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Qiu Y, Zhao X, Li H, Liu S, Yu W. Microstructures and Rheological Properties of Short-Side-Chain Perfluorosulfonic Acid in Water/2-Propanol. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1863. [PMID: 39000718 PMCID: PMC11244402 DOI: 10.3390/polym16131863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The viscosity and viscoelasticity of polyelectrolyte solutions with a single electrostatic interaction have been carefully studied experimentally and theoretically. Despite some theoretical models describe experimental results well, the influence of multiple interactions (electrostatic and hydrophobic) on rheological scaling is not yet fully resolved. Herein, we systematically study the microstructures and rheological properties of short-side-chain perfluorosulfonic acid (S-PFSA), the most promising candidate of a proton exchange membrane composed of a hydrophobic backbone with hydrophilic side-chains, in water/2-propanol. Small-angle X-ray scattering confirms that semiflexible S-PFSA colloidal particles with a length of ~38 nm and a diameter of 1-1.3 nm are formed, and the concentration dependence of the correlation length (ξ) obeys the power law ξ~c-0.5 consistent with the prediction of Dobrynin et al. By combining macrorheology with diffusing wave spectroscopy microrheology, the semidilute unentangled, semidilute entangled, and concentrated regimes corresponding to the scaling relationships ηsp~c0.5, ηsp~c1.5, and ηsp~c4.1 are determined. The linear viscoelasticity indicates that the entanglement concentration (ce) obtained from the dependence of ηsp on the polymer concentration is underestimated owing to hydrophobic interaction. The true entanglement concentration (cte) is obtained by extrapolating the plateau modulus (Ge) to the terminal modulus (Gt). Furthermore, Ge and the plateau width, τr/τe (τr and τe denote reptation time and Rouse time), scale as Ge~c2.4 and τr/τe~c4.2, suggesting that S-PFSA dispersions behave like neutral polymer solutions in the concentrated regime. This work provides mechanistic insight into the rheological behavior of an S-PFSA dispersion, enabling quantitative control over the flow properties in the process of solution coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qiu
- Advanced Rheology Institute, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xinyang Zhao
- Advanced Rheology Institute, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hong Li
- Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Sijun Liu
- Advanced Rheology Institute, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Advanced Rheology Institute, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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2
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Carli S, Marchini E, Catani M, Orlandi M, Bazzanella N, Barboni D, Boaretto R, Cavazzini A, Caramori S. Electrocatalytic Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) for Electrochemical Conversion of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:10115-10128. [PMID: 38703121 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the utilization of the conductive polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) as a catalytic material for the 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO)-mediated oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA). PEDOT films doped with different counterions were electrodeposited on graphite foil. In particular, the mobile anion perchlorate and the polymeric ionomers polystyrenesulfonate, Nafion, and Aquivion were used. The electrocatalytic properties of PEDOT films were evaluated toward the TEMPO redox mediator in the absence and the presence of HMF as a substrate for oxidation reactions. The electrocatalytic HMF oxidation was confirmed to occur at PEDOT electrodes, and it was also found that the chemical nature of PEDOT counterions controls the electrocatalytic conversion of HMF by modulating the kinetics of the electrochemical generation of the oxoammonium cation TEMPO(+). Potentiostatic electrolysis experiments showed that both the reference graphite electrode and PEDOT substrates were able to convert HMF to FDCA with an 80% faradaic efficiency (FE) and a >90% yield (FDCA), but, compared to graphite, the complete conversion of HMF to FDCA required a ca. 30% shorter time when using PEDOT electrodes doped with perchlorate or Aquivion, thanks to their ability to sustain a higher current density in the initial phase of the electrolysis. In addition, while all PEDOT films were chemically stable under the electrochemical conditions herein described, only PEDOT films doped with Aquivion were also mechanically robust and stable against delamination. Thus, the new PEDOT/Aquivion composite may represent the best choice for the implementation of PEDOT-based electrodes in TEMPO-mediated electrocatalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Carli
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Edoardo Marchini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agrarian Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Martina Catani
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agrarian Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Michele Orlandi
- Department of Physics, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Nicola Bazzanella
- Department of Physics, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Davide Barboni
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agrarian Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rita Boaretto
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agrarian Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agrarian Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics─CREA, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Caramori
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agrarian Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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Zeng L, Lu X, Yuan C, Yuan W, Chen K, Guo J, Zhang X, Wang J, Liao Q, Wei Z. Self-Enhancement of Perfluorinated Sulfonic Acid Proton Exchange Membrane with Its Own Nanofibers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2305711. [PMID: 38342600 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
