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Gajdošová Z, Caboň M, Kolaříková Z, Sudová R, Rydlová J, Turisová I, Turis P, Kučera J, Slovák M. Environmental heterogeneity structures root-associated fungal communities in Daphne arbuscula (Thymelaeaceae), a shrub adapted to extreme rocky habitats. Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e17441. [PMID: 38923648 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Rocky habitats, globally distributed ecosystems, harbour diverse biota, including numerous endemic and endangered species. Vascular plants thriving in these environments face challenging abiotic conditions, requiring diverse morphological and physiological adaptations. Their engagement with the surrounding microbiomes is, however, equally vital for their adaptation, fitness, and long-term survival. Nevertheless, there remains a lack of understanding surrounding this complex interplay within this fascinating biotic ecosystem. Using microscopic observations and metabarcoding analyses, we examined the fungal abundance and diversity in the root system of the rock-dwelling West Carpathian endemic shrub, Daphne arbuscula (Thymelaeaceae). We explored the diversification of root-associated fungal communities in relation to microclimatic variations across the studied sites. We revealed extensive colonization of the Daphne roots by diverse taxonomic fungal groups attributed to different ecological guilds, predominantly plant pathogens, dark septate endophytes (DSE), and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Notably, differences in taxonomic composition and ecological guilds emerged between colder and warmer microenvironments. Apart from omnipresent AMF, warmer sites exhibited a prevalence of plant pathogens, while colder sites were characterized by a dominance of DSE. This mycobiome diversification, most likely triggered by the environment, suggests that D. arbuscula populations in warmer areas may be more vulnerable to fungal diseases, particularly in the context of global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Gajdošová
- Plant Sciences and Biodiversity Centre, Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miroslav Caboň
- Plant Sciences and Biodiversity Centre, Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Kolaříková
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Sudová
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Rydlová
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Ingrid Turisová
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University in Banská Bystrica, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Peter Turis
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University in Banská Bystrica, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Jaromír Kučera
- Plant Sciences and Biodiversity Centre, Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marek Slovák
- Plant Sciences and Biodiversity Centre, Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Praha, Czech Republic
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Luo J, Walsh E, Faulborn A, Gao K, White J, Zhang N. Pinibarreniales, a new order of Sordariomycetes from pine barrens ecosystem. Mycologia 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38959129 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2024.2363084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Pinibarrenia chlamydospora, sp. nov. isolated from the roots of highbush blueberry in the New Jersey Pine Barrens, is described and illustrated. Based on multigene phylogenetic analysis, as well as morphological and ecological characteristics, Pinibarreniales and Pinibarreniaceae are established to accommodate this novel lineage in Sordariomycetidae, Sordariomycetes. Pinibarreniales, Tracyllalales, and Vermiculariopsiellales are proposed to be included in the subclass Sordariomycetidae. Pinibarreniales likely have a wide distribution and forms association with Ericaceae plants that live in acidic and oligotrophic environments because its DNA barcode matches with environmental sequences from other independent ecological studies. The plant-fungal interaction experiment revealed negative impacts on Arabidopsis, indicating its pathogenicity. This uncovered new fungal lineage will contribute to a better understanding of the diversity and systematics of Sordariomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Luo
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
| | - Emily Walsh
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
| | - Alexis Faulborn
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
| | - Kevin Gao
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
| | - James White
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, 76 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
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Khalkho JP, Beck A, Priyanka, Panda B, Chandra R. Microbial allies: exploring fungal endophytes for biosynthesis of terpenoid indole alkaloids. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:340. [PMID: 38960981 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-04067-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs) are natural compounds found in medicinal plants that exhibit various therapeutic activities, such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-helminthic, and anti-tumor properties. However, the production of these alkaloids in plants is limited, and there is a high demand for them due to the increasing incidence of cancer cases. To address this research gap, researchers have focused on optimizing culture media, eliciting metabolic pathways, overexpressing genes, and searching for potential sources of TIAs in organisms other than plants. The insufficient number of essential genes and enzymes in the biosynthesis pathway is the reason behind the limited production of TIAs. As the field of natural product discovery from biological species continues to grow, endophytes are being investigated more and more as potential sources of bioactive metabolites with a variety of chemical structures. Endophytes are microorganisms (fungi, bacteria, archaea, and actinomycetes), that exert a significant influence on the metabolic pathways of both the host plants and the endophytic cells. Bio-prospection of fungal endophytes has shown the discovery of novel, high-value bioactive compounds of commercial significance. The discovery of therapeutically significant secondary metabolites has been made easier by endophytic entities' abundant but understudied diversity. It has been observed that fungal endophytes have better intermediate processing ability due to cellular compartmentation. This paper focuses on fungal endophytes and their metabolic ability to produce complex TIAs, recent advancements in this area, and addressing the limitations and future perspectives related to TIA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Prabha Khalkho
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India
| | - Abhishek Beck
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India
| | - Priyanka
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India
| | - Banishree Panda
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India
| | - Ramesh Chandra
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India.
