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Pereira TA, Espósito BP. Can iron chelators ameliorate viral infections? Biometals 2024; 37:289-304. [PMID: 38019378 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-023-00558-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
The redox reactivity of iron is a double-edged sword for cell functions, being either essential or harmful depending on metal concentration and location. Deregulation of iron homeostasis is associated with several clinical conditions, including viral infections. Clinical studies as well as in silico, in vitro and in vivo models show direct effects of several viruses on iron levels. There is support for the strategy of iron chelation as an alternative therapy to inhibit infection and/or viral replication, on the rationale that iron is required for the synthesis of some viral proteins and genes. In addition, abnormal iron levels can affect signaling immune response. However, other studies report different effects of viral infections on iron homeostasis, depending on the class and genotype of the virus, therefore making it difficult to predict whether iron chelation would have any benefit. This review brings general aspects of the relationship between iron homeostasis and the nonspecific immune response to viral infections, along with its relevance to the progress or inhibition of the inflammatory process, in order to elucidate situations in which the use of iron chelators could be efficient as antivirals.
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Hafizi M, Kalanaky S, Fakharzadeh S, Karimi P, Fakharian A, Lookzadeh S, Mortaz E, Mirenayat MS, Heshmatnia J, Karam MB, Zamani H, Nadji A, Toutkaboni MP, Oraee-Yazdani S, Akbari ME, Jamaati H, Nazaran MH. Beneficial effects of the combination of BCc1 and Hep-S nanochelating-based medicines on IL-6 in hospitalized moderate COVID-19 adult patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Trials 2023; 24:720. [PMID: 37951972 PMCID: PMC10638761 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-023-07624-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the severe forms of COVID-19 and many other infectious diseases, the patients develop a cytokine storm syndrome (CSS) where pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α play a key role in the development of this serious process. Selenium and iron are two important trace minerals, and their metabolism is tightly connected to immune system function. Numerous studies highlight the role of selenium and iron metabolism changes in the procedure of COVID-19 inflammation. The immunomodulator effect of nanomedicines that are synthesized based on nanochelating technology has been proved in previous studies. In the present study, the effects of the combination of BCc1(with iron-chelating property) and Hep-S (containing selenium) nanomedicines on mentioned cytokines levels in hospitalized moderate COVID-19 patients were evaluated. METHODS Laboratory-confirmed moderate COVID-19 patients were enrolled to participate in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in two separate groups: combination of BCc1 and Hep-S (N = 62) (treatment) or placebo (N = 60) (placebo). The blood samples were taken before medications on day zero, at discharge, and 28 days after consumption to measure hematological and biochemical parameters and cytokine levels. The clinical symptoms of all the patients were recorded according to an assessment questionnaire before the start of the treatment and on days 3 and discharge day. RESULTS The results revealed that consumption of the nanomedicines led to a significant decrease in the mean level of IL-6 cytokine, and at the end of the study, there was a 77% downward trend in IL-6 in the nanomedicine group, while an 18% increase in the placebo group (p < 0.05). In addition, the patients in the nanomedicines group had lower TNF-α levels; accordingly, there was a 21% decrease in TNF-α level in the treatment group, while a 31% increase in this cytokine level in the placebo was observed (p > 0.05). On the other hand, in nanomedicines treated groups, clinical scores of coughing, fatigue, and need for oxygen therapy improved. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the combination of BCc1 and Hep-S inhibits IL-6 as a highly important and well-known cytokine in COVID-19 pathophysiology and presents a promising view for immunomodulation that can manage CSS. TRIAL REGISTRATION Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials RCT20170731035423N2 . Registered on June 12, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hafizi
- Department of Research and Development, Sodour Ahrar Shargh Company, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Kalanaky
- Department of Research and Development, Sodour Ahrar Shargh Company, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saideh Fakharzadeh
- Department of Research and Development, Sodour Ahrar Shargh Company, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pegah Karimi
- Department of Research and Development, Sodour Ahrar Shargh Company, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atefeh Fakharian
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Lookzadeh
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Mortaz
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Sadat Mirenayat
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jalal Heshmatnia
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Bakhshayesh Karam
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homa Zamani
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Nadji
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mihan Pourabdollah Toutkaboni
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Oraee-Yazdani
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shohada Tajrish, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hamidreza Jamaati
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Duman H, Karav S. Bovine colostrum and its potential contributions for treatment and prevention of COVID-19. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1214514. [PMID: 37908368 PMCID: PMC10613682 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1214514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine colostrum (BC) is the initial milk an animal produces after giving birth, particularly in the first few days. Numerous bioactive substances found in BC, including proteins, enzymes, growth factors, immunoglobulins, etc., are beneficial to human health. BC has a significant role to play as part of a healthy diet, with well-documented health and nutritional advantages for people. Therefore, the use of BC and its crucial derivatives in the development of functional food and pharmaceuticals for the prevention of several diseases such as gastrointestinal and respiratory system disorders is becoming increasingly popular around the world. A novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was identified as the cause of a cluster of pneumonia cases that is called Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China. After the first SARS-CoV-2 virus-related fatality was announced, the illness quickly spread throughout China and to other continents, causing a pandemic. Since then, numerous studies have been initiated to develop safe and efficient treatments. To prevent viral infection and potential lingering effects, it is important to investigate alternative treatments for COVID-19. Due to its effective bioactive profile and its immunomodulatory roles in biological processes, BC might be considered a promising approach to assist in combating people affected by the SARS-CoV-2 or prevention from the virus. BC has immunomodulatory effects because to its high concentration of bioactive components such as immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, cytokines, and growth factors, etc., which might help control immunological responses, potentially fostering a balanced immune response. Furthermore, its bioactive components have a potential cross-reactivity against SARS-CoV-2, aiding in virus neutralization and its comprehensive food profile also supplies important vitamins, minerals, and amino acids, fostering a healthy immune system. Hence, the possible contributions of BC to the management of COVID-19 were reviewed in this article based on the most recent research on the subject. Additionally, the key BC components that influence immune system modulation were evaluated. These components may serve as potential mediators or therapeutic advantages in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sercan Karav
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Türkiye
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张 小, 吴 泽, 蓝 惠, 陈 姗, 吴 杰, 朱 玲, 肖 扬. [Deferoxamine promotes recovery of bone marrow hematopoietic function in mice exposed to a sublethal dose of X-ray irradiation]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2023; 43:1577-1584. [PMID: 37814872 PMCID: PMC10563109 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2023.09.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of deferoxamine (DFO) on bone marrow hematopoietic function in C57 mice exposed to a sublethal dose of X-ray irradiation. METHODS C57 mice exposed to a sublethal dose (5.4 Gy, 1.0 Gy/min) of total body X-ray irradiation (TBI) were treated with subcutaneous injection of 100 mg/kg DFO, with normal saline as the control, on a daily basis for 10 and 20 consecutive days. Body weight changes of the mice were monitored every 3 days. Five mice were selected from each group at 10 and 20 days for examination of blood cell counts, bone marrow nucleated cell counts, percentage of bone marrow CD34+ cells, bone marrow pathology, and expressions of cleaved PARP-1, cleaved caspase-3, VEGF, GPX4, and SLC7A11 in the nucleated cells. RESULTS The body weight of the mice decreased significantly on day 3 in TBI and DFO groups (P<0.05), and to the lowest on day 6 in TBI group (P<0.01). Blood cell counts and bone marrow nucleated cell counts of the mice were significantly decreased at 10 and 20 days following TBI (P<0.01). On day 10 following TBI, the mice showed significantly decreased nucleated cells and the presence of adipocytes in the bone marrow, where increased expressions of cleaved PARP-1 and cleaved caspase-3 and lowered expressions of GPX4 and SLC7A11 were detected in the nucleated cells (P<0.05). In the mice exposed to TBI, treatment with DFO significantly increased CD34+ cell percentage (P<0.001), decreased the expressions of cleaved PARP-1 and cleaved caspase-3, and increased the expressions of GPX4, SLC7A11 and VEGF in the bone marrow nucleated cells (P<0.05). DFO treatment significantly increased blood cell counts and bone marrow nucleated cells in mice at 20 days following TBI (P<0.05). CONCLUSION DFO improves bone marrow hematopoiesis in mice with sublethal-dose TBI by inhibiting apoptosis and ferroptosis of bone marrow nucleated cells and promoting VEGF expression and CD34+ cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- 小敏 张
- 广州中医药大学金沙洲医院,血液科,广东 广州 510168Department of Hematology, Jinshazhou Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510168, China
| | - 泽彬 吴
- 南方医科大学中医药学院,广东 广州 510515College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 惠璇 蓝
- 南方医科大学中医药学院,广东 广州 510515College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 姗姗 陈
- 南方医科大学中医药学院,广东 广州 510515College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 杰 吴
- 南方医科大学中医药学院,广东 广州 510515College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- 南方医科大学中西医结合医院血液科,广东 广州 510000Department of Hematology, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - 玲玲 朱
- 南方医科大学中医药学院,广东 广州 510515College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- 南方医科大学中西医结合医院血液科,广东 广州 510000Department of Hematology, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - 扬 肖
- 广州中医药大学金沙洲医院,血液科,广东 广州 510168Department of Hematology, Jinshazhou Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510168, China
- 深圳市前海蛇口自贸区医院血液科,广东 深圳 518067Department of Hematology, Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Pilot Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen 518067, China
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Zeinivand M, Sharifi M, Hassanshahi G, Nedaei SE. Deferoxamine has the Potential to Improve the COVID-19-Related Inflammatory Response in Diabetic Patients. Int J Pept Res Ther 2023; 29:63. [PMID: 37273802 PMCID: PMC10227407 DOI: 10.1007/s10989-023-10516-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The clinical state of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been considered a pandemic disease (COVID-19) that is rapidly spreading worldwide. Despite all global efforts, the only treatment for COVID-19 is supportive care and there has been no efficient treatment to fight this plague. It is confirmed that patients with chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disorder and diabetes; are more vulnerable to COVID-19. In the severe type of COVID-19, laboratory findings showed a remarkably enhanced C-reactive protein, IL-6 serum, Iron, and ferritin, which suggest an inflammatory response. Inflammation results in iron homeostasis imbalance and causes iron overload, exacerbating the SARSCOV2 infection. More importantly, recent studies have established that SARS-CoV-2 needs iron for viral replication and also activation. As a result, managing iron overload in diabetic patients with COVID-19 could be an early therapeutic approach to limit the lethal inflammatory response of COVID-19. In this review, Deferoxamine (DFO) has been proposed as an effective iron chelator agent. Graphical Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Motahareh Zeinivand
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Sharifi
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamhossein Hassanshahi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Seyed Ershad Nedaei
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Toledano JM, Puche-Juarez M, Moreno-Fernandez J, Ochoa JJ, Diaz-Castro J. Antioxidant and Immune-Related Implications of Minerals in COVID-19: A Possibility for Disease Prevention and Management. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051104. [PMID: 37237970 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic appeared, both governments and the scientific community have focused their efforts on the search for prophylactic and therapeutic alternatives in order to reduce its effects. Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 have been approved and administered, playing a key role in the overcoming of this situation. However, they have not reached the whole world population, and several doses will be needed in the future in order to successfully protect individuals. The disease is still here, so other strategies should be explored with the aim of supporting the immune system before and during the infection. An adequate diet is certainly associated with an optimal inflammatory and oxidative stress status, as poor levels of different nutrients could be related to altered immune responses and, consequently, an augmented susceptibility to infections and severe outcomes derived from them. Minerals exert a wide range of immune-modulatory, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities, which may be useful for fighting this illness. Although they cannot be considered as a definitive therapeutic solution, the available evidence to date, obtained from studies on similar respiratory diseases, might reflect the rationality of deeper investigations of the use of minerals during this pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Toledano