High-performance proton exchange membrane (PEM) is crucial for the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Herein, a novel "self-enhanced" PEM is fabricated for the first time, which is composed of perfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA) resin and its own nanofibers as reinforcement. With this strategy, the interfacial compatibility issue of conventional fiber-reinforced membranes is fully addressed and up to 80 wt% loading of PFSA nanofibers can be incorporated. Furthermore, on account of chain orientation within the PFSA nanofiber, single fiber exhibits super-high conductivity of 1.45 S cm-1, leading to state-of-the-art proton conductivity (1.1 S cm-1) of the as-prepared "self-enhanced" PEM so far, which is an order of magnitude increase compared with the bulk PFSA membrane (0.29 S cm-1). It surpasses any commercial PEM including the popular GORE-SELECT and Nafion HP membranes and is the only PEM with conductivity at 100 S cm-1 level. In addition, the mechanical strength and swelling ratio of membranes are both substantially improved simultaneously. Based on the high-performance "self-enhanced" PEM, high peak power densities of up to 3.6 W cm-2 and 1.7 W cm-2 are achieved in H2-O2 and H2-Air fuel cells, respectively. This strategy can be applied in any polymeric electrolyte membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingping Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Caili Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Wei Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Ke Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Jingying Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Jianchuan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Liao
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Zidong Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
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4
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Liu RT, Xu ZL, Li FM, Chen FY, Yu JY, Yan Y, Chen Y, Xia BY. Recent advances in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:5652-5683. [PMID: 37492961 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00681b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWEs) are an attractive technology for renewable energy conversion and storage. By using green electricity generated from renewable sources like wind or solar, high-purity hydrogen gas can be produced in PEMWE systems, which can be used in fuel cells and other industrial sectors. To date, significant advances have been achieved in improving the efficiency of PEMWEs through the design of stack components; however, challenges remain for their large-scale and long-term application due to high cost and durability issues in acidic conditions. In this review, we examine the latest developments in engineering PEMWE systems and assess the gap that still needs to be filled for their practical applications. We provide a comprehensive summary of the reaction mechanisms, the correlation among structure-composition-performance, manufacturing methods, system design strategies, and operation protocols of advanced PEMWEs. We also highlight the discrepancies between the critical parameters required for practical PEMWEs and those reported in the literature. Finally, we propose the potential solution to bridge the gap and enable the appreciable applications of PEMWEs. This review may provide valuable insights for research communities and industry practitioners working in these fields and facilitate the development of more cost-effective and durable PEMWE systems for a sustainable energy future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Ting Liu
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Ultraprecision Machining Technology, Research Institute of Advanced Manufacturing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Zheng-Long Xu
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Ultraprecision Machining Technology, Research Institute of Advanced Manufacturing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Fu-Min Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Rd, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Fei-Yang Chen
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Ultraprecision Machining Technology, Research Institute of Advanced Manufacturing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jing-Ya Yu
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Ultraprecision Machining Technology, Research Institute of Advanced Manufacturing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ya Yan
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.
| | - Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
| | - Bao Yu Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Rd, Wuhan 430074, China.
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5
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Safronova EY, Lysova AA, Voropaeva DY, Yaroslavtsev AB. Approaches to the Modification of Perfluorosulfonic Acid Membranes. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:721. [PMID: 37623782 PMCID: PMC10456953 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13080721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Polymer ion-exchange membranes are featured in a variety of modern technologies including separation, concentration and purification of gases and liquids, chemical and electrochemical synthesis, and hydrogen power generation. In addition to transport properties, the strength, elasticity, and chemical stability of such materials are important characteristics for practical applications. Perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes are characterized by an optimal combination of these properties. Today, one of the most well-known practical applications of PFSA membranes is the development of fuel cells. Some disadvantages of PFSA membranes, such as low conductivity at low humidity and high temperature limit their application. The approaches to optimization of properties are modification of commercial PFSA membranes and polymers by incorporation of different additive or pretreatment. This review summarizes the approaches to their modification, which will allow the creation of materials with a different set of functional properties, differing in ion transport (first of all proton conductivity) and selectivity, based on commercially available samples. These approaches include the use of different treatment techniques as well as the creation of hybrid materials containing dopant nanoparticles. Modification of the intrapore space of the membrane was shown to be a way of targeting the key functional properties of the membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Yu. Safronova
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Avenue, 31, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.L.); (D.Y.V.); (A.B.Y.)
