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Laabi S, LeMmon C, Vogel C, Chacon M, Jimenez VM. Deciphering psilocybin: Cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory effects, and mechanistic insights. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 130:111753. [PMID: 38401463 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
A decade of clinical research has indicated psilocybin's effectiveness in treating various neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression and substance abuse. The correlation between increased pro-inflammatory cytokines and the severity of neuropsychiatric symptoms, along with the known anti-inflammatory potential of some psychedelics, suggests an immunomodulatory role for psilocybin. This study aims to understand the mechanism of action of psilocybin by investigating the cytotoxic and immunomodulatory effects of psilocybin and psilocin on both resting and LPS-activated RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. The study evaluated the cytotoxicity of psilocybin and psilocin using an LDH assay across various doses and assessed their impact on cytokine production in RAW 264.7 cells, measuring cytokine expression via ELISA. Different doses, including those above and below the LC50, were used in both pre-treatment and post-treatment approaches. The LDH assay revealed that psilocybin is almost twice as cytotoxic as psilocin, with an LC50 of 12 ng/ml and 28 ng/ml, respectively. In resting macrophages, both psilocybin and psilocin triggered significant release of TNF- α after 4 h, with the lowest doses inducing higher levels of the cytokine than the highest doses. IL-10 expression in resting cells was only triggered by the highest dose of psilocin in the 4-hour incubation group. In LPS-stimulated cells, psilocin reduced TNF- α levels more than psilocybin in pre-treatment and post-treatment, with no significant effects on IL-10 in pre-treatment. Psilocin, but not psilocybin, induced a significant increase of IL-10 in post-treatment, leading to the conclusion that psilocin, but not psilocybin, exerts anti-inflammatory effects on classically activated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Laabi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Noorda College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2162 S 180 E, Provo, UT 84606, United States
| | - Claire LeMmon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Noorda College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2162 S 180 E, Provo, UT 84606, United States
| | - Callie Vogel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Noorda College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2162 S 180 E, Provo, UT 84606, United States
| | - Mariana Chacon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Noorda College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2162 S 180 E, Provo, UT 84606, United States
| | - Victor M Jimenez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Noorda College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2162 S 180 E, Provo, UT 84606, United States; Department of Pharmacy, Roseman University of Health Sciences, 10920 S River Front Pkwy, South Jordan, UT 84095, United States.
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Angelucci F, Veverova K, Katonová A, Vyhnalek M, Hort J. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 serum levels in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18013. [PMID: 38386354 PMCID: PMC10902304 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) impedes brain plasmin synthesis. Reduced plasmin activity facilitates cumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Since plasmin also regulates the synaptic activity, it is possible that altered PAI-1 is present in other neurodegenerative disorders. We investigated whether PAI-1 and its counter-regulatory tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) are altered in serum of patients with dementia due to frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Thirty five FTLD patients (21 in mild cognitive impairment stage (MCI) and 14 in dementia stage) and 10 cognitively healthy controls were recruited. Serum tPA and PAI-1 protein levels were measured by anova. Correlation between biochemical and demographic data were explored by measuring Pearson correlation coefficient. Serum PAI-1 levels were elevated in the FTLD dementia group as compared to FTLD MCI and controls. tPA serum levels and PAI-1/tPA ratio did not significantly differ among groups. There was a negative correlation between PAI-1 serum levels and disease severity measured by MMSE score. No correlations of tPA serum levels and PAI-1/tPA ratio with MMSE were found. Increased PAI-1 serum levels may serve as a marker of dementia in FTLD, suggesting that, besides Aβ pathway, the plasmin system may affect cognition through synaptic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Angelucci
- Memory ClinicDepartment of NeurologySecond Faculty of MedicineCharles University and Motol University HospitalPragueCzech Republic
- International Clinical Research CentreSt. Anne's University HospitalBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Katerina Veverova
- Memory ClinicDepartment of NeurologySecond Faculty of MedicineCharles University and Motol University HospitalPragueCzech Republic
| | - Alžbeta Katonová
- Memory ClinicDepartment of NeurologySecond Faculty of MedicineCharles University and Motol University HospitalPragueCzech Republic
| | - Martin Vyhnalek
- Memory ClinicDepartment of NeurologySecond Faculty of MedicineCharles University and Motol University HospitalPragueCzech Republic
| | - Jakub Hort
- Memory ClinicDepartment of NeurologySecond Faculty of MedicineCharles University and Motol University HospitalPragueCzech Republic
- International Clinical Research CentreSt. Anne's University HospitalBrnoCzech Republic
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Małujlo-Balcerska E, Pietras T. Systemic concentrations of IL-18, TFG-β, RANTES, ICAM-1 and uPAR as combined pathway-related factors may help in identification of patients suffering from depressive disorder. Arch Med Sci 2024; 20:348-353. [PMID: 38414473 PMCID: PMC10895941 DOI: 10.5114/aoms/178276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tadeusz Pietras
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Second Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
