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Borghi M, Pierboni E, Primavilla S, Scoccia E, Costantini C, Suffredini E, Graziani A, Macellari P, Macrì S, Farneti S, Valiani A. Detection of Hepatitis E Virus in Game Meat (Wild Boar) Supply Chain in Umbria Region, Central Italy. Foods 2024; 13:2504. [PMID: 39200431 PMCID: PMC11353911 DOI: 10.3390/foods13162504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Consumption of raw or undercooked wild boar (WB) meat is considered an important risk factor for hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in humans. The possibility of HEV contamination during the slaughtering practices may pose an additional risk. Based on these assumptions, we evaluated HEV contamination of WB meat hunted in Umbria (central Italy) during the 2022-2023 hunting season by real-time RT-PCR. Herein, we show that 10.8% of livers from slaughtered WB were positive for HEV RNA, thus providing an estimate of HEV infection in WB in the Umbria region. Then, by evaluating paired liver-muscle samples from both HEV-positive and HEV-negative animals, we found evidence of muscle HEV contamination in 33% and 14% of cases, respectively. This is the first report on the detection of HEV in WB meat in Umbria, an Italian region with diffuse WB hunting and consumption. The evidence of contamination provided by our study underscores the importance of adopting good hygienic practices in the processing stages of hunted WB carcasses to significantly reduce meat contamination and the risk posed for the final consumer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Borghi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “T. Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (E.P.); (S.P.); (E.S.); (S.F.); (A.V.)
| | - Elisa Pierboni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “T. Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (E.P.); (S.P.); (E.S.); (S.F.); (A.V.)
| | - Sara Primavilla
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “T. Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (E.P.); (S.P.); (E.S.); (S.F.); (A.V.)
| | - Eleonora Scoccia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “T. Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (E.P.); (S.P.); (E.S.); (S.F.); (A.V.)
| | - Claudio Costantini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pathology Division, University of Perugia, L. Severi Square, 06129 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Suffredini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Graziani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology Division, University of Perugia, L. Severi Square, 06129 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Piero Macellari
- Regione Umbria, Direzione Salute e Welfare—Servizio Prevenzione, Sanità Veterinaria e Sicurezza Alimentare, 06124 Perugia, Italy; (P.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Salvatore Macrì
- Regione Umbria, Direzione Salute e Welfare—Servizio Prevenzione, Sanità Veterinaria e Sicurezza Alimentare, 06124 Perugia, Italy; (P.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Silvana Farneti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “T. Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (E.P.); (S.P.); (E.S.); (S.F.); (A.V.)
| | - Andrea Valiani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “T. Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (E.P.); (S.P.); (E.S.); (S.F.); (A.V.)
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Chen Y, Gao J, Sun W, Zhu W, Wang P, Ren X, Wu Y, Zhang J, Miao Z. Clinical characteristics and risk factors of Hepatitis E virus infection in Zhejiang Province: a multicenter case-control study. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1417556. [PMID: 39035188 PMCID: PMC11257836 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1417556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hepatitis E (HE), caused by the Hepatitis E virus (HEV), is a significant cause of acute viral hepatitis globally and a major public health concern, particularly in specific high-prevalence areas in China, which have diverse transmission routes and regional differences. Identifying the primary risk factors for HE transmission is essential to develop targeted interventions for vulnerable populations. Methods This study employed a 1:1 matched case-control methodology, using a standardized questionnaire complemented by medical records for data validation. Results Among the 442 HE cases and 428 healthy controls, the case group had a higher prevalence of fatigue (46.21%) and loss of appetite (43.84%) compared to the control group. Furthermore, liver function indicators were significantly higher in the case group, with an average alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level of 621.94 U/L and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level of 411.53 U/L. Severe HE patients were predominantly male, with significantly increased ALT and AST levels reaching 1443.81 U/L and 862.31 U/L respectively, along with a higher incidence of fatigue (90%) and loss of appetite (75%). Multifactorial analysis indicated that frequent dining out (OR = 2.553, 95%CI:1.686-3.868), poor hygiene conditions (OR = 3.889, 95%CI:1.399-10.807), and comorbid chronic illnesses (OR = 2.275, 95%CI:1.616-3.202) were risk factors for HE infection; conversely, good hygiene practices were protective factors against HE infection (OR = 0.698, 95%CI:0.521-0.934). Conclusion In conclusion, HE infection in Zhejiang Province is closely associated with dietary habits and environmental hygiene, and individuals with chronic diseases or co-infections are at increased risk. This highlights the need for targeted health education to reduce the incidence of HE among these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijuan Chen
- Department of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Department of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wanwan Sun
- Department of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiping Zhu
- Department of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Qujiang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Quzhou, China
| | - Pingping Wang
- Pujiang County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinhua, China
| | - Xiaobin Ren
- Department of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yumeng Wu
- Department of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Jiashan County for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing, China
| | - Jianli Zhang
- Department of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Wenling City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taizhou, China
| | - Ziping Miao
- Department of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
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Plümers R, Dreier J, Knabbe C, Steinmann E, Todt D, Vollmer T. Kinetics of Hepatitis E Virus Infections in Asymptomatic Persons. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:934-940. [PMID: 38666600 PMCID: PMC11060471 DOI: 10.3201/eid3005.231764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
To determine the kinetics of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in asymptomatic persons and to evaluate viral load doubling time and half-life, we retrospectively tested samples retained from 32 HEV RNA-positive asymptomatic blood donors in Germany. Close-meshed monitoring of viral load and seroconversion in intervals of ≈4 days provided more information about the kinetics of asymptomatic HEV infections. We determined that a typical median infection began with PCR-detectable viremia at 36 days and a maximum viral load of 2.0 × 104 IU/mL. Viremia doubled in 2.4 days and had a half-life of 1.6 days. HEV IgM started to rise on about day 33 and peaked on day 36; IgG started to rise on about day 32 and peaked on day 53. Although HEV IgG titers remained stable, IgM titers became undetectable in 40% of donors. Knowledge of the dynamics of HEV viremia is useful for assessing the risk for transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E.
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Younes N, Yassine HM, Nizamuddin PB, Kourentzi K, Tang P, Ayoub HH, Khalili M, Coyle PV, Litvinov D, Willson RC, Abu-Raddad LJ, Nasrallah GK. Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) among male craft and manual workers in Qatar (2020-2021). Heliyon 2023; 9:e21404. [PMID: 38027884 PMCID: PMC10660033 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The rapid growth of Qatar in the last two decades has attracted a large influx of immigrant craft and manual workers (CMWs) seeking employment in jobs associated with food handling, domestic service, and construction. Nearly 60 % of Qatar's population are expatriates CMWs, including many from hyperendemic countries for HEV. Thus, estimating the seroprevalence of HEV in Qatar and understanding its epidemiology is essential for public health efforts to control HEV transmission in Qatar. Methods Blood samples from 2670 CMWs were collected between 2020 and 2021. All samples were tested for HEV-IgG antibodies. Positive HEV-IgG samples were tested for HEV-IgM antibodies, and those positives were also tested for viral antigens using an HEV-Ag ELISA kit and HEV-RNA by RT-PCR to confirm current HEV infections. Results The seroprevalence of HEV-IgG was 27.3 % (729/2670; 95 % CI: 25.6-29.0). Of those HEV-IgG positive, 8.23 % (60/729; 95 % CI: 6.30-10.5) were HEV-IgM positive. Of the IgM-positive samples, 2 were HEV-RNA positive (3.39 %; 95 % CI: 0.40-11.7), and 1 was HEV-Ag positive (1.69 %; 95 % CI: 0.04-9.09). In addition, HEV-IgG seroprevalence was associated with age and nationality, with the highest seroprevalence in participants from Egypt (IgG 60.0 %; IgM 5.56 %), Pakistan (IgG 59.0 %; IgM 2.24 %), Nepal (IgG 29.3 %; IgM 2.70 %), Bangladesh (IgG 27.8 %; IgM 2.45 %), and India (IgG 23.9 %; IgM 2.43 %). Conclusion In this study, we showed that the seroprevalence of HEV among CMWs was slightly higher than what was previously reported among the urban population in Qatar (2013-2016).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadin Younes
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
| | - Hadi M. Yassine
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
| | | | - Katerina Kourentzi
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Patrick Tang
- Division of Microbiology, Sidra Medicine, Doha, 26999, Qatar
| | - Houssein H. Ayoub
- Mathematics Program, Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
| | - Makiyeh Khalili
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar
| | - Peter V. Coyle
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Wellness and Research Center, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar
| | - Dmitri Litvinov
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
- Center for Integrated Bio & Nano Systems, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Richard C. Willson
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Laith J. Abu-Raddad
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Doha, Qatar
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gheyath K. Nasrallah
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
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Wang K, Liu L, Wang J, Sun X, Han Q, Zhou C, Xu X, Wang J. Quantification of hepatitis E virus in raw pork livers using droplet digital RT-PCR. Food Microbiol 2022; 109:104114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Qashqari FS. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Middle Eastern Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58070905. [PMID: 35888624 PMCID: PMC9318471 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58070905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a hepatotropic virus that is a major public health concern worldwide. Autochthonous HEV is spread through oral feces in unsanitary environments, as well as vertical and, occasionally, blood transfusion. HEV is more common in developing countries, but it has recently become more widespread in developed countries as well. The Middle East (ME) has long been an endemic location for HEV infection. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the seroprevalence of anti-HEV antibodies in ME countries. The author systematically searched five databases, namely ScienceDirect, EMBASE, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar, to identify English-language articles published on or before 25 April 2022. Comprehensive meta-analysis software was used for all statistical analyses (CMA, version 3, BioStat, Englewood, CO, USA). After quality control and exclusion of irrelevant studies, 80 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis and meta-analysis. A forest plot showed that the overall pooled seroprevalence of HEV infection in ME countries in the fixed-effect and random-effect models were 21.3% (95% CI: 0.209–0.216) and 11.8% (95% CI: 0.099–0.144), respectively. Furthermore, the findings showed a high level of heterogeneity (I2 = 98.733%) among the included studies. In both fixed-effect and random-effect models, the seroprevalence of HEV infection by country was high in Egypt as compared to other regions, at 35.0% (95% CI: 0.342–0.359), and 34.7% (95% CI: 0.153–0.611), respectively. The seroprevalence of HEV infection by country was high among pregnant women, at 47.9% (95% CI: 0.459–0.499) in the fixed-effect model, and in renal transplant recipients, at 30.8% (95% CI: 0.222–0.410) in the random-effect model. The seroprevalence of HEV infection varies by country and study population in the Middle East. More research is needed to determine the disease’s incidence, morbidity, and mortality in the region, where it is prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi S Qashqari
