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Boyd BM, House N, Carduck CW, Reed DL. Genomic Diversity in the Endosymbiotic Bacteria of Human Head Lice. Mol Biol Evol 2024; 41:msae064. [PMID: 38513084 PMCID: PMC10986857 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msae064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Insects have repeatedly forged symbioses with heritable microbes, gaining novel traits. For the microbe, the transition to symbioses can lead to the degeneration of the symbiont's genome through transmission bottlenecks, isolation, and the loss of DNA repair enzymes. However, some insect-microbial symbioses have persisted for millions of years, suggesting that natural selection slows genetic drift and maintains functional consistency between symbiont populations. By sampling in multiple countries, we examine genomic diversity within a symbiont species, a heritable symbiotic bacterium found only in human head lice. We find that human head louse symbionts contain genetic diversity that appears to have arisen contemporaneously with the appearance of anatomically modern humans within Africa and/or during the colonization of Eurasia by humans. We predict that the observed genetic diversity underlies functional differences in extant symbiont lineages, through the inactivation of genes involved in symbiont membrane construction. Furthermore, we find evidence of additional gene losses prior to the appearance of modern humans, also impacting the symbiont membrane. From this, we conclude that symbiont genome degeneration is proceeding, via gene inactivation and subsequent loss, in human head louse symbionts, while genomic diversity is maintained. Collectively, our results provide a look into the genomic diversity within a single symbiont species and highlight the shared evolutionary history of humans, lice, and bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bret M Boyd
- Center for Biological Data Science, Life Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Niyomi House
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, USA
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christopher W Carduck
- Center for Biological Data Science, Life Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - David L Reed
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Boyd BM, Nguyen NP, Allen JM, Waterhouse RM, Vo KB, Sweet AD, Clayton DH, Bush SE, Shapiro MD, Johnson KP. Long-distance dispersal of pigeons and doves generated new ecological opportunities for host-switching and adaptive radiation by their parasites. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220042. [PMID: 35259992 PMCID: PMC8905168 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptive radiation is an important mechanism of organismal diversification and can be triggered by new ecological opportunities. Although poorly studied in this regard, parasites are an ideal group in which to study adaptive radiations because of their close associations with host species. Both experimental and comparative studies suggest that the ectoparasitic wing lice of pigeons and doves have adaptively radiated, leading to differences in body size and overall coloration. Here, we show that long-distance dispersal by dove hosts was central to parasite diversification because it provided new ecological opportunities for parasites to speciate after host-switching. We further show that among extant parasite lineages host-switching decreased over time, with cospeciation becoming the more dominant mode of parasite speciation. Taken together, our results suggest that host dispersal, followed by host-switching, provided novel ecological opportunities that facilitated adaptive radiation by parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bret M Boyd
- Center for Biological Data Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Nam-Phuong Nguyen
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Julie M Allen
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Robert M Waterhouse
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kyle B Vo
- Center for Biological Data Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Andrew D Sweet
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, USA
| | - Dale H Clayton
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sarah E Bush
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Michael D Shapiro
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kevin P Johnson
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA
