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Piyasiri SB, Fathima P, Shah HK, Senanyake S, Samaranayake N, Karunaweera ND, Rahi M, Saini P. Comparative Analysis of Phlebotomus argentipes Vector of Leishmaniasis in India and Sri Lanka. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1459. [PMID: 39065228 PMCID: PMC11278908 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Phlebotomus argentipes is the predominant sandfly vector of leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent. India and Sri Lanka primarily report visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani. We compared Ph. argentipes from two locations, focusing on its morphological, molecular, and salivary protein characteristics. Sandflies were captured using CDC light traps and cattle-baited net traps. Species identification and morphological comparisons were carried out using standard taxonomic keys. DNA extracted from 12 Sri Lankan sandfly samples was PCR-amplified and sequenced for the variable region of Cytochrome oxidase subunit I. Existing DNA sequences of India from GenBank were utilized for a phylogenetic analysis between Sri Lanka and India. Salivary protein profiles were studied using SDS-PAGE, Western blot, and electrospray ionization/LC/MS/MS. The morphological similarities observed between female Ph. argentipes from India and Sri Lanka suggest the presence of Ph. argentipes var. glaucus. A phylogenetic analysis showed genetic divergence between Ph. argentipes populations, but both shared a similar salivary protein profile. A common, strong 30 kDa immunogenic band comprised PagSP05, PagSP06, and PagSP17 proteins of Ph. argentipes. The similarity between the immunogenic salivary proteins suggests their potential use as common markers for vector exposure or immune response stimulants across regions. The use of multiple samples for each category of serum would improve the comprehensiveness of the immunogenic profiles obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachee Bhanu Piyasiri
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo 0800, Sri Lanka; (S.B.P.); (S.S.); (N.S.); (N.D.K.)
| | - P.A. Fathima
- Vector Control Research Centre, Field Station, Kottayam 686003, Kerala, India (H.K.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Harish Kumar Shah
- Vector Control Research Centre, Field Station, Kottayam 686003, Kerala, India (H.K.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Sanath Senanyake
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo 0800, Sri Lanka; (S.B.P.); (S.S.); (N.S.); (N.D.K.)
| | - Nilakshi Samaranayake
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo 0800, Sri Lanka; (S.B.P.); (S.S.); (N.S.); (N.D.K.)
| | - Nadira Darshani Karunaweera
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo 0800, Sri Lanka; (S.B.P.); (S.S.); (N.S.); (N.D.K.)
| | - Manju Rahi
- Vector Control Research Centre, Field Station, Kottayam 686003, Kerala, India (H.K.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Prasanta Saini
- Vector Control Research Centre, Field Station, Kottayam 686003, Kerala, India (H.K.S.); (M.R.)
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de Araujo FF, Abdeladhim M, Teixeira C, Hummer K, Wilkerson MD, Ressner R, Lakhal-Naouar I, Ellis MW, Meneses C, Nurmukhambetova S, Gomes R, Tolbert WD, Turiansky GW, Pazgier M, Oliveira F, Valenzuela JG, Kamhawi S, Aronson N. Immune response profiles from humans experimentally exposed to Phlebotomus duboscqi bites. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1335307. [PMID: 38633260 PMCID: PMC11021656 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1335307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a neglected vector-borne parasitic disease prevalent in 92 countries with approximately one million new infections annually. Interactions between vector saliva and the human host alter the response to infection and outcome of disease. Methods To characterize the human immunological responses developed against saliva of Phlebotomus duboscqi, a Leishmania major (L. major) vector, we repeatedly exposed the arms of 14 healthy U.S volunteers to uninfected P. duboscqi bites. Blood was collected a week after each exposure and used to assess total IgG antibodies against the proteins of P. duboscqi salivary gland homogenate (SGH) and the levels of IFN-gamma and IL-10 from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated with SGH or recombinant sand fly proteins. We analyzed skin punch biopsies of the human volunteer arms from the insect bite site and control skin site after multiple P. duboscqi exposures (four volunteers) using immunohistochemical staining. Results A variety of immediate insect bite skin reactions were observed. Late skin reactions to insect bites were characterized by macular hyperpigmentation and/or erythematous papules. Hematoxylin and eosin staining showed moderate mononuclear skin infiltrate with eosinophils in those challenged recently (within 2 months), eosinophils were not seen in biopsies with recall challenge (6 month post bites). An increase in plasma antigen-specific IgG responses to SGH was observed over time. Western Blot results showed strong plasma reactivity to five P. duboscqi salivary proteins. Importantly, volunteers developed a cellular immunity characterized by the secretion of IFN-gamma upon PBMC stimulation with P. duboscqi SGH and recombinant antigens. Discussion Our results demonstrate that humans mounted a local and systemic immune response against P. duboscqi salivary proteins. Specifically, PduM02/SP15-like and PduM73/adenosine deaminase recombinant salivary proteins triggered a Th1 type immune response that might be considered in future development of a potential Leishmania vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Fortes de Araujo
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Maha Abdeladhim
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research (LMVR), National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Clarissa Teixeira
- Department of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Eusébio, CE, Brazil
| | - Kelly Hummer
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Matthew D. Wilkerson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Roseanne Ressner
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Ines Lakhal-Naouar
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Claudio Meneses
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research (LMVR), National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Saule Nurmukhambetova
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Regis Gomes
- Department of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Eusébio, CE, Brazil
| | - W. David Tolbert
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - George W. Turiansky
- Department of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Fabiano Oliveira
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research (LMVR), National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Jesus G. Valenzuela
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research (LMVR), National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Shaden Kamhawi
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research (LMVR), National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Naomi Aronson
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Lajevardi MS, Gholami E, Taheri T, Sarvnaz H, Habibzadeh S, Seyed N, Mortazavi Y, Rafati S. Leishmania tarentolae as Potential Live Vaccine Co-Expressing Distinct Salivary Gland Proteins Against Experimental Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in BALB/c Mice Model. Front Immunol 2022; 13:895234. [PMID: 35757692 PMCID: PMC9226313 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.895234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected vector-borne disease caused by Leishmania parasites transmitted through the infected sand flies bite. Current treatments are limited, partly due to their high cost and significant adverse effects, and no human vaccine is yet available. Sand flies saliva has been examined for their potential application as an anti-Leishmania vaccine. The salivary protein, PpSP15, was the first protective vaccine candidate against L. major. Additionally, PsSP9 was already introduced as a highly immunogenic salivary protein against L. tropica. Herein, we aimed to develop an effective multivalent live vaccine to control Cutaneous Leishmaniasis induced by two main species, L. major and L. tropica. Hence, the two above-mentioned salivary proteins using T2A linker were incorporated inside the L. tarentolae genome as a safe live vector. Then, the immunogenicity and protective effects of recombinant L. tarentolae co-expressing PpSP15 and PsSP9 were evaluated in pre-treated BALB/c mice with CpG against L. major and L. tropica. Following the cytokine assays, parasite burden and antibody assessment at different time-points at pre and post-infection, promising protective Th1 immunity was obtained in vaccinated mice with recombinant L. tarentolae co-expressing PpSP15 and PsSP9. This is the first study demonstrating the potency of a safe live vaccine based on the combination of different salivary proteins against the infectious challenge with two different species of Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahya Sadat Lajevardi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Gholami
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahereh Taheri
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamzeh Sarvnaz
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sima Habibzadeh
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Seyed
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Mortazavi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Sima Rafati
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Miranda DEDO, Sales KGDS, Figueredo LA, de Oliveira SA, do Nascimento AV, Torres DJL, Sumova P, Volf P, Brandão-Filho SP, de Albuquerque SDCG, de Lorena VMB, Dantas-Torres F. Effects of Migonemyia migonei salivary gland homogenates on Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis infection in BALB/c mice. Acta Trop 2022; 227:106271. [PMID: 34906551 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is the most widespread clinical form of leishmaniasis in the Americas. Migonemyia migonei is a widely distributed phlebotomine sand fly species in Brazil and has been implicated as a vector for L. (V.) braziliensis. In the present study, we investigated the effects of salivary gland homogenates (SGH) of Mg. migonei on the course of L. (V.) braziliensis infection in BALB/c mice. Mice were separated into four groups (six mice per group): CTRL (uninfected mice); SGH (mice inoculated with Mg. migonei SGH); SGH+LEISH (mice inoculated with Mg. migonei SGH plus L. (V.) braziliensis promastigotes); LEISH (mice inoculated with L. (V.) braziliensis promastigotes). Mice were followed up for 8 weeks and the cellular immune response was evaluated by flow cytometry at the end of the experiment. Analysis of cytokine production by splenic cells stimulated with 0.5 SGH, 0.25 SGH of Mg. migonei or L. (V.) braziliensis soluble antigen stimulation (LSA) demonstrated that upon stimulation with SGH 0.25, the production of IL-17A and TNF was not sustained in the SGH group, with decreasing levels of these cytokines after 5 days compared to 3 days of incubation. Analyzing the production of cytokines after LSA stimulation, we observed lower levels of IL-17A in the SGH group after 5 days compared to 3 days. The same was observed for IFN-γ in the SGH group. Yet, the levels of TNF were significantly higher in the LEISH group after 5 days compared to 3 days. Among SGH+LEISH and LEISH mice, three animals in each group developed skin lesions on the tail, the mean lesion size was significantly higher in the LEISH group. Our study suggests that Mg. migonei SGH may modulate BALB/c immune response, as reflected by the low production or early decrease of pro-inflammatory cytokines in splenic cell cultures following stimulation with L. (V.) braziliensis antigen. Our data also suggest that Mg. migonei saliva may reduce the lesion size in BALB/c mice, but further research with a larger sample size is needed to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luciana Aguiar Figueredo
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Sheilla Andrade de Oliveira
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Diego José Lira Torres
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Petr Volf
- Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sinval Pinto Brandão-Filho
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | - Filipe Dantas-Torres
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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Sumova P, Sanjoba C, Willen L, Polanska N, Matsumoto Y, Noiri E, Paul SK, Ozbel Y, Volf P. PpSP32-like protein as a marker of human exposure to Phlebotomus argentipes in Leishmania donovani foci in Bangladesh. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:1059-1068. [PMID: 34273394 PMCID: PMC8575019 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Phlebotomus argentipes is a sole vector of Leishmania donovani in the Indian subcontinent. 40% of humans in the study area have IgG antibodies against P. argentipes saliva. A correlation was found between IgG responses against P. argentipes saliva and rPagSP06. rPagSP06 is a valid antigen to measure human exposure to P. argentipes.