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia
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Ahmed Z, Shetty A, Victor DW, Kodali S. Viral hepatitis: A narrative review of hepatitis A–E. World J Meta-Anal 2022; 10:99-121. [DOI: 10.13105/wjma.v10.i3.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral hepatitis continues to be a major health concern leading to hepatic decompensation ranging from acute hepatitis to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The hepatic and extrahepatic manifestations are not only debilitating but also associated with a significant economic burden. Over the last two decades, the field of virology has made significant breakthroughs leading to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of viral hepatitis, which in turn has led to new therapeutic options. The advent of direct-acting antiviral agents changed the landscape of hepatitis C virus (HCV) therapy, and new drugs are in the pipeline for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) treatment. There has also been a significant emphasis on screening and surveillance programs, widespread availability of vaccines, and linkage of care. Despite these efforts, significant gaps persist in care, and there is a pressing need for increased collaboration and teamwork across the globe to achieve a reduction of disease burden and elimination of HBV and HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunirah Ahmed
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Underwood Center for Digestive Disorders, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Akshay Shetty
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - David W Victor
- Department of Hepatology, J C Walter Jr Transplant Center, Sherrie and Alan Conover Center for Liver Disease and Transplantation, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Sudha Kodali
- Department of Hepatology, J C Walter Jr Transplant Center, Sherrie and Alan Conover Center for Liver Disease and Transplantation, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX 77030, United States
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Cheung CKM, Wong SH, Law AWH, Law MF. Transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E: What we know so far? World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:47-75. [PMID: 35125819 PMCID: PMC8793017 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i1.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of viral hepatitis globally. There is growing concern about transfusion-transmitted HEV (TT-HEV) as an emerging global health problem. HEV can potentially result in chronic infection in immunocompromised patients, leading to a higher risk of liver cirrhosis and even death. Between 0.0013% and 0.281% of asymptomatic blood donors around the world have HEV viremia, and 0.27% to 60.5% have anti-HEV immunoglobulin G. HEV is infectious even at very low blood concentrations of the virus. Immunosuppressed patients who develop persistent hepatitis E infection should have their immunosuppressant regimen reduced; ribavirin may be considered as treatment. Pegylated interferon can be considered in those who are refractory or intolerant to ribavirin. Sofosbuvir, a nucleotide analog, showed modest antiviral activity in some clinical studies but sustained viral response was not achieved. Therefore, rescue treatment remains an unmet need. The need for HEV screening of all blood donations remains controversial. Universal screening has been adopted in some countries after consideration of risk and resource availability. Various pathogen reduction methods have also been proposed to reduce the risk of TT-HEV. Future studies are needed to define the incidence of transmission through transfusion, their clinical features, outcomes and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunny Hei Wong
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 852, China
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | | | - Man Fai Law
- Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong 852, China
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Hepatitis E Outbreak in the Central Part of Italy Sustained by Multiple HEV Genotype 3 Strains, June-December 2019. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061159. [PMID: 34204376 PMCID: PMC8235070 DOI: 10.3390/v13061159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In European countries, autochthonous acute hepatitis E cases are caused by Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) genotype 3 and are usually observed as sporadic cases. In mid/late September 2019, a hepatitis E outbreak caused by HEV genotype 3 was recognized by detection of identical/highly similar HEV sequences in some hepatitis E cases from two Italian regions, Abruzzo and Lazio, with most cases from this latter region showing a link with Abruzzo. Overall, 47 cases of HEV infection were finally observed with onsets from 8 June 2019 to 6 December 2019; they represent a marked increase as compared with just a few cases in the same period of time in the past years and in the same areas. HEV sequencing was successful in 35 cases. The phylogenetic analysis of the viral sequences showed 30 of them grouped in three distinct molecular clusters, termed A, B, and C: strains in cluster A and B were of subtype 3e and strains in cluster C were of subtype 3f. No strains detected in Abruzzo in the past years clustered with the strains involved in the present outbreak. The outbreak curve showed partially overlapped temporal distribution of the three clusters. Analysis of collected epidemiological data identified pork products as the most likely source of the outbreak. Overall, the findings suggest that the outbreak might have been caused by newly and almost simultaneously introduced strains not previously circulating in this area, which are possibly harbored by pork products or live animals imported from outside Abruzzo. This possibility deserves further studies in this area in order to monitor the circulation of HEV in human cases as well as in pigs and wild boars.
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Bergner LM, Mollentze N, Orton RJ, Tello C, Broos A, Biek R, Streicker DG. Characterizing and Evaluating the Zoonotic Potential of Novel Viruses Discovered in Vampire Bats. Viruses 2021; 13:252. [PMID: 33562073 PMCID: PMC7914986 DOI: 10.3390/v13020252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The contemporary surge in metagenomic sequencing has transformed knowledge of viral diversity in wildlife. However, evaluating which newly discovered viruses pose sufficient risk of infecting humans to merit detailed laboratory characterization and surveillance remains largely speculative. Machine learning algorithms have been developed to address this imbalance by ranking the relative likelihood of human infection based on viral genome sequences, but are not yet routinely applied to viruses at the time of their discovery. Here, we characterized viral genomes detected through metagenomic sequencing of feces and saliva from common vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) and used these data as a case study in evaluating zoonotic potential using molecular sequencing data. Of 58 detected viral families, including 17 which infect mammals, the only known zoonosis detected was rabies virus; however, additional genomes were detected from the families Hepeviridae, Coronaviridae, Reoviridae, Astroviridae and Picornaviridae, all of which contain human-infecting species. In phylogenetic analyses, novel vampire bat viruses most frequently grouped with other bat viruses that are not currently known to infect humans. In agreement, machine learning models built from only phylogenetic information ranked all novel viruses similarly, yielding little insight into zoonotic potential. In contrast, genome composition-based machine learning models estimated different levels of zoonotic potential, even for closely related viruses, categorizing one out of four detected hepeviruses and two out of three picornaviruses as having high priority for further research. We highlight the value of evaluating zoonotic potential beyond ad hoc consideration of phylogeny and provide surveillance recommendations for novel viruses in a wildlife host which has frequent contact with humans and domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Bergner
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (N.M.); (R.B.); (D.G.S.)
- MRC–University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (R.J.O.); (A.B.)
| | - Nardus Mollentze
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (N.M.); (R.B.); (D.G.S.)
- MRC–University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (R.J.O.); (A.B.)
| | - Richard J. Orton
- MRC–University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (R.J.O.); (A.B.)
| | - Carlos Tello
- Association for the Conservation and Development of Natural Resources, Lima 15037, Peru;
- Yunkawasi, Lima 15049, Peru
| | - Alice Broos
- MRC–University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (R.J.O.); (A.B.)
| | - Roman Biek
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (N.M.); (R.B.); (D.G.S.)
| | - Daniel G. Streicker
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (N.M.); (R.B.); (D.G.S.)
- MRC–University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (R.J.O.); (A.B.)
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Ngo DB, Chaibun T, Yin LS, Lertanantawong B, Surareungchai W. Electrochemical DNA detection of hepatitis E virus genotype 3 using PbS quantum dot labelling. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 413:1027-1037. [PMID: 33236225 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-03061-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a highly specific electrochemical DNA sensor using functionalized lead sulphide (PbS) quantum dots for hepatitis E virus genotype 3 (HEV3) DNA target detection. Functionalized-PbS quantum dots (QDs) were used as an electrochemical label for the detection of HEV3-DNA target by the technique of square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). The functionalized-PbS quantum dots were characterized by UV-vis, FTIR, XRD, TEM and zeta potential techniques. As-prepared, functionalized-PbS quantum dots have an average size of 4.15 ± 1.35 nm. The detection platform exhibited LOD and LOQ values of 1.23 fM and 2.11 fM, respectively. HEV3-DNA target spiked serum is also reported.Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy Ba Ngo
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkhuntien-Chaitalay Road, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - Thanyarat Chaibun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Lee Su Yin
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, Jalan, Bukit Air Nasi, 08100, Bedong, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Benchaporn Lertanantawong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand.
| | - Werasak Surareungchai
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkhuntien-Chaitalay Road, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand. .,Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Graduate Program, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Pracha Uthit Rd, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand.