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Sciences Ph.D. Program, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - María Puche-Juarez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Sciences Ph.D. Program, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Jorge Moreno-Fernandez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (IBS), 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Julio J Ochoa
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (IBS), 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Diaz-Castro
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (IBS), 18016 Granada, Spain
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Firouzabadi N, Ghasemiyeh P, Moradishooli F, Mohammadi-Samani S. Update on the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines on different variants of SARS-CoV-2. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 117:109968. [PMID: 37012880 PMCID: PMC9977625 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
It has been more than three years since the first emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and millions of lives have been taken to date. Like most pandemics caused by viral infections, massive public vaccination is the most promising approach to cease COVID-19 infection. In this regard, several vaccine platforms including inactivated virus, nucleic acid-based (mRNA and DNA vaccines), adenovirus-based, and protein-based vaccines have been designed and developed for COVID-19 prevention and many of them have received FDA or WHO approval. Fortunately, after global vaccination, the transmission rate, disease severity, and mortality rate of COVID-19 infection have diminished significantly. However, a rapid increase in COVID-19 cases due to the omicron variant in vaccinated countries has raised concerns about the effectiveness of these vaccines. In this review, articles published between January 2020 and January 2023 were reviewed using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science search engines with appropriate related keywords. The related papers were selected and discussed in detail. The current review mainly focuses on the effectiveness and safety of COVID-19 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Along with discussing the available and approved vaccines, characteristics of different variants of COVID-19 have also been discussed in brief. Finally, the currently circulating COVID-19 variant i.e Omicron, along with the effectiveness of available COVID-19 vaccines against these new variants are discussed in detail. In conclusion, based on the available data, administration of newly developed bivalent mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, as booster shots, would be crucial to prevent further circulation of the newly developed variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Firouzabadi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Parisa Ghasemiyeh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Moradishooli
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Soliman Mohammadi-Samani
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Platelet activation and ferroptosis mediated NETosis drives heme induced pulmonary thrombosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166688. [PMID: 36925054 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Cell-free heme (CFH) is a product of hemoglobin, myoglobin and hemoprotein degradation, which is a hallmark of pathologies associated with extensive hemolysis and tissue damage. CHF and iron collectively induce cytokine storm, lung injury, respiratory distress and infection susceptibility in the lungs suggesting their key role in the progression of lung disease pathology. We have previously demonstrated that heme-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) induces platelet activation and ferroptosis. However, interaction of ferroptotic platelets and neutrophils, the mechanism of action and associated complications remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that heme-induced P-selectin expression and Phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization in platelets via ASK-1-inflammasome axis increases platelet-neutrophil aggregates in circulation, resulting in Neutrophil extracellular traps (NET) formation in vitro and in vivo. Further, heme-induced platelet activation in mice increased platelet-neutrophil aggregates and accumulation of NETs in the lungs causing pulmonary damage. Thus, connecting CFH-mediated platelet activation to NETosis and pulmonary thrombosis. As lung infections induce acute respiratory stress, thrombosis and NETosis, we propose that heme -mediated platelet activation and ferroptosis might be crucial in such clinical manifestations. Further, considering the ability of redox modulators and ferroptosis inhibitors like FS-1, Lpx-1 and DFO to inhibit heme-induced ferroptotic platelets-mediated NETosis and pulmonary thrombosis. They could be potential adjuvant therapy to regulate respiratory distress-associated clinical complications.
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Ferroptosis, pyroptosis and necroptosis in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:91. [PMID: 36898986 PMCID: PMC10000361 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01369-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an acute and uncontrolled pulmonary inflammation caused by various insults. Cell death is a critical mechanism in the pathogenesis of ARDS. Ferroptosis, a novel form of cell death defined as iron-mediated lipid peroxidation, has been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of ARDS. Additionally, pyroptosis and necroptosis are also involved in the pathophysiological process of ARDS. The crosstalk among ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis is getting increasing attention. Therefore, this review will mainly summarize the molecular mechanisms and central pathophysiological role of ferroptosis in ARDS. We will also discuss our understanding of pyroptosis and necroptosis as they pertain to the pathogenesis of ARDS. Furthermore, we also describe the pathological processes that engage crosstalk among ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis. We consider that individual pathways of ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis are highly interconnected and can compensate for one another to promote cell death.
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Naidu SAG, Clemens RA, Naidu AS. SARS-CoV-2 Infection Dysregulates Host Iron (Fe)-Redox Homeostasis (Fe-R-H): Role of Fe-Redox Regulators, Ferroptosis Inhibitors, Anticoagulants, and Iron-Chelators in COVID-19 Control. J Diet Suppl 2023; 20:312-371. [PMID: 35603834 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2022.2075072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe imbalance in iron metabolism among SARS-CoV-2 infected patients is prominent in every symptomatic (mild, moderate to severe) clinical phase of COVID-19. Phase-I - Hypoxia correlates with reduced O2 transport by erythrocytes, overexpression of HIF-1α, altered mitochondrial bioenergetics with host metabolic reprogramming (HMR). Phase-II - Hyperferritinemia results from an increased iron overload, which triggers a fulminant proinflammatory response - the acute cytokine release syndrome (CRS). Elevated cytokine levels (i.e. IL6, TNFα and CRP) strongly correlates with altered ferritin/TF ratios in COVID-19 patients. Phase-III - Thromboembolism is consequential to erythrocyte dysfunction with heme release, increased prothrombin time and elevated D-dimers, cumulatively linked to severe coagulopathies with life-threatening outcomes such as ARDS, and multi-organ failure. Taken together, Fe-R-H dysregulation is implicated in every symptomatic phase of COVID-19. Fe-R-H regulators such as lactoferrin (LF), hemoxygenase-1 (HO-1), erythropoietin (EPO) and hepcidin modulators are innate bio-replenishments that sequester iron, neutralize iron-mediated free radicals, reduce oxidative stress, and improve host defense by optimizing iron metabolism. Due to its pivotal role in 'cytokine storm', ferroptosis is a potential intervention target. Ferroptosis inhibitors such as ferrostatin-1, liproxstatin-1, quercetin, and melatonin could prevent mitochondrial lipid peroxidation, up-regulate antioxidant/GSH levels and abrogate iron overload-induced apoptosis through activation of Nrf2 and HO-1 signaling pathways. Iron chelators such as heparin, deferoxamine, caffeic acid, curcumin, α-lipoic acid, and phytic acid could protect against ferroptosis and restore mitochondrial function, iron-redox potential, and rebalance Fe-R-H status. Therefore, Fe-R-H restoration is a host biomarker-driven potential combat strategy for an effective clinical and post-recovery management of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roger A Clemens
- Department of International Regulatory Science, University of Southern California School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Karampela I. Perspectives in vaccines, immune response, therapeutic interventions and COVID-19. Metabol Open 2022; 17:100223. [PMID: 36570684 PMCID: PMC9758070 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2022.100223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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12
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Bastin A, Shiri H, Zanganeh S, Fooladi S, Momeni Moghaddam MA, Mehrabani M, Nematollahi MH. Iron Chelator or Iron Supplement Consumption in COVID-19? The Role of Iron with Severity Infection. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:4571-4581. [PMID: 34825316 PMCID: PMC8614629 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-03048-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Iron is a trace element that is used to replicate the virus and has a role in the vital functions of the body and the host's innate immune system. The mechanism of iron in COVID-19 severity is still not well understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of the iron with COVID-19 severity. A case-control study was performed on 147 patients with a positive PCR test result and 39 normal individuals admitted to the Persian Gulf Martyrs Hospital in Bushehr, Iran. The iron profiles and related tests were measured along with hematological analytes. Hemoglobin (Hb), Fe, and saturated transferrin decreased in all the groups compared to the controls, but ferritin increased in the patient groups. After adjusting for age and sex, we found that increased ferritin levels augmented the odds ratio (OR) of the disease in the moderate (OR = 2.95, P = 0.007), severe (OR = 6.1, P < 0.001), and critical groups (OR = 8.34, P < 0.001). The decreased levels of Fe reduced the OR of the disease in the mild (OR = 0.96, P < 0.001), moderate (OR = 0.96, P < 0.001), severe (OR = 0.95, P < 0.001), and critical (OR = 0.98, P = 0.001) groups. Fe (AUC = 85.95, cutoff < 75.5 µg/dL, P < 0.001) and ferritin (AUC = 84.45, cutoff > 157.5 ng/dL, P < 0.001) have higher AUC for disease prognosis, but only ferritin (AUC = 74.89, cutoff > 261.5 ng/dL, P < 0.001) has higher AUC for disease severity assays. It could be concluded that the use of iron chelators to reduce iron intake can be considered a therapeutic goal. In addition, measuring Fe and ferritin is beneficial for the diagnosis of the disease and determining its severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Bastin
- Student Research Committee, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Shiri
- Student Research Committee, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Sareh Zanganeh
- Bacteriology & Virology Department, Shiraz Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saba Fooladi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Afzalipoor Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Momeni Moghaddam
- Department of Nutrition and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Mehrabani
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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13
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Parchwani D, Dholariya S, Katoch CDS, Singh R. Growth differentiation factor 15 as an emerging novel biomarker in SARS-CoV-2 infection. World J Methodol 2022; 12:438-447. [PMID: 36186744 PMCID: PMC9516548 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v12.i5.438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth differentiation factor (GDF)-15 is a member of a transforming growth factor-β cytokine superfamily that regulates metabolism and is released in response to inflammation, hypoxia and tissue injury. It has evolved as one of the most potent cytokines for predicting the severity of infections and inflammatory conditions, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection.
AIM To investigate the utility of GDF-15 in predicting the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
METHODS PubMed, Reference Citation Analysis, CNKI, and Goggle Scholar were explored by using related MeSH keywords and data such as the first author’s name, study duration, type and place of study, sample size and subgroups of participants if any, serum/plasma GDF- 15 level in pg/mL, area under the curve and cut-off value in receiver operating characteristic analysis, method of measurement of GDF-15, and the main conclusion were extracted.
RESULTS In all studies, the baseline GDF-15 level was elevated in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients, and it was significantly associated with severity, hypoxemia, viral load, and worse clinical consequences. In addition, GDF-15 levels were correlated with C-reactive protein, D-dimer, ferritin and procalcitonin, and it had superior discriminatory ability to detect severity and in-hospital mortality of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Hence, GDF-15 might be used to predict the severity and prognosis of hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2.