Phlebotomus argentipes is a predominant vector of Leishmania donovani, the protozoan parasite causing visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent. In hosts bitten by P. argentipes, sand fly saliva elicits the production of specific anti-salivary protein antibodies. Here, we have utilised these antibodies as markers of human exposure to P. argentipes in a visceral leishmaniasis endemic area in Pabna district, Bangladesh. The use of whole salivary gland homogenate as an antigen to detect these antibodies has several limitations, therefore it is being superseded by the use of specific recombinant salivary proteins. We have identified three major P. argentipes salivary antigenic proteins recognised by sera of bitten humans, expressed them in a recombinant form (rPagSP04, rPagSP05 and rPagSP06) and tested their applicability in ELISA and immunoblot. One of them, PpSP32-like protein rPagSP06, was identified as the most promising antigen, showing highest resemblance and correlation with the IgG response to P. argentipes salivary gland homogenate. Furthermore, we have validated the applicability of rPagSP06 in a large cohort of 585 individuals and obtained a high correlation coefficient for anti-rPagSP06 and anti-P. argentipes saliva IgG responses. The anti-rPagSP06 and anti-P. argentipes salivary gland homogenate IgG responses followed a similar right-skewed distribution. This is the first report of screening human sera for anti-P. argentipes saliva antibodies using recombinant salivary protein. The rPagSP06 was proven to be a valid antigen for screening human sera for exposure to P. argentipes bites in a visceral leishmaniasis endemic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Sumova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna7, Prague 12844, Czech Republic.
| | - Chizu Sanjoba
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Laura Willen
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna7, Prague 12844, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Polanska
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna7, Prague 12844, Czech Republic
| | - Yoshitsugu Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Eisei Noiri
- Hemodialysis and Apheresis, Nephrology 107 Lab, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shyamal Kumar Paul
- Department of Microbiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh 2206, Bangladesh
| | - Yusuf Ozbel
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna7, Prague 12844, Czech Republic
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Karmakar S, Nath S, Sarkar B, Chakraborty S, Paul S, Karan M, Pal C. Insect vectors' saliva and gut microbiota as a blessing in disguise: probability versus possibility. Future Microbiol 2021; 16:657-670. [PMID: 34100305 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Drawing of host blood is a natural phenomenon during the bite of blood-probing insect vectors. Along with the blood meal, the vectors introduce salivary components and a trail of microbiota. In the case of infected vectors, the related pathogen accompanies the aforementioned biological components. In addition to Anopheles gambiae or Anopheles stephensi, the bites of other nonmalarial vectors cannot be ignored in malaria-endemic regions. Similarly, the bite incidence of Phlebotomus papatasi cannot be ignored in visceral leishmaniasis-endemic regions. Even the chances of getting bitten by uninfected vectors are higher than the infected vectors. We have discussed the probability or possibility of uninfected, infected, and/or nonvector's saliva and gut microbiota as a therapeutic option leading to the initial deterrent to pathogen establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Karmakar
- Cellular Immunology & Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, 700126, India.,Vector Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, 700126, India
| | - Supriya Nath
- Cellular Immunology & Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, 700126, India.,Vector Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, 700126, India
| | - Biswajyoti Sarkar
- Cellular Immunology & Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, 700126, India.,Vector Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, 700126, India
| | - Sondipon Chakraborty
- Vector Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, 700126, India
| | - Sharmistha Paul
- Vector Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, 700126, India
| | - Mintu Karan
- Vector Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, 700126, India
| | - Chiranjib Pal
- Cellular Immunology & Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, 700126, India.,Vector Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, 700126, India
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Rêgo FD, Soares RP. Lutzomyia longipalpis: an update on this sand fly vector. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20200254. [PMID: 33950136 DOI: 10.1590/0001-37652021xxxx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lutzomyia longipalpis is the most important vector of Leishmania infantum, the etiological agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the New World. It is a permissive vector susceptible to infection with several Leishmania species. One of the advantages that favors the study of this sand fly is the possibility of colonization in the laboratory. For this reason, several researchers around the world use this species as a model for different subjects including biology, insecticides testing, host-parasite interaction, physiology, genetics, proteomics, molecular biology, and saliva among others. In 2003, we published our first review (Soares & Turco 2003) on this vector covering several aspects of Lu. longipalpis. This current review summarizes what has been published between 2003-2020. During this period, modern approaches were incorporated following the development of more advanced and sensitive techniques to assess this sand fly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe D Rêgo
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ/MG), Instituto René Rachou, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715, Barro Preto, 30180-104 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Pedro Soares
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ/MG), Instituto René Rachou, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715, Barro Preto, 30180-104 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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RÊGO FELIPED, SOARES RODRIGOPEDRO. Lutzomyia longipalpis: an update on this sand fly vector. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120200254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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9
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Veysi A, Mahmoudi AR, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Jeddi-Tehrani M, Rassi Y, Zahraei-Ramazani A, Hosseini-Vasoukolaei N, Zareie B, Khamesipour A, Akhavan AA. Human immune response to Phlebotomus sergenti salivary gland antigens in a leishmaniasis-endemic focus in Iran. Pathog Glob Health 2020; 114:323-332. [PMID: 32643589 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2020.1789399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary proteins specific antibodies have been shown to be useful biomarkers of exposure to sand fly bites. This study aimed to investigate the level, duration, and dynamics of the human immune response against the SGL of Phlebotomus sergenti Parrot, 1917 (Diptera: Psychodidae), and to assess the immunoreactivity of human sera with SGL components in an endemic area of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) in Iran. The study was carried out in 2-phase; longitudinal and cross-sectional. Sand flies were collected monthly from indoors and outdoors. In the longitudinal study, sera from healthy volunteers were collected monthly, and in the cross-sectional study, sera from healthy volunteers and patients with ACL lesion/s, were collected for immunoassay studies. The level of anti-P. sergenti saliva IgG was detected using the ELISA. Immunoreactivity of individual human sera with saliva components was also assessed by western blotting. Phlebotomus sergenti was the predominant sand fly species in the study area. The maximum and minimum percentages of IgG responses were seen in October (66%) and March (29%), respectively. Additionally, the cross-sectional study showed that 59.3% of the healthy volunteers and 80% of the patients were IgG positive. The antibody response against P. sergenti salivary gland was high during the sand fly active season and declined by the end of the activity of the vectors. Antibody response against the SGL components of P. sergenti was transient and individual-specific. Some individuals shared a strong reaction against certain individual antigens, which could be considered as vector exposure markers for further investigation. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ELISA: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; SDS PAGE: Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis; SGL: Salivary Gland Lysate; ACL: Anthroponotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis; PBS: Phosphate Buffered Saline; BCA: Bicinchoninic Acid; PBS-T: Phosphate Buffered Saline Tween; FBS: Fetal Bovine Serum; HRP: Horseradish Peroxidase; TMB: 3,3',5,5'-Tetramethylbenzidine; PVDF: Polyvinylidene Difluoride; SGA: Salivary Gland Antigens; OD: Optical Density; KDa: Kilodalton; VL: Visceral Leishmaniasis; CL: Cutaneous Leishmaniasis; SGs: Salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Veysi
- Zoonoses Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences , Sanandaj, Iran.,Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Mahmoudi
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Yaghoobi-Ershadi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Jeddi-Tehrani
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR , Tehran, Iran
| | - Yavar Rassi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Zahraei-Ramazani
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasibeh Hosseini-Vasoukolaei
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences , Sari, Iran
| | - Bushra Zareie
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ali Khamesipour
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ahmad Akhavan
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
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Gholami E, Oliveira F, Taheri T, Seyed N, Gharibzadeh S, Gholami N, Mizbani A, Zali F, Habibzadeh S, Bakhadj DO, Meneses C, Kamyab-Hesari K, Sadeghipour A, Taslimi Y, khadir F, Kamhawi S, Mazlomi MA, Valenzuela JG, Rafati S. DNA plasmid coding for Phlebotomus sergenti salivary protein PsSP9, a member of the SP15 family of proteins, protects against Leishmania tropica. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007067. [PMID: 30633742 PMCID: PMC6345478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vector-borne disease leishmaniasis is transmitted to humans by infected female sand flies, which transmits Leishmania parasites together with saliva during blood feeding. In Iran, cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is caused by Leishmania (L.) major and L. tropica, and their main vectors are Phlebotomus (Ph.) papatasi and Ph. sergenti, respectively. Previous studies have demonstrated that mice immunized with the salivary gland homogenate (SGH) of Ph. papatasi or subjected to bites from uninfected sand flies are protected against L. major infection. METHODS AND RESULTS In this work we tested the immune response in BALB/c mice to 14 different plasmids coding for the most abundant salivary proteins of Ph. sergenti. The plasmid coding for the salivary protein PsSP9 induced a DTH response in the presence of a significant increase of IFN-γ expression in draining lymph nodes (dLN) as compared to control plasmid and no detectable PsSP9 antibody response. Animals immunized with whole Ph. sergenti SGH developed only a saliva-specific antibody response and no DTH response. Mice immunized with whole Ph. sergenti saliva and challenged intradermally with L. tropica plus Ph. sergenti SGH in their ears, exhibited no protective effect. In contrast, PsSP9-immunized mice showed protection against L. tropica infection resulting in a reduction in nodule size, disease burden and parasite burden compared to controls. Two months post infection, protection was associated with a significant increase in the ratio of IFN-γ to IL-5 expression in the dLN compared to controls. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that while immunity to the whole Ph. sergenti saliva does not induce a protective response against cutaneous leishmaniasis in BALB/c mice, PsSP9, a member of the PpSP15 family of Ph. sergenti salivary proteins, provides protection against L. tropica infection. These results suggest that this family of proteins in Ph. sergenti, Ph. duboscqi and Ph. papatasi may have similar immunogenic and protective properties against different Leishmania species. Indeed, this anti-saliva immunity may act as an adjuvant to accelerate the cell-mediated immune response to co-administered Leishmania antigens, or even cause the activation of infected macrophages to remove parasites more efficiently. These findings highlight the idea of applying arthropod saliva components in vaccination approaches for diseases caused by vector-borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Gholami
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fabiano Oliveira
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tahereh Taheri
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Seyed
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Safoora Gharibzadeh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Gholami
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Mizbani
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fatemeh Zali
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sima Habibzadeh
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Daniel Omid Bakhadj
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Claudio Meneses
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kambiz Kamyab-Hesari
