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Wilkinson DA, Mercier A, Turpin M, Simbi MA, Turpin J, Lebarbenchon C, Cesari M, Jaffar-Bandjee MC, Josset L, Yemadje-Menudier L, Lina B, Mavingui P. Genomic evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in Reunion Island. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 106:105381. [PMID: 36309317 PMCID: PMC9598258 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Island communities are interesting study sites for microbial evolution during epidemics, as their insular nature reduces the complexity of the population's connectivity. This was particularly true on Reunion Island during the first half of 2021, when international travel was restricted in order to mitigate the risk for SARS-CoV-2 introductions. Concurrently, the SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant became dominant and started to circulate at high levels for several months before being completely replaced by the Delta variant as of October 2021. Here, we explore some of the particularities of SARS-CoV-2 genomic evolution within the insular context of Reunion Island. We show that island isolation allowed the amplification and expansion of unique genetic lineages that remained uncommon across the globe. Islands are therefore potential hotspots for the emergence of new genetic variants, meaning that they will play a key role in the continued evolution and propagation of COVID-19 as the pandemic persists.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Wilkinson
- Université de La Réunion, UMR Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT) CNRS 9192, INSERM 1187, IRD 249, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France,GIP CYROI, Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France,Corresponding author at: Université de La Réunion, UMR Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT) CNRS 9192, INSERM 1187, IRD 249, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Alizé Mercier
- Santé Publique France, Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Magali Turpin
- Université de La Réunion, UMR Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT) CNRS 9192, INSERM 1187, IRD 249, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Marie-Alice Simbi
- Université de La Réunion, UMR Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT) CNRS 9192, INSERM 1187, IRD 249, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France,GIP CYROI, Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Jonathan Turpin
- Université de La Réunion, UMR Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT) CNRS 9192, INSERM 1187, IRD 249, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France,GIP CYROI, Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Camille Lebarbenchon
- Université de La Réunion, UMR Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT) CNRS 9192, INSERM 1187, IRD 249, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | | | | | - Laurence Josset
- CNR des Virus des Infections Respiratoires, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France,Virpath, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, UCBL, Lyon, France
| | | | - Bruno Lina
- CNR des Virus des Infections Respiratoires, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France,Virpath, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, UCBL, Lyon, France
| | - Patrick Mavingui
- Université de La Réunion, UMR Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT) CNRS 9192, INSERM 1187, IRD 249, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France,Corresponding author
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2
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Hafsia S, Haramboure M, Wilkinson DA, Baldet T, Yemadje-Menudier L, Vincent M, Tran A, Atyame C, Mavingui P. Overview of dengue outbreaks in the southwestern Indian Ocean and analysis of factors involved in the shift toward endemicity in Reunion Island: A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010547. [PMID: 35900991 PMCID: PMC9333208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dengue is the world’s most prevalent mosquito-borne viral disease. It is endemic in many tropical and subtropical countries and represents a significant global health burden. The first reports of dengue virus (DENV) circulation in the South West Indian Ocean (SWIO) islands date back to the early 1940s; however, an increase in DENV circulation has been reported in the SWIO in recent years. The aim of this review is to trace the history of DENV in the SWIO islands using available records from the Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mayotte, Seychelles, and Reunion. We focus in particular on the most extensive data from Reunion Island, highlighting factors that may explain the observed increasing incidence, and the potential shift from one-off outbreaks to endemic dengue transmission. Methods Following the PRISMA guidelines, the literature review focused queried different databases using the keywords “dengue” or “Aedes albopictus” combined with each of the following SWIO islands the Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mayotte, Seychelles, and Reunion. We also compiled case report data for dengue in Mayotte and Reunion in collaboration with the regional public health agencies in these French territories. References and data were discarded when original sources were not identified. We examined reports of climatic, anthropogenic, and mosquito-related factors that may influence the maintenance of dengue transmission independently of case importation linked to travel. Findings and conclusions The first report of dengue circulation in the SWIO was documented in 1943 in the Comoros. Then not until an outbreak in 1976 to 1977 that affected approximately 80% of the population of the Seychelles. DENV was also reported in 1977 to 1978 in Reunion with an estimate of nearly 30% of the population infected. In the following 40-year period, DENV circulation was qualified as interepidemic with sporadic cases. However, in recent years, the region has experienced uninterrupted DENV transmission at elevated incidence. Since 2017, Reunion witnessed the cocirculation of 3 serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-2 and DENV-3) and an increased number of cases with severe forms and deaths. Reinforced molecular and serological identification of DENV serotypes and genotypes circulating in the SWIO as well as vector control strategies is necessary to protect exposed human populations and limit the spread of dengue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hafsia
- UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical) CNRS 9192-INSERM 1187-IRD 249-Université de La Réunion, île de La Réunion, France
| | - Marion Haramboure
- CIRAD, UMR TETIS, Sainte-Clotilde, île de La Réunion, France
- TETIS, Univ Montpellier, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Sainte-Clotilde, île de La Réunion, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte-Clotilde, île de La Réunion, France
- ASTRE, Université Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Sainte-Clotilde, île de La Réunion, France
| | - David Arthur Wilkinson
- UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical) CNRS 9192-INSERM 1187-IRD 249-Université de La Réunion, île de La Réunion, France
| | - Thierry Baldet
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte-Clotilde, île de La Réunion, France
- ASTRE, Université Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Sainte-Clotilde, île de La Réunion, France
| | | | | | - Annelise Tran
- CIRAD, UMR TETIS, Sainte-Clotilde, île de La Réunion, France
- TETIS, Univ Montpellier, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Sainte-Clotilde, île de La Réunion, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte-Clotilde, île de La Réunion, France
- ASTRE, Université Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Sainte-Clotilde, île de La Réunion, France
| | - Célestine Atyame
- UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical) CNRS 9192-INSERM 1187-IRD 249-Université de La Réunion, île de La Réunion, France
| | - Patrick Mavingui
- UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical) CNRS 9192-INSERM 1187-IRD 249-Université de La Réunion, île de La Réunion, France
- * E-mail:
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3
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Tennant WSD, Cardinale E, Cêtre-Sossah C, Moutroifi Y, Le Godais G, Colombi D, Spencer SEF, Tildesley MJ, Keeling MJ, Charafouddine O, Colizza V, Edmunds WJ, Métras R. Modelling the persistence and control of Rift Valley fever virus in a spatially heterogeneous landscape. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5593. [PMID: 34552082 PMCID: PMC8458460 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25833-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The persistence mechanisms of Rift Valley fever (RVF), a zoonotic arboviral haemorrhagic fever, at both local and broader geographical scales have yet to be fully understood and rigorously quantified. We developed a mathematical metapopulation model describing RVF virus transmission in livestock across the four islands of the Comoros archipelago, accounting for island-specific environments and inter-island animal movements. By fitting our model in a Bayesian framework to 2004-2015 surveillance data, we estimated the importance of environmental drivers and animal movements on disease persistence, and tested the impact of different control scenarios on reducing disease burden throughout the archipelago. Here we report that (i) the archipelago network was able to sustain viral transmission in the absence of explicit disease introduction events after early 2007, (ii) repeated outbreaks during 2004-2020 may have gone under-detected by local surveillance, and (iii) co-ordinated within-island control measures are more effective than between-island animal movement restrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren S D Tennant
- The Zeeman Institute: SBIDER, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Eric Cardinale
