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Zang X, Ke W, Huang Y, Yang C, Song J, Deng H, Zhou M, Wang Q, Zhou Y, Dai B, Qian J, Shen D, Wang L, Xue X. Virulence profiling of Cryptococcus gattii isolates in China: insights from a multi-center study. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0244323. [PMID: 37905820 PMCID: PMC10714995 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02443-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Our study indicates that the molecular typing of Cryptococcus gattii is unrelated to virulence. The integration of animal experiments and clinical prognosis demonstrated that pathogenicity did not exhibit a direct correlation with in vitro virulence phenotypes or molecular genotypes, emphasizing the intricate nature of virulence. In conclusion, our research holds the potential to provide valuable insights into understanding the microbiological attributes of C. gattii in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelei Zang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Emergency and Critical Care Medical Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weixin Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yemei Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Emergency and Critical Care Medical Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Medical Laboratory Center, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Meng Zhou
- School of Medical Imaging, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Qiqi Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Emergency and Critical Care Medical Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yangyu Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Emergency and Critical Care Medical Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Qian
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Emergency and Critical Care Medical Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dingxia Shen
- Medical Laboratory Center, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Linqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinying Xue
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Emergency and Critical Care Medical Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
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2
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Huang L, Ma Y, Guo H, Tang N, Ouyang S, Nuro-Gyina P, Tao L, Liu Y, O'Brien MC, Langdon WY, Zhang J. Akt-2 Is a Potential Therapeutic Target for Disseminated Candidiasis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:991-1000. [PMID: 36130126 PMCID: PMC11141526 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Akt-1 and Akt-2 are the major isoforms of the serine/threonine Akt family that play a key role in controlling immune responses. However, the involvement of Akt-1 and Akt-2 isoforms in antifungal innate immunity is completely unknown. In this study, we show that Akt2 -/-, but not Akt1 -/-, mice are protected from lethal Candida albicans infection. Loss of Akt-2 facilitates the recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages to the spleen and increases reactive oxygen species expression in these cells. Treating C57BL/6 mice with a specific inhibitor for Akt-2, but not Akt-1, provides protection from lethal C. albicans infection. Our data demonstrate that Akt-2 inhibits antifungal innate immunity by hampering neutrophil and macrophage recruitment to spleens and suppressing oxidative burst, myeloperoxidase activity, and NETosis. We thus describe a novel role for Akt-2 in the regulation of antifungal innate immunity and unveil Akt-2 as a potential target for the treatment of fungal sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yilei Ma
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Hui Guo
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Na Tang
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Song Ouyang
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Changsha City, South China University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Patrick Nuro-Gyina
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Lijian Tao
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yusen Liu
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH; and
| | - Matthew C O'Brien
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Wallace Y Langdon
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA;
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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Nuro-Gyina PK, Tang N, Guo H, Yan C, Zeng Q, Waldschmidt TJ, Zhang J. HECT E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Nedd4 Is Required for Antifungal Innate Immunity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 207:868-877. [PMID: 34282001 PMCID: PMC8324540 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is the most common cause of fungal infections in humans, and disseminated candidiasis has become one of the leading causes of hospital-acquired bloodstream infections with a high mortality rate. However, little is known about the host-pathogen interactions and the mechanisms of antifungal immunity. Here, we report that Nedd4 (neuronal precursor cell-expressed developmentally downregulated 4) is essential for signaling through Dectin-1 and Dectin-2/3. We showed that mice that lack Nedd4 globally or only in the myeloid compartment are highly susceptible to systemic C. albicans infection, which correlates with heightened organ fungal burden, defective inflammatory response, impaired leukocyte recruitment to the kidneys, and defective reactive oxygen species expression by granulocytes. At the molecular level, Nedd4 -/- macrophages displayed impaired activation of TGF-β-activating kinase-1 and NF-κB, but normal activation of spleen tyrosine kinase and protein kinase C-δ on C. albicans yeast and hyphal infections. These data suggest that Nedd4 regulates signaling events downstream of protein kinase C-δ but upstream of or at TGF-β-activating kinase-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick K Nuro-Gyina
- Biomedical Science Graduate Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; and
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Na Tang
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Hui Guo
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Chengkai Yan
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Qiuming Zeng
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | | | - Jian Zhang
- Biomedical Science Graduate Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; and
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
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4
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Yeast Cells in Microencapsulation. General Features and Controlling Factors of the Encapsulation Process. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113123. [PMID: 34073703 PMCID: PMC8197184 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides their best-known uses in the food and fermentation industry, yeasts have also found application as microcapsules. In the encapsulation process, exogenous and most typically hydrophobic compounds diffuse and end up being passively entrapped in the cell body, and can be released upon application of appropriate stimuli. Yeast cells can be employed either living or dead, intact, permeabilized, or even emptied of all their original cytoplasmic contents. The main selling points of this set of encapsulation technologies, which to date has predominantly targeted food and-to a lesser extent-pharmaceutical applications, are the low cost, biodegradability and biocompatibility of the capsules, coupled to their sustainable origin (e.g., spent yeast from brewing). This review aims to provide a broad overview of the different kinds of yeast-based microcapsules and of the main physico-chemical characteristics that control the encapsulation process and its efficiency.