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Małujło-Balcerska E, Pietras T, Śmigielski W. Serum levels of biomarkers that may link chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and depressive disorder. Pharmacol Rep 2023; 75:1619-1626. [PMID: 37921965 PMCID: PMC10661791 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-023-00548-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depressive disorder is a common comorbidity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); according to some studies, it occurs in approximately 80% of patients. The presence of depressive symptoms influences the quality of life and affects the course and treatment of this disease. The cause of depressive symptoms in COPD and the linking mechanism between COPD and depressive disorder have not been clearly elucidated, and more studies are warranted. Inflammation and inflammation-related processes and biomarkers are involved in the etiology of COPD and depressive disorder and may be an explanation for the potential occurrence of depressive disorder in patients diagnosed with COPD. The scope of this study was to measure and compare the profiles of IL-18, TGF-β, RANTES, ICAM-1, and uPAR among stable COPD patients, recurrent depressive disorder (rDD) patients, and healthy controls. METHODS Inflammation and inflammation-related factors were evaluated in COPD patients, patients diagnosed with depressive disorder, and control individuals using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS Interleukin (IL)-18, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, chemokine RANTES, and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) concentrations were higher in patients suffering from COPD and depression than in control patients. Intercellular adhesive molecule (ICAM)-1 levels were significantly higher in COPD patients and lower in depressive disorder patients than in controls. CONCLUSIONS Higher levels of IL-18, TGF-β, RANTES, and uPAR in patients with COPD might indicate the presence of depressive disorder and suggest the need for further evaluation of the mental state of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Małujło-Balcerska
- 2nd Chair of Internal Diseases, Department of Pneumology, Medical University of Łódź, 22Nd Kopcińskiego Street, 90-153, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Tadeusz Pietras
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Łódź, Lodz, Poland
- Second Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Witold Śmigielski
- Department of Epidemiology, Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, The Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
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Angelucci F, Veverova K, Katonová A, Vyhnalek M, Hort J. Serum PAI-1/BDNF Ratio Is Increased in Alzheimer's Disease and Correlates with Disease Severity. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:36025-36031. [PMID: 37810633 PMCID: PMC10552510 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that serum levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), which inhibits both the tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and plasmin activity, are increased in patients with Alzheimer's disease. tPA/plasmin not only prevents the accumulation of β-amyloid in the brain but also is involved in the synthesis of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a neurotrophin whose levels are reduced in Alzheimer. In the present study, we compared BDNF serum levels in Alzheimer patients with dementia to those in Alzheimer patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment and to cognitively healthy controls. Moreover, we examined whether the PAI-1/BDNF ratio correlates with disease severity, as measured by Mini-Mental State Examination. Our results showed that BDNF serum levels are lower (13.7% less) and PAI-1 levels are higher in Alzheimer patients with dementia than in Alzheimer patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment patients (23% more) or controls (36% more). Furthermore, the PAI-1/BDNF ratio was significantly increased in Alzheimer patients as compared to amnestic mild cognitive impairment (36.4% more) and controls (40% more). Lastly, the PAI-1/BDNF ratio negatively correlated with the Mini-Mental score. Our results suggest that increased PAI-1 levels in Alzheimer, by impairing the production of the BDNF, are implicated in disease progression. They also indicate that the PAI-1/BDNF ratio could be used as a marker of Alzheimer. In support of this hypothesis, a strong negative correlation between the PAI-1/BDNF ratio and the Mini-Mental score was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Angelucci
- Memory
Clinic, Department of Neurology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague 150 06, Czech Republic
- International
Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne’s
University Hospital, Brno 602 00,Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Veverova
- Memory
Clinic, Department of Neurology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague 150 06, Czech Republic
| | - Alžbeta Katonová
- Memory
Clinic, Department of Neurology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague 150 06, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Vyhnalek
- Memory
Clinic, Department of Neurology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague 150 06, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Hort
- Memory
Clinic, Department of Neurology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague 150 06, Czech Republic
- International
Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne’s
University Hospital, Brno 602 00,Czech Republic