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UMR Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques, et Écosystèmes, F-97490, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques, et Écosystèmes, Université de Montpellier, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Catherine Cêtre-Sossah
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UMR Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques, et Écosystèmes, F-97490, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques, et Écosystèmes, Université de Montpellier, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Youssouf Moutroifi
- Vice-Présidence en charge de l'Agriculture, l'Elevage, la Pêche, l'Industrie, l'Energie et l'Artisanat, B.P. 41 Mdé, Moroni, Union of the Comoros
| | - Gilles Le Godais
- Direction de l'Alimentation, de l'Agriculture et de la Forêt de Mayotte, Service de l'Alimentation, 97600, Mamoudzou, France
| | - Davide Colombi
- Aizoon Technology Consulting, Str. del Lionetto 6, Torino, Italy
| | - Simon E F Spencer
- The Zeeman Institute: SBIDER, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4, 7AL, UK
| | - Mike J Tildesley
- The Zeeman Institute: SBIDER, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Matt J Keeling
- The Zeeman Institute: SBIDER, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Onzade Charafouddine
- Vice-Présidence en charge de l'Agriculture, l'Elevage, la Pêche, l'Industrie, l'Energie et l'Artisanat, B.P. 41 Mdé, Moroni, Union of the Comoros
| | - Vittoria Colizza
- INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Institut Pierre Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 1136), 75012, Paris, France
| | - W John Edmunds
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Raphaëlle Métras
- INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Institut Pierre Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 1136), 75012, Paris, France
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
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4
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Describing fine spatiotemporal dynamics of rat fleas in an insular ecosystem enlightens abiotic drivers of murine typhus incidence in humans. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009029. [PMID: 33600454 PMCID: PMC7924756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine typhus is a flea-borne zoonotic disease that has been recently reported on Reunion Island, an oceanic volcanic island located in the Indian Ocean. Five years of survey implemented by the regional public health services have highlighted a strong temporal and spatial structure of the disease in humans, with cases mainly reported during the humid season and restricted to the dry southern and western portions of the island. We explored the environmental component of this zoonosis in an attempt to decipher the drivers of disease transmission. To do so, we used data from a previously published study (599 small mammals and 175 Xenopsylla fleas from 29 sampling sites) in order to model the spatial distribution of rat fleas throughout the island. In addition, we carried out a longitudinal sampling of rats and their ectoparasites over a 12 months period in six study sites (564 rats and 496 Xenopsylla fleas) in order to model the temporal dynamics of flea infestation of rats. Generalized Linear Models and Support Vector Machine classifiers were developed to model the Xenopsylla Genus Flea Index (GFI) from climatic and environmental variables. Results showed that the spatial distribution and the temporal dynamics of fleas, estimated through the GFI variations, are both strongly controlled by abiotic factors: rainfall, temperature and land cover. The models allowed linking flea abundance trends with murine typhus incidence rates. Flea infestation in rats peaked at the end of the dry season, corresponding to hot and dry conditions, before dropping sharply. This peak of maximal flea abundance preceded the annual peak of human murine typhus cases by a few weeks. Altogether, presented data raise novel questions regarding the ecology of rat fleas while developed models contribute to the design of control measures adapted to each micro region of the island with the aim of lowering the incidence of flea-borne diseases. Murine typhus is a neglected zoonotic disease, as the number of human cases is likely underestimated in the absence of specific symptoms. It is caused by Rickettsia typhi, a pathogenic bacterium transmitted by rat fleas (Xenospylla spp). The distribution and dynamics of this disease result from complex interactions involving vectors, reservoirs and humans within a shared environment. In this study, we explored the environmental drivers of rat fleas’ abundance on Reunion Island, where murine typhus has recently emerged. Results showed that i) rat fleas’ abundance is highly dynamic, characterized by a peak at the end of the dry season and ii) among the factors investigated, rainfall, temperature and land cover are the main determinants of rat fleas’ abundance. We modeled a predictive map of flea distribution that strongly correlates with the spatial distribution of human cases on the island. This study highlights the importance of accounting for environmental and climatic characteristics to better understand the spatial and temporal drivers of flea-borne diseases.
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5
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Jaeger A, Gamble A, Lagadec E, Lebarbenchon C, Bourret V, Tornos J, Barbraud C, Lemberger K, Delord K, Weimerskirch H, Thiebot JB, Boulinier T, Tortosa P. Impact of Annual Bacterial Epizootics on Albatross Population on a Remote Island. ECOHEALTH 2020; 17:194-202. [PMID: 32705577 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-020-01487-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The reduced species richness typical of oceanic islands provides an interesting environmental setup to examine in natura the epidemiological dynamics of infectious agents with potential implications for public health and/or conservation. On Amsterdam Island (Indian Ocean), recurrent die-offs of Indian yellow-nosed albatross (Thalassarche carteri) nestlings have been attributed to avian cholera, caused by the bacterium Pasteurella multocida. In order to help implementing efficient measures for the control of this disease, it is critical to better understand the local epidemiology of P. multocida and to examine its inter- and intra-annual infection dynamics. We evaluated the infection status of 264 yellow-nosed albatrosses over four successive breeding seasons using a real-time PCR targeting P. multocida DNA from cloacal swabs. Infection prevalence patterns revealed an intense circulation of P. multocida throughout the survey, with a steady but variable increase in infection prevalence within each breeding season. These epizootics were associated with massive nestling dies-offs, inducing very low fledging successes (≤ 20%). These results suggest important variations in the transmission dynamics of this pathogen. These findings and the developed PCR protocol have direct applications to guide future research and refine conservation plans aiming at controlling the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Jaeger
- UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical), CNRS 9192, INSERM 1187, IRD 249, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, Université de La Réunion, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- UMR ENTROPIE (Écologie marine tropicale des océans Pacifique et Indien) CNRS, IRD 250, Université de La Réunion, 15 Avenue René Cassin, CS 92003, 97744, Saint Denis Cedex 9, La Réunion, France
| | - Amandine Gamble
- Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive (CEFE), CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Erwan Lagadec
- UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical), CNRS 9192, INSERM 1187, IRD 249, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, Université de La Réunion, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Réserve Naturelle Nationale des Terres Australes Françaises, Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises, rue Gabriel Dejean, Saint Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Camille Lebarbenchon
- UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical), CNRS 9192, INSERM 1187, IRD 249, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, Université de La Réunion, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Vincent Bourret
- Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive (CEFE), CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Jérémy Tornos
- Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive (CEFE), CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
- Ceva Biovac Campus, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Christophe Barbraud
- Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé, UMR CNRS 7372, Université La Rochelle, Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Karin Lemberger
- Vet Diagnostics, 14, Avenue Rockefeller, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Karine Delord
- Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé, UMR CNRS 7372, Université La Rochelle, Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Henri Weimerskirch
- Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé, UMR CNRS 7372, Université La Rochelle, Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Thiebot
- Réserve Naturelle Nationale des Terres Australes Françaises, Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises, rue Gabriel Dejean, Saint Pierre, La Réunion, France
- Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé, UMR CNRS 7372, Université La Rochelle, Villiers en Bois, France
- National Institute of Polar Research, 10-3, Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 190-8518, Japan
| | - Thierry Boulinier
- Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive (CEFE), CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Pablo Tortosa
- UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical), CNRS 9192, INSERM 1187, IRD 249, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, Université de La Réunion, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France.