- Department of Dermatopathology, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Sadeghipour
- Department of Pathology, Hazrat-e-Rasoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasaman Taslimi
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh khadir
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shaden Kamhawi
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mohammad Ali Mazlomi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jesus G. Valenzuela
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sima Rafati
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Cunha JM, Abbehusen M, Suarez M, Valenzuela J, Teixeira CR, Brodskyn CI. Immunization with LJM11 salivary protein protects against infection with Leishmania braziliensis in the presence of Lutzomyia longipalpis saliva. Acta Trop 2018; 177:164-170. [PMID: 29037520 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania is transmitted in the presence of sand fly saliva. Protective immunity generated by saliva has encouraged identification of a vector salivary-based vaccine. Previous studies have shown that immunization with LJM11, a salivary protein from Lutzomyia longipalpis, is able to induce a Th1 immune response and protect mice against bites of Leishmania major-infected Lutzomyia longipalpis. Here, we further investigate if immunization with LJM11 recombinant protein is able to confer cross-protection against infection with Leishmania braziliensis associated with salivary gland sonicate (SGS) from Lutzomyia intermedia or Lu. longipalpis. Mice immunized with LJM11 protein exhibited an increased production of anti-LJM11 IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a and a DTH response characterized by an inflammatory infiltrate with the presence of CD4+ IFN-γ+ T cells. LJM11-immunized mice were intradermally infected in the ear with L. braziliensis in the presence of Lu. longipalpis or Lu. intermedia SGS. A significant reduction of parasite numbers in the ear and lymph node in the group challenged with L. braziliensis plus Lu. longipalpis SGS was observed, but not when the challenge was performed with L. braziliensis plus Lu. intermedia SGS. A higher specific production of IFN-γ and absence of IL-10 by lymph node cells were only observed in LJM11 immunized mice after infection. After two weeks, a similar frequency of CD4+ IFN-γ+ T cells was detected in LJM11 and BSA groups challenged with L. braziliensis plus Lu. longipalpis SGS, suggesting that early events possibly triggered by immunization are essential for protection against Leishmania infection. Our findings support the specificity of saliva-mediated immune responses and reinforce the importance of identifying cross-protective salivary antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurema M Cunha
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
| | - Melissa Abbehusen
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
| | - Martha Suarez
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
| | - Jesus Valenzuela
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | | | - Cláudia I Brodskyn
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT) de Investigação em Imunologia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
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12
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Kamiya T, Greischar MA, Mideo N. Epidemiological consequences of immune sensitisation by pre-exposure to vector saliva. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005956. [PMID: 28991904 PMCID: PMC5648264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood-feeding arthropods—like mosquitoes, sand flies, and ticks—transmit many diseases that impose serious public health and economic burdens. When a blood-feeding arthropod bites a mammal, it injects saliva containing immunogenic compounds that facilitate feeding. Evidence from Leishmania, Plasmodium and arboviral infections suggests that the immune responses elicited by pre-exposure to arthropod saliva can alter disease progression if the host later becomes infected. Such pre-sensitisation of host immunity has been reported to both exacerbate and limit infection symptoms, depending on the system in question, with potential implications for recovery. To explore if and how immune pre-sensitisation alters the effects of vector control, we develop a general model of vector-borne disease. We show that the abundance of pre-sensitised infected hosts should increase when control efforts moderately increase vector mortality rates. If immune pre-sensitisation leads to more rapid clearance of infection, increasing vector mortality rates may achieve greater than expected disease control. However, when immune pre-sensitisation prolongs the duration of infection, e.g., through mildly symptomatic cases for which treatment is unlikely to be sought, vector control can actually increase the total number of infected hosts. The rising infections may go unnoticed unless active surveillance methods are used to detect such sub-clinical individuals, who could provide long-lasting reservoirs for transmission and suffer long-term health consequences of those sub-clinical infections. Sensitivity analysis suggests that these negative consequences could be mitigated through integrated vector management. While the effect of saliva pre-exposure on acute symptoms is well-studied for leishmaniasis, the immunological and clinical consequences are largely uncharted for other vector-parasite-host combinations. We find a large range of plausible epidemiological outcomes, positive and negative for public health, underscoring the need to quantify how immune pre-sensitisation modulates recovery and transmission rates in vector-borne diseases. Many diseases of health and economic importance are transmitted by arthropod vectors, like mosquitoes, sand flies, and ticks. When a blood-feeding arthropod bites a mammal, it injects saliva containing compounds that facilitate feeding. The immune responses elicited by previous exposure to vector saliva can alter disease severity if the host later becomes infected. Such pre-sensitisation of host immunity has been linked to either exacerbation or mitigation of symptoms in a number of disease systems. We develop a general model of vector-borne disease to examine how vector control efforts alter the frequency of immune pre-sensitisation and thus change the epidemiological impact of control. We show that the abundance of pre-sensitised infected hosts should increase when control efforts moderately increase vector mortality rates. When immune pre-sensitisation leads to longer infections—by generating sub-clinical cases for which treatment is not rapidly sought—killing vectors can lead to unexpected increases in the number of infected hosts. The rising case burden may go unnoticed unless sub-clinical individuals are tested for infection. Conversely, if immune pre-sensitisation leads to more rapid clearance of infection, increasing vector mortality rates may achieve greater than expected disease control. Our findings highlight the need to quantify how immune pre-sensitisation modulates clinical outcomes and parasite transmission in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukushi Kamiya
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Megan A Greischar
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicole Mideo
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Lestinova T, Rohousova I, Sima M, de Oliveira CI, Volf P. Insights into the sand fly saliva: Blood-feeding and immune interactions between sand flies, hosts, and Leishmania. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005600. [PMID: 28704370 PMCID: PMC5509103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmaniases are parasitic diseases present worldwide that are transmitted to the vertebrate host by the bite of an infected sand fly during a blood feeding. Phlebotomine sand flies inoculate into the mammalian host Leishmania parasites embedded in promastigote secretory gel (PSG) with saliva, which is composed of a diverse group of molecules with pharmacological and immunomodulatory properties. Methods and findings In this review, we focus on 3 main aspects of sand fly salivary molecules: (1) structure and composition of salivary glands, including the properties of salivary molecules related to hemostasis and blood feeding, (2) immunomodulatory properties of salivary molecules and the diverse impacts of these molecules on leishmaniasis, ranging from disease exacerbation to vaccine development, and (3) use of salivary molecules for field applications, including monitoring host exposure to sand flies and the risk of Leishmania transmission. Studies showed interesting differences between salivary proteins of Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia species, however, no data were ever published on salivary proteins of Sergentomyia species. Conclusions In the last 15 years, numerous studies have characterized sand fly salivary proteins and, in parallel, have addressed the impact of such molecules on the biology of the host–sand fly–parasite interaction. The results obtained shall pave the way for the development of field-application tools that could contribute to the management of leishmaniasis in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Lestinova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Iva Rohousova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Sima
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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14
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Pingen M, Schmid MA, Harris E, McKimmie CS. Mosquito Biting Modulates Skin Response to Virus Infection. Trends Parasitol 2017; 33:645-657. [PMID: 28495485 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito-borne infections are increasing in number and are spreading to new regions at an unprecedented rate. In particular, mosquito-transmitted viruses, such as those that cause Zika, dengue, West Nile encephalitis, and chikungunya, have become endemic or have caused dramatic epidemics in many parts of the world. Aedes and Culex mosquitoes are the main culprits, spreading infection when they bite. Importantly, mosquitoes do not act as simple conduits that passively transfer virus from one individual to another. Instead, host responses to mosquito-derived factors have an important influence on infection and disease, aiding replication and dissemination within the host. Here, we discuss the latest research developments regarding this fascinating interplay between mosquito, virus, and the mammalian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Pingen
- Virus Host Interaction Team, Section of Infection and Immunity, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Michael A Schmid
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Clive S McKimmie
- Virus Host Interaction Team, Section of Infection and Immunity, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK.
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15
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Immunity to Lutzomyia whitmani Saliva Protects against Experimental Leishmania braziliensis Infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005078. [PMID: 27812113 PMCID: PMC5094744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous works showed that immunization with saliva from Lutzomyia intermedia, a vector of Leishmania braziliensis, does not protect against experimental infection. However, L. braziliensis is also transmitted by Lutzomyia whitmani, a sand fly species closely related to Lu. intermedia. Herein we describe the immune response following immunization with Lu. whitmani saliva and the outcome of this response after L. braziliensis infection. Methods and findings BALB/c mice immunized with Lu. whitmani saliva developed robust humoral and cellular immune responses, the latter characterized by an intense cellular infiltrate and production of IFN-γ and IL-10, by both CD4+ and CD8+ cells. Mice immunized as above and challenged with L. braziliensis plus Lu. whitmani saliva displayed significantly smaller lesions and parasite load at the challenge site. This protection was associated with a higher (p<0.05) IFN-γ production in response to SLA stimulation. Long-term persisting immunity was also detected in mice immunized with Lu. whitmani saliva. Furthermore, individuals residing in an endemic area for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) presented antibody responses to Lu. whitmani saliva. However CL patients, with active lesions, displayed a lower humoral response to Lu. whitmani saliva compared to individuals with subclinical Leishmania infection. Conclusion Pre-exposure to Lu. whitmani saliva induces protection against L. braziliensis in a murine model. We also show that Lu. whitmani salivary proteins are immunogenic in naturally exposed individuals. Our results reinforce the importance of investigating the immunomodulatory effect of saliva from different species of closely related sand flies. The saliva from sand flies contains biologically active proteins that permit the insect to obtain a blood meal. When vertebrates are continuously exposed to these molecules, through insect biting, for example, they induce an immune response (antibody and cell-mediated immunity) in the vertebrate host. Previously, we showed that immunity to salivary proteins from Lutzomyia intermedia a vector of Leishmania braziliensis, the main species that causes cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Brazil, did not protect but exacerbated CL. In the present work, we investigated if immunity to Lutzomyia whitmani, another vector of L. braziliensis, induced a similar effect or not. We observed that mice immunized with Lu. whitmani saliva develop immunity to the salivary components and that this immunity protected the mice against CL development. We further observed that people residing in areas where Lu. whitmani occurs also develop antibodies to saliva and that CL patients have lower levels of these antibodies. These evidences point to differences in the protein repertoire present in the saliva of different sand flies and highlight the concept that salivary proteins should be considered as additional components of a vaccine for leishmaniasis.