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Burmester DR, Madsen MK, Szabo A, Aripaka SS, Stenbæk DS, Frokjaer VG, Elfving B, Mikkelsen JD, Knudsen GM, Fisher PM. Subacute effects of a single dose of psilocybin on biomarkers of inflammation in healthy humans: An open-label preliminary investigation. COMPREHENSIVE PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 2022; 13:100163. [PMID: 36545240 PMCID: PMC9761602 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpnec.2022.100163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale Psilocybin is a serotonergic psychedelic that has gained prominent attention recently as a potential therapeutic for neuropsychiatric disorders including Major Depressive Disorder. Pre-clinical and initial studies in humans suggest that serotonin 2A receptor agonists, including serotonergic psychedelics, have anti-inflammatory effects. This may contribute to its therapeutic effects as previous studies indicate a link between neuropsychiatric disorders and inflammatory processes. However, the effect of psilocybin on biomarkers of inflammation has not been evaluated in humans. Objectives Investigate the effect of a single dose of psilocybin on peripheral biomarkers of inflammation in healthy humans. Methods Blood samples were collected from 16 healthy participants before and one day after the administration of a single oral dose of psilocybin (mean dose: 0.22 mg/kg) and subsequently analyzed for concentrations of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), tumor-necrosis-factor (TNF) and soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR). Change in inflammatory markers was evaluated using a paired t-test where p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results We did not observe statistically significant changes in any of the above biomarkers of inflammation (all Cohen's d ≤ 0.31; all p ≥ 0.23). Conclusions Our data do not support that a single dose of psilocybin reduces biomarkers of inflammation in healthy individuals one day after administration. Nevertheless, we suggest that future studies consider additional markers of inflammation, including markers of neuroinflammation, and evaluate potential anti-inflammatory effects of psilocybin therapy in clinical cohorts where more prominent effects may be observable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rødbro Burmester
- Neurobiology Research Unit and NeuroPharm, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Korsbak Madsen
- Neurobiology Research Unit and NeuroPharm, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medicine Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Attila Szabo
- NORMENT Center of Excellence (CoE), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sagar Sanjay Aripaka
- Neurobiology Research Unit and NeuroPharm, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medicine Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dea Siggaard Stenbæk
- Neurobiology Research Unit and NeuroPharm, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vibe G. Frokjaer
- Neurobiology Research Unit and NeuroPharm, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medicine Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Psychiatry Copenhagen, Mental Health Services Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Betina Elfving
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens D. Mikkelsen
- Neurobiology Research Unit and NeuroPharm, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gitte Moos Knudsen
- Neurobiology Research Unit and NeuroPharm, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medicine Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Patrick MacDonald Fisher
- Neurobiology Research Unit and NeuroPharm, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Corresponding author. Neurobiology Research Unit, Inge Lehmanns Vej 8, Rigshospitalet, Building 8057, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Zhang P, Shen HJ, Chen L, Zhu X, Zhang MM, Jiang Y, Yang PF, Zhang L, Xing PF, Ye XF, Lou M, Yin CG, Deng BQ, Wu T, Zhang YW, Liu JM. Patient-Reported Anxiety/Depression After Endovascular Thrombectomy: A post-hoc Analysis of Direct-MT Trial. Front Neurol 2022; 13:811629. [PMID: 35222248 PMCID: PMC8864177 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.811629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To analyze the effect of endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) alone vs. EVT after an intravenous (IV) alteplase of ischemic stroke on a patient-reported anxiety/depression, and to identify predictors of patient-reported anxiety/depression by analyzing data from Direct Intraarterial Thrombectomy in Order to Revascularize the patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke with a Large Vessel Occlusion Efficiently in Chinese Tertiary Hospitals: a Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial (DIRECT-MT). Methods Patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS), triggered by a large-vessel occlusion in the anterior circulation, were randomly allocated to undergo an EVT after IV alteplase (combination-therapy group) or an EVT alone (EVT-alone group) at a 1:1 ratio in DIRECT-MT. Patients in both groups were followed up for 90 days (±14 days) after stroke using a structured modified Ranking Scale (mRS), a Barthel Index (BI), and a 5-Dimensional European Quality of Life Scale (EQ-5D-5L). Patients who returned EQ-5D-5L were included. The EQ-5D-5L anxiety/depression dimension was used to analyze the patient-reported anxiety/depression. First, differences in patient-reported anxiety/depression were compared between the combination-therapy group and the EVT-alone group. Then, the baseline and influencing factors between the anxiety/depression group and no anxiety/depression group were analyzed using univariate regression analysis. Finally, variables with p < 0.1 in univariate regression were subjected to multivariable binary regression analysis to screen independent predictors for patient-reported anxiety /depression after ischemic stroke. Results : Five hundred fifteen patients returned the EQ-5D-5L in Direct-MT. Of these patients, 226 (43.88%) reported a level of anxiety/depression, and about 7% reported a severe or extremely severe anxiety/depression. The patient-reported anxiety/depression in the EVT-alone group was significantly higher than that in the combination-therapy group (48.26% vs. 39.45%, p = 0.04). The clinical outcomes were significantly different between the no Anxiety/Depression Group and the anxiety/depression group (mRS at 90 days:2 vs 3, p < 0.001; BI of 95 or 100 at 90 days: 73.36% vs 42.04%, p < 0.001; EQ-5D-5l utility indexes at 90 days:0.96 vs.57, p < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that allocation to thrombolysis before EVT strategy was inversely associated with anxiety/depression [0.61(0.40, 0.94), p = 0.03], an insular cortex ischemia, and National Institute of Health Strocke Scale (NIHSS) at 7 days were positively associated with anxiety/depression [2.04(1.07, 3.90), p = 0.03; 1.07(1.03, 1.12), p < 0.001]. Conclusions Patient-reported anxiety/depression may suggest that there is a benefit to administering intravenous alteplase before EVT. It may also indicate that it is better to provide IV alteplase before EVT, rather than EVT alone according to patient-reported anxiety/depression. Future research should consider not only the motor function impairments but also the patient-reported mental problems as measures of treatment efficacy in patients with stroke (DIRECT-MT ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03469206).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Department of Neurovascular Center, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-jian Shen