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6
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Ko EJ, Lee E, Lee JY, Yu DM, Yoon SJ, Oh KH, Hong YT, So S. Multi-Block Copolymer Membranes Consisting of Sulfonated Poly(p-Phenylene) and Naphthalene Containing Poly(Arylene Ether Ketone) for Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071748. [PMID: 37050364 PMCID: PMC10097103 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glassy hydrocarbon-based membranes are being researched as a replacement for perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE). Here, naphthalene containing poly(arylene ether ketone) was introduced into the poly(p-phenylene)-based multi-block copolymers through Ni(0)-catalyzed coupling reaction to enhance π-π interactions of the naphthalene units. It is discovered that there is an optimum input ratio of the hydrophilic monomer and NBP oligomer for the multi-block copolymers with high ion exchange capacity (IEC) and polymerization yield. With the optimum input ratio, the naphthalene containing copolymer exhibits good hydrogen gas barrier property, chemical stability, and mechanical toughness, even with its high IEC value over 2.4 meq g−1. The membrane shows 3.6 times higher proton selectivity to hydrogen gas than Nafion 212. The PEMWE single cells using the membrane performed better (5.5 A cm−2) than Nafion 212 (4.75 A cm−2) at 1.9 V and 80 °C. These findings suggest that naphthalene containing copolymer membranes are a promising replacement for PFSA membranes in PEMWE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui Jin Ko
- Energy Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea (J.Y.L.); (D.M.Y.); (S.J.Y.)
| | - Eunju Lee
- Energy Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea (J.Y.L.); (D.M.Y.); (S.J.Y.)
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Yong Lee
- Energy Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea (J.Y.L.); (D.M.Y.); (S.J.Y.)
| | - Duk Man Yu
- Energy Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea (J.Y.L.); (D.M.Y.); (S.J.Y.)
| | - Sang Jun Yoon
- Energy Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea (J.Y.L.); (D.M.Y.); (S.J.Y.)
| | - Keun-Hwan Oh
- Energy Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea (J.Y.L.); (D.M.Y.); (S.J.Y.)
- Correspondence: (K.-H.O.); (Y.T.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Young Taik Hong
- Energy Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea (J.Y.L.); (D.M.Y.); (S.J.Y.)
- Correspondence: (K.-H.O.); (Y.T.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Soonyong So
- Energy Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea (J.Y.L.); (D.M.Y.); (S.J.Y.)
- Correspondence: (K.-H.O.); (Y.T.H.); (S.S.)
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7
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Theerthagiri S, Krishnan S, Deivanayagam P, Muthiah C, Kannaiyan D.