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16
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Schmid MA, Glasner DR, Shah S, Michlmayr D, Kramer LD, Harris E. Mosquito Saliva Increases Endothelial Permeability in the Skin, Immune Cell Migration, and Dengue Pathogenesis during Antibody-Dependent Enhancement. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005676. [PMID: 27310141 PMCID: PMC4911004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue remains the most prevalent arthropod-borne viral disease in humans. While probing for blood vessels, Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes transmit the four serotypes of dengue virus (DENV1-4) by injecting virus-containing saliva into the skin. Even though arthropod saliva is known to facilitate transmission and modulate host responses to other pathogens, the full impact of mosquito saliva on dengue pathogenesis is still not well understood. Inoculating mice lacking the interferon-α/β receptor intradermally with DENV revealed that mosquito salivary gland extract (SGE) exacerbates dengue pathogenesis specifically in the presence of enhancing serotype-cross-reactive antibodies—when individuals already carry an increased risk for severe disease. We further establish that SGE increases viral titers in the skin, boosts antibody-enhanced DENV infection of dendritic cells and macrophages in the dermis, and amplifies dendritic cell migration to skin-draining lymph nodes. We demonstrate that SGE directly disrupts endothelial barrier function in vitro and induces endothelial permeability in vivo in the skin. Finally, we show that surgically removing the site of DENV transmission in the skin after 4 hours rescued mice from disease in the absence of SGE, but no longer prevented lethal antibody-enhanced disease when SGE was present. These results indicate that SGE accelerates the dynamics of dengue pathogenesis after virus transmission in the skin and induces severe antibody-enhanced disease systemically. Our study reveals novel aspects of dengue pathogenesis and suggests that animal models of dengue and pre-clinical testing of dengue vaccines should consider mosquito-derived factors as well as enhancing antibodies. Mosquitoes inject saliva into the skin while probing for blood vessels. Saliva facilitates blood feeding and can contain pathogens when the mosquito is infected. In tropical regions, Aedes mosquitoes transmit the four serotypes of dengue virus (DENV1-4) and infect almost 400 million humans every year. DENV causes severe disease especially in people who have already been exposed to a different serotype. During antibody-dependent enhancement, antibodies that were generated during the first infection bind, but do not neutralize, DENV, and instead enhance infection of immune cells. We injected mouse ears with DENV alone or with extracts from mosquito salivary glands to study the impact on disease. We found that saliva induced severe disease and death only during antibody-enhanced infection. Saliva increased DENV infection in the dermis, immune cell migration to skin and lymph nodes, and permeability of endothelial cells that line blood vessels. Removing the site of DENV inoculation in the skin rescued mice from severe disease, but this protective effect was lost when saliva was present. Our study reveals that mosquito saliva affects dendritic cell migration, increases endothelial permeability, and augments dengue disease severity. Mosquito saliva and enhancing antibodies thus need to be considered when developing vaccines and drugs against dengue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Schmid
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MAS); (EH)
| | - Dustin R. Glasner
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Sanjana Shah
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Daniela Michlmayr
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Laura D. Kramer
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MAS); (EH)
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17
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McDowell MA. Vector-transmitted disease vaccines: targeting salivary proteins in transmission (SPIT). Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:363-72. [PMID: 26003330 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
More than half the population of the world is at risk for morbidity and mortality from vector-transmitted diseases, and emerging vector-transmitted infections are threatening new populations. Rising insecticide resistance and lack of efficacious vaccines highlight the need for novel control measures. One such approach is targeting the vector-host interface by incorporating vector salivary proteins in anti-pathogen vaccines. Debate remains about whether vector saliva exposure exacerbates or protects against more severe clinical manifestations, induces immunity through natural exposure or extends to all vector species and associated pathogens. Nevertheless, exploiting this unique biology holds promise as a viable strategy for the development of vaccines against vector-transmitted diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann McDowell
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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18
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Carregaro V, Ribeiro JM, Valenzuela JG, Souza-Júnior DL, Costa DL, Oliveira CJF, Sacramento LA, Nascimento MSL, Milanezi CM, Cunha FQ, Silva JS. Nucleosides present on phlebotomine saliva induce immunossuppression and promote the infection establishment. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003600. [PMID: 25849562 PMCID: PMC4388340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sand fly saliva plays a crucial role in establishing Leishmania infection. We identified adenosine (ADO) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) as active pharmacologic compounds present in Phlebotomus papatasi saliva that inhibit dendritic cell (DC) functions through a PGE2/IL 10-dependent mechanism. Methodology/Principal Findings Herein, we prepared a mixture of ADO and AMP in equimolar amounts similar to those present in the salivary-gland extract (SGE) form one pair of salivary glands of P. papatasi and co-injected it with Leishmania amazonensis or L. major into mouse ears. ADO+AMP mimicked exacerbative effects of P. papatasi saliva in leishmaniasis, increasing parasite burden and cutaneous lesions. Enzymatic catabolism of salivary nucleosides reversed the SGE-induced immunosuppressive effect associated with IL-10 enhancement. Immunosuppressive factors COX2 and IL-10 were upregulated and failed to enhance ear lesion and parasite burden in IL 10-/- infected mice. Furthermore, nucleosides increased regulatory T cell (Treg) marker expression on CD4+CD25- cells, suggesting induction of Tregs on effector T cells (T eff). Treg induction (iTreg) was associated with nucleoside-induced tolerogenic dendritic cells (tDCs) expressing higher levels of COX2 and IL-10. In vitro generation of Tregs was more efficient in DCs treated with nucleosides. Suppressive effects of nucleosides during cutaneous leishmaniasis were mediated through an A2AR-dependent mechanism. Using BALB/c mice deficient in A2A ADO receptor (A2AR–/–), we showed that co-inoculated mice controlled infection, displaying lower parasite numbers at infection sites and reduced iTreg generation. Conclusion/Significance We have demonstrated that ADO and AMP in P. papatasi saliva mediate exacerbative effects of Leishmania infection by acting preferentially on DCs promoting a tolerogenic profile in DCs and by generating iTregs in inflammatory foci through an A2AR mechanism. Leishmania parasites are transmitted to their vertebrate hosts by infected Phlebotomine sand flies during the blood meal of the flies. During the Leishmania transmission, the saliva is inoculated together with parasites and exhibit several pharmacological compounds that facilitate blood feeding, interfering on homeostasis and avoiding inflammation. Thus, these compounds allow the establishment of pathogen infection. We recently identified adenosine (ADO) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) as major immunomodulatory compounds present within the Old World sand fly species Phlebotomus papatasii, which protected mice from extreme inflammatory insults. ADO limits the magnitude of immune response by displaying a potent anti-inflammatory activity. Here, we demonstrated that ADO and AMP present in Phlebotomus papatasi saliva are involved in the establishment of parasite infection. Such nucleosides act through adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR), inducing a tolerogenic profile on dendritic cells (tDC) that may generate regulatory T cells differentiation, thus leading to suppression of the immune response and parasite survival. The identification of the active salivary constituents could serve as a strategy for the development of new vaccines to control pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Carregaro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - José M. Ribeiro
- Section of Vector Biology, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Vector Molecular Biology Unit, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jesus G. Valenzuela
- Section of Vector Biology, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Vector Molecular Biology Unit, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Djalma L. Souza-Júnior
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Diego L. Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Carlo J. F. Oliveira
- Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Laís A. Sacramento
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Manuela S. L. Nascimento
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Cristiane M. Milanezi
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Fernando Q. Cunha
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - João S. Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Lestinova T, Vlkova M, Votypka J, Volf P, Rohousova I. Phlebotomus papatasi exposure cross-protects mice against Leishmania major co-inoculated with Phlebotomus duboscqi salivary gland homogenate. Acta Trop 2015; 144:9-18. [PMID: 25597641 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania parasites are inoculated into host skin together with sand fly saliva and multiple exposures to uninfected sand fly bites protect mice against Leishmania infection. However, sand fly vectors differ in composition of the saliva and therefore the protection elicited by their salivary proteins was shown to be species-specific. On the other hand, the optimal vaccine based on sand fly salivary proteins should be based on conserved salivary proteins conferring cross-reactivity. In the present study we therefore focused on cross-protective properties of saliva from Phlebotomus papatasi and Phlebotomus duboscqi, the two natural vectors of Leishmania major. Two groups of mice exposed to bites of P. papatasi and two control, non-immunized groups were infected with L. major promastigotes along with either P. papatasi or P. duboscqi salivary gland homogenate. All mice were followed for the development of Leishmania lesions, parasite burdens, specific antibodies, and for production of NO, urea, or cytokines by peritoneal macrophages. Protection against Leishmania infection was observed not only in exposed mice challenged with homologous saliva but also in the group challenged with P. duboscqi saliva. Comparing both exposed groups, no significant differences were observed in parasite load, macrophage activity, or in the levels of anti-L. major and anti-P. papatasi/P. duboscqi antibodies. This is the first study showing cross-protection caused by salivary antigens of two Phlebotomus species. The cross-protective effect suggests that the anti-Leishmania vaccine based on P. papatasi salivary proteins might be applicable also in areas where L. major is transmitted by P. duboscqi.
