent alterations in fetal growth, adiposity, and glucose/insulin dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuermaimaiti Tuersunjiang
- Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming
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Salas C, Ekmay R, England J, Cerrate S, Coon C. Determination of Chicken Body Composition Measured by Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.3923/ijps.2012.462.468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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29
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George LA, Zhang L, Tuersunjiang N, Ma Y, Long NM, Uthlaut AB, Smith DT, Nathanielsz PW, Ford SP. Early maternal undernutrition programs increased feed intake, altered glucose metabolism and insulin secretion, and liver function in aged female offspring. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2012; 302:R795-804. [PMID: 22277936 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00241.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance and obesity are components of the metabolic syndrome that includes development of cardiovascular disease and diabetes with advancing age. The thrifty phenotype hypothesis suggests that offspring of poorly nourished mothers are predisposed to the various components of the metabolic syndrome due to adaptations made during fetal development. We assessed the effects of maternal nutrient restriction in early gestation on feeding behavior, insulin and glucose dynamics, body composition, and liver function in aged female offspring of ewes fed either a nutrient-restricted [NR 50% National Research Council (NRC) recommendations] or control (C: 100% NRC) diet from 28 to 78 days of gestation, after which both groups were fed at 100% of NRC from day 79 to lambing and through lactation. Female lambs born to NR and C dams were reared as a single group from weaning, and thereafter, they were fed 100% NRC recommendations until assigned to this study at 6 yr of age. These female offspring were evaluated by a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test, followed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for body composition analysis prior to and after ad libitum feeding of a highly palatable pelleted diet for 11 wk with automated monitoring of feed intake (GrowSafe Systems). Aged female offspring born to NR ewes demonstrated greater and more rapid feed intake, greater body weight gain, and efficiency of gain, lower insulin sensitivity, higher insulin secretion, and greater hepatic lipid and glycogen content than offspring from C ewes. These data confirm an increased metabolic "thriftiness" of offspring born to NR mothers, which continues into advanced age, possibly predisposing these offspring to metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A George
- Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, Dept. of Animal Science, Univ. of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
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30
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Hunter T, Suster D, Dunshea F, Cummins L, Egan A, Leury B. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) can be used to predict live animal and whole carcass composition of sheep. Small Rumin Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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Evaluating the application of dual X-ray energy absorptiometry to assess dissectible and chemical fat and muscle from the 9th-to-11th rib section of beef cattle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30521-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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32
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Narsaiah K, Jha SN. Nondestructive methods for quality evaluation of livestock products. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2011; 49:342-8. [PMID: 23729854 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-011-0286-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/08/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The muscles derived from livestock are highly perishable. Rapid and nondestructive methods are essential for quality assurance of such products. Potential nondestructive methods, which can supplement or replace many of traditional time consuming destructive methods, include colour and computer image analysis, NIR spectroscopy, NMRI, electronic nose, ultrasound, X-ray imaging and biosensors. These methods are briefly described and the research work involving them for products derived from livestock is reviewed. These methods will be helpful in rapid screening of large number of samples, monitoring distribution networks, quick product recall and enhance traceability in the value chain of livestock products. With new developments in the areas of basic science related to these methods, colour, image processing, NIR spectroscopy, biosensors and ultrasonic analysis are expected to be widespread and cost effective for large scale meat quality evaluation in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Narsaiah
- Agricultural Structures and Environmental Control Division, Central Institute of Postharvest Engineering and Technology, Ludhiana, 141004 Punjab India