TiO
2
‐
graphene dispersed sulfonated polyphenylenesulfide sulfone nanocomposites for medium temperature
PEMFCs. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.6047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paradesi Deivanayagam
- Department of Chemistry SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur 603203 India
| | - Chandran Muthiah
- Department of Zoology Thiruvalluvar University Vellore 632115 India
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8
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Caprì A, Gatto I, Lo Vecchio C, Trocino S, Carbone A, Baglio V. Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis Based on Nickel Ferrite Catalysts. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202201056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Caprì
- Istituto di Tecnolologie Avanzate per l'Energia “Nicola Giordano” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-ITAE) Via S. Lucia sopra Contesse 5 98126 Messina Italy
| | - Irene Gatto
- Istituto di Tecnolologie Avanzate per l'Energia “Nicola Giordano” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-ITAE) Via S. Lucia sopra Contesse 5 98126 Messina Italy
| | - Carmelo Lo Vecchio
- Istituto di Tecnolologie Avanzate per l'Energia “Nicola Giordano” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-ITAE) Via S. Lucia sopra Contesse 5 98126 Messina Italy
| | - Stefano Trocino
- Istituto di Tecnolologie Avanzate per l'Energia “Nicola Giordano” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-ITAE) Via S. Lucia sopra Contesse 5 98126 Messina Italy
| | - Alessandra Carbone
- Istituto di Tecnolologie Avanzate per l'Energia “Nicola Giordano” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-ITAE) Via S. Lucia sopra Contesse 5 98126 Messina Italy
| | - Vincenzo Baglio
- Istituto di Tecnolologie Avanzate per l'Energia “Nicola Giordano” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-ITAE) Via S. Lucia sopra Contesse 5 98126 Messina Italy
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Maiti TK, Singh J, Majhi J, Ahuja A, Maiti S, Dixit P, Bhushan S, Bandyopadhyay A, Chattopadhyay S. Advances in polybenzimidazole based membranes for fuel cell applications that overcome Nafion membranes constraints. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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10
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Huang TS, Wen HY, Chen YY, Hung PH, Hsieh TL, Huang WY, Chang MY. Ionomer Membranes Produced from Hexaarylbenzene-Based Partially Fluorinated Poly(arylene ether) Blends for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12060582. [PMID: 35736289 PMCID: PMC9231265 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12060582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a series of high molecular weight ionomers of hexaarylbenzene- and fluorene-based poly(arylene ether)s were synthesized conveniently through condensation and post-sulfonation modification. The use a of blending method might increase the stacking density of chains and affect the formation both of interchain and intrachain proton transfer clusters. Multiscale phase separation caused by the dissolution and compatibility differences of blend ionomer in high-boiling-point solvents was examined through analysis and simulations. The blend membranes produced in this study exhibited a high proton conductivity of 206.4 mS cm−1 at 80 °C (increased from 182.6 mS cm−1 for precursor membranes), excellent thermal resistance (decomposition temperature > 200 °C), and suitable mechanical properties with a tensile strength of 73.8−77.4 MPa. As a proton exchange membrane for fuel cell applications, it exhibits an excellent power efficiency of approximately 1.3 W cm−2. Thus, the ionomer membranes have strong potential for use in proton exchange membrane fuel cells and other electrochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Sheng Huang
- Department of Photonics, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; (T.-S.H.); (Y.-Y.C.); (P.-H.H.)
| | - Hsin-Yi Wen
- Department of Green Energy and Environmental Resources, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan City 71101, Taiwan;
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Yin Chen
- Department of Photonics, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; (T.-S.H.); (Y.-Y.C.); (P.-H.H.)
| | - Po-Hao Hung
- Department of Photonics, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; (T.-S.H.); (Y.-Y.C.); (P.-H.H.)
| | - Tung-Li Hsieh
- General Education Center, Wenzao Ursuline University of Languages, Kaohsiung 80793, Taiwan;
| | - Wen-Yao Huang
- Department of Photonics, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; (T.-S.H.); (Y.-Y.C.); (P.-H.H.)
- Correspondence: (W.-Y.H.); (M.-Y.C.)
| | - Mei-Ying Chang
- Department of Photonics, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; (T.-S.H.); (Y.-Y.C.); (P.-H.H.)
- Correspondence: (W.-Y.H.); (M.-Y.C.)
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11
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Stilli P, Bonizzoni S, Lohmann-Richters F, Beverina L, Papagni A, Mustarelli P. Aquivion®-based anionic membranes for water electrolysis. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.139834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Crosslinked Sulfonated Polyphenylsulfone (CSPPSU) Membranes for Elevated-Temperature PEM Water Electrolysis. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11110861. [PMID: 34832090 PMCID: PMC8624943 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11110861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In order to reduce the burden on the environment, there is a need to develop non-fluorinated electrolyte membranes as alternatives to fluorinated electrolyte membranes, and water electrolysis using hydrocarbon-based electrolyte membranes has been studied in recent years. In this paper, for the first time, we report elevated-temperature water electrolysis properties of crosslinked sulfonated polyphenylsulfone (CSPPSU) membranes prepared by sulfonation and crosslinking of hydrocarbon-based PPSU engineering plastics. The sulfone groups of the CSPPSU membrane in water were stable at 85 °C (3600 h) and 150 °C (2184 h). In addition, the polymer structure of the CSPPSU membrane was stable during small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements from room temperature to 180 °C. A current density of 456 mA/cm2 was obtained at 150 °C and 1.8 V in water electrolysis using the CSPPSU membrane and IrO2/Ti as the catalytic electrode for oxygen evolution. The stability of the CSPPSU membrane at elevated temperatures with time was evaluated. There were some issues in the assembly of the CSPPSU membrane and the catalytic electrode. However, the CSPPSU membrane has the potential to be used as an electrolyte membrane for elevated-temperature water electrolysis.