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6
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Dacheux L, Dommergues L, Chouanibou Y, Doméon L, Schuler C, Bonas S, Luo D, Maufrais C, Cetre‐Sossah C, Cardinale E, Bourhy H, Métras R. Co-circulation and characterization of novel African arboviruses (genus Ephemerovirus) in cattle, Mayotte island, Indian Ocean, 2017. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:2601-2604. [PMID: 31390479 PMCID: PMC6899740 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mayotte is an island located in the Mozambique Channel, between Mozambique and Madagascar, in the South Western Indian Ocean region. A severe syndrome of unknown aetiology has been observed seasonally since 2009 in cattle (locally named "cattle flu"), associated with anorexia, nasal discharge, hyperthermia and lameness. We sampled blood from a panel of those severely affected animals at the onset of disease signs and analysed these samples by next-generation sequencing. We first identified the presence of ephemeral bovine fever viruses (BEFV), an arbovirus belonging to the genus Ephemerovirus within the family Rhabdoviridae, thus representing the first published sequences of BEFV viruses of African origin. In addition, we also discovered and genetically characterized a potential new species within the genus Ephemerovirus, called Mavingoni virus (MVGV) from one diseased animal. Finally, both MVGV and BEFV have been identified in cattle from the same herd, evidencing a co-circulation of different ephemeroviruses on the island. The clinical, epidemiological and virological information strongly suggests that these viruses represent the etiological agents of the observed "cattle flu" within this region. This study highlights the importance of the strengthening and harmonizing arboviral surveillance in Mayotte and its neighbouring areas, including Africa mainland, given the importance of the diffusion of infectious diseases (such as BEFV) mediated by animal and human movements in the South Western Indian Ocean area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Dacheux
- Institut PasteurUnit Lyssavirus Epidemiology and NeuropathologyParisFrance
| | - Laure Dommergues
- GDS Mayotte‐Coopérative Agricole des Eleveurs MahoraisCoconiFrance
| | | | - Lionel Doméon
- Clinique Vétérinaire de Doméon/SchulerMamoudzouFrance
| | | | - Simon Bonas
- Institut PasteurUnit Lyssavirus Epidemiology and NeuropathologyParisFrance
| | - Dongsheng Luo
- Institut PasteurUnit Lyssavirus Epidemiology and NeuropathologyParisFrance
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and BiosafetyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Corinne Maufrais
- Institut PasteurUSR 3756 CNRSBioinformatics and Biostatistics HubParisFrance
| | - Catherine Cetre‐Sossah
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRESainte ClotildeFrance
- ASTREUniv Montpellier (I‐MUSE)CIRAD, INRAMontpellierFrance
| | - Eric Cardinale
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRESainte ClotildeFrance
- ASTREUniv Montpellier (I‐MUSE)CIRAD, INRAMontpellierFrance
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Institut PasteurUnit Lyssavirus Epidemiology and NeuropathologyParisFrance
| | - Raphaëlle Métras
- ASTREUniv Montpellier (I‐MUSE)CIRAD, INRAMontpellierFrance
- CIRADUMR ASTREMontpellierFrance
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7
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Pascalis H, Turpin J, Roche M, Krejbich P, Gadea G, Nten CA, Desprès P, Mavingui P. The epidemic of Dengue virus type-2 Cosmopolitan genotype on Reunion Island relates to its active circulation in the Southwestern Indian Ocean neighboring islands. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01455. [PMID: 31008393 PMCID: PMC6458493 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reunion Island is currently experiencing an epidemic caused by Dengue virus type-2 (DENV-2) resulting in over 6,763 cases from austral summer 2017 to winter 2018. Phylogenetic analyses on two non-imported cases of dengue infection from Reunion Island highlight a regional circulation of DENV-2 Cosmopolitan lineage 1 virus on both Reunion Island and the Seychelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Pascalis
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT "Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical", INSERM U1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Saint Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Jonathan Turpin
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT "Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical", INSERM U1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Saint Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Marjolaine Roche
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT "Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical", INSERM U1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Saint Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Pascale Krejbich
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT "Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical", INSERM U1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Saint Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Gilles Gadea
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT "Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical", INSERM U1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Saint Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Célestine Atyame Nten
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT "Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical", INSERM U1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Saint Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Philippe Desprès
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT "Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical", INSERM U1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Saint Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Patrick Mavingui
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT "Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical", INSERM U1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Saint Clotilde, La Réunion, France
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8
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Mavian C, Dulcey M, Munoz O, Salemi M, Vittor AY, Capua I. Islands as Hotspots for Emerging Mosquito-Borne Viruses: A One-Health Perspective. Viruses 2018; 11:E11. [PMID: 30585228 PMCID: PMC6356932 DOI: 10.3390/v11010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past ten years, an increasing number of arbovirus outbreaks have affected tropical islands worldwide. We examined the available literature in peer-reviewed journals, from the second half of the 20th century until 2018, with the aim of gathering an overall picture of the emergence of arboviruses in these islands. In addition, we included information on environmental and social drivers specific to island setting that can facilitate the emergence of outbreaks. Within the context of the One Health approach, our review highlights how the emergence of arboviruses in tropical islands is linked to the complex interplay between their unique ecological settings and to the recent changes in local and global sociodemographic patterns. We also advocate for greater coordination between stakeholders in developing novel prevention and mitigation approaches for an intractable problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Mavian
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
- Emerging Pathogens Institute University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Melissa Dulcey
- Emerging Pathogens Institute University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Olga Munoz
- Emerging Pathogens Institute University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
- One Health Center of Excellence, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Marco Salemi
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
- Emerging Pathogens Institute University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Amy Y Vittor
- Emerging Pathogens Institute University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Ilaria Capua
- Emerging Pathogens Institute University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
- One Health Center of Excellence, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Livestock trade network: potential for disease transmission and implications for risk-based surveillance on the island of Mayotte. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11550. [PMID: 30069063 PMCID: PMC6070536 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29999-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The island of Mayotte is a department of France, an outermost region of the European Union located in the Indian Ocean between Madagascar and the coast of Eastern Africa. Due to its close connection to the African mainland and neighbouring islands, the island is under constant threat of introduction of infectious diseases of both human and animal origin. Here, using social network analysis and mathematical modelling, we assessed potential implications of livestock movements between communes in Mayotte for risk-based surveillance. Our analyses showed that communes in the central region of Mayotte acted as a hub in the livestock movement network. The majority of livestock movements occurred between communes in the central region and from communes in the central region to those in the outer region. Also, communes in the central region were more likely to be infected earlier than those in the outer region when the spread of an exotic infectious disease was simulated on the livestock movement network. The findings of this study, therefore, suggest that communes in the central region would play a major role in the spread of infectious diseases via livestock movements, which needs to be considered in the design of risk-based surveillance systems in Mayotte.