CONCLUSION Serial estimation of GDF-15 levels in hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection appeared to have useful prognostic value and GDF-15 can be considered a clinically prominent sepsis biomarker for SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Parchwani
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot 360001, Gujarat, India
| | - Sagar Dholariya
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot 360001, Gujarat, India
| | - CDS Katoch
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot 360001, Gujarat, India
| | - Ragini Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot 360001, Gujarat, India
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14
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Zeinivand M, jamali-Raeufy N, Zavvari F. The beneficial role of Hepcidin peptide inhibitor in improved the symptoms of COVID-19 in diabetics: anti-inflammatory and potential therapeutic effects. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2022; 21:1797-1807. [PMID: 35812243 PMCID: PMC9257556 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-022-01053-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a recent public health issue worldwide. Also, diabetes is a frequent condition with high mortality. There is a strong relationship between COVID-19 and diabetes. This article analyses the intricate relationship between COVID-19 and hepcidin. Hepcidin increases in aged non-insulin diabetic patients. Hepcidin is the last target treatment of several medications commonly used. Viral diseases, especially SARS-CoV19, can activate the hepcidin pathway leading to an elevation in the iron load. This increased iron is released into the bloodstream and results in cell death through ferroptosis, like free iron. Excess iron has pro-coagulative and toxic effects. Hepcidin overexpression and iron overload are associated with COVID-19 infection and can be considered potential targets for treatment. Several studies have shown dalteparin (anti-Hepcidin) could improve the symptoms of COVID-19 in diabetics by appropriately modulating and decreasing oxidative stress and inflammation. This finding can be leading to enhancing the existing knowledge about Therapeutic measures for reducing Covid-19 impairments in diabetics and is suggested as a possible therapeutic agent in diabetes.
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15
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Li Y, Yang Y, Yang Y. Multifaceted Roles of Ferroptosis in Lung Diseases. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:919187. [PMID: 35813823 PMCID: PMC9263225 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.919187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a distinct type of programmed cell death (PCD) that depends on iron and is characterized by the accumulation of intracellular iron, exhaustion of glutathione, deactivation of glutathione peroxidase, and promotion of lipid peroxidation. Recently, accumulated investigations have demonstrated that ferroptosis is strongly correlated with the initiation and development of many lung diseases. In this review, we summarized the contribution of ferroptosis to the pathologic process of lung diseases, namely, obstructive lung diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and cystic fibrosis), interstitial lung diseases (pulmonary fibrosis of different causes), pulmonary diseases of vascular origin (ischemia-reperfusion injury and pulmonary hypertension), pulmonary infections (bacteria, viruses, and fungi), acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, and lung cancer. We also discussed the therapeutic potential of targeting ferroptosis for these lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Institute of Respiratory Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Precision Medicine Key Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Institute of Respiratory Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Precision Medicine Key Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongfeng Yang
- Institute of Respiratory Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Precision Medicine Key Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yongfeng Yang,
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16
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Bahrami A, Arabestani MR, Taheri M, Farmany A, Norozzadeh F, Hosseini SM, Nozari H, Nouri F. Exploring the Role of Heavy Metals and Their Derivatives on the Pathophysiology of COVID-19. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:2639-2650. [PMID: 34448983 PMCID: PMC8391869 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02893-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many aspects of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its disease, COVID-19, have been studied to determine its properties, transmission mechanisms, and pathology. These efforts are aimed at identifying potential approaches to control or treat the disease. Early treatment of novel SARS-CoV-2 infection to minimize symptom progression has minimal evidence; however, many researchers and firms are working on vaccines, and only a few vaccines exist. COVID-19 is affected by several heavy metals and their nanoparticles. We investigated the effects of heavy metals and heavy metal nanoparticles on SARS-CoV-2 and their roles in COVID-19 pathogenesis. AgNPs, AuNPs, gold-silver hybrid NPs, copper nanoparticles, zinc oxide, vanadium, gallium, bismuth, titanium, palladium, silver grafted graphene oxide, and some quantum dots were tested to see if they could minimize the severity or duration of symptoms in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection when compared to standard therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Bahrami
- Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Arabestani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Abbas Farmany
- Dental Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Norozzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Seyed Mostafa Hosseini
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Hesam Nozari
- Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nouri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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17
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Duca L, Nava I, Vallisa D, Vadacca GB, Magnacavallo A, Vercelli A, Capelli P, Graziadei G, Banchini F. COVID-19, inflammatory response, iron homeostasis and toxicity: a prospective cohort study in the Emergency Department of Piacenza (Italy). ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2022; 93:e2022057. [PMID: 35545998 PMCID: PMC9171873 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v93i2.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background and aim: Dysregulation of iron metabolism and hyper-inflammation are two key points in the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Since high hepcidin levels and low serum iron can predict COVID-19 severity and mortality, we decided to investigate iron metabolism and inflammatory response in 32 COVID-19 adult patients with a diagnosis of COVID-19 defined by a positive result of RT-PCR nasopharyngeal swab, and admitted to an Italian emergency department for acute respiratory failure at different degree. Methods: Patients were stratified in 3 groups based on PaO2/FiO2 ratio at admission: 13 (41%) were normoxemic at rest and suffered from exertional dyspnea (group 1); 14 (44%) had a mild respiratory failure (group 2), and 5 (15%) a severe hypoxiemia (group 3). Results: White blood cells were significantly higher in group 3, while lymphocytes and hemoglobin were significantly reduced. Serum iron, transferrin saturation, non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI) and ferritin were significantly increased in group 2. All the groups showed high hepcidin levels, but in group 3 this parameter was significantly altered. It is noteworthy that in group 1 inflammatory and oxidative indices were both within the normal range. Conclusions: We are aware that our study has some limitations, the small number of enrolled patients and the short period of data collection, but few works have been performed in the Emergency Room. However, we strongly believe that our results confirm the pivotal role of both iron metabolism dysregulation and hyper-inflammatory response in the pathogenesis of tissue and organ damage in COVID-19 patients. (www.actabiomedica.it)
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Duca
- UOC General Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, (Italy).
| | - Isabella Nava
- UOC General Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, (Italy).
| | - Daniele Vallisa
- Hematology Department, Guglielmo da Saliceto Hospital, Piacenza, (Italy).
| | - Giovanni Battista Vadacca
- Biochemistry Unit, Clinical Pathology Department, Guglielmo da Saliceto Hospital, Piacenza, (Italy).
| | | | - Andrea Vercelli
- Emergency Department, Guglielmo da Saliceto Hospital, Piacenza, (Italy).
| | - Patrizio Capelli
- Department of General Surgery, Guglielmo da Saliceto Hospital, Piacenza, (Italy).
| | - Giovanna Graziadei
- UOC General Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, (Italy).
| | - Filippo Banchini
- Department of General Surgery, Guglielmo da Saliceto Hospital, Piacenza, (Italy).
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18
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de Jesus JR, Galazzi RM, Lopes Júnior CA, Arruda MAZ. Trace element homeostasis in the neurological system after SARS-CoV-2 infection: Insight into potential biochemical mechanisms. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2022; 71:126964. [PMID: 35240553 PMCID: PMC8881805 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.126964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have suggested that COVID-19 is a systemic disease that can affect several organs, including the brain. In the brain, specifically, viral infection can cause dyshomeostasis of some trace elements that promote complex biochemical reactions in specialized neurological functions. OBJECTIVE Understand the neurovirulence of SARS-CoV-2 and the relationship between trace elements and neurological disorders after infection, and provide new insights on the drug development for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infections. METHODS The main databases were used to search studies published up September 2021, focusing on the role of trace elements during viral infection and on the correct functioning of the brain. RESULTS The imbalance of important trace elements can accelerate SARS-CoV-2 neurovirulence and increase the neurotoxicity since many neurological processes can be associated with the homeostasis of metal and metalloproteins. Some studies involving animals and humans have suggested the synapse as a vulnerable region of the brain to neurological disorders after viral infection. Considering the combined evidence, some mechanisms have been suggested to understand the relationship between neurological disorders and imbalance of trace elements in the brain after viral infection. CONCLUSION Trace elements play important roles in viral infections, such as helping to activate immune cells, produce antibodies, and inhibit virus replication. However, the relationship between trace elements and virus infections is complex since the specific functions of several elements remain largely undefined. Therefore, there is still a lot to be explored to understand the biochemical mechanisms involved between trace elements and viral infections, especially in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemmyson Romário de Jesus
- Research Laboratory in Bionanomaterials, LPbio, Brazil; Chemistry Department, Federal University of Viçosa, UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Moretto Galazzi
- Analytical Instrumentation Division, Analytik Jena GmbH, an Endress & Hauser Company, São Paulo, SP 04029-901, Brazil.
| | - Cícero Alves Lopes Júnior
- Grupo de Estudos em Bioanalítica - GEBIO, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Piauí, 64049-550 Teresina, PI, Brazil.
| | - Marco Aurélio Zezzi Arruda
- Spectrometry, Sample Preparation and Mechanization Group, GEPAM, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Bioanalytics, Brazil.