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Omrani R, Shabani B. Hydrogen crossover in proton exchange membrane electrolysers: The effect of current density, pressure, temperature, and compression. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Garbe S, Futter J, Schmidt TJ, Gubler L. Insight into elevated temperature and thin membrane application for high efficiency in polymer electrolyte water electrolysis. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Kim JD, Ohira A. Water Electrolysis Using a Porous IrO 2/Ti/IrO 2 Catalyst Electrode and Nafion Membranes at Elevated Temperatures. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:330. [PMID: 33946195 PMCID: PMC8146578 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11050330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Porous IrO2/Ti/IrO2 catalyst electrodes were obtained by coating IrO2 on both sides of three types of porous Ti powder sheets (sample 1, sample 2, and sample 3) using different surface treatment methods, and a hydrogen evolution catalyst electrode was obtained by coating Pt/C on carbon gas diffusion layers. A Nafion115 membrane was used as an electrolyte for the membrane electrode assemblies (MEA). Water electrolysis was investigated at cell temperatures up to 150 °C, and the electrical characteristics of the three types of porous IrO2/Ti/IrO2 catalyst electrodes were investigated. The sheet resistance of sample 1 was higher than those of samples 2 and 3, although during water electrolysis, a high current density was observed due to the nanostructure of the IrO2 catalyst. In addition, the structural stabilities of Nafion and Aquivion membranes up to 150 °C were investigated by using small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The polymer structures of Nafion and Aquivion membranes were stable up to 80 °C, whereas the crystalline domains grew significantly above 120 °C. In other words, the initial polymer structure did not recover after the sample was heated above the glass transition temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je-Deok Kim
- Research Center for Functional Materials, Functional Clay Materials Group, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ohira
- Energy Storage Technology Group, Research Institute for Energy Conservation, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan;
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Kwon SH, Kang H, Sohn YJ, Lee J, Shim S, Lee SG. Molecular dynamics simulation study on the effect of perfluorosulfonic acid side chains on oxygen permeation in hydrated ionomers of PEMFCs. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8702. [PMID: 33888751 PMCID: PMC8062474 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87570-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We prepared two types of perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) ionomers with Aquivion (short side chain) and Nafion (long side chain) on a Pt surface and varied their water contents (2.92 ≤ λ ≤ 13.83) to calculate the solubility and permeability of O2 in hydrated PFSA ionomers on a Pt surface using full atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The solubility and permeability of O2 molecules in hydrated Nafion ionomers were greater than those of O2 molecules in hydrated Aquivion ionomers at the same water content, indicating that the permeation of O2 molecules in the ionomers is affected not only by the diffusion coefficient of O2 but also by the solubility of O2. Notably, O2 molecules are more densely distributed in regions where water and hydronium ions have a lower density in hydrated Pt/PFSA ionomers. Radial distribution function (RDF) analysis was performed to investigate where O2 molecules preferentially dissolve in PFSA ionomers on a Pt surface. The results showed that O2 molecules preferentially dissolved between hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions in a hydrated ionomer. The RDF analysis was performed to provide details of the O2 location in hydrated PFSA ionomers on a Pt surface to evaluate the influence of O2 solubility in ionomers with side chains of different lengths. The coordination number of C(center)-O(O2) and O(side chain)-O(O2) pairs in hydrated Nafion ionomers was higher than that of the same pairs in hydrated Aquivion ionomers with the same water content. Our investigation provides detailed information about the properties of O2 molecules in different PFSA ionomers on a Pt surface and with various water contents, potentially enabling the design of better-performing PFSA ionomers for use in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hyun Kwon
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Haisu Kang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jun Sohn
- Fuel Cell Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34129, Republic of Korea.,Advanced Energy and System Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Gajeong-ro 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhee Lee
- Hyundai Motor Company, 17-5, Mabuk-ro 240, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Yongin-si, 16891, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunbo Shim