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Bhattarai K, Bhattarai K, Kabir ME, Bastola R, Baral B. Fungal natural products galaxy: Biochemistry and molecular genetics toward blockbuster drugs discovery. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2021; 107:193-284. [PMID: 33641747 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites synthesized by fungi have become a precious source of inspiration for the design of novel drugs. Indeed, fungi are prolific producers of fascinating, diverse, structurally complex, and low-molecular-mass natural products with high therapeutic leads, such as novel antimicrobial compounds, anticancer compounds, immunosuppressive agents, among others. Given that these microorganisms possess the extraordinary capacity to secrete diverse chemical scaffolds, they have been highly exploited by the giant pharma companies to generate small molecules. This has been made possible because the isolation of metabolites from fungal natural sources is feasible and surpasses the organic synthesis of compounds, which otherwise remains a significant bottleneck in the drug discovery process. Here in this comprehensive review, we have discussed recent studies on different fungi (pathogenic, non-pathogenic, commensal, and endophytic/symbiotic) from different habitats (terrestrial and marines), the specialized metabolites they biosynthesize, and the drugs derived from these specialized metabolites. Moreover, we have unveiled the logic behind the biosynthesis of vital chemical scaffolds, such as NRPS, PKS, PKS-NRPS hybrid, RiPPS, terpenoids, indole alkaloids, and their genetic mechanisms. Besides, we have provided a glimpse of the concept behind mycotoxins, virulence factor, and host immune response based on fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshab Bhattarai
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Keshab Bhattarai
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Md Ehsanul Kabir
- Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rina Bastola
- Spinal Cord Injury Association-Nepal (SCIAN), Pokhara, Nepal
| | - Bikash Baral
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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6
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Verma DK, Peruzza L, Trusch F, Yadav MK, Ravindra, Shubin SV, Morgan KL, Mohindra V, Hauton C, van West P, Pradhan PK, Sood N. Transcriptome analysis reveals immune pathways underlying resistance in the common carp Cyprinus carpio against the oomycete Aphanomyces invadans. Genomics 2020; 113:944-956. [PMID: 33127583 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Infection with Aphanomyces invadans is a serious fish disease with major global impacts. Despite affecting over 160 fish species, some of the species like the common carp Cyprinus carpio are resistant to A. invadans infection. In the present study, we investigated the transcriptomes of head kidney of common carp experimentally infected with A. invadans. In time course analysis, 5288 genes were found to be differentially expressed (DEGs), of which 731 were involved in 21 immune pathways. The analysis of immune-related DEGs suggested that efficient processing and presentation of A. invadans antigens, enhanced phagocytosis, recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, and increased recruitment of leukocytes to the sites of infection contribute to resistance of common carp against A. invadans. Herein, we provide a systematic understanding of the disease resistance mechanisms in common carp at molecular level as a valuable resource for developing disease management strategies for this devastating fish-pathogenic oomycete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dev Kumar Verma
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow 226 002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Luca Peruzza
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom; Present address: Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Franziska Trusch
- International Centre for Aquaculture Research and Development, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, United Kingdom; Present address: University of Dundee, School of Life Sciences, Department of Plant Sciences (@ James Hutton Institute), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Manoj Kumar Yadav
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow 226 002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ravindra
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow 226 002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sergei V Shubin
- College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Kenton L Morgan
- The Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, CH64 7TE, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Vindhya Mohindra
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow 226 002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chris Hauton
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom
| | - Pieter van West
- International Centre for Aquaculture Research and Development, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - P K Pradhan
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow 226 002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neeraj Sood
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow 226 002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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7
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Rodriguez-de la Noval C, Ruiz Mendoza S, de Souza Gonçalves D, da Silva Ferreira M, Honorato L, Peralta JM, Nimrichter L, Guimarães AJ. Protective Efficacy of Lectin-Fc(IgG) Fusion Proteins In Vitro and in a Pulmonary Aspergillosis In Vivo Model. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040250. [PMID: 33120893 PMCID: PMC7712007 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillosis cases by Aspergillus fumigatus have increased, along with fungal resistance to antifungals, urging the development of new therapies. Passive immunization targeting common fungal antigens, such as chitin and β-glucans, are promising and would eliminate the need of species-level diagnosis, thereby expediting the therapeutic intervention. However, these polysaccharides are poorly immunogenic. To overcome this drawback, we developed the lectin-Fc(IgG) fusion proteins, Dectin1-Fc(IgG2a), Dectin1-Fc(IgG2b) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)-Fc(IgG2a), based on their affinity to β-1,3-glucan and chitooligomers, respectively. The WGA-Fc(IgG2a) previously demonstrated antifungal activity against Histoplasma capsulatum, Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans. In the present work, we evaluated the antifungal properties of these lectin-Fc(s) against A. fumigatus. Lectin-Fc(IgG)(s) bound in a dose-dependent manner to germinating conidia and this binding increased upon conidia germination. Both lectin-Fc(IgG)(s) displayed in vitro antifungal effects, such as inhibition of conidia germination, a reduced length of germ tubes and a diminished biofilm formation. Lectin-Fc(IgG)(s) also enhanced complement deposition on conidia and macrophage effector functions, such as increased phagocytosis and killing of fungi. Finally, administration of the Dectin-1-Fc(IgG2b) and WGA-Fc(IgG2a) protected mice infected with A. fumigatus, with a 20% survival and a doubled life-span of the infected mice, which was correlated to a fungal burden reduction in lungs and brains of treated animals. These results confirm the potential of lectin-Fc(IgGs)(s) as a broad-spectrum antifungal therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Rodriguez-de la Noval
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Imunologia das Micoses, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil; (C.R.-d.l.N.); (S.R.M.); (D.d.S.G.); (M.d.S.F.)
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia de Eucariotos, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil; (L.H.); (L.N.)
| | - Susana Ruiz Mendoza
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Imunologia das Micoses, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil; (C.R.-d.l.N.); (S.R.M.); (D.d.S.G.); (M.d.S.F.)
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Diego de Souza Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Imunologia das Micoses, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil; (C.R.-d.l.N.); (S.R.M.); (D.d.S.G.); (M.d.S.F.)
- Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marina da Silva Ferreira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Imunologia das Micoses, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil; (C.R.-d.l.N.); (S.R.M.); (D.d.S.G.); (M.d.S.F.)
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Leandro Honorato
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia de Eucariotos, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil; (L.H.); (L.N.)
| | - José Mauro Peralta
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil;
- Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Nimrichter
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia de Eucariotos, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil; (L.H.); (L.N.)
| | - Allan J. Guimarães
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Imunologia das Micoses, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil; (C.R.-d.l.N.); (S.R.M.); (D.d.S.G.); (M.d.S.F.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia e Parasitologia Aplicadas (PPGMPA), Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Professor Hernani Pires de Melo 101, São Domingos, Niterói 24210-130, RJ, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-21-2629-2410
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Abstract
The human meningitis fungal pathogen, Cryptococcus neoformans, contains the atypical yeast AP-1-like protein Yap1. Yap1 lacks an N-terminal cysteine-rich domain (n-CRD), which is present in other fungal Yap1 orthologs, but has a C-terminal cysteine-rich domain (c-CRD). However, the role of c-CRD and its regulatory mechanism remain unknown. Here, we report that Yap1 is transcriptionally regulated in response to oxidative, osmotic, and membrane-destabilizing stresses partly in an Mpk1-dependent manner, supporting its role in stress resistance. The c-CRD domain contributed to the role of Yap1 only in resistance to certain oxidative stresses and azole drugs but not in other cellular functions. Yap1 has a minor role in the survival of C. neoformans in a murine model of systemic cryptococcosis. AP-1-like transcription factors play evolutionarily conserved roles as redox sensors in eukaryotic oxidative stress responses. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the regulatory mechanism of an atypical yeast AP-1-like protein, Yap1, in the stress response and virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans. YAP1 expression was induced and involved not only by oxidative stresses, such as H2O2 and diamide, but also by other environmental stresses, such as osmotic and membrane-destabilizing stresses. Yap1 was distributed throughout both the cytoplasm and the nucleus under basal conditions and more enriched within the nucleus in response to diamide but not to other stresses. Deletion of the C-terminal cysteine-rich domain (c-CRD), where the nuclear export signal resides, increased nuclear enrichment of Yap1 under basal conditions and altered resistance to oxidative stresses but did not affect the role of Yap1 in other stress responses and cellular functions. As a potential upstream regulator of Yap1, we discovered that Mpk1 is positively involved, but Hog1 is mostly dispensable. Pleiotropic roles for Yap1 in diverse biological processes were supported by transcriptome data showing that 162 genes are differentially regulated by Yap1, with further analysis revealing that Yap1 promotes cellular resistance to toxic cellular metabolites produced during glycolysis, such as methylglyoxal. Finally, we demonstrated that Yap1 plays a minor role in the survival of C. neoformans within hosts. IMPORTANCE The human meningitis fungal pathogen, Cryptococcus neoformans, contains the atypical yeast AP-1-like protein Yap1. Yap1 lacks an N-terminal cysteine-rich domain (n-CRD), which is present in other fungal Yap1 orthologs, but has a C-terminal cysteine-rich domain (c-CRD). However, the role of c-CRD and its regulatory mechanism remain unknown. Here, we report that Yap1 is transcriptionally regulated in response to oxidative, osmotic, and membrane-destabilizing stresses partly in an Mpk1-dependent manner, supporting its role in stress resistance. The c-CRD domain contributed to the role of Yap1 only in resistance to certain oxidative stresses and azole drugs but not in other cellular functions. Yap1 has a minor role in the survival of C. neoformans in a murine model of systemic cryptococcosis.