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Francesquini FC, Silveira FT, Passero LFD, Tomokane TY, Carvalho AK, Corbett CEP, Laurenti MD. Salivary gland homogenates from wild-caught sand flies Lutzomyia flaviscutellata and Lutzomyia (Psychodopygus) complexus showed inhibitory effects on Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis infection in BALB/c mice. Int J Exp Pathol 2014; 95:418-26. [PMID: 25476864 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
During the natural transmission of Leishmania parasites, the infected sand fly female regurgitates promastigotes into the host's skin together with its saliva. It has been reported that vector saliva contains immunomodulatory molecules that facilitate the establishment of infection. Thus, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the specificity of Lutzomyia (Lu.) flaviscutellata and Lu. (Psychodopygus) complexus salivas on the infectivity of Leishmania (L.) (Leishmania) amazonensis and L. (Viannia) braziliensis, respectively. BALB/c mice were inoculated into the skin of hind footpad with L. (L.) amazonensis and L. (V.) braziliensis promastigotes in the absence or presence of Lu. flaviscutellata and Lu. (P.) complexus salivary gland homogenates (SGHs). The evolution of the infection was evaluated by lesion size, histopathological analysis and determination of the parasite load in the skin biopsies collected from the site of infection at 4 and 8 weeks PI. The lesion size and the parasite load of both groups of mice infected in the presence of SGHs were smaller than the control groups. The histopathological features showed that the inflammatory reaction was less prominent in the groups of mice infected in the presence of both SGHs when compared to the control group. The results showed that the presence of SGHs of Lu. flaviscutellata and Lu. (P.) complexus led to induction of processes that were disadvantageous to parasite establishment during infection by L. (L.) amazonensis and L. (V.) braziliensis. An inhibitory effect on Leishmania infection could be observed in both groups inoculated with SGHs, especially when the SGH from Lu. (P.) complexus was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda C Francesquini
- Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases LIM-50, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil
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21
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Ockenfels B, Michael E, McDowell MA. Meta-analysis of the effects of insect vector saliva on host immune responses and infection of vector-transmitted pathogens: a focus on leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3197. [PMID: 25275509 PMCID: PMC4183472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A meta-analysis of the effects of vector saliva on the immune response and progression of vector-transmitted disease, specifically with regard to pathology, infection level, and host cytokine levels was conducted. Infection in the absence or presence of saliva in naïve mice was compared. In addition, infection in mice pre-exposed to uninfected vector saliva was compared to infection in unexposed mice. To control for differences in vector and pathogen species, mouse strain, and experimental design, a random effects model was used to compare the ratio of the natural log of the experimental to the control means of the studies. Saliva was demonstrated to enhance pathology, infection level, and the production of Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) in naïve mice. This effect was observed across vector/pathogen pairings, whether natural or unnatural, and with single salivary proteins used as a proxy for whole saliva. Saliva pre-exposure was determined to result in less severe leishmaniasis pathology when compared with unexposed mice infected either in the presence or absence of sand fly saliva. The results of further analyses were not significant, but demonstrated trends toward protection and IFN-γ elevation for pre-exposed mice. Arthropod vectors transmit a wide variety of diseases resulting in substantial human morbidity and economic costs worldwide. When hematophagous arthropods blood feed, they release saliva into the host. This saliva elicits a strong immune response and has recently been a focus for vaccine research. There is evidence that the saliva enhances infection in naïve hosts, but that prior exposure to saliva results in less severe infection. This analysis endeavored to determine whether there was a statistically significant enhancement or protective effect with regard to saliva exposure and the progression of disease, and to determine the underlying immune mechanism driving these effects. We found that saliva does indeed enhance infection levels of vector-transmitted pathogens and leishmaniasis pathology in naïve mice and elevates Th2 cytokine levels (IL-4 and IL-10). We also determined that pre-exposure to saliva results in less severe pathology of experimental leishmaniasis in mice. These results are important for vaccine trials and vector control programs, though more studies are needed with regard to pre-exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Ockenfels
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Edwin Michael
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Mary Ann McDowell
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Vlkova M, Sima M, Rohousova I, Kostalova T, Sumova P, Volfova V, Jaske EL, Barbian KD, Gebre-Michael T, Hailu A, Warburg A, Ribeiro JMC, Valenzuela JG, Jochim RC, Volf P. Comparative analysis of salivary gland transcriptomes of Phlebotomus orientalis sand flies from endemic and non-endemic foci of visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2709. [PMID: 24587463 PMCID: PMC3937273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In East Africa, Phlebotomus orientalis serves as the main vector of Leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Phlebotomus orientalis is present at two distant localities in Ethiopia; Addis Zemen where VL is endemic and Melka Werer where transmission of VL does not occur. To find out whether the difference in epidemiology of VL is due to distant compositions of P. orientalis saliva we established colonies from Addis Zemen and Melka Werer, analyzed and compared the transcriptomes, proteomes and enzymatic activity of the salivary glands. Methodology/Principal Findings Two cDNA libraries were constructed from the female salivary glands of P. orientalis from Addis Zemen and Melka Werer. Clones of each P. orientalis library were randomly selected, sequenced and analyzed. In P. orientalis transcriptomes, we identified members of 13 main protein families. Phylogenetic analysis and multiple sequence alignments were performed to evaluate differences between the P. orientalis colonies and to show the relationship with other sand fly species from the subgenus Larroussius. To further compare both colonies, we investigated the humoral antigenicity and cross-reactivity of the salivary proteins and the activity of salivary apyrase and hyaluronidase. Conclusions This is the first report of the salivary components of P. orientalis, an important vector sand fly. Our study expanded the knowledge of salivary gland compounds of sand fly species in the subgenus Larroussius. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, we showed that P. orientalis is closely related to Phlebotomus tobbi and Phlebotomus perniciosus, whereas Phlebotomus ariasi is evolutionarily more distinct species. We also demonstrated that there is no significant difference between the transcriptomes, proteomes or enzymatic properties of the salivary components of Addis Zemen (endemic area) and Melka Werer (non-endemic area) P. orientalis colonies. Thus, the different epidemiology of VL in these Ethiopian foci cannot be attributed to the salivary gland composition. Phlebotomus orientalis is the vector of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by Leishmania donovani in Northeast Africa. Immunization with sand fly saliva or with individual salivary proteins has been shown to protect against leishmaniasis in different hosts, warranting the intensive study of salivary proteins of sand fly vectors. In our study, we characterize the salivary compounds of P. orientalis, thereby broadening the repertoire of salivary proteins of sand fly species belonging to the subgenus Larroussius. In order to find out whether there is any connection between the composition of P. orientalis saliva and the epidemiology of VL in two distinct Ethiopian foci, Addis Zemen and Melka Werer, we studied the transcriptomes, proteomes, enzymatic activities, and the main salivary antigens in two P. orientalis colonies originating from these areas. We did not detect any significant difference between the saliva of female sand flies originating in Addis Zemen (endemic area) and Melka Werer (non-endemic area). Therefore, the different epidemiology of VL in these Ethiopian foci cannot be related to the distant salivary gland protein composition. Identifying the sand fly salivary gland compounds will be useful for future research focused on characterizing suitable salivary proteins as potential anti-Leishmania vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Vlkova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Sima
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Rohousova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tatiana Kostalova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Sumova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vera Volfova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Erin L. Jaske
- Genomics Unit, Research Technologies Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Kent D. Barbian
- Genomics Unit, Research Technologies Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Teshome Gebre-Michael
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Asrat Hailu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Alon Warburg
- Department of Parasitology, The Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jose M. C. Ribeiro
- Vector Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jesus G. Valenzuela
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JGV); (RCJ); (PV)
| | - Ryan C. Jochim
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JGV); (RCJ); (PV)
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail: (JGV); (RCJ); (PV)
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Costa DJ, Carvalho RMDA, Abbehusen M, Teixeira C, Pitombo M, Trigo J, Nascimento F, Amorim L, Abreu-Silva AL, do Socorro Pires Cruz M, Miranda JC, Fukutani K, de Oliveira CI, Barral A, Barral-Netto M, Brodskyn C. Experimental infection of dogs with Leishmania and saliva as a model to study Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60535. [PMID: 23577121 PMCID: PMC3618420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis (CVL) is a zoonotic disease caused by Leishmania infantum, transmitted by the bite of Lutzomyia longipalpis sand flies. Dogs are the main domestic reservoir of the parasite. The establishment of an experimental model that partially reproduces natural infection in dogs is very important to test vaccine candidates, mainly regarding those that use salivary proteins from the vector and new therapeutical approaches. Methodology/Principal Findings In this report, we describe an experimental infection in dogs, using intradermal injection of Leishmania infantum plus salivary gland homogenate (SGH) of Lutzomyia longipalpis. Thirty-five dogs were infected with 1×107 parasites combined with five pairs of Lutzomyia longipalpis salivary glands and followed for 450 days after infection and clinical, immunological and parasitological parameters were evaluated. Two hundred and ten days after infection we observed that 31,4% of dogs did not display detectable levels of anti-Leishmania antibodies but all presented different numbers of parasites in the lymph nodes. Animals with a positive xenodiagnosis had at least 3,35×105 parasites in their lymph nodes. An increase of IFN-γ and IL-10 levels was detected during infection. Twenty two percent of dogs developed symptoms of CVL during infection. Conclusion The infection model described here shows some degree of similarity when compared with naturally infected dogs opening new perspectives for the study of CVL using an experimental model that employs the combination of parasites and sand fly saliva both present during natural transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Maiana Pitombo
- Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Joelma Trigo
- Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Flávia Nascimento
- Laboratório de Imunofiosiologia, Departamento de Patologia Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Lucilene Amorim
- Laboratório de Imunofiosiologia, Departamento de Patologia Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Maranhão, Brazil
| | | | - Maria do Socorro Pires Cruz
- Departamento de Morfofisiologia Veterinária Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Piauí, Brazil
| | | | | | - Camila I. de Oliveira
- Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aldina Barral
- Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Bahia, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manoel Barral-Netto
- Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Bahia, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Brodskyn
- Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
- Departamento de Morfofisiologia Veterinária Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Piauí, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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24
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de Oliveira CI, Brodskyn CI. The immunobiology of Leishmania braziliensis infection. Front Immunol 2012; 3:145. [PMID: 22701117 PMCID: PMC3370302 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniases are a group of diseases caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania that affect millions of people worldwide. These diseases are caused by distinct Leishmania species, of which L. braziliensis, a New World representative of the Leishmania genus, has been the least studied. Although leishmaniasis caused by L. braziliensis induces a range of clinical manifestations ranging from mild localized lesions to severe mucosal involvement, few studies have focused on elucidating the immune mechanisms behind this pathology. In this review, we focus on the immunobiology of L. braziliensis infection, emphasizing the innate and adaptive immune responses and taking into consideration both studies performed in endemic areas and experimental models of infection. Additionally, we address recent findings regarding the role of sand fly saliva in disease immunopathogenesis and vaccine development.