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Biscornet L, Dellagi K, Pagès F, Bibi J, de Comarmond J, Mélade J, Govinden G, Tirant M, Gomard Y, Guernier V, Lagadec E, Mélanie J, Rocamora G, Le Minter G, Jaubert J, Mavingui P, Tortosa P. Human leptospirosis in Seychelles: A prospective study confirms the heavy burden of the disease but suggests that rats are not the main reservoir. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005831. [PMID: 28846678 PMCID: PMC5591009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonosis caused by pathogenic Leptospira for which rats are considered as the main reservoir. Disease incidence is higher in tropical countries, especially in insular ecosystems. Our objectives were to determine the current burden of leptospirosis in Seychelles, a country ranking first worldwide according to historical data, to establish epidemiological links between animal reservoirs and human disease, and to identify drivers of transmission. Methods A total of 223 patients with acute febrile symptoms of unknown origin were enrolled in a 12-months prospective study and tested for leptospirosis through real-time PCR, IgM ELISA and MAT. In addition, 739 rats trapped throughout the main island were investigated for Leptospira renal carriage. All molecularly confirmed positive samples were further genotyped. Results A total of 51 patients fulfilled the biological criteria of acute leptospirosis, corresponding to an annual incidence of 54.6 (95% CI 40.7–71.8) per 100,000 inhabitants. Leptospira carriage in Rattus spp. was overall low (7.7%) but dramatically higher in Rattus norvegicus (52.9%) than in Rattus rattus (4.4%). Leptospira interrogans was the only detected species in both humans and rats, and was represented by three distinct Sequence Types (STs). Two were novel STs identified in two thirds of acute human cases while noteworthily absent from rats. Conclusions This study shows that human leptospirosis still represents a heavy disease burden in Seychelles. Genotype data suggests that rats are actually not the main reservoir for human disease. We highlight a rather limited efficacy of preventive measures so far implemented in Seychelles. This could result from ineffective control measures of excreting animal populations, possibly due to a misidentification of the main contaminating reservoir(s). Altogether, presented data stimulate the exploration of alternative reservoir animal hosts. Leptospirosis is an emerging environmental infectious disease caused by corkscrew shaped bacteria called Leptospira. Humans usually get infected during recreational or work-related outdoor activities through contact with urine excreted by animal reservoirs. As a zoonotic disease, leptospirosis is a good example of the One Health concept for it links humans, animals and ecosystems in a web of pathogen maintenance and transmission. This zoonosis is highly prevalent in the tropics and especially in tropical islands. Seychelles archipelago has been reported as the country with highest human incidence worldwide, although figures are based on dated studies and/or poorly specific tests. The presented investigation aimed at providing an updated information on human leptospirosis burden in Seychelles and exploring the transmission chains in their environmental aspects. Presented data confirms that the disease still heavily impacts the country. Genotyping of pathogenic Leptospira in human acute cases reveals that three distinct Sequence Types (STs) are involved in the disease. However, rats typically considered as the main reservoir in Seychelles, harbor only one of these STs, found only in a minority of human cases. Hence, it appears that rats are likely not the main reservoir of leptospirosis in Seychelles, which has important consequences in terms of preventive measures to be implemented for a better control of human leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Biscornet
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical), CNRS 9192, INSERM U 1187, IRD 249. Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- CRVOI, Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Emergentes dans l’Océan Indien, Ste Clotilde, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Unit, Seychelles Public Health Laboratory, Public Health Authority, Ministry of Health, Mont Fleuri, Seychelles
| | - Koussay Dellagi
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical), CNRS 9192, INSERM U 1187, IRD 249. Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- CRVOI, Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Emergentes dans l’Océan Indien, Ste Clotilde, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Frédéric Pagès
- Regional Office of the French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (Santé Publique France), Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Jastin Bibi
- Disease Surveillance and Response Unit, Epidemiology and Statistics Section, Public Health Authority, Ministry of Health, Mont Fleuri, Seychelles
| | - Jeanine de Comarmond
- Disease Surveillance and Response Unit, Epidemiology and Statistics Section, Public Health Authority, Ministry of Health, Mont Fleuri, Seychelles
| | - Julien Mélade
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical), CNRS 9192, INSERM U 1187, IRD 249. Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- CRVOI, Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Emergentes dans l’Océan Indien, Ste Clotilde, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Graham Govinden
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Unit, Seychelles Public Health Laboratory, Public Health Authority, Ministry of Health, Mont Fleuri, Seychelles
| | - Maria Tirant
- Regional Office of the French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (Santé Publique France), Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Yann Gomard
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical), CNRS 9192, INSERM U 1187, IRD 249. Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- CRVOI, Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Emergentes dans l’Océan Indien, Ste Clotilde, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Vanina Guernier
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical), CNRS 9192, INSERM U 1187, IRD 249. Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- CRVOI, Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Emergentes dans l’Océan Indien, Ste Clotilde, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Erwan Lagadec
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical), CNRS 9192, INSERM U 1187, IRD 249. Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- CRVOI, Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Emergentes dans l’Océan Indien, Ste Clotilde, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Jimmy Mélanie
- Veterinary Services Section, Seychelles Agricultural Agency, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Victoria, Seychelles
| | - Gérard Rocamora
- Island Biodiversity and Conservation Centre, University of Seychelles, Victoria, Seychelles
| | - Gildas Le Minter
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical), CNRS 9192, INSERM U 1187, IRD 249. Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Julien Jaubert
- Service de Bactériologie, Parasitologie, Virologie et Hygiène, Groupe Hospitalier Sud Réunion-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (GHSR-CHU), Saint Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Patrick Mavingui
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical), CNRS 9192, INSERM U 1187, IRD 249. Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Pablo Tortosa
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical), CNRS 9192, INSERM U 1187, IRD 249. Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- * E-mail:
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11
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Métras R, Fournié G, Dommergues L, Camacho A, Cavalerie L, Mérot P, Keeling MJ, Cêtre-Sossah C, Cardinale E, Edmunds WJ. Drivers for Rift Valley fever emergence in Mayotte: A Bayesian modelling approach. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005767. [PMID: 28732006 PMCID: PMC5540619 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a major zoonotic and arboviral hemorrhagic fever. The conditions leading to RVF epidemics are still unclear, and the relative role of climatic and anthropogenic factors may vary between ecosystems. Here, we estimate the most likely scenario that led to RVF emergence on the island of Mayotte, following the 2006-2007 African epidemic. We developed the first mathematical model for RVF that accounts for climate, animal imports and livestock susceptibility, which is fitted to a 12-years dataset. RVF emergence was found to be triggered by the import of infectious animals, whilst transmissibility was approximated as a linear or exponential function of vegetation density. Model forecasts indicated a very low probability of virus endemicity in 2017, and therefore of re-emergence in a closed system (i.e. without import of infected animals). However, the very high proportion of naive animals reached in 2016 implies that the island remains vulnerable to the import of infectious animals. We recommend reinforcing surveillance in livestock, should RVF be reported is neighbouring territories. Our model should be tested elsewhere, with ecosystem-specific data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaëlle Métras
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume Fournié
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Laure Dommergues
- GDS Mayotte-Coopérative Agricole des Eleveurs Mahorais, Coconi, Mayotte, France
| | - Anton Camacho
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Epicentre, Paris, France
| | - Lisa Cavalerie
- Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD) UMR ASTRE, Cyroi platform, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR 1309 ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- Bureau de la Santé Animale, Direction Générale de l’Alimentation, Paris, France
- Université de La Réunion, Saint Denis, France
| | - Philippe Mérot
- Direction de l’Alimentation, de l’Agriculture et de la Forêt de Mayotte, Mamoudzou, France
| | - Matt J. Keeling
- WIDER, Warwick University, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Life Sciences, Warwick University, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Mathematics Institute, Warwick University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Cêtre-Sossah
- Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD) UMR ASTRE, Cyroi platform, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR 1309 ASTRE, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Cardinale
- Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD) UMR ASTRE, Cyroi platform, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR 1309 ASTRE, Montpellier, France
| | - W. John Edmunds
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Dellagi K, Salez N, Maquart M, Larrieu S, Yssouf A, Silaï R, Leparc-Goffart I, Tortosa P, de Lamballerie X. Serological Evidence of Contrasted Exposure to Arboviral Infections between Islands of the Union of Comoros (Indian Ocean). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004840. [PMID: 27977670 PMCID: PMC5157944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A cross sectional serological survey of arboviral infections in humans was conducted on the three islands of the Union of Comoros, Indian Ocean, in order to test a previously suggested contrasted exposure of the three neighboring islands to arthropod-borne epidemics. Four hundred human sera were collected on Ngazidja (Grande Comore), Mwali (Mohéli) and Ndzouani (Anjouan), and were tested by ELISA for IgM and/or IgG antibodies to Dengue (DENV), Chikungunya (CHIKV), Rift Valley fever (RVFV), West Nile (WNV), Tick borne encephalitis (TBEV) and Yellow fever (YFV) viruses and for neutralizing antibodies to DENV serotypes 1-4. Very few sera were positive for IgM antibodies to the tested viruses indicating that the sero-survey was performed during an inter epidemic phase for the investigated arbovirus infections, except for RVF which showed evidence of recent infections on all three islands. IgG reactivity with at least one arbovirus was observed in almost 85% of tested sera, with seropositivity rates increasing with age, indicative of an intense and long lasting exposure of the Comorian population to arboviral risk. Interestingly, the positivity rates for IgG antibodies to DENV and CHIKV were significantly higher on Ngazidja, confirming the previously suggested prominent exposure of this island to these arboviruses, while serological traces of WNV infection were detected most frequently on Mwali suggesting some transmission specificities associated with this island only. The study provides the first evidence for circulation of RVFV in human populations from the Union of Comoros and further suggests that the virus is currently circulating on the three islands in an inconspicuous manner. This study supports contrasted exposure of the islands of the Comoros archipelago to arboviral infections. The observation is discussed in terms of ecological factors that may affect the abundance and distribution of vector populations on the three islands as well as concurring anthropogenic factors that may impact arbovirus transmission in this diverse island ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koussay Dellagi