- Department of Neurovascular Center, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Neurovascular Center, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Zhu
- Department of Neurovascular Center, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min-min Zhang
- Department of Neurovascular Center, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Department of Neurovascular Center, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng-fei Yang
- Department of Neurovascular Center, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Neurovascular Center, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng-fei Xing
- Department of Neurovascular Center, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-fei Ye
- Department of Statistics, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Lou
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cong-guo Yin
- Department of Neurology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ben-qiang Deng
- Department of Neurovascular Center, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Department of Neurovascular Center, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Tao Wu
| | - Yong-wei Zhang
- Department of Neurovascular Center, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yong-wei Zhang
| | - Jian-min Liu
- Department of Neurovascular Center, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Sfera A, Osorio C, Rahman L, Zapata-Martín del Campo CM, Maldonado JC, Jafri N, Cummings MA, Maurer S, Kozlakidis Z. PTSD as an Endothelial Disease: Insights From COVID-19. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:770387. [PMID: 34776871 PMCID: PMC8586713 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.770387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 virus, the etiologic agent of COVID-19, has affected almost every aspect of human life, precipitating stress-related pathology in vulnerable individuals. As the prevalence rate of posttraumatic stress disorder in pandemic survivors exceeds that of the general and special populations, the virus may predispose to this disorder by directly interfering with the stress-processing pathways. The SARS-CoV-2 interactome has identified several antigens that may disrupt the blood-brain-barrier by inducing premature senescence in many cell types, including the cerebral endothelial cells. This enables the stress molecules, including angiotensin II, endothelin-1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, to aberrantly activate the amygdala, hippocampus, and medial prefrontal cortex, increasing the vulnerability to stress related disorders. This is supported by observing the beneficial effects of angiotensin receptor blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in both posttraumatic stress disorder and SARS-CoV-2 critical illness. In this narrative review, we take a closer look at the virus-host dialog and its impact on the renin-angiotensin system, mitochondrial fitness, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. We discuss the role of furin cleaving site, the fibrinolytic system, and Sigma-1 receptor in the pathogenesis of psychological trauma. In other words, learning from the virus, clarify the molecular underpinnings of stress related disorders, and design better therapies for these conditions. In this context, we emphasize new potential treatments, including furin and bromodomains inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adonis Sfera
- Department of Psychiatry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
- Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Carolina Osorio
- Department of Psychiatry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Leah Rahman
- Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | | | - Jose Campo Maldonado
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, United States
| | - Nyla Jafri
- Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | | | - Steve Maurer
- Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Zisis Kozlakidis
- International Agency For Research On Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
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Han S, Fei F, Sun S, Zhang D, Dong Q, Wang X, Wang L. Increased anxiety was found in serpini1 knockout zebrafish larval. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 534:1013-1019. [PMID: 33168193 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Serpini1, which encodes neuroserpin, has been implicated in the development and normal function of the nervous system. Mutations in serpini1 cause familial encephalopathy, a rare neurodegenerative disorder characterized with neuroserpin inclusion bodies. However, function of neuroserpin in the nervous system is not fully understood. In this study, we generated a novel serpini1 mutant zebrafish model to investigate the loss of function of neuroserpin. Serpini1- deficient mutation was created with the CRISPR/Cas9 technique. No severe morphological characteristics were found in serpini1- deficient zebrafish. Serpini1-/- zebrafish larvae did not cause locomotor defects but displayed anxiety-like behavior. Extension of motoneurons axon defect was observed in serpini1-/- zebrafish. Furthermore, RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that loss of serpini1 resulted in affected expression of neurodegeneration-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Han
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Fei
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoyang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Dong
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Wang
- Cancer Metabolism Laboratory, Cancer Research Institute Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China.
