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Mira F, Schirò G, Giudice E, Purpari G, Origgi F, Vicari D, Di Pietro S, Antoci F, Gucciardi F, Geraci F, Talarico V, Guercio A. Viral pathogens in domestic cats in southern Italy: A retrospective analysis in Sicily, 2020-2022. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 111:102209. [PMID: 38880052 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
A retrospective study was carried out on selected feline viral pathogens detected in domestic cat in Sicily, southern Italy. Samples from 64 cats, collected from 2020 to 2022, were analysed for the presence of feline panleukopenia virus, canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), feline coronavirus (FCoV), feline calicivirus (FCV), feline herpesvirus type 1, norovirus (NoV), and rotavirus (RoV). Single (45 %) or mixed (38 %) viral infections were detected. FPV, related with other Italian FPV strains, remains the main viral cause of infection (66 %). CPV-2c Asian lineage strains (3 %) were detected for the first time in domestic cats in Europe. FCoV (29.6 %), either enteric or systemic, and systemic FCV (18.7 %) infections were detected in positive cats. Less commonly reported viruses (GIV.2/GVI.2 NoVs, RoV), potentially related to the animal/human interface, were detected at lower rates as well (5 %). The present epidemiological data suggest the need to improve disease prevention, immunization, and biosecurity strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Mira
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, Palermo 90129, Italy; Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, Messina 98168, Italy
| | - Giorgia Schirò
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, Palermo 90129, Italy; Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, Messina 98168, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Giudice
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, Messina 98168, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Purpari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, Palermo 90129, Italy
| | - Francesco Origgi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, Messina 98168, Italy
| | - Domenico Vicari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, Palermo 90129, Italy
| | - Simona Di Pietro
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, Messina 98168, Italy
| | - Francesco Antoci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, Palermo 90129, Italy
| | - Francesca Gucciardi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, Palermo 90129, Italy
| | - Francesco Geraci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, Palermo 90129, Italy
| | - Virginia Talarico
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, Palermo 90129, Italy
| | - Annalisa Guercio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, Palermo 90129, Italy
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de Deus DR, Siqueira JAM, Maués MAC, de Fátima Mesquita de Figueiredo MJ, Júnior ECS, da Silva Bandeira R, da Costa Pinheiro K, Teixeira DM, da Silva LD, de Fátima Dos Santos Guerra S, da Silva Soares L, Gabbay YB. Analysis of viral diversity in dogs with acute gastroenteritis from Brazilian Amazon. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 123:105637. [PMID: 38986824 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Viral gastroenteritis is commonly reported in dogs and involves a great diversity of enteric viruses. In this research, viral diversity was investigated in dogs with diarrhea in Northern Brazil using shotgun metagenomics. Furthermore, the presence of norovirus (NoV) was investigated in 282 stool/rectal swabs of young/adult dogs with or without diarrhea from two public kennels, based on one-step reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for genogroup VI and VII (GVI and GVII) and real-time RT-PCR for GI, GII, and GIV. Thirty-one viral families were identified, including bacteriophages. Phylogenetic analyses showed twelve complete or nearly complete genomes belonging to the species of Protoparvovirus carnivoran1, Mamastrovirus 5, Aichivirus A2, Alphacoronavirus 1, and Chipapillomavirus 1. This is the first description of the intestinal virome of dogs in Northern Brazil and the first detection of canine norovirus GVII in the country. These results are important for helping to understand the viral groups that circulate in the canine population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kenny da Costa Pinheiro
- Section of Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Dielle Monteiro Teixeira
- Section of Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luana da Silva Soares
- Section of Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Yvone Benchimol Gabbay
- Section of Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
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Mira F, Schirò G, Franzo G, Canuti M, Purpari G, Giudice E, Decaro N, Vicari D, Antoci F, Castronovo C, Guercio A. Molecular epidemiology of canine parvovirus type 2 in Sicily, southern Italy: A geographical island, an epidemiological continuum. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26561. [PMID: 38420403 PMCID: PMC10900816 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Since it emerged as a major dog pathogen, canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) has featured a remarkable genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity, whose biological, epidemiological, and clinical impact is still debated. The continuous monitoring of this pathogen is thus of pivotal importance. In the present study, the molecular epidemiology of CPV-2 in Sicily, southern Italy, has been updated by analysing 215 nearly complete sequences of the capsid protein VP2, obtained from rectal swabs/faeces or tissue samples collected between 2019 and 2022 from 346 dogs with suspected infectious gastrointestinal disease. The presence of the original CPV-2 type (4%) and CPV-2a (9%), CPV-2b (18%), or CPV-2c (69%) variants was documented. Over the years, we observed a decrease in the frequency of CPV-2a/-2b and a rapid increase of CPV-2c frequency, with a progressive replacement of the European lineage of CPV-2c by the Asian lineage. The observed scenario, besides confirming epidemiological relevance of CPV-2, highlights the occurrence of antigenic variant shifts over time, with a trend toward the replacement of CPV-2a, CPV-2b, and the European lineage of CPV-2c by the emerging Asian CPV-2c lineage. The comparison with other Italian and international sequences suggests the occurrence of viral exchange with other Italian regions and different countries, although the directionality of such viral flows could not be often established with confidence. In several instances, potential CPV-2 introductions led to epidemiological dead ends. However, major, long-lasting clades were also identified, supporting successful infection establishment, local spreading, and evolution. These results, besides demonstrating the need for implementing more effective control measures to prevent viral introductions and minimize circulation, stress the relevance of routine monitoring activities as the only tool to effectively understand CPV-2 epidemiology and evolution, and develop adequate countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Mira