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Emergentes dans l’Océan Indien, (CRVOI) Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche «Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical» (UMR PIMIT), INSERM 1187 CNRS 9192 IRD 249 Université de La Réunion, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Nicolas Salez
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, EHESP French School of Public Health, EPV UMR_D 190 "Emergence des Pathologies Virales", Marseille, France
| | - Marianne Maquart
- French National Reference Centre for Arbovirus, IRBA, Marseille, France
| | - Sophie Larrieu
- Cellule Interrégionale d'Épidémiologie Océan Indien (Cire OI), Institut de Veille Sanitaire, Saint Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Amina Yssouf
- Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme, Moroni, Union of the Comoros
| | - Rahamatou Silaï
- Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme, Moroni, Union of the Comoros
| | | | - Pablo Tortosa
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Emergentes dans l’Océan Indien, (CRVOI) Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche «Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical» (UMR PIMIT), INSERM 1187 CNRS 9192 IRD 249 Université de La Réunion, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, EHESP French School of Public Health, EPV UMR_D 190 "Emergence des Pathologies Virales", Marseille, France
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13
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Michelet L, Joncour G, Devillers E, Torina A, Vayssier-Taussat M, Bonnet SI, Moutailler S. Tick species, tick-borne pathogens and symbionts in an insular environment off the coast of Western France. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2016; 7:1109-1115. [PMID: 27622976 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Insular environments provide ideal natural conditions to study disease ecology, especially emerging diseases, due to clear differentiation between local and long-distance transmission. Such environments are of particular interest regarding tick-borne pathogens (TBP), since animal exchange with the mainland (along with any ticks they carry) is limited, and because such locations could lie on migratory routes for birds carrying ticks. Therefore both tick species and TBP may display different prevalence than those observed on the continent. As such, an epidemiological survey was performed on Belle-Ile-en-Mer, an island off the coast of Western France, in order to estimate the prevalence of tick species and the microorganisms they carried. Three tick species, Dermacentor marginatus, D. reticulatus, and Haemaphysalis punctata were collected at five different sites in 2010 and 2011. All ticks were tested for pathogen's and symbiont's DNA by (i) PCR for Anaplasma spp., Borrelia spp., Rickettsia spp.; (ii) real-time PCR for Francisella tularensis, Francisella-like endosymbionts (FLE) and Coxiella spp. and (iii) PCR-RLB for Babesia-Theileria spp. Pathogen DNA detected in D. marginatus including Borrelia spp. (18%), Rickettsia spp. (13%) which was identified as R. slovaca, Babesia spp. (8%), and Theileria spp. (1%). Pathogens detected in D. reticulatus including Rickettsia spp. (31%) identified as R. raoulti, Francisella-like endosymbiont (86%), and Babesia spp (21%). Pathogens detected in H. punctata including Rickettsia spp. (1%) identified as R. aeschlimannii, FLE (0.4%), Babesia spp. (18%), and Theileria spp. (7%). Anaplasma spp., F. tularensis, or Coxiella spp. were not detected in any of the collected ticks. This study represents the first epidemiological survey of the insular Belle-Ile-en-Mer environment. It demonstrated the presence of expected pathogens, consistent with reports from island veterinarians or physicians, as well as unexpected pathogens, raising questions about their potential introduction through infected animals and/or their dispersion by migratory birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Michelet
- UMR BIPAR, Animal Health Laboratory, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94706 Maisons Alfort cedex, France
| | - Guy Joncour
- Technical Veterinary Groups National Society (SNGTV), 2, Kervellan, Callac, France
| | - Elodie Devillers
- UMR BIPAR, Animal Health Laboratory, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94706 Maisons Alfort cedex, France
| | - Alessandra Torina
- Dipartimento Sanità Interprovinciale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Muriel Vayssier-Taussat
- UMR BIPAR, Animal Health Laboratory, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94706 Maisons Alfort cedex, France
| | - Sarah I Bonnet
- UMR BIPAR, Animal Health Laboratory, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94706 Maisons Alfort cedex, France
| | - Sara Moutailler
- UMR BIPAR, Animal Health Laboratory, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94706 Maisons Alfort cedex, France.
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14
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Mélade J, McCulloch S, Ramasindrazana B, Lagadec E, Turpin M, Pascalis H, Goodman SM, Markotter W, Dellagi K. Serological Evidence of Lyssaviruses among Bats on Southwestern Indian Ocean Islands. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160553. [PMID: 27501458 PMCID: PMC4976896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We provide serological evidence of lyssavirus circulation among bats on southwestern Indian Ocean (SWIO) islands. A total of 572 bats belonging to 22 species were collected on Anjouan, Mayotte, La Réunion, Mauritius, Mahé and Madagascar and screened by the Rapid Fluorescent Focus Inhibition Test for the presence of neutralising antibodies against the two main rabies related lyssaviruses circulating on the African continent: Duvenhage lyssavirus (DUVV) and Lagos bat lyssavirus (LBV), representing phylogroups I and II, respectively. A total of 97 and 42 sera were able to neutralise DUVV and LBV, respectively. No serum neutralised both DUVV and LBV but most DUVV-seropositive bats (n = 32/220) also neutralised European bat lyssavirus 1 (EBLV-1) but not Rabies lyssavirus (RABV), the prototypic lyssavirus of phylogroup I. These results highlight that lyssaviruses belonging to phylogroups I and II circulate in regional bat populations and that the putative phylogroup I lyssavirus is antigenically closer to DUVV and EBLV-1 than to RABV. Variation between bat species, roost sites and bioclimatic regions were observed. All brain samples tested by RT-PCR specific for lyssavirus RNA were negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Mélade
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Emergentes dans l’Océan Indien (CRVOI), Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT «Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical», INSERM U1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249. Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Saint Denis, La Réunion, France
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Stewart McCulloch
- Center for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Beza Ramasindrazana
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Emergentes dans l’Océan Indien (CRVOI), Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT «Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical», INSERM U1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249. Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Saint Denis, La Réunion, France
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Association Vahatra, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Erwan Lagadec
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Emergentes dans l’Océan Indien (CRVOI), Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT «Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical», INSERM U1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249. Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Saint Denis, La Réunion, France
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Magali Turpin
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Emergentes dans l’Océan Indien (CRVOI), Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT «Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical», INSERM U1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249. Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Saint Denis, La Réunion, France
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Hervé Pascalis
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Emergentes dans l’Océan Indien (CRVOI), Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT «Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical», INSERM U1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249. Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Saint Denis, La Réunion, France
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Steven M. Goodman
- Association Vahatra, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Wanda Markotter
- Center for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Koussay Dellagi
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Emergentes dans l’Océan Indien (CRVOI), Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT «Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical», INSERM U1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249. Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Saint Denis, La Réunion, France
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
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15