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Castro Santos H, Gama Marques J. What is the clinical evidence on psilocybin for the treatment of psychiatric disorders? A systematic review. Porto Biomed J 2021; 6:e128. [PMID: 33884324 PMCID: PMC8055489 DOI: 10.1097/j.pbj.0000000000000128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psilocybin is a predominant agonist of 5HT1A and 5HT2A/C receptors and was first isolated in 1958, shortly before it became a controlled substance. Research on the potential therapeutic effects of this compound has recently re-emerged alongside what is being addressed as a psychedelic renaissance. METHODS In this paper we performed a systematic review of the clinical trials conducted so far regarding the therapeutic effects of psilocybin on psychiatric disorders. The eligibility criteria included clinical trials that assessed psilocybin's potential therapeutic effects on patients with psychiatric disorders. Nine hundred seven articles were found and screened in regard to the title, from which 94 were screened through abstract and 9 met the eligibility criteria and were included. RESULTS The papers published focused on 3 disorders: depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and substance use disorder (namely tobacco and alcohol). Psilocybin has shown a relatively safe profile and very promising results, with reductions found on most of the psychiatric rating scales' scores. Research on depression showed the most solid evidence, supported by 3 randomized controlled trials. Studies on OCD and substance use disorder showed more limitations due to their open-label design. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, the results from the studies reviewed in this paper suggest a substantial therapeutic potential. This calls for further research to confirm the results observed so far and further explain the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - João Gama Marques
- Hospital Júlio de Matos, Centro Hospitalar Psiquiátrico de Lisboa
- Clínica Universitária de Psiquiatria e Psicologia Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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11
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Wang W, Jia L. Regulatory Mechanism of MicroRNA-30b on Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE). J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 30:105553. [PMID: 33360521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study is to investigate the role of microRNA (miR)-30b in the pathogenesis of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in neonates. METHODS Totally 26 cases of neonatal HIE were included in this study. The protein expression levels of CD26P and PAI-1 were detected with ELISA. Serum levels of miR-30b and PAI-1 mRNA was measured by quantitative real-time PCR. Human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) were cultured under hypoxic condition, and the intracellular expression levels of miR-30b and PAI-1 were evaluated. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was performed to confirm the interaction between miR-30b and PAI-1. RESULTS Compared with the control group, both the mRNA and protein expression levels of PAI-1 in the serum were up-regulated in the neonates with HIE, together with up-regulated serum CD26P levels. However, the serum expression level of miR-30b was down-regulated in neonatal HIE. In hypoxia-induced HBMECs, the mRNA and protein expression levels of PAI-1 were significantly up-regulated, while the miR-30b expression level was significantly down-regulated. Dual-luciferase reporter assay showed that PAI-1 was the direct target of miR-30b. CONCLUSION Neonatal HIE is accompanied with abnormal platelet activation, significantly up-regulated serum PAI-1 expression levels, and down-regulated miR-30b expression. MiR-30b might regulate the disease pathogenesis and immune responses via modulating PAI-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tianjin hospital, Tianjin 300211, China.
| | - Lifang Jia
- Department of Pediatrics, Tianjin hospital, Tianjin hospital of Tianjin University, Tianjin 300211, China.
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Tsybko AS, Ilchibaeva TV, Filimonova EA, Eremin DV, Popova NK, Naumenko VS. The Chronic Treatment With 5-HT 2A Receptor Agonists Affects the Behavior and the BDNF System in Mice. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:3059-3075. [PMID: 33095437 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03153-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin 5-HT2A receptors and the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are involved in the pathophysiology and treatment of many psychiatric diseases. However, the interaction between 5-HT2A and BDNF is still poorly understood. In the present paper, the effects of chronic treatment with mixed 5-HT2A/2C receptor agonist DOI, highly selective 5-HT2A agonists TCB-2 and 25CN-NBOH on behavior and the BDNF system have been investigated. Chronic treatment of males of C57Bl/6 mice with DOI, TCB-2 and 25CN-NBOH (1 mg/kg, i.p., 14 days) resulted in desensitization of 5-HT2A receptors. Treatment with 25CN-NBOH significantly increased startle amplitude. At the same time all used drugs failed to affect anxiety, exploratory and stereotyped behavior as well as spatial memory and learning. TCB-2 and 25CN-NBOH increased the BDNF mRNA level. All 5-HT2A agonists increased the proBDNF level but failed to alter the mature BDNF protein level. TrkB and p75NTR mRNA levels were affected by all utilized agonists. All drugs decreased the total level as well as membrane TrkB protein one indicating downregulation of TrkB receptors. All agonists decreased the membrane p75NTR protein level. Thus, we have shown for the first time that the chronic activation of the 5-HT2A receptor with agonists has affected the BDNF system almost on all levels-transcription, proBDNF production, TrkB and p75NTR receptors' level. The obtained data suggested possible suppression in BDNF-TrkB signaling under chronic treatment with 5-HT2A agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton S Tsybko
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, The Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Lavrentyeva, 10, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - Tatiana V Ilchibaeva
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, The Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Lavrentyeva, 10, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena A Filimonova