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Giorgia Schirò
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Marta Canuti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Coordinate Research Centre EpiSoMI (Epidemiology and Molecular Surveillance of Infections), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Centre for Multidisciplinary Research in Health Science (MACH), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Purpari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Giudice
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, S.p. per Casamassima Km 3, 70010, Valenzano, (BA), Italy
| | - Domenico Vicari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Antoci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Calogero Castronovo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Annalisa Guercio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
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Schirò G, Mira F, Decaro N, Desario C, Chiaramonte G, Di Bella S, Cannella V, Purpari G, Ventriglia G, Randazzo V, Vicari D, Gucciardi F, Castronovo C, Guercio A. Persistence of DNA from canine parvovirus modified-live virus in canine tissues. Vet Res Commun 2022; 47:567-574. [PMID: 36323836 PMCID: PMC9630067 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-10008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV-2) modified-live virus vaccine strain can replicate in lymphoid tissues and intestinal mucosa after administration, being shed through canine faeces. Detection of vaccine strains has been reported in the bloodstream and faeces, potentially interfering with molecular diagnostic tests. The persistence of these strains in canine tissues has not yet been described. With this aim, canine tissues were tested during a molecular survey to screen for the presence of canine enteric viruses. Tissue samples from 165 dead dogs were tested by a conventional PCR assay. Positive samples and five commercial vaccines were subjected to sequence analysis. Vaccinal strains were detected and virus load was measured by using a set of real-time PCR assays using minor-groove binder (MGB) probes. Seventy-five dogs (45.4%) tested positive for CPV-2. Strains from 70 dogs were characterised as field variants. The presence of CPV sequences of vaccine origin was observed in the spleen, intestine, and mesenteric lymph nodes of five young dogs. Vaccinal strains were detected from 12 to 24 days after the last vaccine administration. Viral loads comprised between 6.3 × 102 and 9.95 × 104 DNA copies/10 µl of template. This study confirms that CPV vaccinal strains can be detected in canine tissues after vaccination, so post-mortem diagnosis of CPV infection needs further molecular analyses to assess the viral type (vaccine or field strains). The present study updates the current information on the persistence of CPV vaccine strains in canine tissues and their possible interference with molecular assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Schirò
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Mira
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy.
| | - Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Costantina Desario
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | | | - Santina Di Bella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenza Cannella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Purpari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | - Gianluca Ventriglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Randazzo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | - Domenico Vicari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesca Gucciardi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | - Calogero Castronovo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | - Annalisa Guercio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
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Identification and Molecular Characterization of a Divergent Asian-like Canine Parvovirus Type 2b (CPV-2b) Strain in Southern Italy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911240. [PMID: 36232542 PMCID: PMC9570342 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) is an infectious agent relevant to domestic and wild carnivorans. Recent studies documented the introduction and spread of CPV-2c strains of Asian origin in the Italian canine population. We investigated tissue samples from a puppy collected during necropsy for the presence of viral enteropathogens and all samples tested positive only for CPV-2. The full coding sequence of a CPV-2b (VP2 426Asp) strain was obtained. This virus was related to CPV-2c strains of Asian origin and unrelated to European CPV-2b strains. The sequence had genetic signatures typical of Asian strains (NS1: 60Val, 545Val, 630Pro; VP2: 5Gly, 267Tyr, 324Ile) and mutations rarely reported in Asian CPV-2b strains (NS1: 588N; VP2: 370Arg). Phylogenetic analyses placed this strain in well-supported clades, including Asian CPV-2c-like strains, but always as a basal, single-sequence long branch. No recombination was observed for this strain, and we speculate that it could have originated from an Asian CPV-2c-like strain that acquired the 426Asp mutation. This study reports the first evidence of an Asian-like CPV-2b strain in Italy, confirming the occurrence of continuous changes in the global CPV-2 spread. Since positive convergent mutations complicate data interpretation, a combination of phylogenetic and mutation pattern analyses is crucial in studying the origin and evolution of CPV-2 strains.