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Long NM, George LA, Uthlaut AB, Smith DT, Nijland MJ, Nathanielsz PW, Ford SP. Maternal obesity and increased nutrient intake before and during gestation in the ewe results in altered growth, adiposity, and glucose tolerance in adult offspring1. J Anim Sci 2010; 88:3546-53. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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George LA, Uthlaut AB, Long NM, Zhang L, Ma Y, Smith DT, Nathanielsz PW, Ford SP. Different levels of overnutrition and weight gain during pregnancy have differential effects on fetal growth and organ development. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2010; 8:75. [PMID: 20576133 PMCID: PMC2911461 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-8-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nearly 50% of U.S. women of child-bearing age are overweight or obese, conditions linked to offspring obesity and diabetes. METHODS Utilizing the sheep, females were fed a highly palatable diet at two levels of overfeeding designed to induce different levels of maternal body weight increase and adiposity at conception, and from conception to midgestation. Fetal growth and organ development were then evaluated at midgestation in response to these two different levels of overfeeding. Ewes were fed to achieve: 1) normal weight gain (control, C), 2) overweight (125% of National Research Council [NRC] recommendations, OW125) or 3) obesity (150% of NRC recommendations, OB150) beginning 10 wks prior to breeding and through midgestation. Body fat % and insulin sensitivity were assessed at three points during the study: 1) diet initiation, 2) conception and 3) mid-gestation. Ewes were necropsied and fetuses recovered at mid-gestation (day 78). RESULTS OB150 ewes had a higher % body fat than OW125 ewes prior to breeding (P = 0.03), but not at mid-gestation (P = 0.37). Insulin sensitivity decreased from diet initiation to mid-gestation (P = 0.04), and acute insulin response to glucose tended to be greater in OB150 ewes than C ewes (P = 0.09) and was greater than in OW125 ewes (P = 0.02). Fetal crown-rump length, thoracic and abdominal girths, and fetal perirenal fat were increased in the OW125 and OB150 versus C ewes at mid-gestation. However, only fetal heart, pancreas, and liver weights, as well as lipid content of fetal liver, were increased (P < 0.05) in OB150 ewes versus both C and OW125 ewes at midgestation. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that different levels of overfeeding, resulting in differing levels of maternal weight gain and adiposity prior to and during pregnancy, lead to differential effects on fetal overgrowth and organ development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A George
- The Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
- Dept. of Animal Science, 1000 E. University Ave. Dept. 3684, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Adam B Uthlaut
- The Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
- Dept. of Animal Science, 1000 E. University Ave. Dept. 3684, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Nathan M Long
- The Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
- Dept. of Animal Science, 1000 E. University Ave. Dept. 3684, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Liren Zhang
- The Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
- Dept. of Animal Science, 1000 E. University Ave. Dept. 3684, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Yan Ma
- The Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
- Dept. of Animal Science, 1000 E. University Ave. Dept. 3684, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Derek T Smith
- Division of Kinesiology and Health, 1000 E. University Ave. Dept. 3196, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Peter W Nathanielsz
- The Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
- Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Stephen P Ford
- The Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
- Dept. of Animal Science, 1000 E. University Ave. Dept. 3684, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
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Ford SP, Zhang L, Zhu M, Miller MM, Smith DT, Hess BW, Moss GE, Nathanielsz PW, Nijland MJ. Maternal obesity accelerates fetal pancreatic beta-cell but not alpha-cell development in sheep: prenatal consequences. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 297:R835-43. [PMID: 19605766 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00072.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Maternal obesity affects offspring weight, body composition, and organ function, increasing diabetes and metabolic syndrome risk. We determined effects of maternal obesity and a high-energy diet on fetal pancreatic development. Sixty days prior to breeding, ewes were assigned to control [100% of National Research Council (NRC) recommendations] or obesogenic (OB; 150% NRC) diets. At 75 days gestation, OB ewes exhibited elevated insulin-to-glucose ratios at rest and during a glucose tolerance test, demonstrating insulin resistance compared with control ewes. In fetal studies, ewes ate their respective diets from 60 days before to 75 days after conception when animals were euthanized under general anesthesia. OB and control ewes increased in body weight by approximately 43% and approximately 6%, respectively, from diet initiation until necropsy. Although all organs were heavier in fetuses from OB ewes, only pancreatic weight increased as a percentage of fetal weight. Blood glucose, insulin, and cortisol were elevated in OB ewes and fetuses on day 75. Insulin-positive cells per unit pancreatic area were 50% greater in fetuses from OB ewes as a result of increased beta-cell mitoses rather than decreased programmed cell death. Lambs of OB ewes were born earlier but weighed the same as control lambs; however, their crown-to-rump length was reduced, and their fat mass was increased. We conclude that increased systemic insulin in fetuses from OB ewes results from increased glucose exposure and/or cortisol-induced accelerated fetal beta-cell maturation and may contribute to premature beta-cell function loss and predisposition to obesity and metabolic disease in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Ford
- Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