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9
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Leipheimer J, Bloom ALM, Panepinto JC. Protein Kinases at the Intersection of Translation and Virulence. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:318. [PMID: 31572689 PMCID: PMC6749009 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As free living organisms, fungi are challenged with a variety of environmental insults that threaten their cellular processes. In some cases, these challenges mimic conditions present within mammals, resulting in the accidental selection of virulence factors over evolutionary time. Be it within a host or the soil, fungi must contend with environmental challenges through the production of stress effector proteins while maintaining factors required for viability in any condition. Initiation and upkeep of this balancing act is mainly under the control of kinases that affect the propensity and selectivity of protein translation. This review will focus on kinases in pathogenic fungi that facilitate a virulence phenotype through translational control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Leipheimer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Amanda L M Bloom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - John C Panepinto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
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10
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Inflammatory Cell Recruitment in Candida glabrata Biofilm Cell-Infected Mice Receiving Antifungal Chemotherapy. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8020142. [PMID: 30691087 PMCID: PMC6406391 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8020142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Due to a high rate of antifungal resistance, Candida glabrata is one of the most prevalent Candida spp. linked to systemic candidiasis, which is particularly critical in catheterized patients. The goal of this work was to simulate a systemic infection exclusively derived from C. glabrata biofilm cells and to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment of two echinocandins—caspofungin (Csf) and micafungin (Mcf). (2) Methods: CD1 mice were infected with 48 h-biofilm cells of C. glabrata and then treated with Csf or Mcf. After 72 h, the efficacy of each drug was evaluated to assess the organ fungal burden through colony forming units (CFU) counting. The immune cell recruitment into target organs was evaluated by flow cytometry or histopathology analysis. (3) Results: Fungal burden was found to be higher in the liver than in the kidneys. However, none of the drugs was effective in completely eradicating C. glabrata biofilm cells. At the evaluated time point, flow cytometry analysis showed a predominant mononuclear response in the spleen, which was also evident in the liver and kidneys of the infected mice, as observed by histopathology analysis. (4) Conclusions: Echinocandins do not have a significant impact on liver and kidney fungal burden, or recruited inflammatory infiltrate, when mice are intravenously (i.v.) infected with C. glabrata biofilm-grown cells.
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11
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Alsina-Beauchamp D, Escós A, Fajardo P, González-Romero D, Díaz-Mora E, Risco A, Martín-Serrano MA, Del Fresno C, Dominguez-Andrés J, Aparicio N, Zur R, Shpiro N, Brown GD, Ardavín C, Netea MG, Alemany S, Sanz-Ezquerro JJ, Cuenda A. Myeloid cell deficiency of p38γ/p38δ protects against candidiasis and regulates antifungal immunity. EMBO Mol Med 2018; 10:e8485. [PMID: 29661910 PMCID: PMC5938613 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a frequent aetiologic agent of sepsis associated with high mortality in immunocompromised patients. Developing new antifungal therapies is a medical need due to the low efficiency and resistance to current antifungal drugs. Here, we show that p38γ and p38δ regulate the innate immune response to C. albicans We describe a new TAK1-TPL2-MKK1-ERK1/2 pathway in macrophages, which is activated by Dectin-1 engagement and positively regulated by p38γ/p38δ. In mice, p38γ/p38δ deficiency protects against C. albicans infection by increasing ROS and iNOS production and thus the antifungal capacity of neutrophils and macrophages, and by decreasing the hyper-inflammation that leads to severe host damage. Leucocyte recruitment to infected kidneys and production of inflammatory mediators are decreased in p38γ/δ-null mice, reducing septic shock. p38γ/p38δ in myeloid cells are critical for this effect. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of p38γ/p38δ in mice reduces fungal burden, revealing that these p38MAPKs may be therapeutic targets for treating C. albicans infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandra Escós
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Fajardo
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego González-Romero
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ester Díaz-Mora
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Risco
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Del Fresno
- Immunobiology of Inflammation Laboratory Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Dominguez-Andrés
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noelia Aparicio
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafal Zur
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Shpiro
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation Unit, Sir James Black Building, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Gordon D Brown
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Carlos Ardavín
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Susana Alemany
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ana Cuenda
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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12
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Host response to pulmonary fungal infections: A highlight on cell-driven immunity to Cryptococcus species and Aspergillus fumigatus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 3:335-345. [PMID: 29430385 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-017-0111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Castilho DG, Navarro MV, Chaves AFA, Xander P, Batista WL. Recovery of the Paracoccidioides brasiliensis virulence after animal passage promotes changes in the antioxidant repertoire of the fungus. FEMS Yeast Res 2018; 18:4835518. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foy007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele G Castilho
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Marina V Navarro
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Alison F A Chaves
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Patricia Xander
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas (ICAQF), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Campus Diadema, Rua São Nicolau, 210, Diadema 09913-030, Brazil
| | - Wagner L Batista
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas (ICAQF), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Campus Diadema, Rua São Nicolau, 210, Diadema 09913-030, Brazil
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14
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Segorbe D, Di Pietro A, Pérez‐Nadales E, Turrà D. Three Fusarium oxysporum mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) have distinct and complementary roles in stress adaptation and cross-kingdom pathogenicity. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:912-924. [PMID: 27301316 PMCID: PMC6638227 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades mediate cellular responses to environmental signals. Previous studies in the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum have revealed a crucial role of Fmk1, the MAPK orthologous to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fus3/Kss1, in vegetative hyphal fusion and plant infection. Here, we genetically dissected the individual and combined contributions of the three MAPKs Fmk1, Mpk1 and Hog1 in the regulation of development, stress response and virulence of F. oxysporum on plant and animal hosts. Mutants lacking Fmk1 or Mpk1 were affected in reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis and impaired in hyphal fusion and aggregation. Loss of Mpk1 also led to increased sensitivity to cell wall and heat stress, which was exacerbated by simultaneous inactivation of Fmk1, suggesting that both MAPKs contribute to cellular adaptation to high temperature, a prerequisite for mammalian pathogens. Deletion of Hog1 caused increased sensitivity to hyperosmotic stress and resulted in partial rescue of the restricted colony growth phenotype of the mpk1Δ mutant. Infection assays on tomato plants and the invertebrate animal host Galleria mellonella revealed distinct and additive contributions of the different MAPKs to virulence. Our results indicate that positive and negative cross-talk between the three MAPK pathways regulates stress adaptation, development and virulence in the cross-kingdom pathogen F. oxysporum.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Segorbe
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3Universidad de Córdoba14071CórdobaSpain
- Present address:
Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Antonio Di Pietro
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3Universidad de Córdoba14071CórdobaSpain
| | - Elena Pérez‐Nadales
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3Universidad de Córdoba14071CórdobaSpain
- Present address:
Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad deCórdobaEspaña
| | - David Turrà
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3Universidad de Córdoba14071CórdobaSpain
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15
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Bruserud Ø, Bratland E, Hellesen A, Delaleu N, Reikvam H, Oftedal BE, Wolff ASB. Altered Immune Activation and IL-23 Signaling in Response to Candida albicans in Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type 1. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1074. [PMID: 28919897 PMCID: PMC5585148 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS-1) is a rare, childhood onset disease caused by mutations in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene. Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) is one of the three major disease components and is, to date, mainly explained by the presence of neutralizing auto-antibodies against cytokines [interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22] from T helper 17 cells, which are critical for the protection against fungal infections. However, patients without current auto-antibodies also present CMC and we, therefore, hypothesized that other immune mechanisms contribute to CMC in APS-1. METHODS Whole blood was stimulated with Candida albicans (C. albicans) in a standardized assay, and immune activation was investigated by analyzing 46 secreted immune mediators. Then, peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with curdlan, a Dectin-1 agonist and IL-23 inducer, and the IL-23p19 response in monocytes was analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS We found an altered immune response in APS-1 patients compared with healthy controls. Patients fail to increase the essential ILs, such as IL-2, IL-17A, IL-22, and IL-23, when stimulating whole blood with C. albicans. A significantly altered IL-23p19 response was detected in patients' monocytes upon stimulation with curdlan. CONCLUSION APS-1 patients have an altered immune response to C. albicans including a dysregulation of IL-23p19 production in monocytes. This probably contributes to the selective susceptibility to CMC found in the majority of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øyvind Bruserud