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, The Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Lavrentyeva, 10, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Eremin
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, The Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Lavrentyeva, 10, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nina K Popova
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, The Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Lavrentyeva, 10, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir S Naumenko
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, The Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Lavrentyeva, 10, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Keeler J, Patsalos O, Thuret S, Ehrlich S, Tchanturia K, Himmerich H, Treasure J. Hippocampal volume, function, and related molecular activity in anorexia nervosa: A scoping review. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2020; 13:1367-1387. [PMID: 33176113 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2020.1850256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious and persistent eating disorder, characterized by severe dietary restriction and weight loss, with a third of patients developing a severe-enduring form. The factors contributing to this progression are poorly understood, although there is evidence for impairments in neural structures such as the hippocampus, an area particularly affected by malnutrition and chronic stress. AREAS COVERED This study aimed to map the evidence for alterations in hippocampal volume, function, and related molecular activity in anorexia nervosa. PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science were searched for studies related to hippocampal function and integrity using a range of methodologies, such as neuropsychological paradigms, structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging, and analysis of blood components. EXPERT OPINION Thirty-nine studies were included in this review. The majority were neuroimaging studies, which found hippocampus-specific volumetric and functional impairments. Neuropsychological studies showed evidence for a specific memory and learning impairments. There was some evidence for molecular abnormalities (e.g. cortisol), although these were few studies. Taken together, our review suggests that the hippocampus might be a particular region of interest when considering neurobiological approaches to understanding AN. These findings warrant further investigation and may lead to novel treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Keeler
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience ,UK
| | - Olivia Patsalos
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience ,UK
| | - Sandrine Thuret
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience , UK
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universitat Dresden, Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences , Germany
| | - Kate Tchanturia
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience ,UK
| | - Hubertus Himmerich
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience ,UK
| | - Janet Treasure
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience ,UK
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Wang M, Xie Y, Qin D. Proteolytic cleavage of proBDNF to mBDNF in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Res Bull 2020; 166:172-184. [PMID: 33202257 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is involved in pathophysiological mechanisms in neuropsychiatric diseases, including depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia (SZ), as well as neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). An imbalance or insufficient pro-brain-derived neurotrophic factor (proBDNF) transformation into mature BDNF (mBDNF) is potentially critical to the disease pathogenesis by impairing neuronal plasticity as suggested by results from many studies. Thus, promoting proBDNF transformation into mBDNF is therefore hypothesized as beneficial for the treatment of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. ProBDNF is proteolytically cleaved into the mBDNF by intracellular furin/proprotein convertases and extracellular proteases (plasmin/matrix metallopeptidases). This article reviews the mechanisms of the conversion of proBDNF to mBDNF and the research status of intracellular/extracellular proteolytic proteases for neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Yuhuan Xie
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan 650500, China.
| | - Dongdong Qin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan 650500, China.
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Lin LY, Kelliny S, Liu LC, Al-Hawwas M, Zhou XF, Bobrovskaya L. Peripheral ProBDNF Delivered by an AAV Vector to the Muscle Triggers Depression-Like Behaviours in Mice. Neurotox Res 2020; 38:626-639. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00256-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Alveolar Osteitis: A Review of Current Concepts. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2020; 78:1288-1296. [PMID: 32348729 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2020.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the present review was to explore the pathogenesis and etiology of alveolar osteitis (AO) to obtain a more intuitive understanding of the clinical prevention and management of the condition. The different treatment modalities were discussed through both the mechanistic understanding of AO and the evidence regarding the different modes of prevention and management. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Ovid Medline, PubMed, and Cochrane Central Register online databases were used to complete an advanced search using the MeSH term "dry socket," generating 756 results. RESULTS A total of 8 studies on the prevention of AO were included, with 66 studies included for review of the reported data overall. The information was categorized into incidence, etiology and pathogenesis, prevention, and management. The relevant background information and evidence for each category were summarized. CONCLUSIONS Understanding of the pathogenesis and etiology of AO has improved in recent years, which has been helpful for developing effective evidence-based treatment and prevention of the condition. Clinicians should be aware of the complexity and multifactorial nature of the etiology of AO and the current concepts regarding the prevention and treatment of AO.