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19
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Home isolation in transfusion-dependent thalassemia patients with SARS CoV2 infection: Experience from a developing country. PEDIATRIC HEMATOLOGY ONCOLOGY JOURNAL 2022. [PMCID: PMC9016533 DOI: 10.1016/j.phoj.2022.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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20
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Ahmed DS, Isnard S, Berini C, Lin J, Routy JP, Royston L. Coping With Stress: The Mitokine GDF-15 as a Biomarker of COVID-19 Severity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:820350. [PMID: 35251002 PMCID: PMC8888851 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.820350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) is a transforming growth factor (TGF)-β superfamily cytokine that plays a central role in metabolism regulation. Produced in response to mitochondrial stress, tissue damage or hypoxia, this cytokine has emerged as one of the strongest predictors of disease severity during inflammatory conditions, cancers and infections. Reports suggest that GDF-15 plays a tissue protective role via sympathetic and metabolic adaptation in the context of mitochondrial damage, although the exact mechanisms involved remain uncertain. In this review, we discuss the emergence of GDF-15 as a distinctive marker of viral infection severity, especially in the context of COVID-19. We will critically review the role of GDF-15 as an inflammation-induced mediator of disease tolerance, through metabolic and immune reprogramming. Finally, we discuss potential mechanisms of GDF-15 elevation during COVID-19 cytokine storm and its limitations. Altogether, this cytokine seems to be involved in disease tolerance to viral infections including SARS-CoV-2, paving the way for novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darakhshan Sohail Ahmed
- Infectious Disease and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphane Isnard
- Infectious Disease and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Carolina Berini
- Infectious Disease and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - John Lin
- Infectious Disease and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Infectious Disease and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Léna Royston
- Infectious Disease and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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21
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Kell DB, Laubscher GJ, Pretorius E. A central role for amyloid fibrin microclots in long COVID/PASC: origins and therapeutic implications. Biochem J 2022; 479:537-559. [PMID: 35195253 PMCID: PMC8883497 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Post-acute sequelae of COVID (PASC), usually referred to as 'Long COVID' (a phenotype of COVID-19), is a relatively frequent consequence of SARS-CoV-2 infection, in which symptoms such as breathlessness, fatigue, 'brain fog', tissue damage, inflammation, and coagulopathies (dysfunctions of the blood coagulation system) persist long after the initial infection. It bears similarities to other post-viral syndromes, and to myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). Many regulatory health bodies still do not recognize this syndrome as a separate disease entity, and refer to it under the broad terminology of 'COVID', although its demographics are quite different from those of acute COVID-19. A few years ago, we discovered that fibrinogen in blood can clot into an anomalous 'amyloid' form of fibrin that (like other β-rich amyloids and prions) is relatively resistant to proteolysis (fibrinolysis). The result, as is strongly manifested in platelet-poor plasma (PPP) of individuals with Long COVID, is extensive fibrin amyloid microclots that can persist, can entrap other proteins, and that may lead to the production of various autoantibodies. These microclots are more-or-less easily measured in PPP with the stain thioflavin T and a simple fluorescence microscope. Although the symptoms of Long COVID are multifarious, we here argue that the ability of these fibrin amyloid microclots (fibrinaloids) to block up capillaries, and thus to limit the passage of red blood cells and hence O2 exchange, can actually underpin the majority of these symptoms. Consistent with this, in a preliminary report, it has been shown that suitable and closely monitored 'triple' anticoagulant therapy that leads to the removal of the microclots also removes the other symptoms. Fibrin amyloid microclots represent a novel and potentially important target for both the understanding and treatment of Long COVID and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B. Kell
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 200, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | | | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, South Africa
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22
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Morgulchik N, Athanasopoulou F, Chu E, Lam Y, Kamaly N. Potential therapeutic approaches for targeted inhibition of inflammatory cytokines following COVID-19 infection-induced cytokine storm. Interface Focus 2022; 12:20210006. [PMID: 34956607 PMCID: PMC8662389 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2021.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a deadly respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, which has caused a global pandemic since early 2020 and severely threatened people's livelihoods and health. Patients with pre-diagnosed conditions admitted to hospital often develop complications leading to mortality due to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and associated multiorgan failure and blood clots. ARDS is associated with a cytokine storm. Cytokine storms arise due to elevated levels of circulating cytokines and are associated with infections. Targeting various pro-inflammatory cytokines in a specific manner can result in a potent therapeutic approach with minimal host collateral damage. Immunoregulatory therapies are now of interest in order to regulate the cytokine storm, and this review will summarize and discuss advances in targeted therapies against cytokine storms induced by COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelli Morgulchik
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Foteini Athanasopoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Edmund Chu
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Yoriko Lam
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nazila Kamaly
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, UK
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23
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Gallo V, Giansanti F, Arienzo A, Antonini G. Antiviral properties of whey proteins and their activity against SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Funct Foods 2022; 89:104932. [PMID: 35003332 PMCID: PMC8723829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.104932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Native and chemically modified whey proteins and their peptide derivatives are encountering the interest of nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries, due to the numerous properties, ranging from antimicrobial to immunological and antitumorigenic, that result in the possibility to employ milk and its protein components in a wide range of treatment and prevention strategies. Importantly, whey proteins were found to exert antiviral actions against different enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. Recently, the scientific community is focusing on these proteins, especially lactoferrin, since in vitro studies have demonstrated that they exert an important antiviral activity also against SARS-CoV-2. Up-to date, several studies are investigating the efficacy of lactoferrin and other whey proteins in vivo. Aim of this review is to shed light on the most relevant findings concerning the antiviral properties of whey proteins and their potential applications in human health, focussing on their application in prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Gallo
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Francesco Giansanti
- Interuniversity Consortium INBB - Biostructures and Biosystems National Institute, Rome 00136, Italy
- Department of Health, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila I-67100, Italy
| | - Alyexandra Arienzo
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Rome 00146, Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium INBB - Biostructures and Biosystems National Institute, Rome 00136, Italy
| | - Giovanni Antonini
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Rome 00146, Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium INBB - Biostructures and Biosystems National Institute, Rome 00136, Italy
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24
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Guz D, Gafter-Gvili A, Lev N, Sahaf Levin G, Lev S. Tocilizumab Treatment Effect on Iron Homeostasis in Severe COVID-19 Patients. Acta Haematol 2022; 145:440-447. [PMID: 35100583 PMCID: PMC9059034 DOI: 10.1159/000522307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Tocilizumab has been proposed as an effective treatment for severe COVID-19. We aimed to investigate whether tocilizumab administration is associated with increased availability of serum iron which may possibly be associated with adverse effects on clinical outcomes. Methods We performed an observational, retrospective cohort study. We included adults, who were hospitalized in ICU with the diagnosis of severe COVID-19 infection eligible for tocilizumab treatment. Laboratory data including serum iron, ferritin, transferrin saturation, hemoglobin, and C-reactive protein levels of all patients were collected shortly before and 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h after tocilizumab administration. Results During the study period, 15 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were eligible to receive tocilizumab treatment. Tocilizumab therapy was associated with a prominent increase in serum iron and transferrin saturation levels (26 ± 13 μg/dL and 15 ± 8% before treatment and 79 ± 32 μg/dL and 41 ± 15% 72 h after treatment, respectively, p < 0.001) and decrease in serum ferritin levels (1,921 ± 2,071 ng/mL before and 1,258 ± 1,140 ng/mL 72 h after treatment, p = 0.027). Conclusion Treatment of severe COVID-19 patients with tocilizumab is associated with a profound increase in serum iron and ferritin saturation levels along with a decrease in ferritin levels. This may represent an undesirable side effect that may potentiate viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Guz
- Department of Medicine A, Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- *Dmitri Guz,
| | - Anat Gafter-Gvili
- Department of Medicine A, Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nirit Lev
- Department of Neurology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gal Sahaf Levin
- Intensive Care Unit, Rabin Medical Center, Petah- Tikva, Israel and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shaul Lev
- Intensive Care Unit, Rabin Medical Center, Petah- Tikva, Israel and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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25
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Ansari MJ, Jasim SA, Abed AM, Altimari US, Yasin G, Suksatan W, Oudaha KH, Kadhim MM, Jabbar AH, Mustafa YF. Double chelation of Iron through dimer formation of favipiravir: Density functional theory analysis. MAIN GROUP CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3233/mgc-210182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This work was performed to examine an idea about full chelation of Iron (Fe) by well-known favipiravir (Fav) as a possible mechanism of action for medication of COVID-19 patients. To this aim, formations of Fe- mediated dimers of Fav were investigated by performing density functional theory (DFT) computations of electronic and structural features for singular and dimer models. The results indicated that the models of dimers were suitable for formation, in which two cis (D1) and trans (D2) models were obtained regarding the configurations of two Fav counterparts towards each other. Energy results indicated that formation of D1 was slightly more favorable than formation of D2. Molecular orbital features affirmed hypothesized interacting sites of Fav for Fe-mediated dimers formations, in which atomic charges and other molecular orbital related representations affirmed such achievements. Moreover, detection of such dimer formation was also possible by monitoring variations of molecular orbitals features. As a consequence, formations of Fe-mediated dimers of Fav could be achievable for possible removal of excess of Fe as a proposed mechanism of action for Fav in medication of COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Javed Ansari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saade Abdalkareem Jasim
- Al-Maarif University College, Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-Anbar-Ramadi, Iraq
| | - Azher M. Abed
- Department of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Iraq
| | | | - Ghulam Yasin
- Department of Botany, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Wanich Suksatan
- Faculty of Nursing, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Khulood H. Oudaha
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
| | - Mustafa M. Kadhim
- Department of Dentistry, Kut University College, Kut, Wasit, Iraq
- College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
- Department of Pharmacy, Osol Aldeen University College, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Abdullah Hasan Jabbar
- Optical Department, College of Medical and Health Technology, Sawa University, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Al-Muthanaa, Samawah, Iraq
| | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
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26
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Ni YQ, Zeng HH, Song XW, Zheng J, Wu HQ, Liu CT, Zhang Y. Potential metal-related strategies for prevention and treatment of COVID-19. RARE METALS 2022; 41:1129-1141. [PMID: 35068851 PMCID: PMC8761834 DOI: 10.1007/s12598-021-01894-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has posed severe threats to human health, public safety, and the global economy. Metal nutrient elements can directly or indirectly take part in human immune responses, and metal-related drugs have served as antiviral drugs and/or enzyme inhibitors for many years, providing potential solutions to the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Metal-based drugs are currently under a variety of chemical structures and exhibit wide-range bioactivities, demonstrating irreplaceable advantages in pharmacology. This review is an intention to summarize recent progress in the prevention and treatment strategies against COVID-19 from the perspective of metal pharmacology. The current and potential utilization of metal-based drugs is briefly introduced. Specifically, metallohydrogels that have been shown to present superior antiviral activities are stressed in the paper as potential drugs for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Qiong Ni
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083 China
| | - Hui-Hui Zeng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083 China
| | - Xian-Wen Song
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083 China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083 China
| | - Hui-Qiong Wu
- Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, 521041 China
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518071 China
| | - Chun-Tai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou, 450002 China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083 China
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27