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Eirik Bratland
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Nicolas Delaleu
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Computational Biology Unit, Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Håkon Reikvam
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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16
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Bercusson A, de Boer L, Armstrong-James D. Endosomal sensing of fungi: current understanding and emerging concepts. Med Mycol 2017; 55:10-15. [PMID: 27596144 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myw072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosomal sensing represents a key strategy by which mammalian cells detect parasitization by invading pathogens. This is critical for the control of fungal pathogens, which are for the most part phagocytosed by effector cells of the innate immune system. Despite rapid overall progress in our understanding of endosomal responses in recent times, relatively little is known about how the endosomal sensing system detects fungi and the ensuing immunological consequences. Considering that many fungal pathogens must overcome and evade endosomal killing in order to survive in the host, understanding this key area of the early innate response is crucial for our understanding of fungal infection. In this review we present a summary of our current knowledge of endosomal sensing within the context of fungal pathogens, with a focus on the myeloid compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Bercusson
- Fungal Pathogens Laboratory, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London UK SW7 6NP
| | - Leon de Boer
- Fungal Pathogens Laboratory, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London UK SW7 6NP
| | - Darius Armstrong-James
- Fungal Pathogens Laboratory, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London UK SW7 6NP
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17
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Chaves AF, Castilho DG, Navarro MV, Oliveira AK, Serrano SM, Tashima AK, Batista WL. Phosphosite-specific regulation of the oxidative-stress response of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis: a shotgun phosphoproteomic analysis. Microbes Infect 2017; 19:34-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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18
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Oliveira DL, Fonseca FL, Zamith-Miranda D, Nimrichter L, Rodrigues J, Pereira MD, Reuwsaat JC, Schrank A, Staats C, Kmetzsch L, Vainstein MH, Rodrigues ML. The putative autophagy regulator Atg7 affects the physiology and pathogenic mechanisms of Cryptococcus neoformans. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:1405-1419. [PMID: 27750454 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2016-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM We investigated the involvement of the autophagy protein 7 (Atg7) in physiology and pathogenic potential of Cryptococcus neoformans. MATERIALS & METHODS The C. neoformans gene encoding Atg7 was deleted by biolistic transformation for characterization of autophagy mechanisms, pigment formation, cell dimensions, interaction with phagocytes and pathogenic potential in vivo. RESULTS & CONCLUSION ATG7 deletion resulted in defective autophagy mechanisms, enhanced pigmentation and increased cellular size both in vitro and in vivo. The atg7Δ mutant had decreased survival in the lung of infected mice, higher susceptibility to the killing machinery of different host phagocytes and reduced ability to kill an invertebrate host. These results connect Atg7 with mechanisms of pathogenicity in the C. neoformans model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora L Oliveira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde (CDTS), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda L Fonseca
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde (CDTS), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniel Zamith-Miranda
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Nimrichter
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Rodrigues
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcos D Pereira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Julia Cv Reuwsaat
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Augusto Schrank
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Charley Staats
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Livia Kmetzsch
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marilene H Vainstein
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marcio L Rodrigues
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde (CDTS), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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19
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Xiao Y, Tang J, Guo H, Zhao Y, Tang R, Ouyang S, Zeng Q, Rappleye C, Rajaram MV, Schlesinger LS, Tao L, Brown GD, Langdon WY, Li BT, Zhang J. Targeting CBLB as a potential therapeutic approach for disseminated candidiasis. Nat Med 2016; 22:906-14. [PMID: 27428899 PMCID: PMC4975523 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Disseminated candidiasis has become one of the leading causes of hospital-acquired blood stream infections with high mobility and mortality. However, the molecular basis of host defense against disseminated candidiasis remains elusive, and treatment options are limited. Here we report that the E3 ubiquitin ligase CBLB directs polyubiquitination of dectin-1 and dectin-2, two key pattern-recognition receptors for sensing Candida albicans, and their downstream kinase SYK, thus inhibiting dectin-1- and dectin-2-mediated innate immune responses. CBLB deficiency or inactivation protects mice from systemic infection with a lethal dose of C. albicans, and deficiency of dectin-1, dectin-2, or both in Cblb(-/-) mice abrogates this protection. Notably, silencing the Cblb gene in vivo protects mice from lethal systemic C. albicans infection. Our data reveal that CBLB is crucial for homeostatic control of innate immune responses mediated by dectin-1 and dectin-2. Our data also indicate that CBLB represents a potential therapeutic target for protection from disseminated candidiasis.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/immunology
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Candida albicans
- Candidiasis, Invasive/genetics
- Candidiasis, Invasive/immunology
- Cytokines/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Immunity, Innate/immunology
- Immunoprecipitation
- Inflammasomes/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Phagocytosis/genetics
- Phagocytosis/immunology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-cbl/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-cbl/immunology
- Reactive Oxygen Species/immunology
- Syk Kinase/metabolism
- Ubiquitination/genetics
- Ubiquitination/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xiao
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
- Department of Nephrology, Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Juan Tang
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Hui Guo
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yixia Zhao
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Rong Tang
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Song Ouyang
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Changsha, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Qiuming Zeng
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Chad Rappleye
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Murugesan V.S. Rajaram
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Larry S. Schlesinger
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lijian Tao
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Gordon D. Brown
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Wallace Y. Langdon
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Belinda T. Li
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Abstract
Fungal diseases are major causes of morbidity and mortality among the immunocompromised, including HIV-infected individuals and patients with cancer. Individuals without a weakened immune system can also suffer from these infections. Not surprisingly, fungi are a major target for the immune system, rendered visible to it by expression of pathogen-associated molecular patterns/signatures. We now appreciate the roles of both innate and adaptive immunity in eliminating fungal infections, and how a disproportionate or inadequate immune response can diminish the host's capacity to eliminate fungi. This review focuses on our current understanding of the roles of innate and adaptive immunity in clearing common and emergent fungal pathogens. A clearer understanding of how the host's immune response tackles fungal infection may provide useful clues as to how we might develop new agents to treat those diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Jiang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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21
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Sphingolipids as Regulators of the Phagocytic Response to Fungal Infections. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:640540. [PMID: 26688618 PMCID: PMC4673356 DOI: 10.1155/2015/640540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections pose a significant risk for the increasing population of individuals who are immunocompromised. Phagocytes play an important role in immune defense against fungal pathogens, but the interactions between host and fungi are still not well understood. Sphingolipids have been shown to play an important role in many cell functions, including the function of phagocytes. In this review, we discuss major findings that relate to the importance of sphingolipids in macrophage and neutrophil function and the role of macrophages and neutrophils in the most common types of fungal infections, as well as studies that have linked these three concepts to show the importance of sphingolipid signaling in immune response to fungal infections.