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Amanzougaghene N, Drali R, Shako JC, Davoust B, Fenollar F, Raoult D, Mediannikov O. High Genetic Diversity and Rickettsia felis in Pediculus humanus Lice Infesting Mbuti (pygmy people), -Democratic Republic of Congo. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:834388. [PMID: 35310843 PMCID: PMC8924665 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.834388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediculus humanus is an obligate bloodsucking parasite of humans that has two ecotypes, the head louse and the body louse, which share an intimate history of coevolution with their human host. In the present work, we obtained and analysed head and body lice collected from Mbuti pygmies living in the Orientale province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Cytochrome b DNA analysis was performed in order to type the six known lice clades (A, D, B, F, C and E). The results revealed the presence of two mitochondrial clades. Clade D was the most frequent (61.7% of 47), followed by clade A (38.3% of 47). Sixteen haplotypes were found in 47 samples, of which thirteen were novel haplotypes, indicating an unusually high genetic diversity that closely mirrors the diversity of their hosts. Moreover, we report for the first time the presence of the DNA of R. felis in three (6.4% of 47) head and body lice belonging to both clades A and D. Additional studies are needed to clarify whether the Pediculus lice can indeed transmit this emerging zoonotic bacterium to their human hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Amanzougaghene
- Aix Marseille Univ Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbes, Evolution (MEPHI), Phylogénie et Infection, Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Rezak Drali
- Aix Marseille Univ Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbes, Evolution (MEPHI), Phylogénie et Infection, Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Plateforme Génomique - Bioinformatique, Institut Pasteur d’Algérie, Rue du Petit Staouéli, Algiers, Algeria
| | | | - Bernard Davoust
- Aix Marseille Univ Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbes, Evolution (MEPHI), Phylogénie et Infection, Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Florence Fenollar
- Aix Marseille Univ Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbes, Evolution (MEPHI), Phylogénie et Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Vecteurs – Infections Tropicales et Méditeranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix Marseille Univ Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbes, Evolution (MEPHI), Phylogénie et Infection, Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- Aix Marseille Univ Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbes, Evolution (MEPHI), Phylogénie et Infection, Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- *Correspondence: Oleg Mediannikov,
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Yingklang M, Banjong D, Haonon O, Intuyod K, Dangtakot R, Thongpon P, Pinlaor P, Laha T, Siriyasatien P, Pinlaor S. Phylogeography and demographic history of Thai Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) revealed by mitochondrial DNA sequences. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 91:104825. [PMID: 33775906 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pediculus humanus (human louse) is a hematophagous insect that feeds on human blood. It is distributed worldwide. Understanding phylogeography and population-genetic structure of the human louse will illuminate the evolution of this insect and the dynamics of how resistance alleles might spread in the landscape. In this work, we used mitochondrial (cox1 and cytb genes) sequences of the human louse to investigate genetic diversity, population-genetic structure and demographic history of the louse in Thailand. Human lice in Thailand belonged to mitochondrial clades A and C. Most genetic variation was attributed to intra-region 65.71% within provinces for clade A and 68.92% for clade C, while inter-region level was 34.40% among provinces within regions for clade A and 20.09% for clade C. Neutrality and other indices suggested that louse populations from clades A and C in Thailand have experienced a population expansion. But head lice from Khon Kaen Province in clade C demonstrated a significant recent population bottleneck or natural selective pressure with constant population size. Head lice in Thailand showed varying degrees of low to high genetic differentiation at the level of province with many populations being genetically distinct from each other among regions and within the same region. Knowledge of the clades present in Thailand and that gene flow occurs between regions will assist in developing appropriate strategies for management of head lice at the local level in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manachai Yingklang
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Ditsayathan Banjong
- Biomedical Science Program, Graduate School, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Ornuma Haonon
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Nakhonratchasima College, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Kitti Intuyod
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Rungtiwa Dangtakot
- Biomedical Science Program, Graduate School, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Phonpilas Thongpon
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Porntip Pinlaor
- Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Padet Siriyasatien
- Vector Biology and Vector Borne Disease Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somchai Pinlaor
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