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Bagulo H, Majekodunmi AO, Welburn SC. Hepatitis E in Sub Saharan Africa - A significant emerging disease. One Health 2020; 11:100186. [PMID: 33204807 PMCID: PMC7653283 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E is an emerging endemic disease found across the African continent, but there are clear differences in epidemiology between North Africa and countries south of the Sahara. In this systematic review, Google scholar and PubMed databases were searched for peer-reviewed articles on HEV epidemiology. Publications meeting our inclusion criteria were critically reviewed to extract consistent findings and identify knowledge gaps. Hepatitis E has been reported in 25 of the 49 countries in Sub Saharan Africa. Mortality rates of 1–2% in the general population and ~ 20% in pregnant women. Outbreaks were closely linked to refugees and Internally Displaced Persons in camps which accounted for 50% of reported outbreaks. There was very little research and concrete evidence for sources of contamination and transmission routes. There are indications of zoonotic transmission of Hepatitis E Virus infection but further research in these fields is required. No data from 50% of African countries Outbreaks closely linked to refugee and IDP camps Little data on sources of HEV contamination Indications but little evidence of zoonotic transmission Low awareness amongst health professionals and general public
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Affiliation(s)
- Husein Bagulo
- Zhejiang University - University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University International Campus, 718 East Haizhou Rd, Haining, Zhejiang Province, 314400, China.,Livestock and Poultry Research Centre, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O Box LG 25, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ayodele O Majekodunmi
- Zhejiang University - University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University International Campus, 718 East Haizhou Rd, Haining, Zhejiang Province, 314400, China.,Livestock and Poultry Research Centre, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O Box LG 25, Legon, Accra, Ghana.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
| | - Susan C Welburn
- Zhejiang University - University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University International Campus, 718 East Haizhou Rd, Haining, Zhejiang Province, 314400, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
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Risalde MA, Rivero-Juarez A, Frias M, Olivas I, Lopez-Lopez P, García-Bocanegra I, Brieva T, Caballero-Gómez J, Camacho A, Fernández-Molera V, Gómez-Villamandos JC, Rivero A. Evaluation of a non-invasive screening approach to determine hepatitis E virus status of pig farms. Vet Rec 2020; 187:272. [PMID: 32576682 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying pig farms infected with hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a key aspect to implement surveillance programmes for this emerging zoonotic agent. Detection of HEV in blood has several drawbacks, including animal handling, economic costs and animal stress. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a non-invasive screening approach for determining the HEV status of pig farms under different management systems. METHODS Forty stool samples randomly collected from the pen floor of 17 intensive pig farms and the yard of nine extensive ones were tested for HEV RNA. The invasive method used to confirm the HEV status of the farm was HEV RNA analysis of serum samples randomly collected from 40 animals on each farm. RESULTS Twenty-one HEV-positive farms were detected by invasive and non-invasive methods. No positive serum or stool samples were detected on five intensive farms. A high intertest agreement (K=1; P<0.00001) was observed between both methodologies, showing the stool screening approach a 100 per cent of sensitivity and specificity with respect to the invasive method. Likewise, a significant negative relationship was observed between the HEV within-farm prevalence and the number of the first HEV-positive stool sample found (Spearman's rho=-0.64; P=0.0004). This negative relationship was higher in intensively managed farms. CONCLUSION This non-invasive screening approach could be reliably applied in a large-scale surveillance programme for determining the HEV status of pig farms under different management systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Risalde
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Instituto Maimonides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)-Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Córdoba-Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Rivero-Juarez
- Instituto Maimonides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)-Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Córdoba-Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Mario Frias
- Instituto Maimonides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)-Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Córdoba-Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Israel Olivas
- Instituto Maimonides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)-Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Córdoba-Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Pedro Lopez-Lopez
- Instituto Maimonides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)-Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Córdoba-Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Teresa Brieva
- Instituto Maimonides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)-Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Córdoba-Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Javier Caballero-Gómez
- Instituto Maimonides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)-Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Córdoba-Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria. Universidad de Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Angela Camacho
- Instituto Maimonides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)-Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Córdoba-Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - José C Gómez-Villamandos
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Rivero
- Instituto Maimonides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)-Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Córdoba-Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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Zaki MES, Alsayed MAL, Abbas HRR, Ahmed DM, Ashry AYE. Prevalence of hepatitis E virus in children with acute hepatitis: one Egyptian center study. Germs 2020; 10:88-94. [PMID: 32656105 DOI: 10.18683/germs.2020.1189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The objective of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of hepatitis E virus in acute hepatitis in pediatric patients. Methods This was a cross-sectional study including 180 children with acute hepatitis. Blood samples were obtained and subjected to study the serological markers of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B core IgM (HBc IgM), hepatitis C IgG (HCV IgG) and hepatitis A IgM (HAV IgM), hepatitis E IgM and IgG, cytomegalovirus IgM (CMV IgM) and specific antibodies IgM for Epstein Barr virus by ELISA. Also ELISA attempted the laboratory diagnosis of autoantibodies by performing assay of antinuclear and anti-smooth muscle antibodies. Real time PCR was used for determination of HEV-RNA in samples positive for HEV serological markers. Results From a total of 180 children with acute jaundice 69.4% were males and 39.6% were females with mean age ± standard deviation 5.8±3.5 years. Positive HEV markers were found in 47 patients (26.1%). A comparison between demographic, clinical and laboratory findings in children with positive HEV markers and children negative for HEV markers, revealed significant association with contact of animals (p=0.001), rural residence (p=0.001), presence of positive autoantibodies (p=0.001) and positive HAV IgM (p=0.001). The markers of hepatitis E virus showed significantly higher prevalence in children below age of 6 years (p=0.04). Conclusions HEV infection is more common in preschool age. There is a significant association between contact with animals, rural residence and other hepatitis affection like autoimmune hepatitis and other viral hepatitis viruses such as hepatitis A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maysaa El Sayed Zaki
- MD, Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, El Gomhoria street, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mona Abdel Latif Alsayed
- MD, Pediatric Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, El Gomhoria Street, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Hoda Ramadan Ryad Abbas
- Titles?, Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Mohamed Hassan Street, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Doaa Mabrouk Ahmed
- MD, Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Mohamed Hassan Street, Beni-Suef, 6251, Egypt
| | - Amany Yusif El Ashry
- MD, Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, El Gomhoria street, Mansoura, Egypt
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Paraličová Z, Halánová M, Schréter I, Kalinová Z, Novotný M, Sekula J, Paralič J, Kristian P. Seroprevalence of hepatitis E among hospitalized patients in Slovakia: first report. Cent Eur J Public Health 2020; 28:70-73. [PMID: 32228821 DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a5346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hepatitis E infection is one of the most frequent acute hepatitis in the world. Currently five human genotypes with different geographical distributions and distinct epidemiologic patterns are identified. In Slovakia, only rare cases of hepatitis E have been reported in recent years. Therefore, the aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of anti-HEV total antibodies and the main risk factors for HEV in the general population in Eastern Slovakia. METHODS Detection of anti-HEV total antibodies samples was done by a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. RESULTS Of 175 hospitalized patients included in the study, 76 (43.5%) showed positivity for anti-HEV total antibodies. No statistically significant differences were found in anti-HEV positivity between men and women or in the groups of different living areas (town/village - urban/rural). CONCLUSION Prevalence of anti-HEV total antibodies of hospitalised patients was high. The risk factor significantly associated with antibody positivity was eating raw meat. Other factors, such as sex, age, living area and contact with animals were not associated with antibody positivity.
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Abstract
Introduction:
Hepatitis E (HEV) is a major health problem affecting around one third of the world population. The prevalence of antibodies to HEV among blood donors have been documented in several countries in Europe and Asia.
Objectives:
The aims of the study are to estimate the seroprevalence of hepatitis E antibodies among healthy blood donors and to explore the factors associated with positive HEV antibodies among healthy blood donors. Moreover, to detect HEV viremia by real time polymerase chain reaction among seropositive blood donors for HEV.
Methods:
The study included 200 apparent healthy blood donors from Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt. Blood samples were collected from the blood donors for serological determination for specific hepatitis E virus immunoglobulin G (anti-HEV IgG) and specific hepatitis E virus immunoglobulin M (anti- HEV IgM). Positive samples for anti-HEV IgM were further subjected for determination of HEV-RNA by real time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Anti-HEV-IgG was positive in 50 donor (25%) anti-HEV-IgM was positive in 10 donors (5%) and HEV-RNA was positive in 6 donors (3%).
Results and Discussion:
The comparison between blood donors positive for anti-HEV-IgG and negative blood donors negative reveals significant association between anti-HEV-IgG and donors with older age (42.0 ± 9.7,P = 0.001),rural residence (76%, P = 0.001), workers in agricultural works (92%, P = 0.035) and elevated AST (31.28±14.28, P = 0.04). Regarding viral markers, there was significant prevalance between positive anti-HCV-IgG and positive anti-HEV-IgG (P = 0.003). Univariate analysis for risk factors associated with positive anti-HEV IgG reveals significant prevalence with older age (P = 0.001), rural residence (P < 0.001), positive anti-HCV- IgG (P = 0.004) and increase in AST (P = 0.045). However, on Multivariate analysis HEV infection was independently prevalent with older age (P < 0.001) and rural residence (P = 0.002).
Conclusion:
The present study highlights that HEV seroprevalence in blood donors is common finding. Further finding is the statistically significant correlation between antibodies to HCV and serological markers for HEV and even HEV viremia. Longitudinal studies may be needed to explore the clinical significance and cost effectiveness of screening of the blood donors for hepatitis E virus by serological tests and/or detection of viremia by Molecular testing.