- Hyundai Motor Company, 17-5, Mabuk-ro 240, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Yongin-si, 16891, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung Geol Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Organic Material Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Park JE, Kim J, Han J, Kim K, Park S, Kim S, Park HS, Cho YH, Lee JC, Sung YE. High-performance proton-exchange membrane water electrolysis using a sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) membrane and ionomer. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Wan L, Xu Z, Wang P, Lin Y, Wang B. H2SO4-doped polybenzimidazole membranes for hydrogen production with acid-alkaline amphoteric water electrolysis. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Anionic Exchange Membrane for Photo-Electrolysis Application. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12122991. [PMID: 33333931 PMCID: PMC7765393 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tandem photo-electro-chemical cells composed of an assembly of a solid electrolyte membrane and two low-cost photoelectrodes have been developed to generate green solar fuel from water-splitting. In this regard, an anion-exchange polymer-electrolyte membrane, able to separate H2 evolved at the photocathode from O2 at the photoanode, was investigated in terms of ionic conductivity, corrosion mitigation, and light transmission for a tandem photo-electro-chemical configuration. The designed anionic membranes, based on polysulfone polymer, contained positive fixed functionalities on the side chains of the polymeric network, particularly quaternary ammonium species counterbalanced by hydroxide anions. The membrane was first investigated in alkaline solution, KOH or NaOH at different concentrations, to optimize the ion-exchange process. Exchange in 1M KOH solution provided high conversion of the groups, a high ion-exchange capacity (IEC) value of 1.59 meq/g and a hydroxide conductivity of 25 mS/cm at 60 °C for anionic membrane. Another important characteristic, verified for hydroxide membrane, was its transparency above 600 nm, thus making it a good candidate for tandem cell applications in which the illuminated photoanode absorbs the highest-energy photons (< 600 nm), and photocathode absorbs the lowest-energy photons. Furthermore, hydrogen crossover tests showed a permeation of H2 through the membrane of less than 0.1%. Finally, low-cost tandem photo-electro-chemical cells, formed by titanium-doped hematite and ionomer at the photoanode and cupric oxide and ionomer at the photocathode, separated by a solid membrane in OH form, were assembled to optimize the influence of ionomer-loading dispersion. Maximum enthalpy (1.7%), throughput (2.9%), and Gibbs energy efficiencies (1.3%) were reached by using n-propanol/ethanol (1:1 wt.) as solvent for ionomer dispersion and with a 25 µL cm-2 ionomer loading for both the photoanode and the photocathode.
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Shirvanian P, van Berkel F. Novel components in Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Water Electrolyzers (PEMWE): Status, challenges and future needs. A mini review. Electrochem commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2020.106704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Zafeiropoulos G, Johnson H, Kinge S, van de Sanden MCM, Tsampas MN. Solar Hydrogen Generation from Ambient Humidity Using Functionalized Porous Photoanodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:41267-41280. [PMID: 31601096 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Solar hydrogen is a promising sustainable energy vector, and steady progress has been made in the development of photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells. Most research in this field has focused on using acidic or alkaline liquid electrolytes for ionic transfer. However, the performance is limited by (i) scattering of light and blocking of catalytic sites by gas bubbles and (ii) mass transport limitations. An attractive alternative to a liquid water feedstock is to use the water vapor present as humidity in ambient air, which has been demonstrated to mitigate the above problems and can expand the geographical range where these devices can be utilized. Here, we show how the functionalization of porous TiO2 and WO3 photoanodes with solid electrolytes-proton conducting Aquivion and Nafion ionomers-enables the capture of water from ambient air and allows subsequent PEC hydrogen production. The optimization strategy of photoanode functionalization was examined through testing the effect of ionomer loading and the ionomer composition. Optimized functionalized photoanodes operating at 60% relative humidity (RH) and Tcell = 30-70 °C were able to recover up to 90% of the performance obtained at 1.23 V versus reverse hydrogen electrode (RHE) when water is introduced in the liquid phase (i.e., conventional PEC operation). Full performance recovery is achieved at a higher applied potential. In addition, long-term experiments have shown remarkable stability at 60% RH for 64 h of cycling (8 h continuous illumination-8 h dark), demonstrating that the concept can be applicable outdoors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Zafeiropoulos
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research-DIFFER , 5612AJ Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Hannah Johnson
- Toyota Motor Europe NV/SA , Hoge Wei 33 , 1930 Zaventem , Belgium
| | - Sachin Kinge
- Toyota Motor Europe NV/SA , Hoge Wei 33 , 1930 Zaventem , Belgium
| | - Mauritius C M van de Sanden
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research-DIFFER , 5612AJ Eindhoven , The Netherlands
- Department of Applied Physics , Eindhoven University of Technology , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Mihalis N Tsampas
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research-DIFFER , 5612AJ Eindhoven , The Netherlands