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Kim HK, Park CY, Han SN. Nutrient modulation of viral infection-implications for COVID-19. Nutr Res Pract 2021; 15:S1-S21. [PMID: 34909129 PMCID: PMC8636392 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2021.15.s1.s1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has put focus on the importance of a healthy immune system for recovery from infection and effective response to vaccination. Several nutrients have been under attention because their nutritional statuses showed associations with the incidence or severity of COVID-19 or because they affect several aspects of immune function. Nutritional status, immune function, and viral infection are closely interrelated. Undernutrition impairs immune function, which can lead to increased susceptibility to viral infection, while viral infection itself can result in changes in nutritional status. Here, we review the roles of vitamins A, C, D, and E, and zinc, iron, and selenium in immune function and viral infection and their relevance to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Keong Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Chan Yoon Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Health Science, The University of Suwon, Hwaseong, Korea
| | - Sung Nim Han
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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28
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Zarkesh K, Entezar-Almahdi E, Ghasemiyeh P, Akbarian M, Bahmani M, Roudaki S, Fazlinejad R, Mohammadi-Samani S, Firouzabadi N, Hosseini M, Farjadian F. Drug-based therapeutic strategies for COVID-19-infected patients and their challenges. Future Microbiol 2021; 16:1415-1451. [PMID: 34812049 PMCID: PMC8610072 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging epidemic-prone diseases have introduced numerous health and economic challenges in recent years. Given current knowledge of COVID-19, herd immunity through vaccines alone is unlikely. In addition, vaccination of the global population is an ongoing challenge. Besides, the questions regarding the prevalence and the timing of immunization are still under investigation. Therefore, medical treatment remains essential in the management of COVID-19. Herein, recent advances from beginning observations of COVID-19 outbreak to an understanding of the essential factors contributing to the spread and transmission of COVID-19 and its treatment are reviewed. Furthermore, an in-depth discussion on the epidemiological aspects, clinical symptoms and most efficient medical treatment strategies to mitigate the mortality and spread rates of COVID-19 is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khatereh Zarkesh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Elaheh Entezar-Almahdi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Parisa Ghasemiyeh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Akbarian
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Marzieh Bahmani
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Roudaki
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Rahil Fazlinejad
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Soliman Mohammadi-Samani
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Negar Firouzabadi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Majid Hosseini
- Department of Manufacturing & Industrial Engineering, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA
| | - Fatemeh Farjadian
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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29
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Hu S, Jiang S, Qi X, Bai R, Ye XY, Xie T. Races of small molecule clinical trials for the treatment of COVID-19: An up-to-date comprehensive review. Drug Dev Res 2021; 83:16-54. [PMID: 34762760 PMCID: PMC8653368 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease‐19 (COVID‐19) pandemic has become a global threat since its first outbreak at the end of 2019. Several review articles have been published recently, focusing on the aspects of target biology, drug repurposing, and mechanisms of action (MOAs) for potential treatment. This review gathers all small molecules currently in active clinical trials, categorizes them into six sub‐classes, and summarizes their clinical progress. The aim is to provide the researchers from both pharmaceutical industries and academic institutes with the handful information and dataset to accelerate their research programs in searching effective small molecule therapy for treatment of COVID‐19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwen Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal Umiversity, Hangzhou, China.,Hangzhou Huadong Medicine Group, Pharmaceutical Research Institute Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, China.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Los Angeles, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Songwei Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal Umiversity, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Qi
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal Umiversity, Hangzhou, China
| | - Renren Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal Umiversity, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal Umiversity, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal Umiversity, Hangzhou, China
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30
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Groppa SA, Ciolac D, Duarte C, Garcia C, Gasnaș D, Leahu P, Efremova D, Gasnaș A, Bălănuță T, Mîrzac D, Movila A. Molecular Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 Pathogenicity on the Central Nervous System: Bridging Experimental Probes to Clinical Evidence and Therapeutic Interventions. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1376:1-27. [PMID: 34735712 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2021_675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has dramatically impacted the global healthcare systems, constantly challenging both research and clinical practice. Although it was initially believed that the SARS-CoV-2 infection is limited merely to the respiratory system, emerging evidence indicates that COVID-19 affects multiple other systems including the central nervous system (CNS). Furthermore, most of the published clinical studies indicate that the confirmed CNS inflammatory manifestations in COVID-19 patients are meningitis, encephalitis, acute necrotizing encephalopathy, acute transverse myelitis, and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. In addition, the neuroinflammation along with accelerated neurosenescence and susceptible genetic signatures in COVID-19 patients might prime the CNS to neurodegeneration and precipitate the occurrence of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Thus, this review provides a critical evaluation and interpretive analysis of existing published preclinical as well as clinical studies on the key molecular mechanisms modulating neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration induced by the SARS-CoV-2. In addition, the essential age- and gender-dependent impacts of SARS-CoV-2 on the CNS of COVID-19 patients are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav A Groppa
- Department of Neurology, Nicolae Testemițanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova.,Laboratory of Neurobiology and Medical Genetics, Nicolae Testemițanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova.,Department of Neurology, Institute of Emergency Medicine, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Dumitru Ciolac
- Department of Neurology, Nicolae Testemițanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova.,Laboratory of Neurobiology and Medical Genetics, Nicolae Testemițanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova.,Department of Neurology, Institute of Emergency Medicine, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Carolina Duarte
- Department of Oral Science and Translational Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Christopher Garcia
- Department of Oral Science and Translational Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Daniela Gasnaș
- Department of Neurology, Nicolae Testemițanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova.,Laboratory of Neurobiology and Medical Genetics, Nicolae Testemițanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova.,Department of Neurology, Institute of Emergency Medicine, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Pavel Leahu
- Department of Neurology, Nicolae Testemițanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova.,Laboratory of Neurobiology and Medical Genetics, Nicolae Testemițanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova.,Department of Neurology, Institute of Emergency Medicine, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Daniela Efremova
- Department of Neurology, Nicolae Testemițanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova.,Department of Neurology, Institute of Emergency Medicine, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova.,Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases and Epilepsy, Institute of Emergency Medicine, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Alexandru Gasnaș
- Department of Neurology, Nicolae Testemițanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova.,Department of Neurology, Institute of Emergency Medicine, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova.,Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases and Epilepsy, Institute of Emergency Medicine, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Tatiana Bălănuță
- Department of Neurology, Nicolae Testemițanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova.,Department of Neurology, Institute of Emergency Medicine, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova.,Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases and Epilepsy, Institute of Emergency Medicine, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Daniela Mîrzac
- Department of Neurology, Nicolae Testemițanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova.,Department of Neurology, Institute of Emergency Medicine, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Alexandru Movila
- Department of Oral Science and Translational Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA. .,Institute of Neuro Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.
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31
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Campione E, Lanna C, Cosio T, Rosa L, Conte MP, Iacovelli F, Romeo A, Falconi M, Del Vecchio C, Franchin E, Lia MS, Minieri M, Chiaramonte C, Ciotti M, Nuccetelli M, Terrinoni A, Iannuzzi I, Coppeta L, Magrini A, Bernardini S, Sabatini S, Rosapepe F, Bartoletti PL, Moricca N, Di Lorenzo A, Andreoni M, Sarmati L, Miani A, Piscitelli P, Squillaci E, Valenti P, Bianchi L. Lactoferrin as Antiviral Treatment in COVID-19 Management: Preliminary Evidence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182010985. [PMID: 34682731 PMCID: PMC8535893 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf), a multifunctional cationic glycoprotein synthesized by exocrine glands and neutrophils, possesses an in vitro antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. Thus, we conducted an in vivo preliminary study to investigate the antiviral effect of oral and intranasal liposomal bovine Lf (bLf) in asymptomatic and mild-to-moderate COVID-19 patients. From April 2020 to June 2020, a total of 92 mild-to-moderate (67/92) and asymptomatic (25/92) COVID-19 patients were recruited and divided into three groups. Thirty-two patients (14 hospitalized and 18 in home-based isolation) received only oral and intranasal liposomal bLf; 32 hospitalized patients were treated only with standard of care (SOC) treatment; and 28, in home-based isolation, did not take any medication. Furthermore, 32 COVID-19 negative, untreated, healthy subjects were added for ancillary analysis. Liposomal bLf-treated COVID-19 patients obtained an earlier and significant (p < 0.0001) SARS-CoV-2 RNA negative conversion compared to the SOC-treated and untreated COVID-19 patients (14.25 vs. 27.13 vs. 32.61 days, respectively). Liposomal bLf-treated COVID-19 patients showed fast clinical symptoms recovery compared to the SOC-treated COVID-19 patients. In bLf-treated patients, a significant decrease in serum ferritin, IL-6, and D-dimers levels was observed. No adverse events were reported. These observations led us to speculate a potential role of bLf in the management of mild-to-moderate and asymptomatic COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Campione
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy; (C.L.); (T.C.); (L.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Caterina Lanna
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy; (C.L.); (T.C.); (L.B.)
| | - Terenzio Cosio
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy; (C.L.); (T.C.); (L.B.)
| | - Luigi Rosa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.R.); (M.P.C.); (P.V.)
| | - Maria Pia Conte
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.R.); (M.P.C.); (P.V.)
| | - Federico Iacovelli
- Structural Bioinformatics Group, Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.I.); (A.R.); (M.F.)
| | - Alice Romeo
- Structural Bioinformatics Group, Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.I.); (A.R.); (M.F.)
| | - Mattia Falconi
- Structural Bioinformatics Group, Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.I.); (A.R.); (M.F.)
| | - Claudia Del Vecchio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (C.D.V.); (E.F.)
| | - Elisa Franchin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (C.D.V.); (E.F.)
| | - Maria Stella Lia
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.S.L.); (M.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Marilena Minieri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.S.L.); (M.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Carlo Chiaramonte
- Department of Statistics, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Marco Ciotti
- Virology Unit, Tor Vergata University Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Marzia Nuccetelli
- Laboratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.N.); (S.B.)
| | - Alessandro Terrinoni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.S.L.); (M.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Ilaria Iannuzzi
- Occupational Medicine Department, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (I.I.); (L.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Luca Coppeta
- Occupational Medicine Department, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (I.I.); (L.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Andrea Magrini
- Occupational Medicine Department, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (I.I.); (L.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Sergio Bernardini
- Laboratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.N.); (S.B.)
| | | | | | | | - Nicola Moricca
- Villa dei Pini Hospital, 00042 Anzio, Italy; (S.S.); (N.M.)
| | - Andrea Di Lorenzo
- Infectious Disease Unit, Tor Vergata University Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.D.L.); (M.A.); (L.S.)
| | - Massimo Andreoni
- Infectious Disease Unit, Tor Vergata University Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.D.L.); (M.A.); (L.S.)
| | - Loredana Sarmati
- Infectious Disease Unit, Tor Vergata University Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.D.L.); (M.A.); (L.S.)
| | - Alessandro Miani
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Prisco Piscitelli
- UNESCO Chair on Health Education and Sustainable Development, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Ettore Squillaci
- Department of Diagnostic and Molecular Imaging, Radiation Therapy and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Piera Valenti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.R.); (M.P.C.); (P.V.)
| | - Luca Bianchi
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy; (C.L.); (T.C.); (L.B.)