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Liu C, Zhang L, Li H, He X, Dong J, Qiu B. Assessing the biodiversity of rhizosphere and endophytic fungi in Knoxia valerianoides under continuous cropping conditions. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:195. [PMID: 38849736 PMCID: PMC11157913 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03357-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhizosphere and endophytic fungi play important roles in plant health and crop productivity. However, their community dynamics during the continuous cropping of Knoxia valerianoides have rarely been reported. K. valerianoides is a perennial herb of the family Rubiaceae and has been used in herbal medicines for ages. Here, we used high-throughput sequencing technology Illumina MiSeq to study the structural and functional dynamics of the rhizosphere and endophytic fungi of K. valerianoides. RESULTS The findings indicate that continuous planting has led to an increase in the richness and diversity of rhizosphere fungi, while concomitantly resulting in a decrease in the richness and diversity of root fungi. The diversity of endophytic fungal communities in roots was lower than that of the rhizosphere fungi. Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the dominant phyla detected during the continuous cropping of K. valerianoides. In addition, we found that root rot directly affected the structure and diversity of fungal communities in the rhizosphere and the roots of K. valerianoides. Consequently, both the rhizosphere and endophyte fungal communities of root rot-infected plants showed higher richness than the healthy plants. The relative abundance of Fusarium in two and three years old root rot-infected plants was significantly higher than the control, indicating that continuous planting negatively affected the health of K. valerianoides plants. Decision Curve Analysis showed that soil pH, organic matter (OM), available K, total K, soil sucrase (S_SC), soil catalase (S_CAT), and soil cellulase (S_CL) were significantly related (p < 0.05) to the fungal community dynamics. CONCLUSIONS The diversity of fungal species in the rhizosphere and root of K. valerianoides was reported for the first time. The fungal diversity of rhizosphere soil was higher than that of root endophytic fungi. The fungal diversity of root rot plants was higher than that of healthy plants. Soil pH, OM, available K, total K, S_CAT, S_SC, and S_CL were significantly related to the fungal diversity. The occurrence of root rot had an effect on the community structure and diversity of rhizosphere and root endophytic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunju Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Cultivation, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Academy of Southern Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Heng Li
- R&D center of Yunnan Yuntianhua Co., Ltd, Kunming, 650228, China
| | - Xiahong He
- Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650244, China.
| | - Jiahong Dong
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Cultivation, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Academy of Southern Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Bin Qiu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Cultivation, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Academy of Southern Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, China.
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Tao F, Chen F, Liu H, Chen C, Cheng B, Han G. Insight into the composition and differentiation of endophytic microbial communities in kernels via 368 maize transcriptomes. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00208-X. [PMID: 38772425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Kernels are important reproductive organs in maize, yet there is a lack of systematic investigation on the differences in the composition of endophytic microorganisms in plants from a population perspective. OBJECTIVES We aimed to elucidate the composition of endophytic microorganisms in developing maize kernels, emphasizing differences among various inbred lines. METHODS The transcriptomic data of 368 maize inbred lines were used to explore the composition and diversity of endophytic microorganisms. RESULTS The findings revealed a higher abundance of fungi than bacteria in developing maize kernels, followed by protozoa, while viruses were less abundant. There were significant differences in the composition and relative abundance of endophytic microorganisms among different maize lines. Diversity analysis revealed overall similarity in the community composition structure between tropical/subtropical (TST) and temperate (NSS) maize germplasm with apparent variations in community richness and abundance. The endophytic microorganisms network in the kernels from TST genotypes exhibited higher connectivity and stability compared to NSS kernels. Bacteria dominated the highly connected species in the networks, and different core species showed microbial phylum specificity. Some low-abundance species acted as core species, contributing to network stability. Beneficial bacteria were predominant in the core species of networks in TST kernels, while pathogenic bacteria were more abundant in the core species of networks in NSS kernels. CONCLUSION Tropical maize germplasm may have advantages in resisting the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms, providing excellent genetic resources for disease-resistant breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Tao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Feng Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Haida Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Beijiu Cheng
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Guomin Han
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
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Shang Q, Jiang D, Xie J, Cheng J, Xiao X. The schizotrophic lifestyle of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13423. [PMID: 38407560 PMCID: PMC10895550 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a cosmopolitan and typical necrotrophic phytopathogenic fungus that infects hundreds of plant species. Because no cultivars highly resistant to S. sclerotiorum are available, managing Sclerotinia disease caused by S. sclerotiorum is still challenging. However, recent studies have demonstrated that S. sclerotiorum has a beneficial effect and can live mutualistically as an endophyte in graminaceous plants, protecting the plants against major fungal diseases. An in-depth understanding of the schizotrophic lifestyle of S. sclerotiorum during interactions with plants under different environmental conditions will provide new strategies for controlling fungal disease. In this review, we summarize the pathogenesis mechanisms of S. sclerotiorum during its attack of host plants as a destructive pathogen and discuss its lifestyle as a beneficial endophytic fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingna Shang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Daohong Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jiatao Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Xueqiong Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