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Chemically stabilised extruded and recast short side chain Aquivion® proton exchange membranes for high current density operation in water electrolysis. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Giancola S, Zatoń M, Reyes-Carmona Á, Dupont M, Donnadio A, Cavaliere S, Rozière J, Jones DJ. Composite short side chain PFSA membranes for PEM water electrolysis. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Thoma M, Lin W, Hoffmann E, Sattes MM, Segets D, Damm C, Peukert W. Simple and Reliable Method for Studying the Adsorption Behavior of Aquivion Ionomers on Carbon Black Surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:12324-12334. [PMID: 30234996 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A better understanding of the interactions of carbon black and perfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA) ionomer helps to improve the effectiveness of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. We present a simple and fast method for quantitative PFSA ionomer analysis based on suspension density measurements. After validation of the reliability of our method by thermogravimetric analysis and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), we investigate the adsorption equilibrium of short-side-chain PFSA ionomers of different equivalent weights (EW) and polarities on carbon black. The measured adsorption isotherms exhibit a plateau in the ionomer surface concentration for ionomer equilibrium concentrations ≤2 g/L. In this concentration range, the adsorption isotherms are described by the Langmuir model, whereby the surface concentrations in the plateau region are between 0.041 and 0.070 g/g. The plateau value of the ionomer surface concentration increases with EW and therefore with decreasing number of side chains with terminal sulfonic acid group per ionomer molecule, while the amount of adsorbed sulfonic acid groups remains constant for all investigated ionomers, resulting in similar ζ-potentials and sedimentation stability of the suspensions. The free energies of adsorption Δ G calculated from the association constants of the adsorption isotherms agree well with Δ G values obtained by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and thus validate the adsorption isotherm measurement method. From the values of adsorption enthalpy Δ H ((-7.3 ± 0.8) kJ/mol) and entropy Δ S (ca. 100 J/(mol K)), which were extracted from ITC, we conclude that the ionomer adsorption on carbon black is a spontaneous physisorption process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Thoma
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG) , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Cauerstraße 4 , D-91058 Erlangen , Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems (FPS) , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Haberstraße 9a , D-90158 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Wei Lin
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG) , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Cauerstraße 4 , D-91058 Erlangen , Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems (FPS) , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Haberstraße 9a , D-90158 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Eva Hoffmann
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG) , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Cauerstraße 4 , D-91058 Erlangen , Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems (FPS) , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Haberstraße 9a , D-90158 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Maria-Melanie Sattes
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG) , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Cauerstraße 4 , D-91058 Erlangen , Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems (FPS) , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Haberstraße 9a , D-90158 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Doris Segets
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG) , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Cauerstraße 4 , D-91058 Erlangen , Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems (FPS) , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Haberstraße 9a , D-90158 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Cornelia Damm
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG) , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Cauerstraße 4 , D-91058 Erlangen , Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems (FPS) , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Haberstraße 9a , D-90158 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Wolfgang Peukert
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG) , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Cauerstraße 4 , D-91058 Erlangen , Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems (FPS) , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Haberstraße 9a , D-90158 Erlangen , Germany
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Silva W, Queiroz A, Paganin V, Lima F. Faradaic efficiency of ethanol oxidation to CO2 at metallic nanoparticle/short-side-chain PFSA solid-state electrolyte interfaces investigated by on-line DEMS. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy as a Diagnostic Tool in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Electrolysis. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11081368. [PMID: 30087229 PMCID: PMC6119855 DOI: 10.3390/ma11081368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Membrane–electrode assemblies (MEAs) designed for a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) water electrolyser based on a short-side chain (SSC) perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membrane, Aquivion®, and an advanced Ir-Ru oxide anode electro-catalyst, with various cathode and anode noble metal loadings, were investigated. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), in combination with performance and durability tests, provided useful information to identify rate-determining steps and to quantify the impact of the different phenomena on the electrolysis efficiency and stability characteristics as a function of the MEA properties. This technique appears to be a useful diagnostic tool to individuate different phenomena and to quantify their effect on the performance and degradation of PEM electrolysis cells.