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Dalamaga M, Christodoulatos GS, Karampela I, Vallianou N, Apovian CM. Understanding the Co-Epidemic of Obesity and COVID-19: Current Evidence, Comparison with Previous Epidemics, Mechanisms, and Preventive and Therapeutic Perspectives. Curr Obes Rep 2021; 10:214-243. [PMID: 33909265 PMCID: PMC8080486 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-021-00436-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A growing body of evidence suggests that obesity and increased visceral adiposity are strongly and independently linked to adverse outcomes and death due to COVID-19. This review summarizes current epidemiologic data, highlights pathogenetic mechanisms on the association between excess body weight and COVID-19, compares data from previous pandemics, discusses why COVID-19 challenges the "obesity paradox," and presents implications in prevention and treatment as well as future perspectives. RECENT FINDINGS Data from meta-analyses based on recent observational studies have indicated that obesity increases the risks of infection from SARS-CoV-2, severe infection and hospitalization, admission to the ICU and need of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), and the risk of mortality, particularly in severe obesity. The risks of IMV and mortality associated with obesity are accentuated in younger individuals (age ≤ 50 years old). The meta-inflammation in obesity intersects with and exacerbates underlying pathogenetic mechanisms in COVID-19 through the following mechanisms and factors: (i) impaired innate and adaptive immune responses; (ii) chronic inflammation and oxidative stress; (iii) endothelial dysfunction, hypercoagulability, and aberrant activation of the complement; (iv) overactivation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; (v) overexpression of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor in the adipose tissue; (vi) associated cardiometabolic comorbidities; (vii) vitamin D deficiency; (viii) gut dysbiosis; and (ix) mechanical and psychological issues. Mechanistic and large epidemiologic studies using big data sources with omics data exploring genetic determinants of risk and disease severity as well as large randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are necessary to shed light on the pathways connecting chronic subclinical inflammation/meta-inflammation with adverse COVID-19 outcomes and establish the ideal preventive and therapeutic approaches for patients with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dalamaga
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Mikras Asias 75, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Socrates Christodoulatos
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Mikras Asias 75, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Irene Karampela
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Mikras Asias 75, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Second Department of Critical Care, Attikon General University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 1 Rimini St, Haidari, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Natalia Vallianou
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Evangelismos General Hospital of Athens, 45-47 Ypsilantou street, 10676 Athens, Greece
| | - Caroline M. Apovian
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition, and Weight Management, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Doctor’s Office Building, 720 Harrison Avenue, Suite, Boston, MA 8100 USA
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Ayipo YO, Yahaya SN, Alananzeh WA, Babamale HF, Mordi MN. Pathomechanisms, therapeutic targets and potent inhibitors of some beta-coronaviruses from bench-to-bedside. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021; 93:104944. [PMID: 34052418 PMCID: PMC8159710 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the emergence of their primitive strains, the complexity surrounding their pathogenesis, constant genetic mutation and translation are contributing factors to the scarcity of a successful vaccine for coronaviruses till moment. Although, the recent announcement of vaccine breakthrough for COVID-19 renews the hope, however, there remains a major challenge of accessibility to urgently match the rapid global therapeutic demand for curtailing the pandemic, thereby creating an impetus for further search. The reassessment of results from a stream of experiments is of enormous importance in identifying bona fide lead-like candidates to fulfil this quest. This review comprehensively highlights the common pathomechanisms and pharmacological targets of HCoV-OC43, SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, and potent therapeutic potentials from basic and clinical experimental investigations. The implicated targets for the prevention and treatment include the viral proteases (Mpro, PLpro, 3CLpro), viral structural proteins (S- and N-proteins), non-structural proteins (nsp 3, 8, 10, 14, 16), accessory protein (ns12.9), viroporins (3a, E, 8a), enzymes (RdRp, TMPRSS2, ADP-ribosyltransferase, MTase, 2'-O-MTase, TATase, furin, cathepsin, deamidated human triosephosphate isomerase), kinases (MAPK, ERK, PI3K, mTOR, AKT, Abl2), interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) and the human host receptor, ACE2. Notably among the 109 overviewed inhibitors include quercetin, eriodictyol, baicalin, luteolin, melatonin, resveratrol and berberine from natural products, GC373, NP164 and HR2P-M2 from peptides, 5F9, m336 and MERS-GD27 from specific human antibodies, imatinib, remdesivir, ivermectin, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, nafamostat, interferon-β and HCQ from repurposing libraries, some iron chelators and traditional medicines. This review represents a model for further translational studies for effective anti-CoV therapeutic designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Oloruntoyin Ayipo
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia,Department of Chemistry, Kwara State University, P. M. B. 1530, Malete, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Sani Najib Yahaya
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Waleed A. Alananzeh
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | | | - Mohd Nizam Mordi
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia,Corresponding author
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Karami H, Derakhshani A, Ghasemigol M, Fereidouni M, Miri-Moghaddam E, Baradaran B, Tabrizi NJ, Najafi S, Solimando AG, Marsh LM, Silvestris N, De Summa S, Paradiso AV, Racanelli V, Safarpour H. Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis Combined with Machine Learning Validation to Identify Key Modules and Hub Genes Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection. J Clin Med 2021; 10:3567. [PMID: 34441862 PMCID: PMC8397209 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10163567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused an enormous loss of lives. Various clinical trials of vaccines and drugs are being conducted worldwide; nevertheless, as of today, no effective drug exists for COVID-19. The identification of key genes and pathways in this disease may lead to finding potential drug targets and biomarkers. Here, we applied weighted gene co-expression network analysis and LIME as an explainable artificial intelligence algorithm to comprehensively characterize transcriptional changes in bronchial epithelium cells (primary human lung epithelium (NHBE) and transformed lung alveolar (A549) cells) during severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Our study detected a network that significantly correlated to the pathogenicity of COVID-19 infection based on identified hub genes in each cell line separately. The novel hub gene signature that was detected in our study, including PGLYRP4 and HEPHL1, may shed light on the pathogenesis of COVID-19, holding promise for future prognostic and therapeutic approaches. The enrichment analysis of hub genes showed that the most relevant biological process and KEGG pathways were the type I interferon signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling pathway, cytokine-mediated signaling pathway, and defense response to virus categories, all of which play significant roles in restricting viral infection. Moreover, according to the drug-target network, we identified 17 novel FDA-approved candidate drugs, which could potentially be used to treat COVID-19 patients through the regulation of four hub genes of the co-expression network. In conclusion, the aforementioned hub genes might play potential roles in translational medicine and might become promising therapeutic targets. Further in vitro and in vivo experimental studies are needed to evaluate the role of these hub genes in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Karami
- Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand 9717853577, Iran;
| | - Afshin Derakhshani
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, IRCCS-Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, 70124 Bari, Italy;
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 516615731, Iran; (B.B.); (N.J.T.); (S.N.)
| | - Mohammad Ghasemigol
- Department of Computer Engineering, University of Birjand, Birjand 9717434765, Iran;
| | - Mohammad Fereidouni
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand 9717853577, Iran;
| | - Ebrahim Miri-Moghaddam
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center & Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand 9717853577, Iran;
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 516615731, Iran; (B.B.); (N.J.T.); (S.N.)
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 516615731, Iran
| | - Neda Jalili Tabrizi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 516615731, Iran; (B.B.); (N.J.T.); (S.N.)
| | - Souzan Najafi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 516615731, Iran; (B.B.); (N.J.T.); (S.N.)
| | - Antonio Giovanni Solimando
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70121 Bari, Italy; (A.G.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Leigh M. Marsh
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/VI, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70121 Bari, Italy; (A.G.S.); (N.S.)
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS-Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II” of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Simona De Summa
- Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenetics Unit, IRCCS-Istituto Tumori ‘Giovanni Paolo II’, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | | | - Vito Racanelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70121 Bari, Italy; (A.G.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Hossein Safarpour
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand 9717853577, Iran;
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Prakash H, Skiada A, Paul RA, Chakrabarti A, Rudramurthy SM. Connecting the Dots: Interplay of Pathogenic Mechanisms between COVID-19 Disease and Mucormycosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:616. [PMID: 34436155 PMCID: PMC8400165 DOI: 10.3390/jof7080616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)-associated mucormycosis (CAM) is an emerging threat globally, especially in India. More than 40,000 CAM cases have been reported in India. The emergence of CAM cases in India has been attributed to environmental, host, and iatrogenic factors. Mucorales spore burden has been reported globally; however, their presence is higher in tropical countries such as India, contributing to the emergence of CAM. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, patients with diabetes mellitus, haematological malignancies, solid organ transplants, corticosteroid therapy and neutropenia were more prone to mucormycosis, whereas in COVID-19 patients, virus-induced endothelial dysfunction, hyperglycaemia, and immune dysfunction following corticosteroid use increase the risk of acquiring mucormycosis. The interaction of Mucorales spores with the epithelial cells, followed by endothelial invasion, is a crucial step in the pathogenesis of mucormycosis. Endothelial damage and increased endothelial receptor expression induced by COVID-19 infection may predispose patients to CAM. COVID-19 infection may directly induce hyperglycaemia by damaging beta cells of the pancreas or by corticosteroid therapy, which may contribute to CAM pathogenesis. Iron acquisition from the host, especially in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) or deferoxamine therapy, is an important virulence trait of Mucorales. Similarly, the hyperferritinaemia caused by COVID-19 may act as a source of iron for Mucorales growth and invasion. In addition, corticosteroid treatment reduces or abolishes the innate immune functions of phagocytic cells contributing to the pathogenesis of CAM. This review aims to discuss primarily the host and iatrogenic factors shared between COVID-19 and mucormycosis that could explain the emergence of CAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hariprasath Prakash
- Medical Microbiology, Department of Public Health, International Higher School of Medicine, Issyk-Kul Regional Campus, Cholpon-Ata 722125, Kyrgyzstan;
| | - Anna Skiada
- First Department of Medicine, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Raees Ahmad Paul
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India; (R.A.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Arunaloke Chakrabarti
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India; (R.A.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Shivaprakash Mandya Rudramurthy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India; (R.A.P.); (A.C.)
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Sfera A, Osorio C, Maguire G, Rahman L, Afzaal J, Cummings M, Maldonado JC. COVID-19, ferrosenescence and neurodegeneration, a mini-review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 109:110230. [PMID: 33373681 PMCID: PMC7832711 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exacerbation of cognitive, motor and nonmotor symptoms have been described in critically ill COVID-19 patients, indicating that, like prior pandemics, neurodegenerative sequelae may mark the aftermath of this viral infection. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19 disease, was associated with hyperferritinemia and unfavorable prognosis in older individuals, suggesting virus-induced ferrosenescence. We have previously defined ferrosenescence as an iron-associated disruption of both the human genome and its repair mechanisms, leading to premature cellular senescence and neurodegeneration. As viruses replicate more efficiently in iron-rich senescent cells, they may have developed the ability to induce this phenotype in host tissues, predisposing to both immune dysfunction and neurodegenerative disorders. In this mini-review, we summarize what is known about the SARS-CoV-2-induced cellular senescence and iron dysmetabolism. We also take a closer look at immunotherapy with natural killer cells, angiotensin II receptor blockers ("sartans"), iron chelators and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors ("gliptins") as adjunct treatments for both COVID-19 and its neurodegenerative complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adonis Sfera
- Patton State Hospital, California, United States of America.