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Nguyen MP, Lehosmaa K, Toth K, Koskimäki JJ, Häggman H, Pirttilä AM. Weather in two climatic regions shapes the diversity and drives the structure of fungal endophytic community of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) fruit. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOME 2024; 19:7. [PMID: 38254194 PMCID: PMC10802051 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-024-00551-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) is one of the most important economic and natural resources in Northern Europe. Despite its importance, the endophytic fungal community of the fruits has rarely been investigated. Biogeographic patterns and determinants of the fungal diversity in the bilberry fruit are poorly understood, albeit fungal endophytes can have a close relationship with the host plants. Here, we investigated the effect of climatic regions, and their weather conditions within growth season and soil properties on fungal endophytic communities of bilberry fruits collected from northern and southern regions of Finland using high-throughput sequencing technology targeting the internal transcribed spacer 2 ribosomal DNA region for fungi. RESULTS Species richness and beta diversity (variation in community structure) were higher in the southern compared to the studied northern region. The weather condition of the growth season drove both fungal richness and community structure. Furthermore, abundance of the genera Venturia, Cladosporium, and Podosphaera was influenced by the weather, being different between the south and north regions. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that diversity and assembly structure of the fungal endophytes in bilberry fruits follow similar patterns as for foliar fungal endophytes, being shaped by various environmental factors, such as the climate and surrounding vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh-Phuong Nguyen
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kaisa Lehosmaa
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Katalin Toth
- Inari Agriculture Nv, Industriepark Zwijnaarde 7a, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Janne J Koskimäki
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Hely Häggman
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anna Maria Pirttilä
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
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Pais A, Ristaino J, Whetten R, Xiang QY(J. Metagenomic study reveals hidden relationships among fungal diversity, variation of plant disease, and genetic distance in Cornus florida (Cornaceae). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1282188. [PMID: 38273942 PMCID: PMC10809005 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1282188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Understanding patterns of plant-microbe interactions across plant species and populations is a critical yet poorly characterized aspect in the field of plant pathology. Microbial DNA sequences present as contaminants in omics data of plants obtained using next-generation sequencing methods provide a valuable source to explore the relationships among endophytic microbial diversity, disease and genetic differentiation of host plants, and environmental variation, but few such studies have been conducted. The flowering dogwood tree (Cornus florida L.), an ecologically important species in North America, is threatened by powdery mildew and dogwood anthracnose diseases, and knowledge of the microbial diversity harbored within genetically and environmental distinct populations of this species remains largely unknown. Methods We conducted a metagenomics study utilizing the sequences of RAD-tag/genotype-by-sequence libraries from leaf tissues of C. florida to examine such host-fungus interactions across the dogwood's US range. We performed various combinations of alignments to both host and pathogen genomes to obtain filtered sets sequences for metagenomics analysis. Taxonomic assignments were determined on each filtered set of sequences, followed by estimation of microbial diversity and correlation to environment and host-genetic variation. Results Our data showed that microbial community composition significantly differed between visually healthy and diseased sites. Several microbial taxa known to interact with dogwood were identified from these sequences. We found no correlation between microbial diversity and relative abundances of sequences aligning to draft genomes of either pathogen causing powdery mildew or dogwood anthracnose. We found a significant relationship between differences of fungal communities and geographic distances of plant populations, suggesting roles of environments in shaping fungal communities in leaf tissues. Significant correlations between the genetic differentiation of plant samples and fungal community dissimilarity (beta diversity) were also observed in certain sets of our analyses-suggesting the possibility of a relationship between microbial community composition and plant genetic distance. This relationship persisted in significance even after controlling for significant effects of geographic-bioclimatic variation of microbial diversity. Discussion Our results suggest that both genetics and the environment play a significant role in shaping foliar fungal communities. Our findings underscore the power of leveraging hidden microbial sequences within datasets originally collected for plant genetic studies to understand plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Pais
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Jean Ristaino
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Emerging Plant Disease and Global Food Security Cluster, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Ross Whetten
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Qiu-Yun (Jenny) Xiang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, NC, United States
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Dai M, Su Z, Zhu X, Li L, Ye Z, Tan X, Kong D, Liu X, Lin F. Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of Effector Candidates with Conserved Motif in Falciphora oryzae. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:650. [PMID: 38203820 PMCID: PMC10779213 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbes employ effectors to disrupt immune responses and promote host colonization. Conserved motifs including RXLR, LFLAK-HVLVxxP (CRN), Y/F/WxC, CFEM, LysM, Chitin-bind, DPBB_1 (PNPi), and Cutinase have been discovered to play crucial roles in the functioning of effectors in filamentous fungi. Nevertheless, little is known about effectors with conserved motifs in endophytes. This research aims to discover the effector genes with conserved motifs in the genome of rice endophyte Falciphora oryzae. SignalP identified a total of 622 secreted proteins, out of which 227 were predicted as effector candidates by EffectorP. By utilizing HMM features, we discovered a total of 169 effector candidates with conserved motifs and three novel motifs. Effector candidates containing LysM, CFEM, DPBB_1, Cutinase, and Chitin_bind domains were conserved across species. In the transient expression assay, it was observed that one CFEM and one LysM activated cell death in tobacco leaves. Moreover, two CFEM and one Chitin_bind inhibited cell death induced by Bax protein. At various points during the infection, the genes' expression levels were increased. These results will help to identify functional effector proteins involving omics methods using new bioinformatics tools, thus providing a basis for the study of symbiosis mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (M.D.); (X.Z.); (L.L.)
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Digital Agriculture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (Z.Y.); (X.T.); (D.K.)
| | - Zhenzhu Su
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.S.); (X.L.)
| | - Xueming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (M.D.); (X.Z.); (L.L.)