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Commercial perfluorosulfonic acid membranes for vanadium redox flow battery: Effect of ion-exchange capacity and membrane internal structure. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Daryaei A, Miller GC, Willey J, Roy Choudhury S, Vondrasek B, Kazerooni D, Burtner MR, Mittelsteadt C, Lesko JJ, Riffle JS, McGrath JE. Synthesis and Membrane Properties of Sulfonated Poly(arylene ether sulfone) Statistical Copolymers for Electrolysis of Water: Influence of Meta- and Para-Substituted Comonomers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:20067-20075. [PMID: 28530822 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b02401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Two series of high molecular weight disulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) random copolymers were synthesized as proton exchange membranes for high-temperature water electrolyzers. These copolymers differ based on the position of the ether bonds on the aromatic rings. One series is comprised of fully para-substituted hydroquinone comonomer, and the other series incorporated 25 mol % of a meta-substituted comonomer resorcinol and 75 mol % hydroquinone. The influence of the substitution position on water uptake and electrochemical properties of the membranes were investigated and compared to that of the state-of-the-art membrane Nafion. The mechanical properties of the membranes were measured for the first time in fully hydrated conditions at ambient and elevated temperatures. Submerged in water, these hydrocarbon-based copolymers had moduli an order of magnitude higher than Nafion. Selected copolymers of each series showed dramatically increased proton conductivities at elevated temperature in fully hydrated conditions, while their H2 gas permeabilities were well controlled over a wide range of temperatures. These improved properties were attributed to the high glass transition temperatures of the disulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone)s.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jason Willey
- Giner Electrochemical Systems, Incorporated, Newton, Massachusettes, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Cortney Mittelsteadt
- Giner Electrochemical Systems, Incorporated, Newton, Massachusettes, United States
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Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Water Photo-Electrolysis. MEMBRANES 2017; 7:membranes7020025. [PMID: 28468242 PMCID: PMC5489859 DOI: 10.3390/membranes7020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Water-fed photo-electrolysis cells equipped with perfluorosulfonic acid (Nafion® 115) and quaternary ammonium-based (Fumatech® FAA3) ion exchange membranes as separator for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions were investigated. Protonic or anionic ionomer dispersions were deposited on the electrodes to extend the interface with the electrolyte. The photo-anode consisted of a large band-gap Ti-oxide semiconductor. The effect of membrane characteristics on the photo-electrochemical conversion of solar energy was investigated for photo-voltage-driven electrolysis cells. Photo-electrolysis cells were also studied for operation under electrical bias-assisted mode. The pH of the membrane/ionomer had a paramount effect on the photo-electrolytic conversion. The anionic membrane showed enhanced performance compared to the Nafion®-based cell when just TiO2 anatase was used as photo-anode. This was associated with better oxygen evolution kinetics in alkaline conditions compared to acidic environment. However, oxygen evolution kinetics in acidic conditions were significantly enhanced by using a Ti sub-oxide as surface promoter in order to facilitate the adsorption of OH species as precursors of oxygen evolution. However, the same surface promoter appeared to inhibit oxygen evolution in an alkaline environment probably as a consequence of the strong adsorption of OH species on the surface under such conditions. These results show that a proper combination of photo-anode and polymer electrolyte membrane is essential to maximize photo-electrolytic conversion.
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