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Boutellis A, Bellabidi M, Benaissa MH, Harrat Z, Brahmi K, Drali R, Kernif T. New Haplotypes of Trypanosoma evansi Identified in Dromedary Camels from Algeria. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:294-302. [PMID: 33389544 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-020-00316-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Surra is a zoonotic disease caused by Trypanosoma evansi (Trypanozoon), a salivary trypanosome native to Africa which affects a wide range of mammals worldwide and causes mortality and significant economic loss. The present study was devoted to the molecular characterization of T. evansi derived from naturally infected dromedary camels in Algeria. METHODS A total of 148 blood samples were collected from mixed age camels living in one of four geographic regions (Ouargla, El Oued, Biskra and Ghardaia) of Algeria. Samples underwent PCR amplification and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) complete sequence. RESULTS DNA of Trypanosoma spp. was found in 19 camels (12.84%). Trypanosoma spp. molecular positivity was not affected by sex (p = 0.50), age (p = 0.08), or geographic location (p = 0.12). Based on multiple sequence alignment of the obtained DNA sequences with representative T. evansi ITS1 sequences available globally, the Algerian sequences were grouped within four different haplotypes including two which were original. CONCLUSION Results of this study provide preliminary data on which future studies of genetic diversity and molecular epidemiology of T. evansi can be based.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Boutellis
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité Et Environnement: Interaction, Génomes, Faculté Des Sciences Biologiques, Université Des Sciences Et de La Technologie Houari Boumediene Bab Ezzouar, 16111, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Meriem Bellabidi
- Faculté Des Sciences de La Nature Et de La Vie, Laboratoire Des Bio Ressources Sahariennes, Université Kasdi Merbah Ouargla, 30000, Ouargla, Algeria
- Laboratoire D'Eco-Épidémiologie Parasitaire Et Génétique Des Populations, Institut Pasteur D'Algérie, 01 Rue du Petit Staouéli Dely-Brahim, 16302, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Mohammed Hocine Benaissa
- Centre de Recherche Scientifique Et Technique Sur Les Régions Arides (CRSTRA), 30002, Touggourt, Algeria
| | - Zoubir Harrat
- Laboratoire D'Eco-Épidémiologie Parasitaire Et Génétique Des Populations, Institut Pasteur D'Algérie, 01 Rue du Petit Staouéli Dely-Brahim, 16302, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Karima Brahmi
- Faculté Des Sciences Biologiques Et Des Sciences Agronomiques, Département de Biologie, Université Mouloud Mammeri, 15000, Tizi Ouzou, Algeria
| | - Rezak Drali
- Plateforme Génomique, Bioinformatique, Institut Pasteur D'Algérie, 16302, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Tahar Kernif
- Laboratoire D'Eco-Épidémiologie Parasitaire Et Génétique Des Populations, Institut Pasteur D'Algérie, 01 Rue du Petit Staouéli Dely-Brahim, 16302, Algiers, Algeria.
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Guimarães VY, de Albuquerque ACA, do Vale E Silva AHC, Wilmsen MO, Lux Hoppe EG, Takahira RK. Island and Riverine populations of Alouatta belzebul from the Brazilian Amazon parasitized by Pediculus mjobergi. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2020; 22:100476. [PMID: 33308755 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian lice are obligate hematophagous ectoparasites that remain on the host throughout the life cycle. This study showed an endangered wild howler species (Alouatta belzebul) parasitized by Pediculus mjobergi. Twenty-seven primates were rescued during wildlife rescue activities in the process of vegetation suppression at the Belo Monte Hydroelectric Power Plant (UHE), located on the lower Xingu River, in the Brazilian Amazon basin. Among the 27 primates examined from two vegetal formations (alluvial rainforest and liana-infested forest) areas, 13 (48.15%) were parasitized by lice with all positive primates being from alluvial rainforest. Optical and scanning electron microscopy allowed the visualization of the structures and the diagnostic characters of the lice species in greater detail expanding the current description. These results highlight the importance of considering ecological and regional features to provide a better understanding of the factors that promote parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Yunes Guimarães
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Animais Selvagens, Laboratório Clínico Veterinário, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" Rua Prof. Doutor Walter Mauricio Correa s/n, CEP: 18618-681 Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ana Cláudia Alexandre de Albuquerque
- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Clínica Veterinária, Rua Prof. Doutor Walter Mauricio Correa s/n - Caixa Postal 560, CEP: 18618-681, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Maurício Orlando Wilmsen
- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Clínica Veterinária, Rua Prof. Doutor Walter Mauricio Correa s/n - Caixa Postal 560, CEP: 18618-681, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Estevam G Lux Hoppe
- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal, Via Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane km 05, 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Regina Kiomi Takahira
- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Clínica Veterinária, Rua Prof. Doutor Walter Mauricio Correa s/n - Caixa Postal 560, CEP: 18618-681, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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Amanzougaghene N, Fenollar F, Raoult D, Mediannikov O. Where Are We With Human Lice? A Review of the Current State of Knowledge. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 9:474. [PMID: 32039050 PMCID: PMC6990135 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediculus humanus is an obligate bloodsucking ectoparasite of human that includes two ecotypes, head louse and body louse, which differ slightly in morphology and biology, but have distinct ecologies. Phylogenetically, they are classified on six mitochondrial clades (A, B, C, D, E, and F), head louse encompasses the full genetic diversity of clades, while body louse belongs to clades A and D. Recent studies suggested that not only body louse, but also head louse can transmit disease, which warrants greater attention as a serious public health problem. The recent sequencing of body louse genome confirmed that P. humanus has the smallest genome of any hemimetabolous insect reported to date, and also revealed numerous interesting characteristics in the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. The transcriptome analyses showed that body and head lice were almost genetically identical. Indeed, the phenotypic flexibility associated with the emergence of body lice, is probably a result of regulatory changes, perhaps epigenetic in origin, triggered by environmental signals. Current lice control strategies have proven unsuccessful. For instance, ivermectin represents a relatively new and very promising pediculicide. However, ivermectin resistance in the field has begun to be reported. Therefore, novel opportunities for pest control strategies are needed. Our objective here is to review the current state of knowledge on the biology, epidemiology, phylogeny, disease-vector and control of this fascinating and very intimate human parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Amanzougaghene
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Florence Fenollar
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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Mitochondrial diversity and phylogeographic analysis of Pediculus humanus reveals a new Amazonian clade “F”. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 70:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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De Liberato C, Magliano A, Romiti F, Menegon M, Mancini F, Ciervo A, Di Luca M, Toma L. Report of the human body louse (Pediculus humanus) from clothes sold in a market in central Italy. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:201. [PMID: 31053177 PMCID: PMC6500014 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3458-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediculus humanus, the human body louse, is widespread where overcrowding and lack of hygiene are present, in areas of the world affected by poverty, war, famine and presence of refugees. It has recently been considered re-emerging among homeless populations in developed countries. In Italy, it was last reported in 1945. Pediculus humanus is a vector of highly relevant human pathogens. METHODS In October 2018, a woman found small insects on a T-shirt bought second-hand in a local street market in a village 35 km south of Rome (central Italy). Insects were identified both morphologically and by molecular analysis. Moreover, they were analyzed molecularly for the presence of Rickettsia prowazekii, Borrelia recurrentis, Bartonella quintana, Coxiella burnetii and Yersinia pestis. RESULTS Morphological and molecular analyses of the insects identified them as 26 lice (12 females, 10 males and 4 nymphs) of the species P. humanus. Many nits were found on the T-shirt seams. DNA of the investigated pathogens was not detected in any of the lice. CONCLUSIONS The exceptionality of the described case lies both in the report of P. humanus from a country where it had not been reported since 1945, and in its finding from second-hand clothes for sale in a market, constituting a potential source of infection for people buying this type of goods. The question arises, how did adults and nits of P. humanus infest clothes for sale on a market stall in a country where it had not been reported for decades. Given that the body louse requires frequent blood meals to survive and develop, its arrival on clothes imported from abroad is highly improbable. Hence, it must be presumed that people infected with the human body louse are present in Italy. This report points out a serious regulatory problem regarding the management of second-hand clothes prior to sale and, more generally, of controls in street markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio De Liberato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri", Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178, Rome, Italy.