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25
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Andrade BB, Teixeira CR. Biomarkers for exposure to sand flies bites as tools to aid control of leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2012; 3:121. [PMID: 22661974 PMCID: PMC3356838 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intense research efforts so far have not been sufficient to reduce leishmaniasis burden worldwide. This disease is transmitted by bites of infected sand flies, which inject saliva in the host skin in an attempt to obtain a blood meal. Sand fly saliva has an array of proteins with diverse pharmacological properties that modulates the host homeostatic and immune responses. Some of these proteins are also immunogenic and can induce both cellular and humoral immune responses. Recently, the use of sand fly salivary proteins to estimate exposure to sand fly bites and consequently the risk of infection has emerged. Here, we review evidence that supports the use of the host immune responses against sand fly salivary proteins to estimate risk of infection. We also discuss how the use of recombinant salivary proteins can optimize serological surveys and provide guidance for the implementation of specific measures for disease control in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bezerril Andrade
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
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26
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Gomes R, Oliveira F. The immune response to sand fly salivary proteins and its influence on leishmania immunity. Front Immunol 2012; 3:110. [PMID: 22593758 PMCID: PMC3349933 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease transmitted by bites of phlebotomine sand flies. During Leishmania transmission, sand fly saliva is co-inoculated with parasites into the skin of the mammalian host. Sand fly saliva consists of roughly thirty different salivary proteins, many with known roles linked to blood feeding facilitation. Apart from the anti-hemostatic capacity of saliva, several sand fly salivary proteins have been shown to be immunogenic. Immunization with a single salivary protein or exposure to uninfected bites was shown to result in a protective immune response against leishmaniasis. Antibodies to saliva were not required for this protection. A strong body of evidence points to the role for saliva-specific T cells producing IFN-γ in the form of a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction at the bite site as the main protective response. Herein, we review the immunity to sand fly salivary proteins in the context of its vector-parasite-host combinations and their vaccine potential, as well as some recent advances to shed light on the mechanism of how an immune response to sand fly saliva protects against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regis Gomes
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease Rockville, MD, USA
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27
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Individual variability of salivary gland proteins in three Phlebotomus species. Acta Trop 2012; 122:80-6. [PMID: 22197318 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pooled salivary gland samples are frequently used to ensure the sufficient amount of material for the experiments; however, this could mask an individual variability. Thus, we compared salivary protein profiles in seven colonies of three Phlebotomus species: Phlebotomus sergenti, Phlebotomus perniciosus, and Phlebotomus papatasi. Surprisingly, the individual profiles differed significantly between the colonies as well as between individuals. The highest variability was observed in proteins with molecular masses of 42-46 kDa corresponding to the yellow-related proteins. The phenogram constructed from salivary gland profiles revealed the existence of two main groups in P. sergenti, corresponding well with the geographical origin. The F1 progeny obtained from cross-mating studies between P. sergenti colonies of different geographical origin formed a distinct subgroup within the parental groups. In P. papatasi, several groups of protein profiles were observed with no relationship to the geographical origin. The biological role of salivary proteins variability is discussed.
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28
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Coutinho-Abreu IV, Mukbel R, Hanafi HA, Fawaz EY, El-Hossary SS, Wadsworth M, Stayback G, Pitts DA, Abo-Shehada M, Hoel DF, Kamhawi S, Ramalho-Ortigão M, McDowell MA. Expression plasticity of Phlebotomus papatasi salivary gland genes in distinct ecotopes through the sand fly season. BMC Ecol 2011; 11:24. [PMID: 21985688 PMCID: PMC3209445 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6785-11-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sand fly saliva can drive the outcome of Leishmania infection in animal models, and salivary components have been postulated as vaccine candidates against leishmaniasis. In the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi, natural sugar-sources modulate the activity of proteins involved in meal digestion, and possibly influence vectorial capacity. However, only a handful of studies have assessed the variability of salivary components in sand flies, focusing on the effects of environmental factors in natural habitats. In order to better understand such interactions, we compared the expression profiles of nine P. papatasi salivary gland genes of specimens inhabiting different ecological habitats in Egypt and Jordan and throughout the sand fly season in each habitat. RESULTS The majority of investigated genes were up-regulated in specimens from Swaymeh late in the season, when the availability of sugar sources is reduced due to water deprivation. On the other hand, these genes were not up-regulated in specimens collected from Aswan, an irrigated area less susceptible to drought effects. CONCLUSION Expression plasticity of genes involved with vectorial capacity in disease vectors may play an important epidemiological role in the establishment of diseases in natural habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliano V Coutinho-Abreu
- The Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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Xu X, Oliveira F, Chang BW, Collin N, Gomes R, Teixeira C, Reynoso D, My Pham V, Elnaiem DE, Kamhawi S, Ribeiro JMC, Valenzuela JG, Andersen JF. Structure and function of a "yellow" protein from saliva of the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis that confers protective immunity against Leishmania major infection. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:32383-93. [PMID: 21795673 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.268904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
LJM11, an abundant salivary protein from the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis, belongs to the insect "yellow" family of proteins. In this study, we immunized mice with 17 plasmids encoding L. longiplapis salivary proteins and demonstrated that LJM11 confers protective immunity against Leishmania major infection. This protection correlates with a strong induction of a delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response following exposure to L. longipalpis saliva. Additionally, splenocytes of exposed mice produce IFN-γ upon stimulation with LJM11, demonstrating the systemic induction of Th1 immunity by this protein. In contrast to LJM11, LJM111, another yellow protein from L. longipalpis saliva, does not produce a DTH response in these mice, suggesting that structural or functional features specific to LJM11 are important for the induction of a robust DTH response. To examine these features, we used calorimetric analysis to probe a possible ligand binding function for the salivary yellow proteins. LJM11, LJM111, and LJM17 all acted as high affinity binders of prohemostatic and proinflammatory biogenic amines, particularly serotonin, catecholamines, and histamine. We also determined the crystal structure of LJM11, revealing a six-bladed β-propeller fold with a single ligand binding pocket located in the central part of the propeller structure on one face of the molecule. A hypothetical model of LJM11 suggests a positive electrostatic potential on the face containing entry to the ligand binding pocket, whereas LJM111 is negative to neutral over its entire surface. This may be the reason for differences in antigenicity between the two proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Xu
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
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Bethony JM, Cole RN, Guo X, Kamhawi S, Lightowlers MW, Loukas A, Petri W, Reed S, Valenzuela JG, Hotez PJ. Vaccines to combat the neglected tropical diseases. Immunol Rev 2011; 239:237-70. [PMID: 21198676 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2010.00976.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) represent a group of parasitic and related infectious diseases such as amebiasis, Chagas disease, cysticercosis, echinococcosis, hookworm, leishmaniasis, and schistosomiasis. Together, these conditions are considered the most common infections in low- and middle-income countries, where they produce a level of global disability and human suffering equivalent to better known conditions such as human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and malaria. Despite their global public health importance, progress on developing vaccines for NTD pathogens has lagged because of some key technical hurdles and the fact that these infections occur almost exclusively in the world's poorest people living below the World Bank poverty line. In the absence of financial incentives for new products, the multinational pharmaceutical companies have not embarked on substantive research and development programs for the neglected tropical disease vaccines. Here, we review the current status of scientific and technical progress in the development of new neglected tropical disease vaccines, highlighting the successes that have been achieved (cysticercosis and echinococcosis) and identifying the challenges and opportunities for development of new vaccines for NTDs. Also highlighted are the contributions being made by non-profit product development partnerships that are working to overcome some of the economic challenges in vaccine manufacture, clinical testing, and global access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Bethony
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
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Tavares NM, Silva RA, Costa DJ, Pitombo MA, Fukutani KF, Miranda JC, Valenzuela JG, Barral A, de Oliveira CI, Barral-Netto M, Brodskyn C. Lutzomyia longipalpis saliva or salivary protein LJM19 protects against Leishmania braziliensis and the saliva of its vector, Lutzomyia intermedia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1169. [PMID: 21655303 PMCID: PMC3104964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmania transmission occurs in the presence of insect saliva. Immunity to Phlebotomus papatasi or Lutzomyia longipalpis saliva or salivary components confers protection against an infection by Leishmania in the presence of the homologous saliva. However, immunization with Lutzomyia intermedia saliva did not protect mice against Leishmania braziliensis plus Lu. intermedia saliva. In the present study, we have studied whether the immunization with Lu. longipalpis saliva or a DNA plasmid coding for LJM19 salivary protein would be protective against L. braziliensis infection in the presence of Lu. intermedia saliva, the natural vector for L. braziliensis. Methodology/Principal Findings Immunization with Lu. longipalpis saliva or with LJM19 DNA plasmid induced a Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH) response against Lu. longipalpis as well as against a Lu. intermedia saliva challenge. Immunized and unimmunized control hamsters were then intradermally infected in the ears with L. braziliensis in the presence of Lu. longipalpis or Lu. intermedia saliva. Animals immunized with Lu. longipalpis saliva exhibited smaller lesion sizes as well as reduced disease burdens both at lesion site and in the draining lymph nodes. These alterations were associated with a significant decrease in the expression levels of IL-10 and TGF-β. Animals immunized with LJM19 DNA plasmid presented similar findings in protection and immune response and additionally increased IFN-γ expression. Conclusions/Significance Immunization with Lu. longipalpis saliva or with a DNA plasmid coding LJM19 salivary protein induced protection in hamsters challenged with L. braziliensis plus Lu. intermedia saliva. These findings point out an important role of immune response against saliva components, suggesting the possibility to develop a vaccine using a single component of Lu. longipalpis saliva to generate protection against different species of Leishmania, even those transmitted by a different vector. Leishmaniasis, caused by parasitic protozoa Leishmania, is transmitted by bites of female sand flies that, during blood-feeding, inject humans with parasites and saliva. Sand fly saliva has been investigated as a potential vaccine candidate. It was previously shown that immunization with Lutzomyia longipalpis saliva or salivary proteins protects against cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. In the present study, we evaluated if immunization with Lu. longipalpis saliva or DNA plasmid coding for a specific sand fly salivary protein (LJM19) can protect hamsters against L. braziliensis plus another sand fly saliva. Immunization with saliva or LJM19 DNA plasmid induced a mononuclear cell infiltrate which can be a marker of protection. The immune response induced by immunization with these insect molecules was able to protect animals against L. braziliensis infection as shown by the significant reduction in lesion size, parasite load in the ear and draining lymph node. These data show the important role of immune response against sand fly saliva components, suggesting the possibility to develop vaccines using a single component of saliva against Leishmania transmitted by different vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robson A. Silva