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22
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Della Coletta AM, Bachiega TF, de Quaglia e Silva JC, Soares ÂMVDC, De Faveri J, Marques SA, Marques MEA, Ximenes VF, Dias-Melicio LA. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Identification in Tegumentary Lesions of Patients with Paracoccidioidomycosis and Different Patterns of NETs Generation In Vitro. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004037. [PMID: 26327485 PMCID: PMC4556621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic mycosis, endemic in most Latin American countries, especially in Brazil. It is caused by the thermo-dimorphic fungus of the genus Paracoccidioides (Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Paracoccidioides lutzii). Innate immune response plays a crucial role in host defense against fungal infections, and neutrophils (PMNs) are able to combat microorganisms with three different mechanisms: phagocytosis, secretion of granular proteins, which have antimicrobial properties, and the most recent described mechanism called NETosis. This new process is characterized by the release of net-like structures called Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs), which is composed of nuclear (decondensed DNA and histones) and granular material such as elastase. Several microorganisms have the ability of inducing NETs formation, including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, viruses and some fungi. We proposed to identify NETs in tegumentary lesions of patients with PCM and to analyze the interaction between two strains of P. brasiliensis and human PMNs by NETs formation in vitro. In this context, the presence of NETs in vivo was evidenced in tegumentary lesions of patients with PCM by confocal spectrum analyzer. Furthermore, we showed that the high virulent P. brasiliensis strain 18 (Pb18) and the lower virulent strain Pb265 are able to induce different patterns of NETs formation in vitro. The quantification of extracellular DNA corroborates the idea of the ability of P. brasiliensis in inducing NETs release. In conclusion, our data show for the first time the identification of NETs in lesions of patients with PCM and demonstrate distinct patterns of NETs in cultures challenged with fungi in vitro. The presence of NETs components both in vivo and in vitro open new possibilities for the detailed investigation of immunity in PCM. Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is an infectious disease caused by fungi of genus Paracoccidioides (P. brasiliensis and P. lutzii). PCM is endemic in Latin America, with a greater incidence in Brazil, Colombia, and Argentina. Over the last years, studies are focusing on neutrophils’ (PMNs) actions against P. brasiliensis, due to the capacity of these cells to develop different defense strategies against pathogens. and especially due to constant presence of inflammatory infiltrates full of PMNs in the granuloma of the disease. As PMN release of both granular and nuclear material, identified as Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs), is a spectacular action mechanism against microbes, we seek to identify whether this process would be an important mechanism triggered against P. brasiliensis. Thus, we showed for the first time the identification of NETs in tegumentary lesions of patients with PCM by viewing the individual components of NETs. Beyond that, we demonstrated the entrapment of P. brasiliensis in vitro by these structures released from human PMNs of patients with PCM and healthy donors, with different patterns, in a dependence of the evaluated strain. Our data provides important new information regarding the role of PMNs against P. brasiliensis, opening new avenues for the research on immunity of PCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Manoel Della Coletta
- Department of Pathology, UNESP – São Paulo State University, Botucatu Medical School, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Fernanda Bachiega
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNESP—São Paulo State University, Biosciences Institute, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Julio De Faveri
- Department of Pathology, UNESP – São Paulo State University, Botucatu Medical School, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvio Alencar Marques
- Department of Dermatology and Radiotherapy, UNESP – São Paulo State University, Botucatu Medical School, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Valdecir Farias Ximenes
- Department of Chemistry, UNESP—São Paulo State University, School of Sciences, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciane Alarcão Dias-Melicio
- Department of Pathology, UNESP – São Paulo State University, Botucatu Medical School, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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New developments of RNAi in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis: prospects for high-throughput, genome-wide, functional genomics. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3173. [PMID: 25275433 PMCID: PMC4183473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Fungal Genome Initiative of the Broad Institute, in partnership with the Paracoccidioides research community, has recently sequenced the genome of representative isolates of this human-pathogen dimorphic fungus: Pb18 (S1), Pb03 (PS2) and Pb01. The accomplishment of future high-throughput, genome-wide, functional genomics will rely upon appropriate molecular tools and straightforward techniques to streamline the generation of stable loss-of-function phenotypes. In the past decades, RNAi has emerged as the most robust genetic technique to modulate or to suppress gene expression in diverse eukaryotes, including fungi. These molecular tools and techniques, adapted for RNAi, were up until now unavailable for P. brasiliensis. Methodology/Principal Findings In this paper, we report Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation of yeast cells for high-throughput applications with which higher transformation frequencies of 150±24 yeast cell transformants per 1×106 viable yeast cells were obtained. Our approach is based on a bifunctional selective marker fusion protein consisted of the Streptoalloteichus hindustanus bleomycin-resistance gene (Shble) and the intrinsically fluorescent monomeric protein mCherry which was codon-optimized for heterologous expression in P. brasiliensis. We also report successful GP43 gene knock-down through the expression of intron-containing hairpin RNA (ihpRNA) from a Gateway-adapted cassette (cALf) which was purpose-built for gene silencing in a high-throughput manner. Gp43 transcript levels were reduced by 73.1±22.9% with this approach. Conclusions/Significance We have a firm conviction that the genetic transformation technique and the molecular tools herein described will have a relevant contribution in future Paracoccidioides spp. functional genomics research. Diverse eukaryotes, including various fungi, utilize RNA interference (RNAi) pathways to regulate genome-wide gene expression. Since the initial characterization of these pathways and the demonstration of its artificial induction in the filamentous ascomycete Neurospora crassa, RNAi has emerged as the most robust reverse-genetic technique to scrutinize the function of genes and has been increasingly adopted in high-throughput functional genomics in search of new insights into fungal pathobiology. Herein, we have developed appropriate molecular tools and straightforward techniques to streamline the generation of stable loss-of-function phenotypes for the human-pathogen Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, which is phylogenetically related to Blastomyces dermatitidis, Coccidioides immitis and Histoplasma capsulatum. Likewise these thermo-dimorphic fungi, P. brasiliensis infection in immunocompetent or immunocompromised individuals ensue in a life-threatening systemic mycosis known as Paracoccidioidomycosis.