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Gene expression signature of antidepressant treatment response/non-response in Flinders Sensitive Line rats subjected to maternal separation. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 31:69-85. [PMID: 31813757 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurobiological underpinnings of treatment-resistant depression, a debilitating condition associated with significant functional impairment, have not been elucidated. Consequently, the aim of this study was to use animal models of response and resistance to antidepressant treatment, in an attempt to identify differences in associated transcriptional responses. Flinders Sensitive Line rats were subjected to maternal separation (MS) and chronically treated with Escitalopram or Nortriptyline. Antidepressants reduced immobility time in the forced swim test in non-MS rats, while lack of antidepressant behavioural response was observed in MS animals. We developed a novel bioinformatic algorithm that enabled identification of transcriptional signatures in hippocampus and pre-frontal cortex that discriminate vehicle- and antidepressant-treated subjects in both MS and non-MS rats. Functional annotation analysis showed that in antidepressant-responder rats the most enriched pathways included IQGAPs activation, toll-like receptor trafficking, energy metabolism, and regulation of endopeptidase activity. The analysis of interacting proteins implicated synaptic vesicles and neurotransmitter release, ubiquitin regulation, cytoskeleton organisation and carbohydrate metabolism. In contrast, in treatment-resistant MS rats, main expression changes were revealed in ribosomal proteins, inflammatory responses, transcriptional/epigenetic regulation, and small GTPases. Susceptibility signature shared Rtn1, Zdhhc5, Igsf6, and Sim1 genes with the latest depression GWAS meta-analysis, while antidepressant resistance signature shared Ctnnd1, Rbms3, Atp1a3, and Pla2r1 genes. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that distinct transcriptional signatures are associated with behavioural response or non-response to antidepressant treatment. The identification of genes involved in antidepressant response will increase the comprehension of the neurobiological underpinnings of treatment-resistant depression, thus contributing to identification of novel therapeutic targets.
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The Psilocybin-Telomere Hypothesis: An empirically falsifiable prediction concerning the beneficial neuropsychopharmacological effects of psilocybin on genetic aging. Med Hypotheses 2020; 134:109406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Increased expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is associated with depression and depressive phenotype in C57Bl/6J mice. Exp Brain Res 2019; 237:3419-3430. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-019-05682-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Party H, Dujarrier C, Hébert M, Lenoir S, Martinez de Lizarrondo S, Delépée R, Fauchon C, Bouton MC, Obiang P, Godefroy O, Save E, Lecardeur L, Chabry J, Vivien D, Agin V. Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) deficiency predisposes to depression and resistance to treatments. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:153. [PMID: 31610810 PMCID: PMC6791031 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0807-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most frequent psychiatric illnesses, leading to reduced quality of life, ability to work and sociability, thus ranking among the major causes of disability and morbidity worldwide. To date, genetic and environmental determinants of MDD remain mostly unknown. Here, we investigated whether and how the Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) may contribute to MDD. We first examined the phenotype of PAI-1 knockout (PAI-1−/−) and wild-type (PAI-1+/+) male mice with a range of behavioral tests assessing depressive-like behaviors (n = 276). We next investigated the mechanisms relating PAI-1 to MDD using molecular, biochemical and pharmacological analyzes. We demonstrate here that PAI-1 plays a key role in depression by a mechanism independent of the tissue-type Plasminogen Activator (tPA) – Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) axis, but associated with impaired metabolisms of serotonin and dopamine. Our data also reveal that PAI-1 interferes with therapeutic responses to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (escitalopram, fluoxetine). We thus highlight a new genetic preclinical model of depression, with the lack of PAI-1 as a factor of predisposition to MDD. Altogether, these original data reveal that PAI-1 should be now considered as a key player of MDD and as a potential target for the development of new drugs to cure depressive patients resistant to current treatments.