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Rui P, Zhao F, Yan S, Wang C, Fu Q, Hao J, Zhou X, Zhong H, Tang M, Hui W, Li W, Shi D, Ma Z, Song T. Detection of hepatitis E virus genotypes 3 and 4 in donkeys in northern China. Equine Vet J 2019; 52:415-419. [PMID: 31746470 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the causative agent of acute self-limiting hepatitis in humans in developing countries. Hepatitis E virus RNA was first detected in donkeys in Spain, but little is known about the possible presence of HEV in donkeys in China. OBJECTIVES To investigate the prevalence of HEV in donkeys in northern China. STUDY DESIGN Investigation of the prevalence of HEV in donkeys using serological, molecular and phylogenetic approaches. METHODS A total of 401 donkey serum specimens were tested for serological and molecular detection of HEV via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The amplified products were cloned in pMD18-T vector and sequenced. The alignment and phylogenetic analysis of partial HEV ORF2 genes were compared with the corresponding sequences of the obtained HEV representative strains. RESULTS Serological results showed that 49 donkeys (12.22%, 95% CI: 9.18-15.83%) were positive for anti-HEV-specific antibodies, and 17 donkeys (4.24%, 95% CI: 2.49-6.70%) were positive for HEV viral RNA. On the basis of sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis, all isolated HEV strains belonged to genotype 3 (HEV-3) or HEV-4, sharing more than 76.2-96.3% identities with 67 other HEV representative strains of HEV-1 to HEV-8. MAIN LIMITATIONS Further studies about the prevalence of HEV in organs or faecal samples from donkeys are needed to evaluate the possible role of HEV reservoir and to determine the risk factors associated with the transmission of this zoonotic virus in donkeys in China. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report documenting the molecular analysis of donkey HEV strains worldwide and the serological evidence of HEV infection in donkeys in northern China. The results suggest that young donkeys are more susceptible to HEV infection compared with older donkeys. Further investigation is required to determine whether donkeys should be considered reservoirs for zoonotic HEV. The Summary is available in Chinese - see Supporting information.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rui
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China
| | - F Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center for Gelatin-based TCM, Dong-E E-Jiao Co., Ltd., Donge, Shandong, China
| | - S Yan
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China
| | - C Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China
| | - Q Fu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China
| | - J Hao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China
| | - X Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for Gelatin-based TCM, Dong-E E-Jiao Co., Ltd., Donge, Shandong, China
| | - H Zhong
- College of Science, Henan University of Engineering, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - M Tang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China
| | - W Hui
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China
| | - W Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China
| | - D Shi
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China
| | - Z Ma
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China
| | - T Song
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China
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Hepatitis E in Pregnant Women and the Potential Use of HEV Vaccine to Prevent Maternal Infection and Mortality. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40475-019-00193-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Tripathy AS, Sharma M, Deoshatwar AR, Babar P, Bharadwaj R, Bharti OK. Study of a hepatitis E virus outbreak involving drinking water and sewage contamination in Shimla, India, 2015–2016. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2019; 113:789-796. [DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trz072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Hepatitis E, caused by hepatitis E virus (HEV), accounts for 50% of acute hepatitis cases in India. We report an outbreak of hepatitis E in Shimla, India, in 2015–2016.
Methods
ICMR-National Institute of Virology (NIV), Pune, received two batches of water samples from Shimla in January 2016 to test for the presence of enterically transmitted hepatitis viruses. Subsequently, 57 icterus patients were tested for various markers of hepatotropic viruses, i.e. anti-HEV IgM/IgG, anti-hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV) IgM/IgG antibodies and HEV RNA. Water samples were screened for HEV and HAV RNA followed by phylogenetic analysis.
Results
Overall, 48/57 patients availing municipal water had evidence of HEV infection, detected by serology and RT-PCR. All the water samples tested positive for HEV and HAV RNA, while the patients were negative for anti-HAV IgM antibody, indicating no recent HAV infection. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the aetiological agent of the current outbreak to be HEV genotype 1.
Conclusions
Serology and RT-PCR confirmed HEV as the aetiology of the outbreak. The absence of new cases of hepatitis A, despite the presence of HAV in the water supply, could be due to previously acquired immunity. Sewage contamination of water leading to faecal-oral transmission of HEV still remains a concern, thus emphasising the need for a vaccination/control strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha S Tripathy
- Hepatitis Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Meenal Sharma
- Hepatitis Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Avinash R Deoshatwar
- Epidemiology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prasad Babar
- Hepatitis Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rakesh Bharadwaj
- Directorate of Health Services, Kasumpati, Shimla-171009, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Omesh Kumar Bharti
- Department of Epidemiology, Deen Dayal Upadhyay (DDU) Zonal Hospital, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Rogers E, Todd SM, Pierson FW, Kenney SP, Heffron CL, Yugo DM, Matzinger SR, Mircoff E, Ngo I, Kirby C, Jones M, Siegel P, Jobst P, Hall K, Etches RJ, Meng XJ, LeRoith T. CD8 + lymphocytes but not B lymphocytes are required for protection against chronic hepatitis E virus infection in chickens. J Med Virol 2019; 91:1960-1969. [PMID: 31317546 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E is an important global disease, causing outbreaks of acute hepatitis in many developing countries and sporadic cases in industrialized countries. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection typically causes self-limiting acute hepatitis but can also progress to chronic disease in immunocompromised individuals. The immune response necessary for the prevention of chronic infection is T cell-dependent; however, the arm of cellular immunity responsible for this protection is not currently known. To investigate the contribution of humoral immunity in control of HEV infection and prevention of chronicity, we experimentally infected 20 wild-type (WT) and 18 immunoglobulin knockout (JH-KO) chickens with a chicken strain of HEV (avian HEV). Four weeks postinfection (wpi) with avian HEV, JH-KO chickens were unable to elicit anti-HEV antibody but had statistically significantly lower liver lesion scores than the WT chickens. At 16 wpi, viral RNA in fecal material and liver, and severe liver lesions were undetectable in both groups. To determine the role of cytotoxic lymphocytes in the prevention of chronicity, we infected 20 WT and 20 cyclosporine and CD8+ antibody-treated chickens with the same strain of avian HEV. The CD8 + lymphocyte-depleted, HEV-infected chickens had higher incidences of prolonged fecal viral shedding and statistically significantly higher liver lesion scores than the untreated, HEV-infected birds at 16 wpi. The results indicate that CD8 + lymphocytes are required for viral clearance and reduction of liver lesions in HEV infection while antibodies are not necessary for viral clearance but may contribute to the development of liver lesions in acute HEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eda Rogers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Stephanie Michelle Todd
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Frank William Pierson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Scott P Kenney
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Connie Lynn Heffron
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Danielle M Yugo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Shannon R Matzinger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Elena Mircoff
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Irene Ngo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Charles Kirby
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Michaela Jones
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Paul Siegel
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Peter Jobst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Karen Hall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | | | - Xiang-Jin Meng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Tanya LeRoith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
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Dagnew M, Belachew A, Tiruneh M, Moges F. Hepatitis E virus infection among pregnant women in Africa: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:519. [PMID: 31195988 PMCID: PMC6567642 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4125-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There have been a number of studies about seroprevalence of HEV among pregnant women in Africa. However, the finding of seroprevalence of HEV infection among pregnant women is variable and inconsistent. Therefore; this systematic review intended to provide the pooled seroprevalence of HEV among pregnant women in Africa. METHODS We searched, Pub Med, Science direct, African online journals and Google scholar electronic data bases and all available references until August 30, 2018. We included cross sectional studies and cohort studies. The search was further limited studies done in African pregnant women. Statistical analysis done by using Stata (version 11) software. The overall pooled prevalence of HEV presented by using the forest plot with 95% CI. The methodological qualities of included studies were assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instruments. RESULT The pooled seroprevalence of HEV among pregnant women in Africa was 29.13% (95% CI 14.63-43.63). The highest seroprevalence was 84.3% in Egypt and the lowest 6.6% reported in Gabon. There was highest heterogeneity level where I2 = 99.7%; P < 0.0001.The observed heterogeneity attributed to geographic location/ region, country, assay method used in each study and year of study published. Moreover, HEV seroprevalence varies between countries and within countries. The HEV infection among African pregnant women seems to have a decreasing trend over time. CONCLUSION The seroprevalence of HEV among pregnant women in Africa is high. The seroprevalence of HEV among pregnant women differ with geographic location and assay method. Therefore, it is recommended to conduct further research on commercial ELISA kit sensitivity and specificity, molecular tests, incidence, morbidity and mortality and vertical transmission of HEV from mother to infant in Africa. TRIAL REGISTRATION CRD42018084963 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Mulat Dagnew
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Amare Belachew
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Moges Tiruneh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Feleke Moges
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Bisayher S, Barennes H, Nicand E, Buisson Y. Seroprevalence and risk factors of hepatitis E among women of childbearing age in the Xieng Khouang province (Lao People’s Democratic Republic), a cross-sectional survey. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2019; 113:298-304. [DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/try143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Syxiong Bisayher
- Institut de la Francophonie pour la Médecine Tropicale, Vientiane, Lao PDR
- Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Hubert Barennes
- Institut de la Francophonie pour la Médecine Tropicale, Vientiane, Lao PDR
- ISPED, Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Elisabeth Nicand
- National Reference Laboratory for Hepatitis E, Hospital Val-de-Grâce, Paris, France
| | - Yves Buisson
- Institut de la Francophonie pour la Médecine Tropicale, Vientiane, Lao PDR