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Balderramas HA, Penitenti M, Rodrigues DR, Bachiega TF, Fernandes RK, Ikoma MRV, Dias-Melicio LA, Oliveira SL, Soares ÂMVC. Human neutrophils produce IL-12, IL-10, PGE2 and LTB4 in response to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Involvement of TLR2, mannose receptor and dectin-1. Cytokine 2014; 67:36-43. [PMID: 24680480 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The functions of phagocytic cells against pathogens are initiated by the interaction between membrane receptors and molecular structures which compose the cell wall of these microorganisms. Thus our study aimed to identify the neutrophil receptors involved in the recognition of different strains of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and the consequent modulation of immune response through the production of cytokines and inflammatory mediators. Neutrophils did not produce TNF-alfa in response to both strains. However, these cells produce IL-12, mainly in response to Pb 265, with participation of TLR2 and dectin-1. These cells also produce L-10, whose levels were higher for Pb 18 with involvement of TLR2 and MR and only TLR2 for Pb 265. The production of PGE2 and LTB4 was detected similarly for the two strains. For PGE2, MR and dectin-1 were involved, while in relation to LTB4, none of them. In summary, we demonstrated that neutrophils have a dynamic role during host immune response to P. brasiliensis, since in addition to their role as effector cells of innate immunity; they have the capacity to modulate innate and adaptative immune response against this fungus by producing cytokines and lipidic mediators. This modulation may be toward a pró- or anti-inflammatory pattern in a dependence of P. brasiliensis strains and PRR involved in fungus recognition by these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helanderson A Balderramas
- Botucatu School of Medicine, Department of Tropical Diseases, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Bairro: Distrito de Rubião Junior S/N, Botucatu, SP 18618-000, Brazil; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Bairro: Distrito de Rubião Junior S/N, Botucatu, SP 18618-000, Brazil.
| | | | - Daniela R Rodrigues
- Botucatu School of Medicine, Department of Tropical Diseases, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Bairro: Distrito de Rubião Junior S/N, Botucatu, SP 18618-000, Brazil; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Bairro: Distrito de Rubião Junior S/N, Botucatu, SP 18618-000, Brazil
| | - Tatiana F Bachiega
- Botucatu School of Medicine, Department of Tropical Diseases, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Bairro: Distrito de Rubião Junior S/N, Botucatu, SP 18618-000, Brazil; Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brazil
| | - Reginaldo K Fernandes
- Botucatu School of Medicine, Department of Tropical Diseases, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Bairro: Distrito de Rubião Junior S/N, Botucatu, SP 18618-000, Brazil; Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brazil
| | | | | | - Silvio L Oliveira
- Botucatu School of Medicine, Department of Tropical Diseases, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Bairro: Distrito de Rubião Junior S/N, Botucatu, SP 18618-000, Brazil; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Bairro: Distrito de Rubião Junior S/N, Botucatu, SP 18618-000, Brazil
| | - Ângela M V C Soares
- Botucatu School of Medicine, Department of Tropical Diseases, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Bairro: Distrito de Rubião Junior S/N, Botucatu, SP 18618-000, Brazil; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Bairro: Distrito de Rubião Junior S/N, Botucatu, SP 18618-000, Brazil
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Rodrigues CF, Silva S, Henriques M. Candida glabrata: a review of its features and resistance. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 33:673-88. [PMID: 24249283 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-013-2009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Candida species belong to the normal microbiota of the oral cavity and gastrointestinal and vaginal tracts, and are responsible for several clinical manifestations, from mucocutaneous overgrowth to bloodstream infections. Once believed to be non-pathogenic, Candida glabrata was rapidly blamable for many human diseases. Year after year, these pathological circumstances are more recurrent and problematic to treat, especially when patients reveal any level of immunosuppression. These difficulties arise from the capacity of C. glabrata to form biofilms and also from its high resistance to traditional antifungal therapies. Thus, this review intends to present an excerpt of the biology, epidemiology, and pathology of C. glabrata, and detail an approach to its resistance mechanisms based on studies carried out up to the present.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Rodrigues
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
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26
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Culakova H, Dzugasova V, Perzelova J, Gbelska Y, Subik J. Mutation of the CgPDR16 gene attenuates azole tolerance and biofilm production in pathogenic Candida glabrata. Yeast 2013; 30:403-14. [PMID: 23939632 DOI: 10.1002/yea.2978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The PDR16 gene encodes the homologue of Sec14p, participating in protein secretion, regulation of lipid synthesis and turnover in vivo and acting as a phosphatidylinositol transfer protein in vitro. This gene is also involved in the regulation of multidrug resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and pathogenic yeasts. Here we report the results of functional analysis of the CgPDR16 gene, whose mutation has been previously shown to enhance fluconazole sensitivity in Candida glabrata mutant cells. We have cloned the CgPDR16 gene, which was able to complement the pdr16Δ mutation in both C. glabrata and S. cerevisiae. Along with fluconazole, the pdr16Δ mutation resulted in increased susceptibility of mutant cells to several azole antifungals without changes in sensitivity to polyene antibiotics, cycloheximide, NQO, 5-fluorocytosine and oxidants inducing the intracellular formation of reactive oxygen species. The susceptibility of the pdr16Δ mutant strain to itraconazole and 5-fluorocytosine was enhanced by CTBT [7-chlorotetrazolo(5,1-c)benzo(1,2,4)triazine] inducing oxidative stress. The pdr16Δ mutation increased the accumulation of rhodamine 6G in mutant cells, decreased the level of itraconazole resistance caused by gain-of-function mutations in the CgPDR1 gene, and reduced cell surface hydrophobicity and biofilm production. These results point to the pleiotropic phenotype of the pdr16Δ mutant and support the role of the CgPDR16 gene in the control of drug susceptibility and virulence in the pathogenic C. glabrata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Culakova
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Chaves GM, Silva WPD. Superoxide dismutases and glutaredoxins have a distinct role in the response of Candida albicans to oxidative stress generated by the chemical compounds menadione and diamide. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2012; 107:998-1005. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762012000800006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Guzman-Beltran S, Perez-Torres A, Coronel-Cruz C, Torres-Guerrero H. Phagocytic receptors on macrophages distinguish between different Sporothrix schenckii morphotypes. Microbes Infect 2012; 14:1093-101. [PMID: 22771955 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sporothrix schenckii is a human pathogen that causes sporotrichosis, a cutaneous subacute or chronic mycosis. Little is known about the innate immune response and the receptors involved in host recognition and phagocytosis of S. schenckii. Here, we demonstrate that optimal phagocytosis of conidia and yeast is dependent on preimmune human serum opsonisation. THP-1 macrophages efficiently ingested opsonised conidia. Competition with D-mannose, methyl α-D-mannopyranoside, D-fucose, and N-acetyl glucosamine blocked this process, suggesting the involvement of the mannose receptor in binding and phagocytosis of opsonised conidia. Release of TNF-α was not stimulated by opsonised or non-opsonised conidia, although reactive oxygen species (ROS) were produced, resulting in the killing of conidia by THP-1 macrophages. Heat inactivation of the serum did not affect conidia internalization, which was markedly decreased for yeast cells, suggesting the role of complement components in yeast uptake. Conversely, release of TNF-α and production of ROS were induced by opsonised and non-opsonised yeast. These data demonstrate that THP-1 macrophages respond to opsonised conidia and yeast through different phagocytic receptors, inducing a differential cellular response. Conidia induces a poor pro-inflammatory response and lower rate of ROS-induced cell death, thereby enhancing the pathogen's survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Guzman-Beltran