| | | | - Gerald Maguire
- University of California, Riverside, United States of America
| | - Leah Rahman
- Patton State Hospital, California, United States of America
| | - Jafri Afzaal
- Patton State Hospital, California, United States of America
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Taheri M, Bahrami A, Habibi P, Nouri F. A Review on the Serum Electrolytes and Trace Elements Role in the Pathophysiology of COVID-19. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:2475-2481. [PMID: 32901413 PMCID: PMC7478435 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02377-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
All the world is involved in the COVID-19 disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Coronavirus is a positive-sense RNA and has an envelope. There is no specific drug for this disease and treatment methods are limited. Malnutrition and electrolyte imbalance can make dysfunction in the immune system and impairment of the immune system causes increasing the risk of infection. Understanding the aspects of biological features of the virus will help the development of diagnostic tests, pharmacological therapies, and vaccines. Here, we review and discuss increasing and decreasing some trace elements and imbalance of serum and plasma electrolytes involving in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Taheri
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ali Bahrami
- Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Parisa Habibi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nouri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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Ji N, Qi Z, Wang Y, Yang X, Yan Z, Li M, Ge Q, Zhang J. Pyroptosis: A New Regulating Mechanism in Cardiovascular Disease. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:2647-2666. [PMID: 34188515 PMCID: PMC8235951 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s308177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a kind of pro-inflammatory cell death. Compared with autophagy and apoptosis, pyroptosis has unique characteristics in morphology and mechanism. Specifically, pyroptosis is a kind of cell lysis mediated by the Gasdermin family, releases inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. There are three different forms of mechanism, which are caspase-1-mediated, caspase-4/5/11-mediated and caspase-3-mediated. A large number of studies have proved that pyroptosis is closely related to cardiovascular disease. This paper reviewed the recent progress in the related research on pyroptosis and myocardial infarction, ischemia-reperfusion, atherosclerosis, diabetic cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, heart failure hypertension and Kawasaki disease. Therefore, we believe that pyroptosis may be a new therapeutic target in the cardiovascular field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Ji
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongwen Qi
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueyao Wang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoya Yang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhipeng Yan
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Li
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, People's Republic of China
| | - Qihui Ge
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, People's Republic of China
| | - Junping Zhang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, People's Republic of China
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Vallianou NG, Tsilingiris D, Christodoulatos GS, Karampela Ι, Dalamaga M. Anti-viral treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection: A race against time amidst the ongoing pandemic. Metabol Open 2021; 10:100096. [PMID: 34056571 PMCID: PMC8143911 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2021.100096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Remdesivir (GS-5734), a drug initially developed to treat hepatitis C and Ebola virus disease, was the first approved treatment for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, apart from remdesivir, there is a paucity of other specific anti-viral agents against SARS-CoV-2 infection. In 2017, researchers had documented the anti-coronavirus potential of remdesivir in animal models. At the same time, trials performed during two Ebola outbreaks in Africa showed that the drug was safe. Although vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infection have emerged at an enormously high speed, equivalent results from efforts towards the development of anti-viral drugs, which could have played a truly life-saving role in the current stage of the pandemic, have been stagnating. In this review, we will focus on the current treatment options for COVID-19 which mainly consist of repurposed agents or treatments conferring passive immunity (convalescent plasma or monoclonal antibodies). Additionally, potential specific anti-viral therapies under development will be reviewed, such as the decoy miniprotein CTC-445.2d, protease inhibitors, mainly against the Main protein Mpro, nucleoside analogs, such as molnupiravir and compounds blocking the replication transcription complex proteins, such as zotatifin and plitidepsin. These anti-viral agents seem to be very promising but still require meticulous clinical trial testing in order to establish their efficacy and safety. The continuous emergence of viral variants may pose a real challenge to the scientific community towards that end. In this context, the advent of nanobodies together with the potential administration of a combination of anti-viral drugs could serve as useful tools in the armamentarium against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia G. Vallianou
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Evangelismos General Hospital, 45-47 Ipsilantou str, 10676, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Tsilingiris
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 17 St Thomas street, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Socrates Christodoulatos
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Ιrene Karampela
- Second Department of Critical Care, Attikon General University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 1 Rimini St, Haidari, 12462, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Dalamaga
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias, 11527, Athens, Greece
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Deferoxamine B: A Natural, Excellent and Versatile Metal Chelator. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113255. [PMID: 34071479 PMCID: PMC8198152 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Deferoxamine B is an outstanding molecule which has been widely studied in the past decade for its ability to bind iron and many other metal ions. The versatility of this metal chelator makes it suitable for a number of medicinal and analytical applications, from the well-known iron chelation therapy to the most recent use in sensor devices. The three bidentate hydroxamic functional groups of deferoxamine B are the centerpiece of its metal binding ability, which allows the formation of stable complexes with many transition, lanthanoid and actinoid metal ions. In addition to the ferric ion, in fact, more than 20 different metal complexes of deferoxamine b have been characterized in terms of their chemical speciation in solution. In addition, the availability of a terminal amino group, most often not involved in complexation, opens the way to deferoxamine B modification and functionalization. This review aims to collect and summarize the available data concerning the complex-formation equilibria in solutions of deferoxamine B with different metal ions. A general overview of the progress of its applications over the past decade is also discussed, including the treatment of iron overload-associated diseases, its clinical use against cancer and neurodegenerative disorders and its role as a diagnostic tool.
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Alfarouk KO, AlHoufie STS, Ahmed SBM, Shabana M, Ahmed A, Alqahtani SS, Alqahtani AS, Alqahtani AM, Ramadan AM, Ahmed ME, Ali HS, Bashir A, Devesa J, Cardone RA, Ibrahim ME, Schwartz L, Reshkin SJ. Pathogenesis and Management of COVID-19. J Xenobiot 2021; 11:77-93. [PMID: 34063739 PMCID: PMC8163157 DOI: 10.3390/jox11020006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, occurring due to SARS-COV-2 infection, is the most recent pandemic disease that has led to three million deaths at the time of writing. A great deal of effort has been directed towards altering the virus trajectory and/or managing the interactions of the virus with its subsequent targets in the human body; these interactions can lead to a chain reaction-like state manifested by a cytokine storm and progress to multiple organ failure. During cytokine storms the ratio of pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory mediators is generally increased, which contributes to the instigation of hyper-inflammation and confers advantages to the virus. Because cytokine expression patterns fluctuate from one person to another and even within the same person from one time to another, we suggest a road map of COVID-19 management using an individual approach instead of focusing on the blockbuster process (one treatment for most people, if not all). Here, we highlight the biology of the virus, study the interaction between the virus and humans, and present potential pharmacological and non-pharmacological modulators that might contribute to the global war against SARS-COV-2. We suggest an algorithmic roadmap to manage COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid O. Alfarouk
- Hala Alfarouk Cancer Center, Department of Evolutionary Pharmacology and Tumor Metabolism, Khartoum 11123, Sudan;
- Research Center, Zamzam University College, Khartoum 11123, Sudan;
| | - Sari T. S. AlHoufie
- Medical Laboratories Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina 42353, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Samrein B. M. Ahmed
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Mona Shabana
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed Ahmed
- Department of Oesphogastric and General Surgery, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK;
| | - Saad S. Alqahtani
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ali S. Alqahtani
- Department of Medical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 66446, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ali M. Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - AbdelRahman M. Ramadan
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Ibn Sina National College, Jeddah 22421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohamed E. Ahmed
- Research Center, Zamzam University College, Khartoum 11123, Sudan;
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Al-Neelain University, Khartoum 11111, Sudan
| | - Heyam S. Ali
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, P. O. Box 321, Khartoum 11111, Sudan;
| | - Adil Bashir
- Hala Alfarouk Cancer Center, Department of Evolutionary Pharmacology and Tumor Metabolism, Khartoum 11123, Sudan;
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11111, Sudan;
| | - Jesus Devesa
- Scientific Direction, Foltra Medical Centre, 15886 Teo, Spain;
| | - Rosa A. Cardone
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy; (R.A.C.); (S.J.R.)
| | - Muntaser E. Ibrahim
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11111, Sudan;
| | | | - Stephan J. Reshkin
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy; (R.A.C.); (S.J.R.)
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Hemoglobinopathy and COVID-19. Hematol Transfus Cell Ther 2021; 43:385. [PMID: 34027307 PMCID: PMC8130538 DOI: 10.1016/j.htct.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
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Zhou D, Chan JFW, Zhou B, Zhou R, Li S, Shan S, Liu L, Zhang AJ, Chen SJ, Chan CCS, Xu H, Poon VKM, Yuan S, Li C, Chik KKH, Chan CCY, Cao J, Chan CY, Kwan KY, Du Z, Lau TTK, Zhang Q, Zhou J, To KKW, Zhang L, Ho DD, Yuen KY, Chen Z. Robust SARS-CoV-2 infection in nasal turbinates after treatment with systemic neutralizing antibodies. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:551-563.e5. [PMID: 33657424 PMCID: PMC7904446 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is characterized by a burst in the upper respiratory portal for high transmissibility. To determine human neutralizing antibodies (HuNAbs) for entry protection, we tested three potent HuNAbs (IC50 range, 0.0007-0.35 μg/mL) against live SARS-CoV-2 infection in the golden Syrian hamster model. These HuNAbs inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection by competing with human angiotensin converting enzyme-2 for binding to the viral receptor binding domain (RBD). Prophylactic intraperitoneal or intranasal injection of individual HuNAb or DNA vaccination significantly reduces infection in the lungs but not in the nasal turbinates of hamsters intranasally challenged with SARS-CoV-2. Although postchallenge HuNAb therapy suppresses viral loads and lung damage, robust infection is observed in nasal turbinates treated within 1-3 days. Our findings demonstrate that systemic HuNAb suppresses SARS-CoV-2 replication and injury in lungs; however, robust viral infection in nasal turbinate may outcompete the antibody with significant implications to subprotection, reinfection, and vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyan Zhou
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
| | - Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Carol Yu Center for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, the University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PRC
| | - Biao Zhou
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
| | - Runhong Zhou
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
| | - Shuang Li
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
| | - Sisi Shan
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Comprehensive AIDS Research Center and School of Medicine, and Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PRC
| | - Li Liu
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
| | - Anna Jinxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Carol Yu Center for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
| | - Serena J Chen
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
| | - Chris Chung-Sing Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
| | - Haoran Xu
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
| | - Vincent Kwok-Man Poon
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
| | - Shuofeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Carol Yu Center for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, the University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PRC
| | - Cun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
| | - Kenn Ka-Heng Chik
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
| | - Chris Chun-Yiu Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
| | - Jianli Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
| | - Chun-Yin Chan
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
| | - Ka-Yi Kwan
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
| | - Zhenglong Du
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
| | - Thomas Tsz-Kan Lau
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
| | - Qi Zhang
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Comprehensive AIDS Research Center and School of Medicine, and Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PRC
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Carol Yu Center for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
| | - Kelvin Kai-Wang To
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Carol Yu Center for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, the University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PRC
| | - Linqi Zhang
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Comprehensive AIDS Research Center and School of Medicine, and Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PRC
| | - David D Ho
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Carol Yu Center for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, the University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PRC.
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, the University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PRC.