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Campus Anisio Teixeira, Vitoria da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Dirceu J. Costa
- Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | | | - José C. Miranda
- Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Jesus G. Valenzuela
- Vector Molecular Biology Unit, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Aldina Barral
- Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila I. de Oliveira
- Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manoel Barral-Netto
- Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia Brodskyn
- Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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The protective effect against Leishmania infection conferred by sand fly bites is limited to short-term exposure. Int J Parasitol 2011; 41:481-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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de Moura TR, Oliveira F, Rodrigues GC, Carneiro MW, Fukutani KF, Novais FO, Miranda JC, Barral-Netto M, Brodskyn C, Barral A, de Oliveira CI. Immunity to Lutzomyia intermedia saliva modulates the inflammatory environment induced by Leishmania braziliensis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e712. [PMID: 20559550 PMCID: PMC2886072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background During blood feeding, sand flies inject Leishmania parasites in the presence of saliva. The types and functions of cells present at the first host-parasite contact are critical to the outcome on infection and sand fly saliva has been shown to play an important role in this setting. Herein, we investigated the in vivo chemotactic effects of Lutzomyia intermedia saliva, the vector of Leishmania braziliensis, combined or not with the parasite. Methods and Findings We tested the initial response induced by Lutzomyia intermedia salivary gland sonicate (SGS) in BALB/c mice employing the air pouch model of inflammation. L. intermedia SGS induced a rapid influx of macrophages and neutrophils. In mice that were pre-sensitized with L. intermedia saliva, injection of SGS was associated with increased neutrophil recruitment and a significant up-regulation of CXCL1, CCL2, CCL4 and TNF-α expression. Surprisingly, in mice that were pre-exposed to SGS, a combination of SGS and L. braziliensis induced a significant migration of neutrophils and an important modulation in cytokine and chemokine expression as shown by decreased CXCL10 expression and increased IL-10 expression. Conclusion These results confirm that sand fly saliva modulates the initial host response. More importantly, pre-exposure to L. intermedia saliva significantly modifies the host's response to L. braziliensis, in terms of cellular recruitment and expression of cytokines and chemokines. This particular immune modulation may, in turn, favor parasite multiplication. Transmission of Leishmania parasites occurs during blood feeding, when infected female sand flies inject humans with parasites and saliva. Chemokines and cytokines are secreted proteins that regulate the initial immune responses and have the potential of attracting and activating cells. Herein, we studied the expression of such molecules and the cellular recruitment induced by salivary proteins of the Lutzomyia intermedia sand fly. Of note, Lutzomyia intermedia is the main vector of Leishmania braziliensis, a parasite species that causes cutaneous leishmaniasis, a disease associated with the development of destructive skin lesions that can be fatal if left untreated. We observed that L. intermedia salivary proteins induce a potent cellular recruitment and modify the expression profile of chemokines and cytokines in mice. More importantly, in mice previously immunized with L. intermedia saliva, the alteration in the initial inflammatory response was even more pronounced, in terms of the number of cells recruited and in terms of gene expression pattern. These findings indicate that an existing immunity to L. intermedia sand fly induces an important modulation in the initial immune response that may, in turn, promote parasite multiplication, leading to the development of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana R. de Moura
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Oliveira
- Vector Molecular Biology Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gabriele C. Rodrigues
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Marcia W. Carneiro
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Kiyoshi F. Fukutani
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Fernanda O. Novais
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Miranda
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Manoel Barral-Netto
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT) de Investigação em Imunologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia Brodskyn
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT) de Investigação em Imunologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aldina Barral
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT) de Investigação em Imunologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila I. de Oliveira
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT) de Investigação em Imunologia, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Maslov DA. Complete set of mitochondrial pan-edited mRNAs in Leishmania mexicana amazonensis LV78. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2010; 173:107-14. [PMID: 20546801 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2010.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Editing of mRNA transcribed from the mitochondrial cryptogenes ND8 (G1), ND9 (G2), G3, G4, ND3 (G5), RPS12 (G6) was investigated in Leishmania mexicana amazonensis, strain LV78, by amplification of the cDNA, cloning and sequencing. For each of these genes, extensively and partially edited transcripts were found to be relatively abundant compared to the respective pre-edited molecules. Moreover, the editing patterns observed in a majority of transcripts of each gene were consistent among themselves which allowed for inferring consensus editing sequences. The open reading frames contained in the consensus sequences were predicted to encode polypeptides that were highly similar to their counterparts in other species of Trypanosomatidae. Several kinetoplast DNA minicircles from this species available in the public domain were found to contain genes for guide RNAs which mediate editing of some of the mRNAs. The results indicate that the investigated strain of L. m. amazonensis has preserved its full editing capacity in spite of the long-term maintenance in culture. This property differs drastically from the other Leishmania species which lost some or all of the G1-G5 mRNA editing ability in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri A Maslov
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92512, USA.
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Abstract
SUMMARYAnti-trypanosomiasis vaccination still remains the best theoretical option in the fight against a disease that is continuously hovering between its wildlife reservoir and its reservoir in man and livestock. While antigentic variation of the parasite surface coat has been considered the major obstacle in the development of a functional vaccine, recent research into the biology of B cells has indicated that the problems might go further than that. This paper reviews past and current attempts to design both anti-trypanosome vaccines, as well as vaccines directed towards the inhibition of infection-associated pathology.
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Drahota J, Lipoldová M, Volf P, Rohousová I. Specificity of anti-saliva immune response in mice repeatedly bitten by Phlebotomus sergenti. Parasite Immunol 2010; 31:766-70. [PMID: 19891614 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01155.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sand flies are bloodsucking insects transmitting parasites of genus Leishmania, the causative agents of diseases in humans and dogs. Experimental hosts repeatedly exposed to sand fly saliva can control Leishmania infection. Cell-mediated anti-saliva immune response is most likely responsible for this protective effect; however, there is no study so far concerning its antigenic specificity towards different sand fly vectors. In this study, splenocytes from BALB/c mice repeatedly exposed to the bites of Phlebotomus sergenti were challenged ex vivo with salivary gland homogenates from three different sand fly vectors -P. sergenti, P. papatasi, or P. arabicus. Mice bitten by P. sergenti had higher proliferative response to homologous antigen than splenocytes from naive mice. Splenocytes from P. sergenti bitten mice as well as anti-P. sergenti antibodies partially cross-reacted with P. papatasi saliva. In contrast, no cross-reactivity was found with P. arabicus saliva. Our data indicate that both arms of the immune system, cellular and humoral, react in a species-specific manner. Therefore, the presence of antibodies against salivary components of a certain species indicates the specificity of cell-mediated immune response as well. The data suggest that unique transmission-blocking vaccine would be required for each vector -Leishmania combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Drahota
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
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Laurenti MD, da Matta VLR, Pernichelli T, Secundino NFC, Pinto LC, Corbett CEP, Pimenta PPF. Effects of salivary gland homogenate from wild-caught and laboratory-reared Lutzomyia longipalpis on the evolution and immunomodulation of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis infection. Scand J Immunol 2009; 70:389-95. [PMID: 19751274 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2009.02310.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of Lutzomyia longipalpis salivary glands homogenate of wild-caught and laboratory-reared vectors on the lesion evolution and immunomodulation of the infection caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. To compare the effect of both salivary glands homogenate (SGH), C57BL/6 mice were inoculated subcutaneously into the hind footpads or into the ear dermis with 10(6) promastigotes in the presence or not of SGH from wild-caught and laboratory-colonized sand flies. Comparing SGH groups, the lesion size was lower in mice co-inoculated with wild-caught SGH, as the parasitism and the infiltration of macrophages at the inoculation site. Wild-caught SGH also determined lower production of IL-4 and IL-10 but higher IL-12 levels compared with laboratory-reared SGH. Our findings address a probable bias by using SGH from laboratory-colonized sand flies instead of wild-caught vector SGH in studies concerning saliva effects. A possible mild influence of sand fly saliva in natural infections caused by Leishmania is also speculated, as infection is transmitted by wild and not by laboratory-reared vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Laurenti
- Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases (LIM-50), Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Oliveira F, Jochim RC, Valenzuela JG, Kamhawi S. Sand flies, Leishmania, and transcriptome-borne solutions. Parasitol Int 2008; 58:1-5. [PMID: 18768167 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2008.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sand fly-parasite and sand fly-host interactions play an important role in the transmission of leishmaniasis. Vector molecules relevant for such interactions include midgut and salivary proteins. These potential targets for interruption of propagation of Leishmania parasites have been poorly characterized. Transcriptomic analysis has proven to be an effective tool for identification of new sand fly molecules, providing exciting new insights into vector-based control strategies against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano Oliveira
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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Immunity to a salivary protein of a sand fly vector protects against the fatal outcome of visceral leishmaniasis in a hamster model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:7845-50. [PMID: 18509051 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0712153105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a fatal disease for humans, and no vaccine is currently available. Sand fly salivary proteins have been associated with protection against cutaneous leishmaniasis. To test whether vector salivary proteins can protect against VL, a hamster model was developed involving intradermal inoculation in the ears of 100,000 Leishmania infantum chagasi parasites together with Lutzomyia longipalpis saliva to mimic natural transmission by sand flies. Hamsters developed classical signs of VL rapidly, culminating in a fatal outcome 5-6 months postinfection. Saliva had no effect on the course of infection in this model. Immunization with 16 DNA plasmids coding for salivary proteins of Lu. longipalpis resulted in the identification of LJM19, a novel 11-kDa protein, that protected hamsters against the fatal outcome of VL. LJM19-immunized hamsters maintained a low parasite load that correlated with an overall high IFN-gamma/TGF-beta ratio and inducible NOS expression in the spleen and liver up to 5 months postinfection. Importantly, a delayed-type hypersensitivity response with high expression of IFN-gamma was also noted in the skin of LJM19-immunized hamsters 48 h after exposure to uninfected sand fly bites. Induction of IFN-gamma at the site of bite could partly explain the protection observed in the viscera of LJM19-immunized hamsters through direct parasite killing and/or priming of anti-Leishmania immunity. We have shown that immunity to a defined salivary protein (LJM19) confers powerful protection against the fatal outcome of a parasitic disease, which reinforces the concept of using components of arthropod saliva in vaccine strategies against vector-borne diseases.