- Departamento de Microbiología en Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Col. Sección XVI, México DF, Mexico
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29
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Biondo GA, Dias-Melicio LA, Bordon-Graciani AP, Kurokawa CS, Soares AMV. Production of leukotriene B4 by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Yeast 2012; 29:201-8. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.2900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Augusto Biondo
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Campus de Botucatu; SP; Brazil
| | | | - Ana Paula Bordon-Graciani
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Campus de Botucatu; SP; Brazil
| | - Cilmery Suemi Kurokawa
- Departamento de Pediatria; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Campus de Botucatu; SP; Brazil
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30
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Jandric Z, Schüller C. Stress response in Candida glabrata: pieces of a fragmented picture. Future Microbiol 2012; 6:1475-84. [PMID: 22122443 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.11.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is closely related to yeast but obviously adapted to human commensalism. Communication with the environment is important to adjust allocation of resources between protection and proliferation in order to adapt to different situations in and outside of the host. Gene transcription regulated by environmental conditions is a major response strategy of simple fungal organisms. Differences to yeast include an extended repertoire of adhesive genes, and high drug, starvation and stress resistance. These properties largely do not originate from novel virulence genes but rather from adaptations of the transcriptional wiring. C. glabrata signaling pathways providing stress protection are adopted to meet conditions possibly encountered in a host-pathogen confrontation. The view on C. glabrata is getting clearer and points to a simple strategy combining resilience and a few adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeljkica Jandric
- DAGZ, Department for Applied Genetics & Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources & Life Sciences, Vienna, BOKU, UFT-Campus Tulln, 24 3430 Tulln, Austria
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31
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Moore MS, Reichard JD, Murtha TD, Zahedi B, Fallier RM, Kunz TH. Specific alterations in complement protein activity of little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus) hibernating in white-nose syndrome affected sites. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27430. [PMID: 22140440 PMCID: PMC3227581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
White-nose syndrome (WNS) is the most devastating condition ever reported for hibernating bats, causing widespread mortality in the northeastern United States. The syndrome is characterized by cutaneous lesions caused by a recently identified psychrophilic and keratinophylic fungus (Geomyces destructans), depleted fat reserves, atypical behavior, and damage to wings; however, the proximate cause of mortality is still uncertain. To assess relative levels of immunocompetence in bats hibernating in WNS-affected sites compared with levels in unaffected bats, we describe blood plasma complement protein activity in hibernating little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus) based on microbicidal competence assays using Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Blood plasma from bats collected during mid-hibernation at WNS-affected sites had higher bactericidal ability against E. coli and S. aureus, but lower fungicidal ability against C. albicans when compared with blood plasma from bats collected at unaffected sites. Within affected sites during mid-hibernation, we observed no difference in microbicidal ability between bats displaying obvious fungal infections compared to those without. Bactericidal ability against E. coli decreased significantly as hibernation progressed in bats collected from an affected site. Bactericidal ability against E. coli and fungicidal ability against C. albicans were positively correlated with body mass index (BMI) during late hibernation. We also compared complement activity against the three microbes within individuals and found that the ability of blood plasma from hibernating M. lucifugus to lyse microbial cells differed as follows: E. coli>S. aureus>C. albicans. Overall, bats affected by WNS experience both relatively elevated and reduced innate immune responses depending on the microbe tested, although the cause of observed immunological changes remains unknown. Additionally, considerable trade-offs may exist between energy conservation and immunological responses. Relationships between immune activity and torpor, including associated energy expenditure, are likely critical components in the development of WNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne S Moore
- Department of Biology, Center for Ecology and Conservation Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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32
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Volling K, Thywissen A, Brakhage AA, Saluz HP. Phagocytosis of melanized Aspergillus conidia by macrophages exerts cytoprotective effects by sustained PI3K/Akt signalling. Cell Microbiol 2011; 13:1130-48. [PMID: 21501368 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2011.01605.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Host cell death is a critical component of innate immunity and often determines the progression and outcome of infections. The opportunistic human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus can manipulate the immune system either by inducing or by inhibiting host cell apoptosis dependent on its distinct morphological form. Here, we show that conidia of Aspergillus ssp. inhibit apoptosis of macrophages induced via the intrinsic (staurosporine) and extrinsic (Fas ligand) pathway. Hence, mitochondrial cytochrome c release and caspase activation were prevented. We further found that the anti-apoptotic effect depends on both host cell de novo protein synthesis and phagocytosis of conidia by macrophages. Moreover, sustained PI3K/Akt signalling in infected cells is an important determinant to resist apoptosis. We demonstrate that pigmentless pksP mutant conidia of A. fumigatus failed to trigger protection against apoptosis and provide evidence that the sustained survival of infected macrophages depends on the presence of the grey-green conidial pigment consisting of dihydroxynaphthalene-melanin. In conclusion, we revealed a novel potential function of melanin in the pathogenesis of A. fumigatus. For the first time, we show that melanin itself is a crucial component to inhibit macrophage apoptosis which may contribute to dissemination of the fungus within the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Volling
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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Oxidative stress response and virulence factors in Candida glabrata clinical isolates. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2011; 56:116-21. [PMID: 21416384 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-011-0016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We determined the susceptibility to oxidative stress and assessed the four virulence factors of the 38 Candida glabrata clinical isolates originating from two teaching hospitals in Slovakia. All the isolates were susceptible to hydrogen peroxide, diamide, and 7-chlorotetrazolo[5,1-c]benzo[1,2,4]triazine (CTBT) inducing an increased formation of reactive oxygen species in fungal cells. The mean relative cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) of isolates was 21.9, ranging from 1.92 to 56.96. All isolates showed biofilm formation. A high biofilm formation was observed among 60.5% of isolates. Positive correlations were observed between biofilm formation and moderate values of CSHs. The 76.3% and 84.2% of isolates displayed varying degrees of proteinase and phospholipase activity, respectively. These results demonstrate a differential distribution of factors contributing to virulence of C. glabrata clinical isolates and point to their significance in pathogenesis that would be targeted by novel antifungals.