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McCoy KD, Dietrich M, Jaeger A, Wilkinson DA, Bastien M, Lagadec E, Boulinier T, Pascalis H, Tortosa P, Le Corre M, Dellagi K, Lebarbenchon C. The role of seabirds of the Iles Eparses as reservoirs and disseminators of parasites and pathogens. ACTA OECOLOGICA (MONTROUGE, FRANCE) 2016; 72:98-109. [PMID: 32288503 PMCID: PMC7128210 DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The role of birds as reservoirs and disseminators of parasites and pathogens has received much attention over the past several years due to their high vagility. Seabirds are particularly interesting hosts in this respect. In addition to incredible long-distance movements during migration, foraging and prospecting, these birds are long-lived, site faithful and breed in dense aggregations in specific colony locations. These different characteristics can favor both the local maintenance and large-scale dissemination of parasites and pathogens. The Iles Eparses provide breeding and feeding grounds for more than 3 million breeding pairs of seabirds including at least 13 species. Breeding colonies on these islands are relatively undisturbed by human activities and represent natural metapopulations in which seabird population dynamics, movement and dispersal can be studied in relation to that of circulating parasites and pathogens. In this review, we summarize previous knowledge and recently-acquired data on the parasites and pathogens found in association with seabirds of the Iles Eparses. These studies have revealed the presence of a rich diversity of infectious agents (viruses, bacteria and parasites) carried by the birds and/or their local ectoparasites (ticks and louse flies). Many of these agents are widespread and found in other ecosystems confirming a role for seabirds in their large scale dissemination and maintenance. The heterogeneous distribution of parasites and infectious agents among islands and seabird species suggests that relatively independent metacommunities of interacting species may exist within the western Indian Ocean. In this context, we discuss how the patterns and determinants of seabird movements may alter parasite and pathogen circulation. We conclude by outlining key aspects for future research given the baseline data now available and current concerns in eco-epidemiology and biodiversity conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen D. McCoy
- MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Evolution, Génétique, Ecologie, Contrôle) UMR 5290 CNRS-IRD-Université de Montpellier, Centre IRD, 34393 Montpellier, France
| | - Muriel Dietrich
- CRVOI (Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien), 97490 Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island, France
| | - Audrey Jaeger
- CRVOI (Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien), 97490 Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island, France
- UMR ENTROPIE, Université de la Réunion-IRD-CNRS, CS92003, 97744 Saint Denis, Reunion Island, France
| | - David A. Wilkinson
- CRVOI (Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien), 97490 Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island, France
- UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical), Université de La Réunion, INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island, France
| | - Matthieu Bastien
- CRVOI (Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien), 97490 Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island, France
- UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical), Université de La Réunion, INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island, France
| | - Erwan Lagadec
- CRVOI (Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien), 97490 Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island, France
- UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical), Université de La Réunion, INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island, France
| | - Thierry Boulinier
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS-Université de Montpellier UMR 5175, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Hervé Pascalis
- CRVOI (Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien), 97490 Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island, France
- UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical), Université de La Réunion, INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island, France
| | - Pablo Tortosa
- CRVOI (Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien), 97490 Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island, France
- UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical), Université de La Réunion, INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island, France
| | - Matthieu Le Corre
- UMR ENTROPIE, Université de la Réunion-IRD-CNRS, CS92003, 97744 Saint Denis, Reunion Island, France
| | - Koussay Dellagi
- CRVOI (Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien), 97490 Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island, France
- UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical), Université de La Réunion, INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island, France
| | - Camille Lebarbenchon
- CRVOI (Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien), 97490 Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island, France
- UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical), Université de La Réunion, INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island, France
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16
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Lebarbenchon C, Jaeger A, Feare C, Bastien M, Dietrich M, Larose C, Lagadec E, Rocamora G, Shah N, Pascalis H, Boulinier T, Le Corre M, Stallknecht DE, Dellagi K. Influenza A virus on oceanic islands: host and viral diversity in seabirds in the Western Indian Ocean. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004925. [PMID: 25996394 PMCID: PMC4440776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ducks and seabirds are natural hosts for influenza A viruses (IAV). On oceanic islands, the ecology of IAV could be affected by the relative diversity, abundance and density of seabirds and ducks. Seabirds are the most abundant and widespread avifauna in the Western Indian Ocean and, in this region, oceanic islands represent major breeding sites for a large diversity of potential IAV host species. Based on serological assays, we assessed the host range of IAV and the virus subtype diversity in terns of the islands of the Western Indian Ocean. We further investigated the spatial variation in virus transmission patterns between islands and identified the origin of circulating viruses using a molecular approach. Our findings indicate that terns represent a major host for IAV on oceanic islands, not only for seabird-related virus subtypes such as H16, but also for those commonly isolated in wild and domestic ducks (H3, H6, H9, H12 subtypes). We also identified strong species-associated variation in virus exposure that may be associated to differences in the ecology and behaviour of terns. We discuss the role of tern migrations in the spread of viruses to and between oceanic islands, in particular for the H2 and H9 IAV subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Lebarbenchon
- GIS CRVOI (Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien), Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical), INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Saint Denis, Reunion Island
| | - Audrey Jaeger
- GIS CRVOI (Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien), Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical), INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Saint Denis, Reunion Island
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Marine, FRE 3560 INEE-CNRS, Université de La Réunion, Saint Denis, Reunion Island
| | - Chris Feare
- WildWings Bird Management, Grayswood Common, Haslemere, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Matthieu Bastien
- GIS CRVOI (Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien), Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Marine, FRE 3560 INEE-CNRS, Université de La Réunion, Saint Denis, Reunion Island
| | - Muriel Dietrich
- GIS CRVOI (Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien), Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island
| | - Christine Larose
- WildWings Bird Management, Grayswood Common, Haslemere, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Erwan Lagadec
- GIS CRVOI (Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien), Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical), INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Saint Denis, Reunion Island
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island
| | | | - Nirmal Shah
- Nature Seychelles, The Center for Environment and Education, Roche Caiman, Mahé, Seychelles
| | - Hervé Pascalis
- GIS CRVOI (Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien), Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical), INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Saint Denis, Reunion Island
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island
| | - Thierry Boulinier
- Centre d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Matthieu Le Corre
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Marine, FRE 3560 INEE-CNRS, Université de La Réunion, Saint Denis, Reunion Island
| | - David E. Stallknecht
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Diseases Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Koussay Dellagi
- GIS CRVOI (Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien), Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical), INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Saint Denis, Reunion Island
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island
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17
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Yssouf A, Socolovschi C, Kernif T, Temmam S, Lagadec E, Tortosa P, Parola P. First molecular detection of Rickettsia africae in ticks from the Union of the Comoros. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:444. [PMID: 25245895 PMCID: PMC4289259 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rickettsia africae is the agent of African tick bite fever, a disease transmitted by ticks in sub-Saharan Africa. In Union of the Comoros, a recent study reported the presence of a Rickettsia africae vector but no information has been provided on the circulation of the pathogenic agent in this country. Methods To evaluate the possible circulation of Rickettsia spp. in Comorian cattle, genomic DNA was extracted from 512 ticks collected either in the Union of the Comoros or from animals imported from Tanzania and subsequently tested for Rickettsia infection by quantitative PCR. Results Rickettsia africae was detected in 90% (60/67) of Amblyomma variegatum, 1% (1/92) of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and 2.7% (8/296) of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks collected in the Union of the Comoros, as well as in 77.14% (27/35) of Amblyomma variegatum ticks collected from imported cattle. Partial sequences of both bacterial gltA and ompA genes were used in a phylogenetic analysis revealing the presence of several haplotypes, all included within the Rickettsia africae clade. Conclusions Our study reports the first evidence of Rickettsia africae in ticks collected from the Union of the Comoros. The data show a significant difference of infection rate of Rickettsia africae infected ticks between the Islands, with maximum rates measured in Grande Comore Island, sheltering the main entry port for live animal importation from Tanzania. The high infection levels reported herein indicate the need for an in-depth assessment of the burden of rickettsioses in the Union of the Comoros, especially among those at risk of infection, such as cattle herders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Philippe Parola
- Aix Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, WHO Collaborative Center for Rickettsioses and Other Arthropod-borne Bacterial Diseases, Faculté de Médecine, 27 bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille cedex 5, France.