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Lei Q, Li L, Huang W, Qin B, Zhang S. HEV ORF3 downregulatesCD14 and CD64 to impair macrophages phagocytosis through inhibiting JAK/STAT pathway. J Med Virol 2019; 91:1112-1119. [PMID: 30636344 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) could induce chronic hepatitis and liver failure with high mortality through unknown mechanisms. The previous study showed that the HEV open reading frames 3 (ORF3) could inhibit macrophages inflammatory response. Impaired macrophages phagocytosis was also found in patients infected with HEV and its nucleic acids could be detected in macrophages. To elucidate the role of HEV ORF3 on phagocytosis, the phagocytosis activation was measured by phagocytosis test, flow cytometry, and phalloidin staining. Meanwhile, the expression of key phagocytic receptors and the activation of transduction pathway were investigated by using reverse transcription real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blot analysis. Results of phagocytosis test showed that the HEV ORF3 could significantly impair the absorption capacity of latex beads. Furthermore, results of RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis showed that the expression of CD14 and CD64 decreased. Afterward, the present study showed that the activation of Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway was inhibited by HEV ORF3 and downregulation of CD14 and CD64 could be reversed by interferon γ, one activator of the JAK1/STAT1 signaling pathway. In conclusion, HEV ORF3 could significantly impair the phagocytosis of macrophage by downregulating expression of CD14 and CD64, which may function by inhibiting the activation of the JAK1/STAT1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Lei
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Hepatic Diseases, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenxiang Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Qin
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shujun Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Elsharkawy SS, Elgazayerli WS. Sero-Prevalence of HBV, HCV and HEV among the Egyptian Pregnant Females. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.4236/ojog.2019.910138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Zhang H, Zhou Y, Liu J. Molecular features of hepatitis E virus from farmed rabbits in Shandong province, China. WORLD RABBIT SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.4995/wrs.2018.10225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
<p>This study was undertaken to investigate the genetic variability of hepatitis E virus (HEV) from farmed rabbits in Shandong province, China. A total of 50 fresh faecal samples from 5 rabbit farms were collected and subjected to reverse transcription and nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-nPCR) for a fragment sequence of HEV capsid gene. The results demonstrated that HEV RNA was observed in 6 faecal samples (6/50, 12.0%). In addition, the result of phylogenetic analysis showed that the 6 HEV isolates were classified into HEV-3 genotype with other rabbit HEV isolates from other countries, and shared 85.2-87.2%, 81.5-83.1%, and 77.0-78.6% nucleotide similarities with rabbit HEV isolates from Korea, the United States and France, respectively. To sum up, the HEV isolated in this study from farmed rabbits belongs to the HEV-3 genotype, and the zoonotic ability and pathogenesis of the rabbit HEV merit further study due to the fact that HEV-3 genotype has the potential to trigger zoonotic infections.</p>
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Castro VOL, Tejada-Strop A, Weis SMS, Stábile AC, de Oliveira SMVL, Teles SA, Kamili S, Motta-Castro ARC. Evidence of hepatitis E virus infections among persons who use crack cocaine from the Midwest region of Brazil. J Med Virol 2018; 91:151-154. [PMID: 30133759 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The current study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection among persons who use crack from Midwest region of Brazil. Sera samples from 698 users of crack, collected from November 2013 to July 2015 were tested for anti-HEV immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) markers. Of the 698 serum samples, 99 (14.2%) were positive for anti-HEV IgG. Two samples were positive for anti-HEV IgM but both were negative for HEV RNA. The variables independently associated with anti-HEV positivity were increasing age and absence of stable partnership. This study showed high prevalence of past hepatitis E virus infection among persons who use crack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivianne O L Castro
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | | | - Sabrina M S Weis
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Andrea C Stábile
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Sandra M V L de Oliveira
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Sheila A Teles
- Faculty of Nursing, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Saleem Kamili
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta
| | - Ana Rita C Motta-Castro
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil.,Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Campo Grande, Brazil
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27
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Bigoraj E, Rzeżutka A. Application of ELISA recomWell HEV IgG (Human) for Detection of Virus-Specific Antibodies in Sera of Slaughtered Rabbits. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1367-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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28
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Wang Y, Wang S, Wu J, Jiang Y, Zhang H, Li S, Liu H, Yang C, Tang H, Guo N, Peppelenbosch MP, Wei L, Pan Q, Zhao J. Hepatitis E virus infection in acute non-traumatic neuropathy: A large prospective case-control study in China. EBioMedicine 2018; 36:122-130. [PMID: 30190208 PMCID: PMC6197649 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological manifestations are potentially associated with hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in Europe, mainly attributed to genotype (GT) 3 HEV infection. In this study, we determined the frequency and causal relationship of HEV in patients with non-traumatic neurological disorders in China, where GT4 HEV is prevalent. 1117 consecutive patients diagnosed with neurological illnesses in a hospital of eastern China and 1475 healthy controls who took routine examination in the same hospital were tested for HEV by serology and molecular methods. Anti-HEV IgM antibodies were detectable in 6 (0.54%) of the patients and 10 (0.68%) of the healthy controls (P = 0.651). Serum HEV RNA was detected in all of the 16 individuals with positive anti-HEV IgM. The six patients with HEV infection included two viral encephalitis, two posterior circulation ischemia, one peripheral neuropathy and one Guillian-Barré syndrome. They had no symptoms of acute viral hepatitis except two patients of viral encephalitis that showed mildly transaminitis. Additional, 39.51% patients and 35.63% controls without acute HEV infection were positive for anti-HEV IgG (P = 0.144). Anti-HEV IgG positivity was more frequent in male and elderly in both the patients and control groups, but unrelated to the incidence of any non-traumatic neurological illness, hospital stay or treatment outcome, except linking to better outcome of hemorrhagic stroke disease. These data demonstrated that HEV appears not to contribute to acute neurological disorders in China. Nevertheless, we cannot exclude a possible causative role, suggesting that testing HEV in this population, especially in situations of unexplained deregulated liver function would be warranted. HEV infection is identified in 0.54% patients with acute neurological injury in this study, where GT4 HEV is prevalent. The incidence of HEV infection is not significantly different between neurological patients and healthy controls. A potential causal relationship between GT4 HEV infection and viral encephalitis has been indicated. Patients with viral encephalitis are prone to have deranged liver function following HEV infection. The prevalence of GT4 HEV is higher in male and elderly in both neurological patients and healthy controls.
Neurological injury is the most common extra-hepatic manifestation in patients with hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection. HEV associated neurological syndromes have been widely reported in Europe, mainly attributed to genotype 3 HEV infection. We determined the frequency and causal relationship of HEV in patients with non-traumatic neurological disorders in China, where genotype 4 HEV is prevalent. We have demonstrated that 0.54% patients with acute non-traumatic neurological injury have evidence of HEV infection. The overall incidence of HEV infection is not significantly different between patients and healthy controls. Nevertheless, we cannot exclude a possible causative role, suggesting that testing HEV in this population, especially in situations of unexplained deregulated liver function would be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijin Wang
- Department of Pathology and Hepatology, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Pathology and Hepatology, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng City, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yiyun Jiang
- Department of Pathology and Hepatology, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Haiying Zhang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory for Hepatitis C and Immunotherapy for Liver Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Shujuan Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng City, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongyang Liu
- Department of Pathology and Hepatology, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Changshuang Yang
- Department of Pathology and Hepatology, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haijun Tang
- Department of Pathology and Hepatology, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Naizhou Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng City, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Maikel P Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lai Wei
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory for Hepatitis C and Immunotherapy for Liver Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuwei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jingmin Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Hepatology, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China.
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King NJ, Hewitt J, Perchec-Merien AM. Hiding in Plain Sight? It's Time to Investigate Other Possible Transmission Routes for Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) in Developed Countries. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2018; 10:225-252. [PMID: 29623595 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-018-9342-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Historically in developed countries, reported hepatitis E cases were typically travellers returning from countries where hepatitis E virus (HEV) is endemic, but now there are increasing numbers of non-travel-related ("autochthonous") cases being reported. Data for HEV in New Zealand remain limited and the transmission routes unproven. We critically reviewed the scientific evidence supporting HEV transmission routes in other developed countries to inform how people in New Zealand may be exposed to this virus. A substantial body of indirect evidence shows domesticated pigs are a source of zoonotic human HEV infection, but there is an information bias towards this established reservoir. The increasing range of animals in which HEV has been detected makes it important to consider other possible animal reservoirs of HEV genotypes that can or could infect humans. Foodborne transmission of HEV from swine and deer products has been proven, and a large body of indirect evidence (e.g. food surveys, epidemiological studies and phylogenetic analyses) support pig products as vehicles of HEV infection. Scarce data from other foods suggest we are neglecting other potential sources of foodborne HEV infection. Moreover, other transmission routes are scarcely investigated in developed countries; the role of infected food handlers, person-to-person transmission via the faecal-oral route, and waterborne transmission from recreational contact or drinking untreated or inadequately treated water. People have become symptomatic after receiving transfusions of HEV-contaminated blood, but it is unclear how important this is in the overall hepatitis E disease burden. There is need for broader research efforts to support establishing risk-based controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J King
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, 34 Kenepuru Drive, Kenepuru, Porirua, 5022, New Zealand
| | - Joanne Hewitt
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, 34 Kenepuru Drive, Kenepuru, Porirua, 5022, New Zealand.