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Tscherner M, Schwarzmüller T, Kuchler K. Pathogenesis and Antifungal Drug Resistance of the Human Fungal Pathogen Candida glabrata. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2011. [PMCID: PMC4052548 DOI: 10.3390/ph4010169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is a major opportunistic human fungal pathogen causing superficial as well as systemic infections in immunocompromised individuals and several other patient cohorts. C. glabrata represents the second most prevalent cause of candidemia and a better understanding of its virulence and drug resistance mechanisms is thus of high medical relevance. In contrast to the diploid dimorphic pathogen C. albicans, whose ability to undergo filamentation is considered a major virulence trait, C. glabrata has a haploid genome and lacks the ability to switch to filamentous growth. A major impediment for the clinical therapy of C. glabrata infections is its high intrinsic resistance to several antifungal drugs, especially azoles. Further, the development of antifungal resistance, particularly during prolonged and prophylactic therapies is diminishing efficacies of therapeutic interventions. In addition, C. glabrata harbors a large repertoire of adhesins involved in the adherence to host epithelia. Interestingly, genome plasticity, phenotypic switching or the remarkable ability to persist and survive inside host immune cells further contribute to the pathogenicity of C. glabrata. In this comprehensive review, we want to emphasize and discuss the mechanisms underlying virulence and drug resistance of C. glabrata, and discuss its ability to escape from the host immune surveillance or persist inside host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karl Kuchler
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +43-1-4277-61807; Fax: +43-1-4277-9618
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Linden JR, Maccani MA, Laforce-Nesbitt SS, Bliss JM. High efficiency opsonin-independent phagocytosis of Candida parapsilosis by human neutrophils. Med Mycol 2010; 48:355-64. [PMID: 19672781 DOI: 10.1080/13693780903164566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida species are associated with invasive fungal infections, and C. parapsilosis has become increasingly prevalent. As key antifungal effector cells, the function of human neutrophils confronting C. parapsilosis was investigated. We hypothesized that interaction between neutrophils and Candida species may not be uniform. Opsonins were omitted from these studies to understand the antifungal mechanisms at their most basic level. Human neutrophils underwent phagocytosis of C. parapsilosis with much higher efficiency than with C. albicans. Immunofluorescence assays with ss-glucan specific antibody detected more surface exposed ss-glucan on C. parapsilosis than C. albicans. However, blockade of the ss-glucan receptor Dectin-1, reduced phagocytosis of C. albicans but not C. parapsilosis. Inclusion of excess beta-glucan, mannan, or chitin also had no effect on phagocytosis of C. parapsilosis. Consistent with the differences noted in phagocytosis, neutrophils mediated damage to C. parapsilosis but not C. albicans in assays of residual metabolic activity. C. parapsilosis was more sensitive to oxidative stress, and inclusion of antioxidant in toxicity assays decreased neutrophil mediated damage, suggesting that generation of reactive oxygen species contributes to the toxicity mechanism. These data suggest that the interaction between neutrophils and Candida species is not uniform and may partially account for differences observed in the epidemiology and natural history of infections caused by these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Linden
- Graduate Program in Pathobiology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02905, USA
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36
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Differential Resistance to Oxidants and Production of Hydrolytic Enzymes in Candida albicans. Mycopathologia 2010; 171:35-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-010-9346-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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37
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Linden JR, Maccani MA, Laforce-Nesbitt SS, Bliss JM. High efficiency opsonin-independent phagocytosis ofCandida parapsilosisby human neutrophils. Med Mycol 2010. [DOI: 10.3109/13693780903164566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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38
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Extracellular vesicles from Cryptococcus neoformans modulate macrophage functions. Infect Immun 2010; 78:1601-9. [PMID: 20145096 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01171-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans and distantly related fungal species release extracellular vesicles that traverse the cell wall and contain a varied assortment of components, some of which have been associated with virulence. Previous studies have suggested that these extracellular vesicles are produced in vitro and during animal infection, but the role of vesicular secretion during the interaction of fungi with host cells remains unknown. In this report, we demonstrate by fluorescence microscopy that mammalian macrophages can incorporate extracellular vesicles produced by C. neoformans. Incubation of cryptococcal vesicles with murine macrophages resulted in increased levels of extracellular tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta). Vesicle preparations also resulted in a dose-dependent stimulation of nitric oxide production by phagocytes, suggesting that vesicle components stimulate macrophages to produce antimicrobial compounds. Treated macrophages were more effective at killing C. neoformans yeast. Our results indicate that the extracellular vesicles of C. neoformans can stimulate macrophage function, apparently activating these phagocytic cells to enhance their antimicrobial activity. These results establish that cryptococcal vesicles are biologically active.
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Roetzer A, Gratz N, Kovarik P, Schüller C. Autophagy supports Candida glabrata survival during phagocytosis. Cell Microbiol 2009; 12:199-216. [PMID: 19811500 PMCID: PMC2816358 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2009.01391.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The opportunistic human fungal pathogen Candida glabrata is confronted with phagocytic cells of the host defence system. Survival of internalized cells is thought to contribute to successful dissemination. We investigated the reaction of engulfed C. glabrata cells using fluorescent protein fusions of the transcription factors CgYap1 and CgMig1 and catalase CgCta1. The expression level and peroxisomal localization of catalase was used to monitor the metabolic and stress status of internalized C. glabrata cells. These reporters revealed that the phagocytosed C. glabrata cells were exposed to transient oxidative stress and starved for carbon source. Cells trapped within macrophages increased their peroxisome numbers indicating a metabolic switch. Prolonged phagocytosis caused a pexophagy-mediated decline in peroxisome numbers. Autophagy, and in particular pexophagy, contributed to survival of C. glabrata during engulfment. Mutants lacking CgATG11 or CgATG17, genes required for pexophagy and non-selective autophagy, respectively, displayed reduced survival rates. Furthermore, both CgAtg11 and CgAtg17 contribute to survival, since the double mutant was highly sensitive to engulfment. Inhibition of peroxisome formation by deletion of CgPEX3 partially restored viability of CgATG11 deletion mutants during engulfment. This suggests that peroxisome formation and maintenance might sequester resources required for optimal survival. Mobilization of intracellular resources via autophagy is an important virulence factor that supports the viability of C. glabrata in the phagosomal compartment of infected innate immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Roetzer
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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