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Pearce KL, Ferguson M, Gardner G, Smith N, Greef J, Pethick DW. Dual X-ray absorptiometry accurately predicts carcass composition from live sheep and chemical composition of live and dead sheep. Meat Sci 2008; 81:285-93. [PMID: 22063997 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Revised: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fifty merino wethers (liveweight range from 44 to 81kg, average of 58.6kg) were lot fed for 42d and scanned through a dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as both a live animal and whole carcass (carcass weight range from 15 to 32kg, average of 22.9kg) producing measures of total tissue, lean, fat and bone content. The carcasses were subsequently boned out into saleable cuts and the weights and yield of boned out muscle, fat and bone recorded. The relationship between chemical lean (protein+water) was highly correlated with DXA carcass lean (r(2)=0.90, RSD=0.674kg) and moderately with DXA live lean (r(2)=0.72, RSD=1.05kg). The relationship between the chemical fat was moderately correlated with DXA carcass fat (r(2)=0.86, RSD=0.42kg) and DXA live fat (r(2)=0.70, RSD=0.71kg). DXA carcass and live animal bone was not well correlated with chemical ash (both r(2)=0.38, RSD=0.3). DXA carcass lean was moderately well predicted from DXA live lean with the inclusion of bodyweight in the regression (r(2)=0.82, RSD=0.87kg). DXA carcass fat was well predicted from DXA live fat (r(2)=0.86, RSD=0.54kg). DXA carcass lean and DXA carcass fat with the inclusion of carcass weight in the regression significantly predicted boned out muscle (r(2)=0.97, RSD=0.32kg) and fat weight, respectively (r(2)=0.92, RSD=0.34kg). The use of DXA live lean and DXA live fat with the inclusion of bodyweight to predict boned out muscle (r(2)=0.83, RSD=0.75kg) and fat (r(2)=0.86, RSD=0.46kg) weight, respectively, was moderate. The use of DXA carcass and live lean and fat to predict boned out muscle and fat yield was not correlated as weight. The future for the DXA will exist in the determination of body composition in live animals and carcasses in research experiments but there is potential for the DXA to be used as an online carcass grading system.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Pearce
- Division of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; Australian Sheep Industry Cooperative Research Centre, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia
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Damez JL, Clerjon S. Meat quality assessment using biophysical methods related to meat structure. Meat Sci 2008; 80:132-49. [PMID: 22063178 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2008.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 05/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper overviews the biophysical methods developed to gain access to meat structure information. The meat industry needs reliable meat quality information throughout the production process in order to guarantee high-quality meat products for consumers. Fast and non-invasive sensors will shortly be deployed, based on the development of biophysical methods for assessing meat structure. Reliable meat quality information (tenderness, flavour, juiciness, colour) can be provided by a number of different meat structure assessment either by means of mechanical (i.e., Warner-Bratzler shear force), optical (colour measurements, fluorescence) electrical probing or using ultrasonic measurements, electromagnetic waves, NMR, NIR, and so on. These measurements are often used to construct meat structure images that are fusioned and then processed via multi-image analysis, which needs appropriate processing methods. Quality traits related to mechanical properties are often better assessed by methods that take into account the natural anisotropy of meat due to its relatively linear myofibrillar structure. Biophysical methods of assessment can either measure meat component properties directly, or calculate them indirectly by using obvious correlations between one or several biophysical measurements and meat component properties. Taking these calculations and modelling the main relevant biophysical properties involved can help to improve our understanding of meat properties and thus of eating quality.
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Dunshea FR, Suster D, Eason PJ, Warner RD, Hopkins DL, Ponnampalam EN. Accuracy of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, weight, longissimus lumborum muscle depth and GR fat depth to predict half carcass composition in sheep. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1071/ea07039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A Hologic QDR4500W dual energy X-ray absorptiometer (DXA) was used to measure body composition in 60 sheep half carcasses ranging from 8 to 28 kg. Half carcasses were from ewes and wethers of mixed genetics. Values determined by DXA, including total tissue mass (TTM), lean tissue mass (LTM), fat tissue mass (FTM) and bone mineral content (BMC), for the half carcass were evaluated by comparison with chemically determined composition. In the case of BMC, the relationship was with chemically determined ash content. Liveweight and chemically determined lean, fat and ash were strongly related to DXA-derived values for TTM, LTM, FTM and BMC, respectively (R2 = 0.999, 0.986, 0.989 and 0.920, respectively). However, because DXA estimates were different from chemically determined values in this sample of carcasses, they needed to be adjusted with the use of appropriate regression equations to correct the in-built algorithms. These data demonstrate the efficacy of DXA as a non-destructive method for determining the composition of the sheep half carcass.
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