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Vinhas V, Andrade BB, Paes F, Bomura A, Clarencio J, Miranda JC, Báfica A, Barral A, Barral-Netto M. Human anti-saliva immune response following experimental exposure to the visceral leishmaniasis vector, Lutzomyia longipalpis. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:3111-21. [PMID: 17935072 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Experiments in animals verified that phlebotomine saliva enhances Leishmania infection, and vaccination with saliva prevents disease. We have shown that individuals from an endemic area of visceral leishmaniasis displayed robust antibody responses to saliva from the vector Lutzomyia longipalpis, which correlated with anti-parasite cell-mediated immunity. Here, we explored human anti-saliva responses following exposure to sand flies, using an in vivo bite model in which normal volunteers were exposed four times to 30 laboratory-reared Lu. longipalpis. Following the third exposure, normal volunteers developed diverse dermatological reactions at the site of insect bite. Serum from normal volunteers displayed high levels of anti-salivary gland sonicate IgG1, IgG4 and IgE as well as several salivary gland proteins. Furthermore, following in vitro stimulation with salivary gland sonicate, there was an increased frequency of CD4(+)CD25(+) and CD8(+)CD25(+) T cells as well as IFN-gamma and IL-10 synthesis. Strikingly, 1 year after the first exposure, PBMC from the volunteers displayed recall IFN-gamma responses that correlated with a significant reduction in infection rates using a macrophage-lymphocyte autologous culture. Together, these data suggest that human immunization against sand fly saliva is feasible and recall responses are obtained even 1 year after exposure, opening perspectives for vaccination in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Vinhas
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (FIOCRUZ) and Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
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Enhanced Leishmania braziliensis infection following pre-exposure to sandfly saliva. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2007; 1:e84. [PMID: 18060088 PMCID: PMC2100374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 08/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sand fly saliva has an array of pharmacological and immunomodulatory components, and immunity to saliva protects against Leishmania infection. In the present study, we have studied the immune response against Lutzomyia intermedia saliva, the main vector of Leishmania braziliensis in Brazil, and the effects of saliva pre-exposure on L. braziliensis infection employing an intradermal experimental model. Methodology/principal findings BALB/c mice immunized with L. intermedia salivary gland sonicate (SGS) developed a saliva-specific antibody response and a cellular immune response with presence of both IFN-γ and IL-4. The inflammatory infiltrate observed in SGS-immunized mice was comprised of numerous polymorphonuclear and few mononuclear cells. Mice challenged with live L. braziliensis in the presence of saliva were not protected although lesion development was delayed. The inoculation site and draining lymph node showed continuous parasite replication and low IFN-γ to IL-4 ratio, indicating that pre-exposure to L. intermedia saliva leads to modulation of the immune response. Furthermore, in an endemic area of cutaneous leishmaniasis, patients with active lesions displayed higher levels of anti-L. intermedia saliva antibodies when compared to individuals with a positive skin test result for Leishmania. Conclusion These results show that pre-exposure to sand fly saliva plays an important role in the outcome of cutaneous leishmaniasis, in both mice and humans. They emphasize possible hurdles in the development of vaccines based on sand fly saliva and the need to identify and select the individual salivary candidates instead of using whole salivary mixture that may favor a non-protective response. Parasites of the genus Leishmania cause a variety of diseases known as leishmaniasis, that are transmitted by bites of female sand flies that, during blood-feeding, inject humans with parasites and saliva. It was shown that, in mice, immunity to sand-fly saliva is able to protect against the development of leishmaniasis. We have investigated, in the present study, whether this finding extends the sand fly species Lutzomyia intermedia, which is responsible for transmission of Leishmania braziliensis, a parasite species able to cause destructive skin lesions that can be fatal if left untreated. We observed that mice injected with sand fly saliva develop a specific immune response against salivary proteins. Most importantly, however, this immune response was unable to protect mice against a challenge infection with L. braziliensis, indicating that exposure to this sand fly saliva is harmful to the host. Indeed, subjects with cutaneous leishmaniasis have a higher immune response against L. intermedia saliva. These findings indicate that the anti-saliva immune response to sand fly saliva plays an important role in the outcome of leishmaniasis caused by L. braziliensis, in both mice and humans, and emphasize possible hurdles in the development of vaccines based on sand fly saliva.
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Bahia D, Gontijo NF, León IR, Perales J, Pereira MH, Oliveira G, Corrêa-Oliveira R, Reis AB. Antibodies from dogs with canine visceral leishmaniasis recognise two proteins from the saliva of Lutzomyia longipalpis. Parasitol Res 2006; 100:449-54. [PMID: 17058112 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-006-0307-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Accepted: 08/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The saliva of the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis, a major vector of Leishmania, exhibits pharmacological and immunomodulatory activities that may facilitate entry and establishment of parasites into the vertebrate host. Salivary gland components of the sand fly are, therefore, potential candidates in the development of a vaccine against human leishmaniasis. With the objective of identifying sand fly saliva proteins that could be used to immunise animals against canine visceral leishmaniasis, we have evaluated anti-saliva antibody reactivity using serum samples collected from dogs naturally infected with Leishmania chagasi. Two proteins with molecular weights of 28.6 and 47.3 kDa were recognised by dog antibodies in Western blot assays. Protein bands were excised from an SDS-PAGE gel and the sequences determined by mass spectrometry. The proteins were identified as LuLo-D7 and Lulo YELLOW, respectively. The significance of these findings in the context of the development of multi-component vaccination experiments is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Bahia
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Caljon G, Van Den Abbeele J, Stijlemans B, Coosemans M, De Baetselier P, Magez S. Tsetse fly saliva accelerates the onset of Trypanosoma brucei infection in a mouse model associated with a reduced host inflammatory response. Infect Immun 2006; 74:6324-30. [PMID: 16954393 PMCID: PMC1695494 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01046-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tsetse flies (Glossina sp.) are the vectors that transmit African trypanosomes, protozoan parasites that cause human sleeping sickness and veterinary infections in the African continent. These blood-feeding dipteran insects deposit saliva at the feeding site that enables the blood-feeding process. Here we demonstrate that tsetse fly saliva also accelerates the onset of a Trypanosoma brucei infection. This effect was associated with a reduced inflammatory reaction at the site of infection initiation (reflected by a decrease of interleukin-6 [IL-6] and IL-12 mRNA) as well as lower serum concentrations of the trypanocidal cytokine tumor necrosis factor. Variant-specific surface glycoprotein-specific antibody isotypes immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG2a, implicated in trypanosome clearance, were not suppressed. We propose that tsetse fly saliva accelerates the onset of trypanosome infection by inhibiting local and systemic inflammatory responses involved in parasite control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Caljon
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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Kato H, Anderson JM, Kamhawi S, Oliveira F, Lawyer PG, Pham VM, Sangare CS, Samake S, Sissoko I, Garfield M, Sigutova L, Volf P, Doumbia S, Valenzuela JG. High degree of conservancy among secreted salivary gland proteins from two geographically distant Phlebotomus duboscqi sandflies populations (Mali and Kenya). BMC Genomics 2006; 7:226. [PMID: 16952314 PMCID: PMC1574310 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-7-226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 09/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salivary proteins from sandflies are potential targets for exploitation as vaccines to control Leishmania infection; in this work we tested the hypothesis that salivary proteins from geographically distant Phlebotomus duboscqi sandfly populations are highly divergent due to the pressure exerted by the host immune response. Salivary gland cDNA libraries were prepared from wild-caught P. duboscqi from Mali and recently colonised flies of the same species from Kenya. Results Transcriptome and proteome analysis resulted in the identification of the most abundant salivary gland-secreted proteins. Orthologues of these salivary proteins were identified by phylogenetic tree analysis. Moreover, comparative analysis between the orthologues of these two different populations resulted in a high level of protein identity, including the predicted MHC class II T-cell epitopes from all these salivary proteins. Conclusion These data refute the hypothesis that salivary proteins from geographically distinct populations of the same Phlebotomus sandfly species are highly divergent. They also suggest the potential for using the same species-specific components in a potential vector saliva-based vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotomo Kato
- Vector Molecular Biology Unit, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Jennifer M Anderson
- Vector Molecular Biology Unit, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Shaden Kamhawi
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Fabiano Oliveira
- Vector Molecular Biology Unit, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
- Centro de pesquisa Goncalo Moniz, Fundacao OswaldoCruz, and Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Phillip G Lawyer
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Van My Pham
- Vector Molecular Biology Unit, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Sibiry Samake
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Ibrahim Sissoko
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Mark Garfield
- Research Technology Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Lucie Sigutova
- Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Seydou Doumbia
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Jesus G Valenzuela
- Vector Molecular Biology Unit, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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Rohoušová I, Volf P. Sand fly saliva: effects on host immune response and Leishmania transmission. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2006. [DOI: 10.14411/fp.2006.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Thiakaki M, Kolli B, Chang KP, Soteriadou K. Down-regulation of gp63 level in Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes reduces their infectivity in BALB/c mice. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:1455-63. [PMID: 16698300 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2006.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2005] [Revised: 12/09/2005] [Accepted: 01/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Episomal expression of the major surface glycoprotein (gp63) sense and antisense mRNAs in Leishmania amazonensis was found previously to modulate the expression of this molecule as well as its infection of macrophages in vitro. Here, we evaluated the in vivo infectivity of these transfectants in BALB/c mice. Antisense downregulation of gp63 renders this parasite sensitive to complement-mediated lysis and less infective to mice, as indicated by a delay in lesion development and a significant reduction in lesion size and parasite loads at the site of inoculation and in the draining lymph nodes (DLNs). CD4+ cells at the site of inoculation decreased in number more rapidly and were 2-fold less numerous than those in controls by week 4. The number of IFN-gamma-positive cells was higher, while IL-10 positive cells were undetectable. In DLNs, CD4+ cells were higher in number, and the profile of cytokine-positive cells followed essentially the same patterns--found at the site of inoculation. These results suggest that the downregulation of gp63 increases extracellular lysis of the mutants by complement, in the in vivo environment, and reduces their infection of macrophages, resulting in a type 1 immune response seen at the site of inoculation and DLNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Thiakaki
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Bas. Sofias Avenue, 11521 Athens, Greece
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