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18
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Maquart M, Pascalis H, Abdouroihamane S, Roger M, Abdourahime F, Cardinale E, Cêtre-Sossah C. Phylogeographic Reconstructions of a Rift Valley Fever Virus Strain Reveals Transboundary Animal Movements from Eastern Continental Africa to the Union of the Comoros. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014; 63:e281-5. [PMID: 25213037 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Major explosive outbreaks of Rift Valley fever (RVF), an arthropod borne zoonotic disease, occur in humans and animals with significant mortality and economic impact across continental Africa and the Indian Ocean region (Madagascar, the Comoros archipelago). Recently, sporadic human cases have been reported in Mayotte and Grande Comore, two islands belonging to the Comoros archipelago. To identify the hypothetical source of virus introduction in an inter-epidemic or a post-epidemic period, a longitudinal survey of livestock was set up in Comorian ruminant populations, known to be susceptible hosts. The phylogeographic genomic analysis has shown that RVF virus (RVFV) detected in a zebu collected in Anjouan in August 2011 seems to be related to the last known epidemic of RVF which occurred in East Africa and Madagascar (2007-2009). This result highlights the fact that RVFV is maintained within local livestock populations and transboundary animal movements from eastern continental Africa to Indian Ocean islands likely result in RVFV crossover.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maquart
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France.,INRA, UMR 1309 CMAEE, Montpellier, France.,CRVOI (Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien), CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - H Pascalis
- CRVOI (Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien), CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France.,IRD, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - S Abdouroihamane
- Vice-Présidence en charge de l'Agriculture, l'Elevage, la Pêche, l'Industrie, l'Energie et l'Artisanat, Moroni, Union des Comores
| | - M Roger
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France.,INRA, UMR 1309 CMAEE, Montpellier, France.,CRVOI (Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien), CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - F Abdourahime
- Vice-Présidence en charge de l'Agriculture, l'Elevage, la Pêche, l'Industrie, l'Energie et l'Artisanat, Moroni, Union des Comores
| | - E Cardinale
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France.,INRA, UMR 1309 CMAEE, Montpellier, France.,CRVOI (Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien), CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - C Cêtre-Sossah
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France.,INRA, UMR 1309 CMAEE, Montpellier, France.,CRVOI (Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien), CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
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19
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Guernier V, Lagadec E, LeMinter G, Licciardi S, Balleydier E, Pagès F, Laudisoit A, Dellagi K, Tortosa P. Fleas of small mammals on Reunion Island: diversity, distribution and epidemiological consequences. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3129. [PMID: 25188026 PMCID: PMC4154673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity and geographical distribution of fleas parasitizing small mammals have been poorly investigated on Indian Ocean islands with the exception of Madagascar where endemic plague has stimulated extensive research on these arthropod vectors. In the context of an emerging flea-borne murine typhus outbreak that occurred recently in Reunion Island, we explored fleas' diversity, distribution and host specificity on Reunion Island. Small mammal hosts belonging to five introduced species were trapped from November 2012 to November 2013 along two altitudinal transects, one on the windward eastern and one on the leeward western sides of the island. A total of 960 animals were trapped, and 286 fleas were morphologically and molecularly identified. Four species were reported: (i) two cosmopolitan Xenopsylla species which appeared by far as the prominent species, X. cheopis and X. brasiliensis; (ii) fewer fleas belonging to Echidnophaga gallinacea and Leptopsylla segnis. Rattus rattus was found to be the most abundant host species in our sample, and also the most parasitized host, predominantly by X. cheopis. A marked decrease in flea abundance was observed during the cool-dry season, which indicates seasonal fluctuation in infestation. Importantly, our data reveal that flea abundance was strongly biased on the island, with 81% of all collected fleas coming from the western dry side and no Xenopsylla flea collected on almost four hundred rodents trapped along the windward humid eastern side. The possible consequences of this sharp spatio-temporal pattern are discussed in terms of flea-borne disease risks in Reunion Island, particularly with regard to plague and the currently emerging murine typhus outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanina Guernier
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Emergentes dans l'Océan Indien, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island, France
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island, France
| | - Erwan Lagadec
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Emergentes dans l'Océan Indien, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island, France
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island, France
| | - Gildas LeMinter
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Emergentes dans l'Océan Indien, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island, France
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island, France
| | - Séverine Licciardi
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Emergentes dans l'Océan Indien, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques Emergentes, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Elsa Balleydier
- Regional Office of the French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (Cire OI - Institut de veille sanitaire), Saint Denis, Reunion Island, France
| | - Frédéric Pagès
- Regional Office of the French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (Cire OI - Institut de veille sanitaire), Saint Denis, Reunion Island, France
| | - Anne Laudisoit
- Institute of Integrative Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Koussay Dellagi
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island, France
| | - Pablo Tortosa
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Emergentes dans l'Océan Indien, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island, France
- Université de La Réunion, joint chair CNRS-Université de La Réunion, Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island, France
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20
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Roger M, Beral M, Licciardi S, Soulé M, Faharoudine A, Foray C, Olive MM, Maquart M, Soulaimane A, Madi Kassim A, Cêtre-Sossah C, Cardinale E. Evidence for circulation of the rift valley fever virus among livestock in the union of Comoros. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3045. [PMID: 25078616 PMCID: PMC4117442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an arthropod-borne phlebovirus reported to be circulating in most parts of Africa. Since 2009, RVFV has been suspected of continuously circulating in the Union of Comoros. To estimate the incidence of RVFV antibody acquisition in the Comorian ruminant population, 191 young goats and cattle were selected in six distinct zones and sampled periodically from April 2010 to August 2011. We found an estimated incidence of RVFV antibody acquisition of 17.5% (95% confidence interval (CI): [8.9-26.1]) with a significant difference between islands (8.2% in Grande Comore, 72.3% in Moheli and 5.8% in Anjouan). Simultaneously, a longitudinal entomological survey was conducted and ruminant trade-related information was collected. No RVFV RNA was detected out of the 1,568 blood-sucking caught insects, including three potential vectors of RVFV mosquito species. Our trade survey suggests that there is a continuous flow of live animals from eastern Africa to the Union of Comoros and movements of ruminants between the three Comoro islands. Finally, a cross-sectional study was performed in August 2011 at the end of the follow-up. We found an estimated RVFV antibody prevalence of 19.3% (95% CI: [15.6%-23.0%]). Our findings suggest a complex RVFV epidemiological cycle in the Union of Comoros with probable inter-islands differences in RVFV circulation patterns. Moheli, and potentially Anjouan, appear to be acting as endemic reservoir of infection whereas RVFV persistence in Grande Comore could be correlated with trade in live animals with the eastern coast of Africa. More data are needed to estimate the real impact of the disease on human health and on the national economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Roger
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR 15 CMAEE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 1309 CMAEE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Marina Beral
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR 15 CMAEE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 1309 CMAEE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Séverine Licciardi
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Miradje Soulé
- Vice-Présidence en Charge de l'Agriculture, l'Elevage, la Pêche, l'Industrie, l'Energie et l'Artisanat, Mdé, Moroni, Union des Comores
| | - Abdourahime Faharoudine
- Vice-Présidence en Charge de l'Agriculture, l'Elevage, la Pêche, l'Industrie, l'Energie et l'Artisanat, Mdé, Moroni, Union des Comores
| | - Coralie Foray
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR 15 CMAEE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 1309 CMAEE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Marie-Marie Olive
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR 15 CMAEE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 1309 CMAEE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Unité de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Marianne Maquart
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR 15 CMAEE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 1309 CMAEE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Abdouroihamane Soulaimane
- Vice-Présidence en Charge de l'Agriculture, l'Elevage, la Pêche, l'Industrie, l'Energie et l'Artisanat, Mdé, Moroni, Union des Comores
| | - Ahmed Madi Kassim
- Vice-Présidence en Charge de l'Agriculture, l'Elevage, la Pêche, l'Industrie, l'Energie et l'Artisanat, Mdé, Moroni, Union des Comores
| | - Catherine Cêtre-Sossah
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR 15 CMAEE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 1309 CMAEE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Eric Cardinale
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR 15 CMAEE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 1309 CMAEE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
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21
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Wilkinson DA, Dietrich M, Lebarbenchon C, Jaeger A, Le Rouzic C, Bastien M, Lagadec E, McCoy KD, Pascalis H, Le Corre M, Dellagi K, Tortosa P. Massive infection of seabird ticks with bacterial species related to Coxiella burnetii. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:3327-33. [PMID: 24657860 PMCID: PMC4018846 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00477-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Seabird ticks are known reservoirs of bacterial pathogens of medical importance; however, ticks parasitizing tropical seabirds have received less attention than their counterparts from temperate and subpolar regions. Recently, Rickettsia africae was described to infect seabird ticks of the western Indian Ocean and New Caledonia, constituting the only available data on bacterial pathogens associated with tropical seabird tick species. Here, we combined a pyrosequencing-based approach with a classical molecular analysis targeting bacteria of potential medical importance in order to describe the bacterial community in two tropical seabird ticks, Amblyomma loculosum and Carios (Ornithodoros) capensis. We also investigated the patterns of prevalence and host specificity within the biogeographical context of the western Indian Ocean islands. The bacterial community of the two tick species was characterized by a strong dominance of Coxiella and Rickettsia. Our data support a strict Coxiella-host tick specificity, a pattern resembling the one found for Rickettsia spp. in the same two seabird tick species. Both the high prevalence and stringent host tick specificity suggest that these bacteria may be tick symbionts with probable vertical transmission. Detailed studies of the pathogenicity of these bacteria will now be required to determine whether horizontal transmission can occur and to clarify their status as potential human pathogens. More generally, our results show that the combination of next generation sequencing with targeted detection/genotyping approaches proves to be efficient in poorly investigated fields where research can be considered to be starting from scratch.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Wilkinson