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Wang J, Li L, Xu Y, Mao T, Ma Y, Sun X, Liu X, Wang Y, Duan Z. Identification of a novel norovirus species in fox. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 98:105214. [PMID: 35051652 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A novel Norovirus (NoV) was identified by viral metagenomic analysis in fox fecal samples from the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. The virus exhibited typical genomic characteristics of NoVs. It was closely related to the canine NoV GVII strains with 86.0-86.2% and 91.9% amino acid identities in the capsid protein VP1 and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), respectively. The fox NoV clustered phylogenetically with the two canine NoV GVII strains, and it was distant from other NoVs. According to the new classification criteria of NoVs, the new fox NoV belongs to the same genotype as GVII, similar to canine GVII NoVs. Moreover, key amino acid residues in the Histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) binding sites and the HBGA binding pattern of the fox NoV differed significantly from those of human and canine GVII NoVs. This study identified a new GVII norovirus from wild foxes in China. These findings enrich our understanding of the diversity of NoVs and provide further evidence regarding the genetic heterogeneity of NoVs in carnivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindong Wang
- National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Lili Li
- National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yalong Xu
- Shaanxi Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Tongyao Mao
- National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yalin Ma
- National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiaoman Sun
- National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiafei Liu
- National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yuanzhi Wang
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China.
| | - Zhaojun Duan
- National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China.
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Ma H, Yue H, Luo Y, Li S, Tang C. First detection of canine norovirus in dogs and a complete GVI.2 genome in mainland China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 92:104879. [PMID: 33901686 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Canine norovirus (CNV) is a diarrhea-causing pathogen in canines. In this study, 268 canine diarrheic fecal samples were collected from 13 pet hospitals across three provinces in China between March 2017 and May 2019, and 7.8% (21/268) samples were detected as CNV-positive by RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of twenty-one CNV RdRp fragments showed that eighteen of the strains clustered in GVI.2, two clustered in GVI.1 and one clustered in GIV.2. The complete RdRp, VP1, and VP2 genes of four GVI.2 strains obtained from three provinces were successfully sequenced. Phylogenetic analyses based on the RdRp, VP1, and VP2 genes showed that the GVI.2 strains from this study were closely related to USA GVI.2 strains. The complete genome of GVI.2 strain Dog/M9/18/CH was successfully sequenced, it was 7905 nucleotides (nt) in length and shared 95.9% nt identity with the sole available, nearly full-length genome of GVI.2 strain genome. To our knowledge, this is first description of the molecular prevalence of CNV in mainland China, and the first report of a complete GVI.2 genome. These findings will extend our understanding of epidemics and the genetic evolution of CNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqiang Ma
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Yue
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization Chengdu, China
| | - Yingying Luo
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyi Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Tang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization Chengdu, China.
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Di Martino B, Di Profio F, Melegari I, Marsilio F. Feline Virome-A Review of Novel Enteric Viruses Detected in Cats. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100908. [PMID: 31575055 PMCID: PMC6832874 DOI: 10.3390/v11100908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the diagnostic and metagenomic investigations of the feline enteric environment have allowed the identification of several novel viruses that have been associated with gastroenteritis in cats. In the last few years, noroviruses, kobuviruses, and novel parvoviruses have been repetitively detected in diarrheic cats as alone or in mixed infections with other pathogens, raising a number of questions, with particular regards to their pathogenic attitude and clinical impact. In the present article, the current available literature on novel potential feline enteric viruses is reviewed, providing a meaningful update on the etiology, epidemiologic, pathogenetic, clinical, and diagnostic aspects of the infections caused by these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Di Martino
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Federica Di Profio
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Irene Melegari
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Fulvio Marsilio
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
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9
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Animals as Reservoir for Human Norovirus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050478. [PMID: 31130647 PMCID: PMC6563253 DOI: 10.3390/v11050478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is the most common cause of non-bacterial gastroenteritis and is a burden worldwide. The increasing norovirus diversity is currently categorized into at least 10 genogroups which are further classified into more than 40 genotypes. In addition to humans, norovirus can infect a broad range of hosts including livestock, pets, and wild animals, e.g., marine mammals and bats. Little is known about norovirus infections in most non-human hosts, but the close genetic relatedness between some animal and human noroviruses coupled with lack of understanding where newly appearing human norovirus genotypes and variants are emerging from has led to the hypothesis that norovirus may not be host restricted and might be able to jump the species barrier. We have systematically reviewed the literature to describe the diversity, prevalence, and geographic distribution of noroviruses found in animals, and the pathology associated with infection. We further discuss the evidence that exists for or against interspecies transmission including surveillance data and data from in vitro and in vivo experiments.