| | - Anne-Marie Perchec-Merien
- New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries, Pastoral House, 25 The Terrace, Wellington, New Zealand
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30
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Salvio AL, Lopes AO, Almeida AJ, Gardinali NR, Lima LRP, de Oliveira JM, Sion FS, Ribeiro LCP, Pinto MA, de Paula VS. Detection and quantification of hepatitis E virus in the absence of IgG and IgM anti-HEV in HIV-positive patients. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 125:1208-1215. [PMID: 29920871 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To improve RT-qPCR with an internal control and a synthetic standard curve to detect HEV in HIV co-infected patients. METHODS AND RESULTS A single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) and a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) synthetic curve were designed, compared to the international reference panel for HEV genotypes, and tested to quantify and detect a reference panel for HEV genotypes. The detection limit of the RNA synthetic curve (50 copies per ml) was better than the DNA synthetic curve (100 copies per ml) and the WHO standard curve (250 copies per ml). Then, 280 serum samples from HIV-positive patients were tested for HEV RNA, which was detected in 3·6% of serum samples. The viral load ranged from 2 × 102 copies per ml to 4·78 × 108 copies per ml. HEV IgM/IgG antibodies were not detected in the RNA-positive patients. Sequencing analysis of HEV showed that the virus belongs to genotype 3 (HEV GT3). CONCLUSIONS Real-time PCR was a useful tool to estimate co-infection with HEV/HIV, even in patients with low viral loads and undetectable anti-HEV IgG and IgM antibodies. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Hepatitis E virus genotype 3 (HEV GT3) has been associated with silent chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis in HIV-positive subjects worldwide, but there is a lack of data on this co-infection in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Salvio
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A O Lopes
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A J Almeida
- Hematology Department, Gaffrée & Guinle Universitary Hospital, Rio de Janeiro State Federal University/UniRio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - N R Gardinali
- Laboratory of Technological Development in Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - L R P Lima
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - J M de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Technological Development in Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - F S Sion
- Hematology Department, Gaffrée & Guinle Universitary Hospital, Rio de Janeiro State Federal University/UniRio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - L C P Ribeiro
- Hematology Department, Gaffrée & Guinle Universitary Hospital, Rio de Janeiro State Federal University/UniRio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M A Pinto
- Laboratory of Technological Development in Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - V S de Paula
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Ingesting Self-Grown Produce and Seropositivity for Hepatitis E in the United States. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2018; 2018:7980413. [PMID: 30116267 PMCID: PMC6079431 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7980413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of hepatitis in developing and industrialized countries worldwide. The modes of HEV transmission in industrialized countries, including the United States, remain largely unknown. This study is aimed at evaluating the association between HEV seropositivity and consumption of self-grown foods in the United States. Methods Cross-sectional data was extracted from the 2009–2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Data from the dietary interview and the serum HEV IgG and IgM enzyme immunoassay test results were linked and examined. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression models were used to evaluate the significance and effect size of an association between self-grown food consumption and hepatitis E seropositivity. Results The estimated HEV seroprevalence in the civilian, noninstitutionalized US population was 6.6% in 2009–2012, which corresponds to an estimated hepatitis E national seroprevalence of 17,196,457 people. Overall, 10.9% of participants who ingested self-grown foods had positive HEV antibodies versus 6.1% of participants who did not consume self-grown foods (P < 0.001; odds ratio (OR) 1.87; 95% CI 1.41–2.48). In the age-stratified multivariable analysis, the correlation between ingesting self-grown foods and HEV seropositivity was significant for participants 40–59 years old, but not overall, or for those < 40 years or ≥60 years. Conclusions Ingesting self-grown food, or simply the process of gardening/farming, may be a source of zoonotic HEV transmission.
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Lei Q, Li L, Zhang S, Li T, Zhang X, Ding X, Qin B. HEV ORF3 downregulates TLR7 to inhibit the generation of type I interferon via impairment of multiple signaling pathways. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8585. [PMID: 29872132 PMCID: PMC5988675 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26975-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E is the most common type of acute hepatitis prevalent worldwide. The open reading frame 3 protein of HEV (HEV ORF3) is proposed to create a favorable environment for viral replication and pathogenesis. However, the mechanisms by which HEV overcomes the effects of host immunity, particularly the role of ORF3, remain to be established. Expression of IFNα and IFNβ in supernatant and cell samples was examined via ELISA and quantitative RT-PCR. The protein levels of specific signaling factors in cells overexpressing HEV ORF3 were examined via western blot. Analyses of cells transfected with vectors expressing ORF3 demonstrated that HEV ORF3 significantly impairs the generation of endogenous type I interferon through downregulating TLR3 and TLR7 as well as their corresponding downstream signaling pathways. Moreover, inhibition of NFκB, JAK/STAT and JNK/MAPK signaling pathways contributed significantly to suppression of increased levels of TLR7. Levels of p-P65, p-STAT1 and p-JNK were markedly impaired in ORF3-expressing cells, even upon treatment with the respective agonists. HEV ORF3 inhibits the production of endogenous type I interferon through downregulation of TLR3 and TLR7. Furthermore, suppression of TLR7 is achieved through impairment of multiple signaling pathways, including NFκB, JAK/STAT and JNK/MAPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Lei
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Parasitic Diseases,Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of hepatic diseases, Chongqing Tranditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing, 400011, China
| | - Shujun Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Parasitic Diseases,Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Tianju Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Parasitic Diseases,Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Parasitic Diseases,Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiaolin Ding
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Parasitic Diseases,Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Bo Qin
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Parasitic Diseases,Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Cattoir L, Van Hoecke F, Van Maerken T, Nys E, Ryckaert I, De Boulle M, Geerts A, Verhelst X, Colle I, Hutse V, Suin V, Wautier M, Van Gucht S, Van Vlierberghe H, Padalko E. Clinical burden of hepatitis E virus infection in a tertiary care center in Flanders, Belgium. J Clin Virol 2018; 103:8-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Halánová M, Veseliny E, Kalinová Z, Jarčuška P, Janičko M, Urbančíková I, Pella D, Dražilová S, Babinská I. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis E Virus in Roma Settlements: A Comparison with the General Population in Slovakia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E904. [PMID: 29751522 PMCID: PMC5981943 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15050904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E infection is one of the most frequent causes of acute hepatitis in the world. Currently five human genotypes with different geographical distributions and distinct epidemiologic patterns are identified. In Slovakia, only rare cases of hepatitis E have been reported in past years. Because the most important risk factors associated with HEV infection include consumption of contaminated pork meat and poor hygienic standards, the aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of anti-HEV total antibodies and the main risk factors for HEV in the population living in separated and segregated Roma settlements (n = 195), which represent places with increased risk of infection in Slovakia and to compare it with the prevalence in the general population (n = 69). Of 264 respondents included in the study, 47 (17.8%) showed positivity for anti-HEV antibodies, 42 of whom were Roma (21.5%, n = 195) and 5 (7.2%, n = 69) non-Roma. The population living in Roma settlements lives in poorer conditions and are at higher risk of HEV in comparison to the general population. However, differences in living conditions within the settlements do not contributed to lower risk of HEV antibody prevalence between Roma living in settlements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Halánová
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, 04180 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Eduard Veseliny
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, 04011 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Zuzana Kalinová
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, 04180 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Peter Jarčuška
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, 04011 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Martin Janičko
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, 04011 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Ingrid Urbančíková
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, 04011 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Daniel Pella
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, 04011 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Sylvia Dražilová
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Poprad, 05801 Poprad, Slovakia.
| | - Ingrid Babinská
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, 04180 Košice, Slovakia.
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van Hattem JM, Arcilla MS, Grobusch MP, Bart A, Bootsma MC, van Genderen PJ, van Gool T, Goorhuis A, van Hellemond JJ, Molenkamp R, Molhoek N, Oude Lashof AM, Stobberingh EE, de Wever B, Verbrugh HA, Melles DC, Penders J, Schultsz C, de Jong MD. Travel-related acquisition of diarrhoeagenic bacteria, enteral viruses and parasites in a prospective cohort of 98 Dutch travellers. Travel Med Infect Dis 2017; 19:33-36. [PMID: 28842214 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited prospective data are available on the acquisition of viral, bacterial and parasitic diarrhoeagenic agents by healthy individuals during travel. METHODS To determine the frequency of travel associated acquisition of 19 pathogens in 98 intercontinental travellers, qPCR was used to detect 8 viral pathogens, 6 bacterial enteric pathogens and 5 parasite species in faecal samples collected immediately before and after travel. RESULTS We found high pre-travel carriage rates of Blastocystis spp. and Dientamoeba fragilis of 32% and 19% respectively. Pre-travel prevalences of all other tested pathogens were below 3%. Blastocystis spp. (10%), Plesiomonas shigelloides (7%), D. fragilis (6%) and Shigella spp. (5%) were the most frequently acquired pathogens and acquisition of enteral viruses and hepatitis E virus in this relatively small group of travellers was rare or non-existent. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the role of viruses as the cause of persisting traveller's diarrhoea is limited and bacterial pathogens are more likely as a cause of traveller's diarrhoea. The substantial proportion of travellers carrying Blastocystis spp. and D. fragilis before travel warrants cautious interpretation of positive samples in returning travellers with gastrointestinal complaints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarne M van Hattem
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Maris S Arcilla
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin P Grobusch
- Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aldert Bart
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Parasitology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin C Bootsma
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tom van Gool
- Department of Parasitology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Abraham Goorhuis
- Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap J van Hellemond
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Molenkamp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicky Molhoek
- Institute for Tropical Diseases, Havenziekenhuis, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid M Oude Lashof
- School for Public Health and Primary Care (Caphri), Department of Medical Microbiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen E Stobberingh
- School for Public Health and Primary Care (Caphri), Department of Medical Microbiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bob de Wever
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henri A Verbrugh
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Damian C Melles
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John Penders
- School for Public Health and Primary Care (Caphri), Department of Medical Microbiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Constance Schultsz