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (M.D.); (X.Z.); (L.L.)
| | - Ziran Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Digital Agriculture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (Z.Y.); (X.T.); (D.K.)
| | - Xiangfeng Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Digital Agriculture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (Z.Y.); (X.T.); (D.K.)
| | - Dedong Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Digital Agriculture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (Z.Y.); (X.T.); (D.K.)
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.S.); (X.L.)
| | - Fucheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (M.D.); (X.Z.); (L.L.)
- Xianghu Laboratory, Hangzhou 311231, China
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Onlamun T, Boonthavee A, Brooks S. Diversity and Advantages of Culturable Endophytic Fungi from Tea ( Camellia sinensis). J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1191. [PMID: 38132791 PMCID: PMC10744531 DOI: 10.3390/jof9121191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Sordariomycetes, Dothideomycetes, and Eurotioycetes are three classes of endophytes that colocalize with tea (Camellia sinensis). Overall, the diversity indexes in this study indicated a greater abundance of fungal endophytes in roots and stems. Taking the production system into account, conventional tea plantations exhibit lower diversity compared to organic tea plantations. Notably, the influence of agrochemicals had the largest impact on the fungal endophyte communities within roots and young leaves. Despite the limited fungal diversity in conventional plantations, three fungal endophytes were isolated from tea in this culture system: Diaporthe sp., YI-005; Diaporthe sp., SI-007; and Eurotium sp., RI-008. These isolated endophytes exhibited high antagonistic activity (93.00-97.00% inhibition of hypha growth) against Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum, the causal agent of gummy stem blight disease. On the other hand, endophytic fungi isolated from tea in an organic system-Pleosporales sp., SO-006 and Pleosporales sp., RO-013-established the ability to produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA; 0.65 ± 0.06 µg/mL) and assist the solubilizing phosphorus (5.17 ± 1.03 µg/mL) from the soil, respectively. This suggested that the level of diversity, whether at the tissue level or within the farming system, did not directly correlate with the discovery of beneficial fungi. More importantly, these beneficial fungi showed the potential to develop into biological agents to control the devastating diseases in the cucurbit family and the potential for use as biofertilizers with a wide range of applications in plants. Therefore, it can be concluded that there are no restrictions limiting the use of fungal endophytes solely to the plant host from which they were originally isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanyarat Onlamun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology (Plant), Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 1118 Budapest, Hungary;
| | | | - Siraprapa Brooks
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand;
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11
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Wippel K. Plant and microbial features governing an endophytic lifestyle. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 76:102483. [PMID: 37939457 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Beneficial microorganisms colonizing internal plant tissues, the endophytes, support their host through plant growth promotion, pathogen protection, and abiotic stress alleviation. Their efficient application in agriculture requires the understanding of the molecular mechanisms and environmental conditions that facilitate in planta accommodation. Accumulating evidence reveals that commensal microorganisms employ similar colonization strategies as their pathogenic counterparts. Fine-tuning of immune response, motility, and metabolic crosstalk accounts for their differentiation. For a holistic perspective, in planta experiments with microbial collections and comprehensive genome data exploration are crucial. This review describes the most recent findings on factors involved in endophytic colonization processes, focusing on bacteria and fungi, and discusses required methodological approaches to unravel their relevance within a community context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Wippel
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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12
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Chang CH, Hsiao G, Wang SW, Yen JY, Huang SJ, Chi WC, Lee TH. Chemical constituents from the medicinal herb-derived fungus Chaetomium globosum Km1226. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2023; 64:34. [PMID: 38030829 PMCID: PMC10686906 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-023-00406-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endophytic fungi have proven to be a rich source of novel natural products with a wide-array of biological activities and higher levels of structural diversity. RESULTS Chemical investigation on the liquid- and solid-state fermented products of Chaetomium globosum Km1226 isolated from the littoral medicinal herb Atriplex maximowicziana Makino resulted in the isolation of compounds 1-14. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis as three previously undescribed C13-polyketides, namely aureonitol C (1), mollipilins G (2), and H (3), along with eleven known compounds 4-14. Among these, mollipilin A (5) exhibited significant nitric oxide production inhibitory activity in LPS-induced BV-2 microglial cells with an IC50 value of 0.7 ± 0.1 µM, and chaetoglobosin D (10) displayed potent anti-angiogenesis property in human endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) with an IC50 value of 0.8 ± 0.3 µM. CONCLUSIONS Three previously unreported compounds 1-3 were isolated and identified. Mollipilin A (5) and chaetoglobosin D (10) could possibly be developed as anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic lead drugs, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hao Chang
- Institute of Fisheries Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - George Hsiao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wei Wang
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, 25245, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, 25245, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung, 807378, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, 10449, Taiwan
| | - Juei-Yu Yen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, 25245, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, 10491, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Jung Huang
- Institute of Fisheries Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chiung Chi
- Department of Food Science, National Quemoy University, Kinmen, 89250, Taiwan.