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10
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Genomics Analyses of GIV and GVI Noroviruses Reveal the Distinct Clustering of Human and Animal Viruses. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030204. [PMID: 30823663 PMCID: PMC6466045 DOI: 10.3390/v11030204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are highly diverse viruses that are the major viral cause of acute gastroenteritis in humans. Although these viruses can infect multiple mammalian species, their potential for zoonosis is not well understood, especially within Genogroup IV (GIV), which contains viruses that infect humans, canines, and felines. The study of GIV viruses has been, in part, hindered by the limited number of complete genomes. Here, we developed a full-genome amplicon-based platform that facilitated the sequencing of canine noroviruses circulating in the United States. Eight novel nearly full-length canine norovirus genomes and two nearly complete VP1 sequences, including four GIV.2, three GVI.1, and three GVI.2 viruses, were successfully obtained. Only animal strains exhibited GVI/GIV chimeric viruses, demonstrating restrictions in norovirus recombination. Using genomic, phylogenetic, and structural analyses, we show that differences within the major capsid protein and the non-structural proteins of GIV and GVI noroviruses could potentially limit cross-species transmission between humans, canines, and felines.
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11
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Teng JLL, Martelli P, Chan WM, Lee HH, Hui SW, Lau CCY, Tse H, Yuen KY, Lau SKP, Woo PCY. Two novel noroviruses and a novel norovirus genogroup in California sea lions. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:777-782. [PMID: 29722646 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, two novel noroviruses (NoVs) were discovered from faecal samples from California sea lions from an oceanarium in Hong Kong, and named California sea lion NoV 1 (Csl/NoV1) and California sea lion NoV 2 (Csl/NoV2). Whole-genome sequencing showed that the genome organization and amino acid motifs of both Csl/NoV1 and Csl/NoV2 were typical of those of other NoVs in their open reading frames (ORFs). Csl/NoV1 possessed only 52.6-52.8 % amino acid identity in VP1 to the closest matches in genogroup GII. Therefore, Csl/NoV1 should constitute a novel genogroup of NoV. Shifting of the phylogenetic position of Csl/NoV1 in the RdRp, VP1 and VP2 trees was observed, which may have been due to recombination events and/or biased mutations. Csl/NoV2 possessed 55.4-56.2 % amino acid identity in VP1 to its closest relatives in genogroup GVI, which means that it represents a new genotype in genogroup GVI. Further studies will reveal what diseases these NoVs can cause in marine mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade L L Teng
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Hong Kong SAR
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | | | - Wan-Mui Chan
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Hwei Huih Lee
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | | | - Candy C Y Lau
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Herman Tse
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Hong Kong SAR
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Hong Kong SAR
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Susanna K P Lau
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Hong Kong SAR
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Patrick C Y Woo
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Hong Kong SAR
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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Viral shedding and clinical status of feline-norovirus-infected cats after reinfection with the same strain. Arch Virol 2018; 163:1503-1510. [PMID: 29445988 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3770-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) infection is the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in humans of all ages worldwide. When cats are experimentally infected with feline norovirus (FNoV), they develop symptoms of acute gastroenteritis. Therefore, FNoV infection may serve as an animal model for the disease caused by human norovirus infection. In this study, we examined whether FNoV of cats infected with genogroup GVI are protected from reinfection with the same strain. The blood anti-FNoV IgG level was inversely correlated with the viral load in stool samples and the clinical score of FNoV-infected cats, but complete prevention of reinfection was not observed. These findings were similar to the results of a reinfection experiment with NoV in human volunteers.
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