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Menno D de Jong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Zhang Y, Gong W, Song WT, Fu H, Wang L, Li M, Wang L, Zhuang H. Different susceptibility and pathogenesis of rabbit genotype 3 hepatitis E virus (HEV-3) and human HEV-3 (JRC-HE3) in SPF rabbits. Vet Microbiol 2017; 207:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Quintero-Gil C, Parra-Suescún J, Lopez-Herrera A, Orduz S. In-silico design and molecular docking evaluation of peptides derivatives from bacteriocins and porcine beta defensin-2 as inhibitors of Hepatitis E virus capsid protein. Virusdisease 2017; 28:281-288. [PMID: 29291214 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-017-0383-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is considered the main etiological agent that causes acute hepatitis. It is estimated that 20 million cases occur annually worldwide, reaching mortality rates of 28% in pregnant women. To date, available treatments and vaccines have not been entirely effective. In this study, six antiviral peptides derived from the sequences of porcine Beta-Defensin-2 and bacteriocins Nisin and Subtilosin were generate using in silico tools in order to propose new antiviral agents. Through the use of molecular docking, interactions between the HEV capsid protein and the six new antiviral peptide candidates were evaluated. A peptide of 15 residues derived from Subtilosin showed the best docking energy (-7.0 kcal/mol) with the capsid protein. This is the first report to our knowledge involving a non-well study viral protein interacting with peptides susceptibles to being synthesized, and that could be subsequently evaluated in vitro; moreover, this study provide novel information on the nature of the dimerization pocket of the HEV capsid protein, and could help to understand the first steps in the viral replication cycle, needed for the virus entry to the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Quintero-Gil
- Escuela de Biociencias, Grupo Biología Funcional, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín, Calle 59A # 63-20, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jaime Parra-Suescún
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Grupo Biodiversidad y Genética Molecular (BIOGEM), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín, Calle 59A # 63-20, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Albeiro Lopez-Herrera
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Grupo Biodiversidad y Genética Molecular (BIOGEM), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín, Calle 59A # 63-20, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Sergio Orduz
- Escuela de Biociencias, Grupo Biología Funcional, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín, Calle 59A # 63-20, Medellín, Colombia
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38
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Cattoir L, Van Hoecke F, Van Maerken T, Nys E, Ryckaert I, De Boulle M, Geerts A, Verhelst X, Colle I, Hutse V, Suin V, Wautier M, Van Gucht S, Van Vlierberghe H, Padalko E. Hepatitis E virus serology and PCR: does the methodology matter? Arch Virol 2017; 162:2625-2632. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3395-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Shrestha AC, Flower RL, Seed CR, Keller AJ, Hoad V, Harley R, Leader R, Polkinghorne B, Furlong C, Faddy HM. Hepatitis E virus infections in travellers: assessing the threat to the Australian blood supply. BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2017; 15:191-198. [PMID: 27483488 PMCID: PMC5448823 DOI: 10.2450/2016.0064-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In many developed countries hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections have occurred predominantly in travellers to countries endemic for HEV. HEV is a potential threat to blood safety as the virus is transfusion-transmissible. To minimise this risk in Australia, individuals diagnosed with HEV are deferred. Malarialdeferrals, when donors are restricted from donating fresh blood components following travel toanareain which malaria is endemic, probably also decrease the HEV risk, by deferring donors who travel to many countries also endemic for HEV. The aim of this study is to describe overseas-acquired HEV cases in Australia, in order to determine whether infection in travellers poses a risk to Australian blood safety. MATERIALS AND METHODS Details of all notified HEV cases in Australia from 2002 to 2014 were accessed, and importation rates estimated. Countries in which HEV was acquired were compared to those for which donations are restricted following travel because of a malaria risk. RESULTS Three hundred and thirty-two cases of HEV were acquired overseas. Travel to India accounted for most of these infections, although the importation rate was highest for Nepal and Bangladesh. Countries for which donations are restricted following travel due to malaria risk accounted for 94% of overseas-acquired HEV cases. DISCUSSION The vast majority of overseas-acquired HEV infections were in travellers returning from South Asian countries, which are subject to donation-related travel restrictions for malaria. This minimises the risk HEV poses to the Australian blood supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish C. Shrestha
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Robert L.P. Flower
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Clive R. Seed
- Medical Services, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Anthony J. Keller
- Medical Services, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Veronica Hoad
- Medical Services, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Robert Harley
- Medical Services, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Robyn Leader
- OzFoodNet, Office of Health Protection, Australian Government Department of Health, Canberra, Australia
| | - Ben Polkinghorne
- OzFoodNet, Office of Health Protection, Australian Government Department of Health, Canberra, Australia
| | - Catriona Furlong
- OzFoodNet, New South Wales Department of Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Helen M. Faddy
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
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40
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Nasrallah GK, Al Absi ES, Ghandour R, Ali NH, Taleb S, Hedaya L, Ali F, Huwaidy M, Husseini A. Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus among blood donors in Qatar (2013-2016). Transfusion 2017; 57:1801-1807. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.14116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gheyath K. Nasrallah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences
- Biomedical Research Center; Qatar University; Doha Qatar
| | | | - Rula Ghandour
- Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University; Birzeit Palestine
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Abdullatif Husseini
- Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University; Birzeit Palestine
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences
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41
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Phage-displayed peptides that mimic epitopes of hepatitis E virus capsid. Med Microbiol Immunol 2017; 206:301-309. [PMID: 28434129 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-017-0507-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E is an emerging zoonotic infection of increasing public health threat for the UK, especially for immunosuppressed individuals. A human recombinant vaccine has been licensed only in China and is not clear whether it protects against hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotype 3, the most prevalent in Europe. The aim of this study was to use phage display technology as a tool to identify peptides that mimic epitopes of HEV capsid (mimotopes). We identified putative linear and conformational mimotopes using sera from Scottish blood donors that have the immunological imprint of past HEV infection. Four mimotopes did not have homology with the primary sequence of HEV ORF2 capsid but competed effectively with a commercial HEV antigen for binding to anti-HEV reference serum. When the reactivity profile of each mimotope was compared with Wantai HEV-IgG ELISA, the most sensitive HEV immunoassay, mimotopes showed 95.2-100% sensitivity while the specificity ranged from 81.5 to 95.8%. PepSurf algorithm was used to map affinity-selected peptides onto the ORF2 crystal structure of HEV genotype 3, which predicted that these four mimototopes are clustered in the P domain of ORF2 capsid, near conformational epitopes of anti-HEV neutralising monoclonal antibodies. These HEV mimotopes may have potential applications in the design of structural vaccines and the development of new diagnostic tests.
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42
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Hammerschmidt F, Schwaiger K, Dähnert L, Vina-Rodriguez A, Höper D, Gareis M, Groschup MH, Eiden M. Hepatitis E virus in wild rabbits and European brown hares in Germany. Zoonoses Public Health 2017; 64:612-622. [PMID: 28371421 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a change of hepatitis E from being a typical travel-associated disease to an autochthonous zoonosis in Germany was observed. An increasing number of autochthonous infections with the hepatitis E Virus (HEV) have been recognized in developed countries. Venison from wild boar is already known to be a potential source of infection, if not prepared properly by the consumer. In Germany, certain wild animals are known to be a reservoir for HEV. However, current information is missing about European brown hares (Lepus europaeus) and wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Thus, a total of 833 hunting-harvested animals (European brown hares n = 669; wild rabbits n = 164) were tested for the occurrence of HEV RNA and HEV antibodies. For this, liver and blood specimens were taken after hunts in six German federal states. HEV antibodies were found by ELISA in 2.2% (624/14) of European brown hares, but no HEV RNA was detectable by nested real-time RT-PCR. In contrast, a seroprevalence of 37.3% (126/47) was observed for wild rabbits, and 17.1% (164/28) of the samples were HEV RNA positive. Genomic analysis revealed that these partial sequences clustered within the rabbit clade of HEV-3 genotype. In addition, one rabbit sequence segregated into subtype 3g of HEV-3. Highest seroprevalences for hares and rabbits were detected in the federal states of Bavaria and of Schleswig-Holstein, respectively. Comparing urban, rural and insular areas, the highest seroprevalence was shown for wild rabbits in rural areas and for European brown hares on the northern island Fehmarn. This study provides evidence that European brown hares and wild rabbits from Germany can be infected with HEV. The different prevalences indicate that wild rabbits are a potential reservoir for HEV in Germany, whereas European brown hares seem to be only of minor importance for the epidemiology of HEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hammerschmidt
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - K Schwaiger
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - L Dähnert
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - A Vina-Rodriguez
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - D Höper
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - M Gareis
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - M H Groschup
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - M Eiden
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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43
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Pérez-Gracia MT, Suay-García B, Mateos-Lindemann ML. Hepatitis E and pregnancy: current state. Rev Med Virol 2017; 27:e1929. [PMID: 28318080 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is responsible for more than 50% of acute viral hepatitis cases in endemic countries. Approximately 2 billion individuals live in hepatitis E-endemic areas and, therefore, are at risk of infection. According to World Health Organization, HEV causes about 20.1 million infections and 70 000 deaths every year. In developing countries with poor sanitation, this disease is transmitted through contaminated water and is associated with large outbreaks, affecting hundreds or thousands of people. In developed countries, autochthonous cases of HEV have been increasingly recognized in the past several years. Hepatitis E virus typically causes an acute, self-limiting illness similar to other acute viral hepatitis, such as hepatitis A or B, with about 0.2% to 1% mortality rate in the general population. However, the course of hepatitis E in pregnancy is different than the mild self-constraining infection described in other populations. During pregnancy, HEV infection can take a fulminant course, resulting in fulminant hepatic failure, membrane rupture, spontaneous abortions, and stillbirths. Studies from various developing countries have shown a high incidence of HEV infection in pregnancy with a significant proportion of pregnant women progressing to fulminant hepatitis with a fatality rate of up to 30%. The present review will highlight new aspects of the HEV infection and pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Pérez-Gracia
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Farmacia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Moncada, Spain
| | - Beatriz Suay-García
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Farmacia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Moncada, Spain
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Montalvo Villalba MC, Cruz Martínez D, Ahmad I, Rodriguez Lay LA, Bello Corredor M, Guevara March C, Martínez LS, Martínez-Campo LS, Jameel S. Hepatitis E virus in bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2017; 123:13-18. [PMID: 28177289 DOI: 10.3354/dao03085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infects several animal species that act as zoonotic reservoirs for viral transmission. Solid and liquid residues from infected animals could lead to HEV contamination of food and surface waters. Evidence of human HEV infection through ingestion of seafood (shellfish, mussels) has been reported. Dolphins generally feed on fish and squid but are able to adapt to an environment and consume whatever prey is available. Clinical signs of infected dolphins include lethargy, inappetence, behavioral aberrations and increased serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT). The dolphins examined in this study were maintained at the National Aquarium, Havana, Cuba. A total of 31 dolphins were evaluated for HEV markers. Sera were collected and screened for total immunoglobin (Ig) anti-HEV. Sera and liver homogenate were tested for HEV RNA by nested RT-PCR using primers targeting the open reading frame 1. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using partial nucleotide sequences at the amplified RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene. Total anti-HEV Ig was detected in 32.2% (10 of 31), and 16.1% (5 of 31) of these dolphins were positive by both serology and HEV RNA testing. Nucleotide sequence analyses revealed that HEV strains identified in dolphins were genotype 3. This virus may represent an environmental contamination of food or wastewater as a source of HEV exposure and infection. Our findings provide evidence that HEV is associated with liver disorders in cetaceans and that it is advisable to screen for exposure of this virus in captive dolphins, particularly animals with elevated serum ALT or compromised liver function test results of undetermined cause.