| | - Adele Magliano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri", Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Romiti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri", Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Menegon
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiola Mancini
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ciervo
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Di Luca
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Luciano Toma
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
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Candy K, Amanzougaghene N, Izri A, Brun S, Durand R, Louni M, Raoult D, Fenollar F, Mediannikov O. Molecular Survey of Head and Body Lice, Pediculus humanus, in France. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 18:243-251. [PMID: 29652646 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2017.2206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human lice, Pediculus humanus, are obligate blood-sucking parasites. Phylogenetically, they belong to several mitochondrial clades exhibiting some geographic differences. Currently, the body louse is the only recognized disease vector, with the head louse being proposed as an additional vector. In this article, we study the genetic diversity of head and body lice collected from Bobigny, a town located close to Paris (France), and look for louse-borne pathogens. By amplifying and sequencing the cytb gene, we confirmed the presence of clades A and B in France. Besides, by amplifying and sequencing both cytb and cox1 gene, we reported, for the first time, the presence of clade E, which has thus far only been found in lice from West Africa. DNA from Bartonella quintana was detected in 16.7% of body lice from homeless individuals, but in none of the head lice collected from 47 families. Acinetobacter DNA was detected in 11.5% of head lice belonging to all three clades and 29.1% of body lice. Six species of Acinetobacter were identified, including two potential new ones. Acinetobacter baumannii was the most prevalent, followed by Candidatus Acinetobacter Bobigny-1, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Acinetobacter nosocomialis, Acinetobacter junii, and Candidatus Acinetobacter Bobigny-2. Body lice were found to be infected only with A. baumannii. These findings show for the first time, the presence of clade E head lice in France. This study is also the first to report the presence of DNAs of several species of Acinetobacter in human head lice in France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerdalidec Candy
- 1 Department of Parasitology-Mycology, AP-HP, Hôpital Avicenne , Bobigny, France .,2 UMR "Émergence des Pathologies Virales" (EPV: Aix-Marseille University-IRD 190-Inserm 1207-EHESP-IHU Méditerranée Infection) , Marseille, France
| | - Nadia Amanzougaghene
- 3 IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University , Marseille, France
| | - Arezki Izri
- 1 Department of Parasitology-Mycology, AP-HP, Hôpital Avicenne , Bobigny, France .,2 UMR "Émergence des Pathologies Virales" (EPV: Aix-Marseille University-IRD 190-Inserm 1207-EHESP-IHU Méditerranée Infection) , Marseille, France
| | - Sophie Brun
- 1 Department of Parasitology-Mycology, AP-HP, Hôpital Avicenne , Bobigny, France
| | - Rémy Durand
- 1 Department of Parasitology-Mycology, AP-HP, Hôpital Avicenne , Bobigny, France
| | - Meriem Louni
- 4 IRD, APHM, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University , Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- 3 IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University , Marseille, France
| | - Florence Fenollar
- 4 IRD, APHM, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University , Marseille, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- 3 IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University , Marseille, France
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Amanzougaghene N, Mumcuoglu KY, Fenollar F, Alfi S, Yesilyurt G, Raoult D, Mediannikov O. High Ancient Genetic Diversity of Human Lice, Pediculus humanus, from Israel Reveals New Insights into the Origin of Clade B Lice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164659. [PMID: 27741281 PMCID: PMC5065229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis, is subdivided into several significantly divergent mitochondrial haplogroups, each with particular geographical distributions. Historically, they are among the oldest human parasites, representing an excellent marker for tracking older events in human evolutionary history. In this study, ancient DNA analysis using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), combined with conventional PCR, was applied to the remains of twenty-four ancient head lice and their eggs from the Roman period which were recovered from Israel. The lice and eggs were found in three combs, one of which was recovered from archaeological excavations in the Hatzeva area of the Judean desert, and two of which found in Moa, in the Arava region, close to the Dead Sea. Results show that the head lice remains dating approximately to 2,000 years old have a cytb haplogroup A, which is worldwide in distribution, and haplogroup B, which has thus far only been found in contemporary lice from America, Europe, Australia and, most recently, Africa. More specifically, this haplogroup B has a B36 haplotype, the most common among B haplogroups, and has been present in America for at least 4,000 years. The present findings confirm that clade B lice existed, at least in the Middle East, prior to contacts between Native Americans and Europeans. These results support a Middle Eastern origin for clade B followed by its introduction into the New World with the early peoples. Lastly, the presence of Acinetobacter baumannii DNA was demonstrated by qPCR and sequencing in four head lice remains belonging to clade A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Amanzougaghene
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE) UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille cedex 05, France
| | - Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Florence Fenollar
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE) UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille cedex 05, France
- Campus International UCAD-IRD, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Shir Alfi
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gonca Yesilyurt
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Didier Raoult
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE) UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille cedex 05, France
- Campus International UCAD-IRD, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE) UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille cedex 05, France
- Campus International UCAD-IRD, Dakar, Senegal
- * E-mail:
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