| | - Tzong-Huei Lee
- Institute of Fisheries Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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13
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Li Y, Hu C, Song R, Yin Z, Wang L, Shi L, Li W, Zheng Z, Yang M. The Difference in Diversity between Endophytic Microorganisms in White and Grey Zizania latifolia. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1067. [PMID: 37998872 PMCID: PMC10672487 DOI: 10.3390/jof9111067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The Zizania latifolia is usually infected by the obligate parasitic fungus Ustilago esculenta to form an edible fleshy stem which is an aquatic vegetable called Jiaobai in China. The infection by the teliospore (T) strain of U. esculenta induces Z. latifolia forming gray fleshy stems, while the mycelia-teliospore (MT) strain of U. esculenta induces white fleshy stems which are more suitable for edibility than gray fleshy stems. The mechanism of this phenomenon is still largely unknown. One of the possible causes is the diversity of endophytic microbial communities between these two fleshy stems. Therefore, we utilized fungal ITS1 and bacterial 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing to investigate the diversity of endophytic microbial communities in the two different fleshy stems of Z. latifolia. The results revealed that the α diversity and richness of endophytic fungi in white Z. latifolia were significantly greater than in gray Z. latifolia. The dominant fungal genus in both fleshy stems was U. esculenta, which accounted for over 90% of the endophytic fungi. The community composition of endophytic fungi in gray and white Z. latifolia was different except for U. esculenta, and a negative correlation was observed between U. esculenta and other endophytic fungi. In addition, the dominant bacterial genus in gray Z. latifolia was Alcaligenaceae which is also negatively correlated with other bacterium communities. Additionally, the co-occurrence network of white Z. latifolia was found to have a stronger scale, connectivity, and complexity compared to that of gray Z. latifolia. And the detected beneficial bacteria and pathogens in the stems of Z. latifolia potentially compete for resources. Furthermore, the function of endophytic bacteria is more abundant than endophytic fungi in Z. latifolia. This research investigated the correlation between the development of Z. latifolia fleshy stems and endophytic microbial communities. Our findings indicate that the composition of endophytic microbial communities is closely related to the type of Z. latifolia fleshy stems. This research also suggests the potential utilization of specific microbial communities to enhance the growth and development of Z. latifolia, thereby contributing to the breeding of Z. latifolia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Characteristic Aquatic Vegetable Breeding and Cultivation, Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinhua 321000, China; (Y.L.); (R.S.); (L.W.); (L.S.)
| | - Cailin Hu
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (C.H.); (Z.Y.); (W.L.)
| | - Ruiqi Song
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Characteristic Aquatic Vegetable Breeding and Cultivation, Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinhua 321000, China; (Y.L.); (R.S.); (L.W.); (L.S.)
| | - Zhihui Yin
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (C.H.); (Z.Y.); (W.L.)
| | - Lingyun Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Characteristic Aquatic Vegetable Breeding and Cultivation, Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinhua 321000, China; (Y.L.); (R.S.); (L.W.); (L.S.)
| | - Lin Shi
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Characteristic Aquatic Vegetable Breeding and Cultivation, Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinhua 321000, China; (Y.L.); (R.S.); (L.W.); (L.S.)
| | - Wei Li
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (C.H.); (Z.Y.); (W.L.)
| | - Zhaisheng Zheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Characteristic Aquatic Vegetable Breeding and Cultivation, Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinhua 321000, China; (Y.L.); (R.S.); (L.W.); (L.S.)
| | - Mengfei Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Characteristic Aquatic Vegetable Breeding and Cultivation, Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinhua 321000, China; (Y.L.); (R.S.); (L.W.); (L.S.)
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14
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Boruta T, Ścigaczewska A, Ruda A, Bizukojć M. Effects of the Coculture Initiation Method on the Production of Secondary Metabolites in Bioreactor Cocultures of Penicillium rubens and Streptomyces rimosus. Molecules 2023; 28:6044. [PMID: 37630296 PMCID: PMC10458595 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioreactor cocultures involving Penicillium rubens and Streptomyces rimosus were investigated with regard to secondary metabolite production, morphological development, dissolved oxygen levels, and carbon substrate utilization. The production profiles of 22 secondary metabolites were analyzed, including penicillin G and oxytetracycline. Three inoculation approaches were tested, i.e., the simultaneous inoculation of P. rubens with S. rimosus and the inoculation of S. rimosus delayed by 24 or 48 h relative to P. rubens. The delayed inoculation of S. rimosus into the P. rubens culture did not prevent the actinomycete from proliferating and displaying its biosynthetic repertoire. Although a period of prolonged adaptation was needed, S. rimosus exhibited growth and the production of secondary metabolites regardless of the chosen delay period (24 or 48 h). This promising method of coculture initiation resulted in increased levels of metabolites tentatively identified as rimocidin B, 2-methylthio-cis-zeatin, chrysogine, benzylpenicilloic acid, and preaustinoid D relative to the values recorded for the monocultures. This study demonstrates the usefulness of the delayed inoculation approach in uncovering the metabolic landscape of filamentous microorganisms and altering the levels of secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Boruta
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wolczanska 213, 93-005 Lodz, Poland
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15
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Chen T, Wang S, Jiang X, Huang Y, Mo M, Yu Z. New Species of Didymellaceae within Aquatic Plants from Southwestern China. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:761. [PMID: 37504749 PMCID: PMC10381294 DOI: 10.3390/jof9070761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of Didymellaceae have a wide geographical distribution throughout different ecosystems, and most species are associated with fruit, leaf, stem and root diseases of land plants. However, species that occur in aquatic plants are not clearly known. During a survey of the diversity of endophytes in aquatic plants in Yunnan, Sichuan, and Guizhou provinces, we obtained 51 isolates belonging to Didymellaceae based on internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) sequences. Further, the phylogenetic positions of these isolates were determined by combined sequences composed of ITS, partial large subunit nrRNA gene (28S nrDNA; LSU), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2) and partial beta-tubulin gene (tub2). Combining morphological characteristics and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses, two new varieties belong to Boeremia and 12 new species distributed into seven genera were recognized from 51 isolates, i.e., Cumuliphoma, Didymella, Dimorphoma, Ectophoma, Leptosphaerulina, Remotididymella, and Stagonosporopsis. Among these species, only one species of Stagonosporopsis and two species of Leptosphaerulina show teleomorphic stages on OA, but have no anamorphic state. Each new species is described in detail, and the differences between new species and their phylogenetically related species are discussed here. The high frequency of new species indicates that aquatic plants may be a special ecological niche which highly promotes species differentiation. At the same time, the frequent occurrence of new species may indicate the need for extensive investigation of fungal resources in those aquatic environments where fungal diversity may be underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Chen
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (T.C.); (S.W.); (X.J.); (Y.H.)