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45
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Prevalence of Hepatitis E Virus Antibodies Among Blood Donors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.42875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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46
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Nantel-Fortier N, Letellier A, Lachapelle V, Fravalo P, L'Homme Y, Brassard J. Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Hepatitis E Virus in a Canadian Swine Production Network. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2016; 8:296-304. [PMID: 27422131 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-016-9252-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Viral contamination along the production chain is a significant concern in both food safety and livestock health. Pigs have been reported to act as a reservoir for zoonotic viruses, sometimes emerging ones, and epidemiological studies have shown direct links between the consumption of uncooked pork offal and cases of hepatitis caused by the hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotype 3 in humans. The presence of HEV in swine herds has been reported, but its dissemination in pork production environments is still unknown. To investigate viral contamination sources in the swine industry, 452 environment and fecal samples, including samples from livestock transportation vehicles, were collected over a period of 11 months from ten farms and one slaughterhouse that together represent a single production network. Hepatitis E virus RNA was detected by nested RT-PCR in 32 samples from both inside and outside farm buildings, on trucks, and, mostly, from fomites collected in the slaughterhouse yard, such as on a utility vehicle. Phylogenetic analysis showed a wide diversity of HEV genotype 3 strains, similar to human and swine strains previously found. According to the results of this study, the movements of trucks and utility vehicles might play an important role in HEV dissemination on a slaughterhouse site and throughout an entire network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Nantel-Fortier
- NSERC Industrial Research Chair in Meat Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montréal, 3200 Rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Ann Letellier
- NSERC Industrial Research Chair in Meat Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montréal, 3200 Rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Virginie Lachapelle
- NSERC Industrial Research Chair in Meat Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montréal, 3200 Rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Philippe Fravalo
- NSERC Industrial Research Chair in Meat Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montréal, 3200 Rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Yvan L'Homme
- NSERC Industrial Research Chair in Meat Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montréal, 3200 Rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Julie Brassard
- Saint-Hyacinthe Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 3600 Casavant Boulevard West, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 8E3, Canada.
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47
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CHEN YJ, CAO NX, XIE RH, DING CX, CHEN EF, ZHU HP, SUN JM, SHANG XP, WANG XX, MIAO ZP. Epidemiological investigation of a tap water-mediated hepatitis E virus genotype 4 outbreak in Zhejiang Province, China. Epidemiol Infect 2016; 144:3387-3399. [PMID: 27546066 PMCID: PMC9150197 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268816001898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of acute hepatitis recently occurred in a nursing home in Zhejiang Province, China. The objectives of this study were to confirm the outbreak and identify the aetiology, source and transmission patterns. All residents and staff in or near the nursing home during the period from 1 October 2014 to 21 May 2015 were investigated regarding hygiene and for epidemiological information including water and food (eating meat especially pork products). Serum and stool specimens were collected for detection of hepatitis E virus (HEV) antibodies using ELISA and RNA using RT-PCR. Samples that were RNA positive were genotyped. Of 185 senior residents and 24 staff in the nursing home, there were 37 laboratory-confirmed cases during the outbreak. Of these cases, 12 patients (three deaths) were symptomatic with jaundice, a common clinical symptom for hepatitis E infection. HEV strains were isolated from three cases and they formed a single cluster within genotype 4d. A case-control study was conducted to investigate potential risk factors for the outbreak and the results revealed that cases more often washed their dishes and rinsed their mouths using tap water than the controls (P < 0·05). Based on hygiene investigation and meteorological information, it is likely that HEV-infected sewage and faeces contaminated the water network on rainy days. Collectively, these results suggest that the outbreak of HEV genotype 4 infection was most likely caused by contaminated tap water rather than food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. J. CHEN
- Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - N. X. CAO
- Jiashan County Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing, China
| | - R. H. XIE
- Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - C. X. DING
- Jiashan County Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing, China
| | - E. F. CHEN
- Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - H. P. ZHU
- Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - J. M. SUN
- Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - X. P. SHANG
- Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - X. X. WANG
- Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Z. P. MIAO
- Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
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Shrestha AC, Flower RLP, Seed CR, Rajkarnikar M, Shrestha SK, Thapa U, Hoad VC, Faddy HM. Hepatitis E virus seroepidemiology: a post-earthquake study among blood donors in Nepal. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:707. [PMID: 27887586 PMCID: PMC5124235 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-2043-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As one of the causative agents of viral hepatitis, hepatitis E virus (HEV) has gained public health attention globally. HEV epidemics occur in developing countries, associated with faecal contamination of water and poor sanitation. In industrialised nations, HEV infections are associated with travel to countries endemic for HEV, however, autochthonous infections, mainly through zoonotic transmission, are increasingly being reported. HEV can also be transmitted by blood transfusion. Nepal has experienced a number of HEV outbreaks, and recent earthquakes resulted in predictions raising the risk of an HEV outbreak to very high. This study aimed to measure HEV exposure in Nepalese blood donors after large earthquakes. Methods Samples (n = 1,845) were collected from blood donors from Kathmandu, Chitwan, Bhaktapur and Kavre. Demographic details, including age and sex along with possible risk factors associated with HEV exposure were collected via a study-specific questionnaire. Samples were tested for HEV IgM, IgG and antigen. The proportion of donors positive for HEV IgM or IgG was calculated overall, and for each of the variables studied. Chi square and regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with HEV exposure. Results Of the donors residing in earthquake affected regions (Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Kavre), 3.2% (54/1,686; 95% CI 2.7–4.0%) were HEV IgM positive and two donors were positive for HEV antigen. Overall, 41.9% (773/1,845; 95% CI 39.7–44.2%) of donors were HEV IgG positive, with regional variation observed. Higher HEV IgG and IgM prevalence was observed in donors who reported eating pork, likely an indicator of zoonotic transmission. Previous exposure to HEV in Nepalese blood donors is relatively high. Conclusion Detection of recent markers of HEV infection in healthy donors suggests recent asymptomatic HEV infection and therefore transfusion-transmission in vulnerable patients is a risk in Nepal. Surprisingly, this study did not provide evidence of a large HEV outbreak following the devastating earthquakes in 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish C Shrestha
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, 44 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, 288 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Robert L P Flower
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, 44 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Clive R Seed
- Medical Services, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Herdsman, Perth, WA, 6017, Australia
| | - Manita Rajkarnikar
- Central Blood Transfusion Services, Nepal Red Cross Society, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Shrawan K Shrestha
- Central Blood Transfusion Services, Nepal Red Cross Society, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Uru Thapa
- Central Blood Transfusion Services, Nepal Red Cross Society, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Veronica C Hoad
- Medical Services, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Herdsman, Perth, WA, 6017, Australia
| | - Helen M Faddy
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, 44 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia. .,School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, 288 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia.
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Shi R, Soomro MH, She R, Yang Y, Wang T, Wu Q, Li H, Hao W. Evidence of Hepatitis E virus breaking through the blood-brain barrier and replicating in the central nervous system. J Viral Hepat 2016; 23:930-939. [PMID: 27329366 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurologic dysfunctions such as Guillain-Barre' syndrome, encephalitis, meningitis and transverse myelitis occur frequently in patients with hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection, and this study was conducted to better characterize the role of HEV in the pathogenesis of neurologic disorders. Genotype 4 strain of swine HEV was used to inoculate Mongolian gerbils. Reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-nPCR), ELISA, histopathology, ultrastructural pathology and enzyme immunohistochemistry method were conducted to investigate the replication and localization of HEV in the central nervous system (CNS) and the consequent pathological changes. Both positive- and negative-strand HEV RNA was detectable in brain and spinal cord from 7 to 28 dpi (days postinoculation) via RT-nPCR. Various pathological changes such as perineural invasion, neuron necrosis, microglia nodule, lymphocyte infiltration, perivascular cuff and myelin degeneration were observed in HEV-positive brains and spinal cords. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining targeting on HEV ORF2 protein revealed positive signals concentrated mainly in the cytoplasm of neuron, ependymal epithelium and choroid plexus area. Positive area density of ZO-1 (zonula occludens-1) in brain of HEV-positive gerbils decreased, while the GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) expression was upregulated compared with control groups. These results provide strong evidence that HEV is able to damage the blood-brain barrier (BBB), replicate in brain and spinal cord, and hammer the causative role of HEV in the pathogenesis of neurologic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Shi
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agriculture University, Beijing, China
| | - M H Soomro
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agriculture University, Beijing, China
| | - R She
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agriculture University, Beijing, China.
| | - Y Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agriculture University, Beijing, China
| | - T Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agriculture University, Beijing, China
| | - Q Wu
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agriculture University, Beijing, China
| | - H Li
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agriculture University, Beijing, China
| | - W Hao
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agriculture University, Beijing, China
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50
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Mora Soler AM, Velasco-Guardado A, Martín Arribas MI, Acosta Materan R, Revilla Morato C, Pérez Corte D, Rodríguez Pérez A. [Chronic hepatitis caused by hepatitis E virus and treated with ribavirin]. GASTROENTEROLOGIA Y HEPATOLOGIA 2016; 39:597-598. [PMID: 26589539 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Mora Soler
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca, España.
| | - Antonio Velasco-Guardado
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca, España
| | - María Isabel Martín Arribas
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca, España
| | - Rosa Acosta Materan
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca, España
| | - Cristina Revilla Morato
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca, España
| | - Daniel Pérez Corte
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca, España
| | - Antonio Rodríguez Pérez
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca, España
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