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), GIP CYROI, Ste Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Université de La Réunion, Ste Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Muriel Dietrich
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), GIP CYROI, Ste Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Université de La Réunion, Ste Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Camille Lebarbenchon
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), GIP CYROI, Ste Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Université de La Réunion, Ste Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Audrey Jaeger
- Laboratoire ECOMAR, FRE3560 INEE-CNRS, Université de La Réunion, Ste Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Céline Le Rouzic
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), GIP CYROI, Ste Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Laboratoire ECOMAR, FRE3560 INEE-CNRS, Université de La Réunion, Ste Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Matthieu Bastien
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), GIP CYROI, Ste Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Laboratoire ECOMAR, FRE3560 INEE-CNRS, Université de La Réunion, Ste Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Erwan Lagadec
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), GIP CYROI, Ste Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Ste Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Karen D. McCoy
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 5290 CNRS IRD UM1 UM2, Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, Montpellier, France
| | - Hervé Pascalis
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), GIP CYROI, Ste Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Ste Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Matthieu Le Corre
- Laboratoire ECOMAR, FRE3560 INEE-CNRS, Université de La Réunion, Ste Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Koussay Dellagi
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), GIP CYROI, Ste Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Ste Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Pablo Tortosa
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), GIP CYROI, Ste Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Université de La Réunion, Ste Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Institut Écologie et Environnement, CNRS, Paris, France
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22
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Highly diverse morbillivirus-related paramyxoviruses in wild fauna of the southwestern Indian Ocean Islands: evidence of exchange between introduced and endemic small mammals. J Virol 2014; 88:8268-77. [PMID: 24829336 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01211-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The Paramyxoviridae form an increasingly diverse viral family, infecting a wide variety of different hosts. In recent years, they have been linked to disease emergence in many different animal populations and in humans. Bats and rodents have been identified as major animal populations capable of harboring paramyxoviruses, and host shifting between these animals is likely to be an important driving factor in the underlying evolutionary processes that eventually lead to disease emergence. Here, we have studied paramyxovirus circulation within populations of endemic and introduced wild small mammals of the southwestern Indian Ocean region and belonging to four taxonomic orders: Rodentia, Afrosoricida, Soricomorpha, and Chiroptera. We report elevated infection levels as well as widespread paramyxovirus dispersal and frequent host exchange of a newly emerging genus of the Paramyxoviridae, currently referred to as the unclassified morbillivirus-related viruses (UMRVs). In contrast to other genera of the Paramyxoviridae, where bats have been shown to be a key host species, we show that rodents (and, in particular, Rattus rattus) are significant spreaders of UMRVs. We predict that the ecological particularities of the southwestern Indian Ocean, where small mammal species often live in densely packed, multispecies communities, in combination with the increasing invasion of R. rattus and perturbations of endemic animal communities by active anthropological development, will have a major influence on the dynamics of UMRV infection. IMPORTANCE Identification of the infectious agents that circulate within wild animal reservoirs is essential for several reasons: (i) infectious disease outbreaks often originate from wild fauna; (ii) anthropological expansion increases the risk of contact between human and animal populations and, as a result, the risk of disease emergence; (iii) evaluation of pathogen reservoirs helps in elaborating preventive measures to limit the risk of disease emergence. Many paramyxoviruses for which bats and rodents serve as major reservoirs have demonstrated their potential to cause disease in humans and animals. In the context of the biodiversity hot spot of southwestern Indian Ocean islands and their rich endemic fauna, we show that highly diverse UMRVs exchange between various endemic animal species, and their dissemination likely is facilitated by the introduced Rattus rattus. Hence, many members of the Paramyxoviridae appear well adapted for the study of the viral phylodynamics that may be associated with disease emergence.
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23
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Development of real-time RT-PCR for the detection of low concentrations of Rift Valley fever virus. J Virol Methods 2014; 195:92-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Tortosa P, Dsouli N, Gomard Y, Ramasindrazana B, Dick CW, Goodman SM. Evolutionary history of Indian Ocean nycteribiid bat flies mirroring the ecology of their hosts. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75215. [PMID: 24086470 PMCID: PMC3785519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats and their parasites are increasingly investigated for their role in maintenance and transmission of potentially emerging pathogens. The islands of the western Indian Ocean hold nearly 50 bat species, mostly endemic and taxonomically well studied. However, investigation of associated viral, bacterial, and external parasites has lagged behind. In the case of their ectoparasites, more detailed information should provide insights into the evolutionary history of their hosts, as well as pathogen cycles in these wild animals. Here we investigate species of Nycteribiidae, a family of obligate hematophagous wingless flies parasitizing bats. Using morphological and molecular approaches, we describe fly species diversity sampled on Madagascar and the Comoros for two cave-roosting bat genera with contrasting ecologies: Miniopterus and Rousettus. Within the sampling area, 11 endemic species of insect-feeding Miniopterus occur, two of which are common to Madagascar and Comoros, while fruit-consuming Rousettus are represented by one species endemic to each of these zones. Morphological and molecular characterization of flies reveals that nycteribiids associated with Miniopterus bats comprise three species largely shared by most host species. Flies of M. griveaudi, one of the two bats found on Madagascar and certain islands in the Comoros, belong to the same taxon, which accords with continued over-water population exchange of this bat species and the lack of inter-island genetic structuring. Flies parasitizing Rousettus belong to two distinct species, each associated with a single host species, again in accordance with the distribution of each endemic bat species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Tortosa
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Emergentes dans l’Océan Indien, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Ste Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Université de La Réunion, Ste Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Najla Dsouli
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Emergentes dans l’Océan Indien, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Ste Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Yann Gomard
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Emergentes dans l’Océan Indien, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Ste Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Université de La Réunion, Ste Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Beza Ramasindrazana
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Emergentes dans l’Océan Indien, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Ste Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Université de La Réunion, Ste Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Carl W. Dick
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, United States of America
- Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Steven M. Goodman
- Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Association Vahatra, Antananarivo, Madagasca
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Stachurski F, Tortosa P, Rahajarison P, Jacquet S, Yssouf A, Huber K. New data regarding distribution of cattle ticks in the south-western Indian Ocean islands. Vet Res 2013; 44:79. [PMID: 24016261 PMCID: PMC3848863 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have produced new insight into the origin and distribution of some cattle ticks in the south-western Indian Ocean islands. Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, introduced from Tanzania in 2002, is now well established on Grande Comore but has not yet reached the other islands of the archipelago (Mohéli, Anjouan and Mayotte). Only one of the two clades identified in Africa has settled so far. Amblyomma variegatum, which was not supposed to be able to persist in the Antananarivo region (1300 m) nor in other Malagasy regions of high altitude without regular introductions of ticks by infested cattle, is now endemic as a general rule up to 1600 m although other regions of lower altitude (1400 m) are still free of the tick. This species remains confined in a small area of the west coast on La Reunion Island. On the contrary, Hyalomma dromedarii could not settle on Madagascar where it was introduced in 2008 and Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi is not yet present in Grande Comore despite regular introductions by infested cattle from Tanzania. A phylogeographic approach has been carried out at an intra-specific level for A. variegatum. This study has led to the identification of two main lineages, one covering all species distribution and one restricted to East Africa and the Indian Ocean area. These two lineages are in sympatry in Madagascar where a high genetic diversity has been described, whereas a lower genetic diversity is observed on other islands. These results seem to agree with the historical data concerning the introduction of the tick in the Indian Ocean area.
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26
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Le concept de maladies virales émergentes : quel risque de zoonose pour La Réunion ? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 106:170-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s13149-013-0294-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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Identification of novel paramyxoviruses in insectivorous bats of the Southwest Indian Ocean. Virus Res 2012; 170:159-63. [PMID: 22982204 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bats are reservoirs for many emerging zoonotic viruses. In this study, we screened 197 animals from 15 different bat species of the Southwest Indian Ocean for paramyxovirus infection and identified paramyxoviruses in five insectivorous bat-species from the Union of the Comoros (3/66), Mauritius (1/55) and Madagascar (4/76). Viral isolation was possible via cell culture and phylogenetic analysis revealed these viruses clustered in a Morbillivirus-related lineage, with relatively high nucleotide sequence similarity to other recently discovered insectivorous-bat paramyxoviruses but distinct from those known to circulate in frugivorous bats.
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