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Siyuan Wang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (T.C.); (S.W.); (X.J.); (Y.H.)
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Xinwei Jiang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (T.C.); (S.W.); (X.J.); (Y.H.)
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (T.C.); (S.W.); (X.J.); (Y.H.)
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Minghe Mo
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (T.C.); (S.W.); (X.J.); (Y.H.)
| | - Zefen Yu
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (T.C.); (S.W.); (X.J.); (Y.H.)
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16
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Wang H, Liu Z, Duan F, Chen Y, Qiu K, Xiong Q, Lin H, Zhang J, Tan H. Isolation, identification, and antibacterial evaluation of endophytic fungi from Gannan navel orange. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1172629. [PMID: 37396354 PMCID: PMC10307966 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1172629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gannan navel orange is a famous brand in China but the isolation of its endophytic fungi was rarely reported. In this study, a total of 54 strains of endophytic fungi were successfully isolated from the pulp, peel, twig, and leaf of Gannan navel orange; they were successfully identified to belong to 17 species of 12 genera. All these strains were fermented using potato-dextrose agar (PDA) medium, and their secondary metabolites were then extracted with ethyl acetate (EtOAc). The antibacterial assays of Escherichia coli (E. coli), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc) were also performed for the EtOAc extracts of these strains. As a result, the extracts of both Geotrichum sp. (gc-1-127-30) and Diaporthe biconispora (gc-1-128-79) demonstrated significant antibacterial activities against Xcc, and the MIC value for the extract of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides against MRSA was low to 62.5 μg/mL. Moreover, the chemical components of the extracts of Colletotrichum sp., Diaporthe biconispora, and Annulohypoxylon atroroseum were primarily investigated, and they successfully led to the isolation of 24 compounds involving a new botryane sesquiterpene. Among the isolated products, compound 2 showed significant inhibitory activities toward SA, MRSA, E. coli, and Xcc with MIC values of 12.5, 3.1, 125, and 12.5 μg/mL, respectively. This study revealed that the endophytic fungi of Gannan navel orange showed high potency to produce secondary metabolites with significant antibacterial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziyue Liu
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fangfang Duan
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kaidi Qiu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qin Xiong
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Huiting Lin
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Haibo Tan
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Priyashantha AKH, Dai DQ, Bhat DJ, Stephenson SL, Promputtha I, Kaushik P, Tibpromma S, Karunarathna SC. Plant-Fungi Interactions: Where It Goes? BIOLOGY 2023; 12:809. [PMID: 37372094 PMCID: PMC10295453 DOI: 10.3390/biology12060809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Fungi live different lifestyles-including pathogenic and symbiotic-by interacting with living plants. Recently, there has been a substantial increase in the study of phytopathogenic fungi and their interactions with plants. Symbiotic relationships with plants appear to be lagging behind, although progressive. Phytopathogenic fungi cause diseases in plants and put pressure on survival. Plants fight back against such pathogens through complicated self-defense mechanisms. However, phytopathogenic fungi develop virulent responses to overcome plant defense reactions, thus continuing their deteriorative impacts. Symbiotic relationships positively influence both plants and fungi. More interestingly, they also help plants protect themselves from pathogens. In light of the nonstop discovery of novel fungi and their strains, it is imperative to pay more attention to plant-fungi interactions. Both plants and fungi are responsive to environmental changes, therefore construction of their interaction effects has emerged as a new field of study. In this review, we first attempt to highlight the evolutionary aspect of plant-fungi interactions, then the mechanism of plants to avoid the negative impact of pathogenic fungi, and fungal strategies to overcome the plant defensive responses once they have been invaded, and finally the changes of such interactions under the different environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. K. Hasith Priyashantha
- Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China; (A.K.H.P.); (D.-Q.D.)
| | - Dong-Qin Dai
- Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China; (A.K.H.P.); (D.-Q.D.)
| | - Darbhe J. Bhat
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
- Biology Division, Vishnugupta Vishwavidyapeetam, Gokarna 581326, India
| | - Steven L. Stephenson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA;
| | - Itthayakorn Promputtha
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | | | - Saowaluck Tibpromma
- Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China; (A.K.H.P.); (D.-Q.D.)
| | - Samantha C. Karunarathna
- Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China; (A.K.H.P.); (D.-Q.D.)