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Dalamaga M, Muscogiuri G, Paganitsa G, Parvouleskou G, Syriou V, Karagkoynis P, Stratigou T, Vallianou N, Christodoulatos GS, Karampela I, Daskalopoulou K. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet is an independent predictor of circulating vitamin D levels in normal weight and non-smoker adults: an observational cross-sectional study. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2021; 72:848-860. [PMID: 33509003 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2021.1878488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We explored the association between circulating 25OHD and adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) in 402 Greek (21-65 years, 188 men and 214 women), normal weight, non-smoker, healthy volunteers in the Athens metropolitan area during summer and autumn, taking into account skin phototype, anthropometric, and lifestyle variables. Circulating 25OHD, parathormone, creatinine, calcium, and phosphate were determined. A vitamin D status of ≤25, ≤50, and ≤75 nmol/L was observed in 4.5, 37.3, and 74.1% of the subjects, respectively. The independent predictors of 25OHD deficiency were autumn, darker skin phototype, BMI, or waist circumference (WC), sunscreen use, less physical outdoor activity, and less adherence to the MedDiet. Higher intake of fish and olive oil was a positive independent predictor of elevated circulating 25OHD levels. In conclusion, higher adherence to the MedDiet, fish and olive oil consumption, were positively associated with circulating 25OHD independently from BMI or WC, skin phototype, season, and physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dalamaga
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Giovanna Muscogiuri
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università "Federico II" di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Georgia Paganitsa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Microbiology, 'ELPIS' General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgeta Parvouleskou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Microbiology, 'ELPIS' General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassiliki Syriou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Microbiology, 'ELPIS' General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Theodora Stratigou
- Department of Endocrinology, 'Evangelismos' General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Natalia Vallianou
- Department of Endocrinology, 'Evangelismos' General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Irene Karampela
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Azab SM, Zytoon AA, Kasemy ZAA, Omar SF, Ewida SF, Sakr KA, Ella TFA. Learning from pathophysiological aspects of COVID-19 clinical, laboratory, and high-resolution CT features: a retrospective analysis of 128 cases by disease severity. Emerg Radiol 2021; 28:453-467. [PMID: 33417113 PMCID: PMC7791339 DOI: 10.1007/s10140-020-01875-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The classic chest CT imaging features of COVID-19 pneumonia have low specificity due to their similarity with a number of other conditions. So, the goal of the present study is to learn from the pathophysiology of COVID-19 clinical features, laboratory results, and high-resolution CT manifestations in different stages of disease severity to provide significant reference values for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. METHODS This was a multicentered study that included 128 patients. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data, in addition to chest HRCT findings, were evaluated. According to chest HRCT features, radiologic scoring were grade 1 and 2 for mild grades of the disease, 3 and 4 for moderate grades of the disease, and 5 and 6 for severe grades of the disease. RESULTS Patient clinical symptoms ranged between fever, dry cough, muscle ache (myalgia)/fatigue, dyspnea, hyposomia, sore throat, and diarrhea. Lymphocytes and WBCs were significantly lower in patients with severe COVID-19. A significant negative correlation was found with WBCs (r = - 0.245, P = 0.005), lymphocytes% (r = - 0.586, P < 0.001), RBCs (r = - 0.2488, P = 0.005), Hb (gm/dl) (r = - 0.342, P < 0.001), and HCT (r = - 0.377, P < 0.001). Transferrin and CRP were significantly higher in moderate and severe COVID-19 than mild degree and showed a significant positive correlation with CT score (r = 0.356, P < 0.001) and (r = 0.429, P < 0.001), respectively. The most common CT features were peripheral pulmonary GGO and air space consolidation. CONCLUSION Clinical features, laboratory assessment, and HRCT imaging had their characteristic signs and performances. Correlating them can make it possible for physicians and radiologists to quickly obtain the final diagnosis and staging of the COVID-19 pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh Mostafa Azab
- Radiodiagnosis Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Ashraf Anas Zytoon
- Radiodiagnosis Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt.
| | - Zeinab Abdel Aziz Kasemy
- Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Suzan Fouad Omar
- Radiodiagnosis Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Suzy Fayez Ewida
- Clinical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Karim Ayman Sakr
- School of Health Sciences, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tarek Fawzy Abd Ella
- Radiodiagnosis Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
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Heller RA, Sun Q, Hackler J, Seelig J, Seibert L, Cherkezov A, Minich WB, Seemann P, Diegmann J, Pilz M, Bachmann M, Ranjbar A, Moghaddam A, Schomburg L. Prediction of survival odds in COVID-19 by zinc, age and selenoprotein P as composite biomarker. Redox Biol 2021; 38:101764. [PMID: 33126054 PMCID: PMC7574778 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infections cause the current coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic and challenge the immune system with ongoing inflammation. Several redox-relevant micronutrients are known to contribute to an adequate immune response, including the essential trace elements zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se). In this study, we tested the hypothesis that COVID-19 patients are characterised by Zn deficiency and that Zn status provides prognostic information. Serum Zn was determined in serum samples (n = 171) collected consecutively from patients surviving COVID-19 (n = 29) or non-survivors (n = 6). Data from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study were used for comparison. Zn concentrations in patient samples were low as compared to healthy subjects (mean ± SD; 717.4 ± 246.2 vs 975.7 ± 294.0 μg/L, P < 0.0001). The majority of serum samples collected at different time points from the non-survivors (25/34, i.e., 73.5%) and almost half of the samples collected from the survivors (56/137, i.e., 40.9%) were below the threshold for Zn deficiency, i.e., below 638.7 μg/L (the 2.5th percentile in the EPIC cohort). In view that the Se status biomarker and Se transporter selenoprotein P (SELENOP) is also particularly low in COVID-19, we tested the prevalence of a combined deficit, i.e., serum Zn below 638.7 μg/L and serum SELENOP below 2.56 mg/L. This combined deficit was observed in 0.15% of samples in the EPIC cohort of healthy subjects, in 19.7% of the samples collected from the surviving COVID-19 patients and in 50.0% of samples from the non-survivors. Accordingly, the composite biomarker (SELENOP and Zn with age) proved as a reliable indicator of survival in COVID-19 by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, yielding an area under the curve (AUC) of 94.42%. We conclude that Zn and SELENOP status within the reference ranges indicate high survival odds in COVID-19, and assume that correcting a diagnostically proven deficit in Se and/or Zn by a personalised supplementation may support convalescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raban Arved Heller
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, D-13353, Berlin, Germany; HTRG, Heidelberg Trauma Research Group, Center for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital, D-69118, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of General Practice and Health Services Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Qian Sun
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, D-13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Julian Hackler
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, D-13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Julian Seelig
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, D-13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Linda Seibert
- ATORG, Aschaffenburg Trauma and Orthopedic Research Group, Center for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Sports Medicine, Hospital Aschaffenburg-Alzenau, D-63739, Aschaffenburg, Germany.
| | - Asan Cherkezov
- ATORG, Aschaffenburg Trauma and Orthopedic Research Group, Center for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Sports Medicine, Hospital Aschaffenburg-Alzenau, D-63739, Aschaffenburg, Germany.
| | - Waldemar B Minich
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, D-13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Petra Seemann
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, D-13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Joachim Diegmann
- ATORG, Aschaffenburg Trauma and Orthopedic Research Group, Center for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Sports Medicine, Hospital Aschaffenburg-Alzenau, D-63739, Aschaffenburg, Germany.
| | - Maximilian Pilz
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130.3, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Manuel Bachmann
- ATORG, Aschaffenburg Trauma and Orthopedic Research Group, Center for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Sports Medicine, Hospital Aschaffenburg-Alzenau, D-63739, Aschaffenburg, Germany.
| | - Alireza Ranjbar
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Institute of Interventional Allergology und Immunology, Bonn, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Arash Moghaddam
- ATORG, Aschaffenburg Trauma and Orthopedic Research Group, Center for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Sports Medicine, Hospital Aschaffenburg-Alzenau, D-63739, Aschaffenburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Schomburg
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, D-13353, Berlin, Germany.
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de Jesus JR, de Araújo Andrade T. Understanding the relationship between viral infections and trace elements from a metallomics perspective: implications for COVID-19. Metallomics 2020; 12:1912-1930. [PMID: 33295922 PMCID: PMC7928718 DOI: 10.1039/d0mt00220h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a pandemic situation due to a new viral infection (COVID-19) caused by a novel virus (Sars-CoV-2). COVID-19 is today the leading cause of death from viral infections in the world. It is known that many elements play important roles in viral infections, both in virus survival, and in the activation of the host's immune system, which depends on the presence of micronutrients to maintain the integrity of its functions. In this sense, the metallome can be an important object of study for understanding viral infections. Therefore, this work presents an overview of the role of trace elements in the immune system and the state of the art in metallomics, highlighting the challenges found in studies focusing on viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemmyson Romário de Jesus
- University of Campinas, Institute of Chemistry, Dept of Analytical Chemistry, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Menshawey R, Menshawey E, Alserr AHK, Abdelmassih AF. Low iron mitigates viral survival: insights from evolution, genetics, and pandemics-a review of current hypothesis. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2020; 21:75. [PMID: 38624521 PMCID: PMC7738201 DOI: 10.1186/s43042-020-00114-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Upon re-examination of our human history, evolutionary perspectives, and genetics, a prevailing iron deficiency phenotype appears to have evolved to protect the human race from extinction. Body In this review, we summarize the evolutionary and genetic perspectives pointing towards the hypothesis that low iron mitigates infection. The presence of infection promotes the generation of resistance alleles, and there are some evolutionary and genetic clues that suggest the presence of an iron deficiency phenotype that may have developed to protect against infection. Examples include the relative paucity of iron overload genes given the essential role of iron, as well as the persistence of iron deficiency among populations in spite of public health efforts to treat it. Additional examination of geographic areas with severe iron deficiency in the setting of pandemics including H1N1, SARS, and COVID-19 reveals that areas with higher prevalence of iron deficiency are less affected. RNA viruses have several evolutionary adaptations which suggest their absolute need for iron, and this dependency may be exploited during treatment. Conclusion RNA viruses pose a unique challenge to modern healthcare, with an average of 2-3 new pathogens being discovered yearly. Their overarching requirements for iron, along with human evolutionary and genetic adaptations which favored an iron deficiency phenotype, ultimately suggest the potential need for iron control in these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahma Menshawey
- Faculty of Medicine, Kasr al Ainy, Cairo University, Geziret Elroda, Manial, Cairo, 11562 Egypt
| | - Esraa Menshawey
- Faculty of Medicine, Kasr al Ainy, Cairo University, Geziret Elroda, Manial, Cairo, 11562 Egypt
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Karunakaran P, Nampoothiri RV, Sahu KK. Managing blood disorders during the Covid-19 pandemic: current pharmacological insights. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2020; 13:1285-1287. [PMID: 33089736 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2020.1841633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ram Vasudevan Nampoothiri
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kamal Kant Sahu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Vincent Hospital , Worcester, MA, USA
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50
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Al-Horani RA, Kar S. Potential Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Therapeutics That Target the Post-Entry Stages of the Viral Life Cycle: A Comprehensive Review. Viruses 2020; 12:E1092. [PMID: 32993173 PMCID: PMC7600245 DOI: 10.3390/v12101092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to challenge health care systems around the world. Scientists and pharmaceutical companies have promptly responded by advancing potential therapeutics into clinical trials at an exponential rate. Initial encouraging results have been realized using remdesivir and dexamethasone. Yet, the research continues so as to identify better clinically relevant therapeutics that act either as prophylactics to prevent the infection or as treatments to limit the severity of COVID-19 and substantially decrease the mortality rate. Previously, we reviewed the potential therapeutics in clinical trials that block the early stage of the viral life cycle. In this review, we summarize potential anti-COVID-19 therapeutics that block/inhibit the post-entry stages of the viral life cycle. The review presents not only the chemical structures and mechanisms of the potential therapeutics under clinical investigation, i.e., listed in clinicaltrials.gov, but it also describes the relevant results of clinical trials. Their anti-inflammatory/immune-modulatory effects are also described. The reviewed therapeutics include small molecules, polypeptides, and monoclonal antibodies. At the molecular level, the therapeutics target viral proteins or processes that facilitate the post-entry stages of the viral infection. Frequent targets are the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and the viral proteases such as papain-like protease (PLpro) and main protease (Mpro). Overall, we aim at presenting up-to-date details of anti-COVID-19 therapeutics so as to catalyze their potential effective use in fighting the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami A. Al-Horani
- Division of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA;
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