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Witkin JM, Martin AE, Golani LK, Xu NZ, Smith JL. Rapid-acting antidepressants. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 86:47-96. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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A single inhalation of vapor from dried toad secretion containing 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) in a naturalistic setting is related to sustained enhancement of satisfaction with life, mindfulness-related capacities, and a decrement of psychopathological symptoms. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:2653-2666. [PMID: 30982127 PMCID: PMC6695371 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05236-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (hereinafter referred to as 5-MeO-DMT) is a psychedelic substance found in the secretion from the parotoid glands of the Bufo alvarius toad. Inhalation of vapor from toad secretion containing 5-MeO-DMT has become popular in naturalistic settings as a treatment of mental health problems or as a means for spiritual exploration. However, knowledge of the effects of 5-MeO-DMT in humans is limited. AIMS The first objective of this study was to assess sub-acute and long-term effects of inhaling vapor from dried toad secretion containing 5-MeO-DMT on affect and cognition. The second objective was to assess whether any changes were associated with the psychedelic experience. METHODS Assessments at baseline, within 24 h and 4 weeks following intake, were made in 42 individuals who inhaled vapor from dried toad secretion at several European locations. RESULTS Relative to baseline, ratings of satisfaction with life and convergent thinking significantly increased right after intake and were maintained at follow-up 4 weeks later. Ratings of mindfulness also increased over time and reached statistical significance at 4 weeks. Ratings of depression, anxiety, and stress decreased after the session, and reached significance at 4 weeks. Participants that experienced high levels of ego dissolution or oceanic boundlessness during the session displayed higher ratings of satisfaction with life and lower ratings of depression and stress. CONCLUSION A single inhalation of vapor from dried toad secretion containing 5-MeO-DMT produces sub-acute and long-term changes in affect and cognition in volunteers. These results warrant exploratory research into therapeutic applications of 5-MeO-DMT.
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Uthaug MV, van Oorsouw K, Kuypers KPC, van Boxtel M, Broers NJ, Mason NL, Toennes SW, Riba J, Ramaekers JG. Sub-acute and long-term effects of ayahuasca on affect and cognitive thinking style and their association with ego dissolution. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:2979-2989. [PMID: 30105399 PMCID: PMC6182612 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4988-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Ayahuasca is a psychotropic plant tea from South America used for religious purposes by indigenous people of the Amazon. Increasing evidence indicates that ayahuasca may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of mental health disorders and can enhance mindfulness-related capacities. Most research so far has focused on acute and sub-acute effects of ayahuasca on mental health-related parameters and less on long-term effects. OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to assess sub-acute and long-term effects of ayahuasca on well-being and cognitive thinking style. The second objective was to assess whether sub-acute and long-term effects of ayahuasca depend on the degree of ego dissolution that was experienced after consumption of ayahuasca. RESULTS Ayahuasca ceremony attendants (N = 57) in the Netherlands and Colombia were assessed before, the day after, and 4 weeks following the ritual. Relative to baseline, ratings of depression and stress significantly decreased after the ayahuasca ceremony and these changes persisted for 4 weeks. Likewise, convergent thinking improved post-ayahuasca ceremony up until the 4 weeks follow-up. Satisfaction with life and several aspects of mindfulness increased the day after the ceremony, but these changes failed to reach significance 4 weeks after. Changes in affect, satisfaction with life, and mindfulness were significantly correlated to the level of ego dissolution experienced during the ayahuasca ceremony and were unrelated to previous experience with ayahuasca. CONCLUSION It is concluded that ayahuasca produces sub-acute and long-term improvements in affect and cognitive thinking style in non-pathological users. These data highlight the therapeutic potential of ayahuasca in the treatment of mental health disorders, such as depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Uthaug
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - K van Oorsouw
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - K P C Kuypers
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - M van Boxtel
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - N J Broers
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - N L Mason
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - S W Toennes
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - J Riba
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - J G Ramaekers
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Komissarov AA, Rahman N, Lee YCG, Florova G, Shetty S, Idell R, Ikebe M, Das K, Tucker TA, Idell S. Fibrin turnover and pleural organization: bench to bedside. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018; 314:L757-L768. [PMID: 29345198 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00501.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shed new light on the role of the fibrinolytic system in the pathogenesis of pleural organization, including the mechanisms by which the system regulates mesenchymal transition of mesothelial cells and how that process affects outcomes of pleural injury. The key contribution of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 to the outcomes of pleural injury is now better understood as is its role in the regulation of intrapleural fibrinolytic therapy. In addition, the mechanisms by which fibrinolysins are processed after intrapleural administration have now been elucidated, informing new candidate diagnostics and therapeutics for pleural loculation and failed drainage. The emergence of new potential interventional targets offers the potential for the development of new and more effective therapeutic candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Komissarov
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler , Tyler, Texas
| | - Najib Rahman
- Oxford Pleural Unit and Oxford Respiratory Trials Unit, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital; and National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre , Oxford , United Kingdom
| | - Y C Gary Lee
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital; Pleural Medicine Unit, Institute for Respiratory Health , Perth ; School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia , Perth , Australia
| | - Galina Florova
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler , Tyler, Texas
| | - Sreerama Shetty
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler , Tyler, Texas
| | - Richard Idell
- Department of Behavioral Health, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler , Tyler, Texas
| | - Mitsuo Ikebe
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler , Tyler, Texas
| | - Kumuda Das
- Department of Translational and Vascular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler , Tyler, Texas
| | - Torry A Tucker
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler , Tyler, Texas
| | - Steven Idell
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler , Tyler, Texas
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