- National Institute of Fundamental Studies (NIFS), Hantana Road, Kandy 20000, Sri Lanka
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18
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Brown JK. Editorial overview: Fungal diversity: Now for something completely different. Curr Opin Microbiol 2023; 73:102294. [PMID: 37018995 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2023.102294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James Km Brown
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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Zhao Y, Mao W, Tang W, Soares MA, Li H. Wild Rosa Endophyte M7SB41-Mediated Host Plant's Powdery Mildew Resistance. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:620. [PMID: 37367556 DOI: 10.3390/jof9060620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies indicated that endophyte M7SB41 (Seimatosporium sp.) can significantly enhance host plants powdery mildew (PM) resistance. To recover the mechanisms, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were compared between E+ (endophte-inoculated) and E- (endophyte-free) plants by transcriptomics. A total of 4094, 1200 and 2319 DEGs between E+ and E- were identified at 0, 24, and 72 h after plants had been infected with PM pathogen Golovinomyces cichoracearum, respectively. Gene expression pattern analysis displayed a considerable difference and temporality in response to PM stress between the two groups. Transcriptional profiling analysis revealed that M7SB41 induced plant resistance to PM through Ca2+ signaling, salicylic acid (SA) signaling, and the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway. In particular, we investigated the role and the timing of the SA and jasmonic acid (JA)-regulated defensive pathways. Both transcriptomes and pot experiments showed that SA-signaling may play a prominent role in PM resistance conferred by M7SB41. Additionally, the colonization of M7SB41 could effectively increase the activities and the expression of defense-related enzymes under PM pathogen stress. Meanwhile, our study revealed reliable candidate genes from TGA (TGACG motif-binding factor), WRKY, and pathogenesis-related genes related to M7SB41-mediate resistance. These findings offer a novel insight into the mechanisms of endophytes in activating plant defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Wenqin Mao
- Life Science and Technology & Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Wenting Tang
- Life Science and Technology & Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Marcos Antônio Soares
- Department of Botany and Ecology, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá 78060-900, Brazil
| | - Haiyan Li
- Life Science and Technology & Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
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Wang X, Zeng X, Qin C, Yan X, Chen X, Zhang L, Zhou Y. Herbaspirillum sp. ZXN111 Colonization Characters to Different Tea Cultivars and the Effects on Tea Metabolites Profiling on Zijuan ( Camellia sinensis var. assamica). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:5283-5292. [PMID: 36946772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Herbaspirillum sp. ZXN111 and its mutants (Δacc, Δtyrb, and Δacc-tyrb), which show PGP activity on Zijuan, were tested for tea plants' colonization characteristics and the strain-dependent response of tea metabolites. The results showed that strain ZXN111 could widely colonize in different tea cultivars of Zijuan, Yunkang-10, Longjin 43, and Shuchazao, but with significant colonization preference to Zijuan, which might be ascribed to anthocyanins' chemotaxis. After 9 weeks of co-cultivation, l-theanine and theobromine in Zijuan leaves that were inoculated with wild-type ZXN111 were decreased, while theobromine, caffeine, and l-theanine that were inoculated with mutant Δacc were increased; especially l-theanine increased much significantly. Metabolomics analysis showed that tea metabolite profiling of inoculant groups was clearly separated from the control; therein, the flavanols were downregulated in ZXN111 and Δacc groups, but the l-theanine of the Δacc group was significantly upregulated compared to control and ZXN111 groups. These results indicated that strain ZXN111, especially of mutant Δacc, improved Zijuan tea flavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xiuli Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Chunyin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xiaomei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xuanqin Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Jingming Road 727, Kunming 650000, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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21
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Liu JM, Liang YT, Wang SS, Jin N, Sun J, Lu C, Sun YF, Li SY, Fan B, Wang FZ. Antimicrobial activity and comparative metabolomic analysis of Priestia megaterium strains derived from potato and dendrobium. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5272. [PMID: 37002283 PMCID: PMC10066289 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32337-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth of endophytic bacteria is influenced by the host plants and their secondary metabolites and activities. In this study, P. megaterium P-NA14 and P. megaterium D-HT207 were isolated from potato tuber and dendrobium stem respectively. They were both identified as Priestia megaterium. The antimicrobial activities and metabolites of both strains were explored. For antimicrobial activities, results showed that P. megaterium P-NA14 exhibited a stronger inhibition effect on the pathogen of dendrobium, while P. megaterium D-HT207 exhibited a stronger inhibition effect on the pathogen of potato. The supernatant of P. megaterium P-NA14 showed an inhibition effect only on Staphylococcus aureus, while the sediment of P. megaterium D-HT207 showed an inhibition effect only on Escherichia coli. For metabolomic analysis, the content of L-phenylalanine in P. megaterium P-NA14 was higher than that of P. megaterium D-HT207, and several key downstream metabolites of L-phenylalanine were associated with inhibition of S. aureus including tyrosine, capsaicin, etc. Therefore, we speculated that the different antimicrobial activities between P. megaterium P-NA14 and P. megaterium D-HT207 were possibly related to the content of L-phenylalanine and its metabolites. This study preliminarily explored why the same strains isolated from different hosts exhibit different activities from the perspective of metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Meng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Tian Liang
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan, China
| | - Shan-Shan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nuo Jin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Feng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Feng-Zhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
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22
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Zhu M, He C, Zhou J, Li Y, Qian L, Zhang J, Qiao Y, Chang W, Lou H. Liverwort-Derived Metabolites Retard Endophyte Growth and Inspire Antifungal Application. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:4863-4875. [PMID: 36919252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Liverwort secondary metabolites play an important role in the peaceful relationship between liverwort endophytic fungi and the host. This study identified potential antifungal agents based on interactions between host plants and endophytic fungi. Two endophytic fungi strains and 25 metabolites, including nine new compounds, were isolated from the Chinese liverwort Herbertus herpocladioides. Endophytic fungi were identified using internal transcribed spacer and whole-genome sequencing, and the compound structures were determined using comprehensive spectroscopic analysis coupled with electronic circular dichroism calculations. Among these compounds, compounds 10-13 exhibited potent antifungal activities. Compound 10, the most potent antifungal agent, disrupted fungal mitochondrial respiration by inhibiting the activity of mitochondrial complexes I and IV and resulted in the intracellular ATP content of endophytic fungi being significantly reduced. The in vivo results show that compound 10 protected fruits and animals from infection by phytopathogen Alternaria citriarbusti and human pathogen Candida albicans, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Zhu
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Chen He
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Jinchuan Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Lilin Qian
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Jiaozhen Zhang
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yanan Qiao
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Wenqiang Chang
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Hongxiang Lou
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
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23
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Gomes T, Pereira JA, Moya-Laraño J, Poveda J, Lino-Neto T, Baptista P. Deciphering plant health status: The link between secondary metabolites, fungal community and disease incidence in olive tree. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1048762. [PMID: 37035041 PMCID: PMC10073708 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1048762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant-associated microorganisms are increasingly recognized to play key roles in host health. Among several strategies, associated microorganisms can promote the production of specific metabolites by their hosts. However, there is still a huge gap in the understanding of such mechanisms in plant-microorganism interaction. Here, we want to determine whether different levels of olive leaf spot (OLS) disease incidence were related to differences in the composition of fungal and secondary metabolites (i.e. phenolic and volatile compounds) in leaves from olive tree cultivars with contrasting OLS susceptibilities (ranging from tolerant to highly susceptible). Accordingly, leaves with three levels of OLS incidence from both cultivars were used to assess epiphytic and endophytic fungal communities, by barcoding of cultivable isolates, as well as to evaluate leaf phenolic and volatile composition. Fungal and metabolite compositions variations were detected according to the level of disease incidence. Changes were particularly noticed for OLS-tolerant cultivars, opposing to OLS-susceptible cultivars, suggesting that disease development is linked, not only to leaf fungal and metabolite composition, but also to host genotype. A set of metabolites/fungi that can act as predictive biomarkers of plant tolerance/susceptibility to OLS disease were identified. The metabolites α-farnesene and p-cymene, and the fungi Fusarium sp. and Alternaria sp. were more related to disease incidence, while Pyronema domesticum was related to the absence of disease symptoms. Cultivar susceptibility to OLS disease is then suggested to be driven by fungi, volatile and phenolic host leaves composition, and above all to plant-fungus interaction. A deeper understanding of these complex interactions may unravel plant defensive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Gomes
- Centro De Investigação De Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado Para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia Em Regiões De Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico De Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | - José Alberto Pereira
- Centro De Investigação De Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado Para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia Em Regiões De Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico De Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Jordi Moya-Laraño
- Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Experimental De Zonas Áridas - CSIC, Almería, Spain
| | - Jorge Poveda
- Centro De Investigação De Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado Para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia Em Regiões De Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico De Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Universidad Pública De Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Teresa Lino-Neto
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Paula Baptista
- Centro De Investigação De Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado Para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia Em Regiões De Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico De Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
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24
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Silva RMF, Neto WP, Oliveira RJ, Bezerra JD, Bezerra JL, de Lima VX, Vieira LC, Tabosa JN, Souza-Motta CM, Silva GA. Effect of climate and phenological stage on fungal endophytes community in Sorghum bicolor leaves. Mycol Prog 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-023-01870-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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25
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Todd JNA, Carreón-Anguiano KG, Islas-Flores I, Canto-Canché B. Fungal Effectoromics: A World in Constant Evolution. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13433. [PMID: 36362218 PMCID: PMC9656242 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Effectors are small, secreted molecules that mediate the establishment of interactions in nature. While some concepts of effector biology have stood the test of time, this area of study is ever-evolving as new effectors and associated characteristics are being revealed. In the present review, the different characteristics that underly effector classifications are discussed, contrasting past and present knowledge regarding these molecules to foster a more comprehensive understanding of effectors for the reader. Research gaps in effector identification and perspectives for effector application in plant disease management are also presented, with a focus on fungal effectors in the plant-microbe interaction and interactions beyond the plant host. In summary, the review provides an amenable yet thorough introduction to fungal effector biology, presenting noteworthy examples of effectors and effector studies that have shaped our present understanding of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jewel Nicole Anna Todd
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Karla Gisel Carreón-Anguiano
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Ignacio Islas-Flores
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Blondy Canto-Canché
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
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