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Romano PS, Akematsu T, Besteiro S, Bindschedler A, Carruthers VB, Chahine Z, Coppens I, Descoteaux A, Alberto Duque TL, He CY, Heussler V, Le Roch KG, Li FJ, de Menezes JPB, Menna-Barreto RFS, Mottram JC, Schmuckli-Maurer J, Turk B, Tavares Veras PS, Salassa BN, Vanrell MC. Autophagy in protists and their hosts: When, how and why? AUTOPHAGY REPORTS 2023; 2:2149211. [PMID: 37064813 PMCID: PMC10104450 DOI: 10.1080/27694127.2022.2149211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic protists are a group of organisms responsible for causing a variety of human diseases including malaria, sleeping sickness, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, and toxoplasmosis, among others. These diseases, which affect more than one billion people globally, mainly the poorest populations, are characterized by severe chronic stages and the lack of effective antiparasitic treatment. Parasitic protists display complex life-cycles and go through different cellular transformations in order to adapt to the different hosts they live in. Autophagy, a highly conserved cellular degradation process, has emerged as a key mechanism required for these differentiation processes, as well as other functions that are crucial to parasite fitness. In contrast to yeasts and mammals, protist autophagy is characterized by a modest number of conserved autophagy-related proteins (ATGs) that, even though, can drive the autophagosome formation and degradation. In addition, during their intracellular cycle, the interaction of these pathogens with the host autophagy system plays a crucial role resulting in a beneficial or harmful effect that is important for the outcome of the infection. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge on autophagy and other related mechanisms in pathogenic protists and their hosts. We sought to emphasize when, how, and why this process takes place, and the effects it may have on the parasitic cycle. A better understanding of the significance of autophagy for the protist life-cycle will potentially be helpful to design novel anti-parasitic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Silvia Romano
- Laboratorio de Biología de Trypanosoma cruzi y de la célula hospedadora. Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. (IHEM-CONICET-UNCUYO). Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Av. Libertador 80 (5500), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Takahiko Akematsu
- Department of Biosciences, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Vern B Carruthers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zeinab Chahine
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Isabelle Coppens
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology. Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology. Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute. Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health. Baltimore 21205, MD, USA
| | - Albert Descoteaux
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Laval, QC
| | - Thabata Lopes Alberto Duque
- Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Cynthia Y He
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Volker Heussler
- Institute of Cell Biology.University of Bern. Baltzerstr. 4 3012 Bern
| | - Karine G Le Roch
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Feng-Jun Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Jeremy C Mottram
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | | | - Boris Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Patricia Sampaio Tavares Veras
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Tropical Diseases - National Council for Scientific Research and Development (CNPq)
| | - Betiana Nebai Salassa
- Laboratorio de Biología de Trypanosoma cruzi y de la célula hospedadora. Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. (IHEM-CONICET-UNCUYO). Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Av. Libertador 80 (5500), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - María Cristina Vanrell
- Laboratorio de Biología de Trypanosoma cruzi y de la célula hospedadora. Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. (IHEM-CONICET-UNCUYO). Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Av. Libertador 80 (5500), Mendoza, Argentina
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Leroux M, Luquain-Costaz C, Lawton P, Azzouz-Maache S, Delton I. Fatty Acid Composition and Metabolism in Leishmania Parasite Species: Potential Biomarkers or Drug Targets for Leishmaniasis? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054702. [PMID: 36902138 PMCID: PMC10003364 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids have received growing interest in Leishmania biology with the characterization of the enzymes allowing the complete fatty acid synthesis of this trypanosomatid parasite. This review presents a comparative analysis of the fatty acid profiles of the major classes of lipids and phospholipids in different species of Leishmania with cutaneous or visceral tropism. Specificities relating to the parasite forms, resistance to antileishmanial drugs, and host/parasite interactions are described as well as comparisons with other trypanosomatids. Emphasis is placed on polyunsaturated fatty acids and their metabolic and functional specificities, in particular, their conversion into oxygenated metabolites that are inflammatory mediators able to modulate metacyclogenesis and parasite infectivity. The impact of lipid status on the development of leishmaniasis and the potential of fatty acids as therapeutic targets or candidates for nutritional interventions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Leroux
- CNRS 5007, LAGEPP, Université of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Céline Luquain-Costaz
- CNRS 5007, LAGEPP, Université of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- Department of Biosciences, INSA Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Philippe Lawton
- CNRS 5007, LAGEPP, Université of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Samira Azzouz-Maache
- CNRS 5007, LAGEPP, Université of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Isabelle Delton
- CNRS 5007, LAGEPP, Université of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- Department of Biosciences, INSA Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- Correspondence:
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Zahid F, Batool S, Ud-Din F, Ali Z, Nabi M, Khan S, Salman O, Khan GM. Antileishmanial Agents Co-loaded in Transfersomes with Enhanced Macrophage Uptake and Reduced Toxicity. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:226. [PMID: 35970966 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02384-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The prime objective of this study was to develop amphotericin B (AMB) and rifampicin (RIF) co-loaded transfersomal gel (AMB-RIF co-loaded TFG) for effective treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). AMB-RIF co-loaded TF was prepared by the thin-film hydration method and was optimized based on particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, entrapment efficiency (%EE), and deformability index. Similarly, AMB-RIF co-loaded TFG was characterized in terms of rheology, spread ability, and pH. In vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo assays were performed to evaluate AMB-RIF co-loaded TF as a potential treatment option for CL. The optimized formulation had vesicles in nanosize range (167 nm) with suitable PDI (0.106), zeta potential (- 19.05 mV), and excellent %EE of RIF (66%) and AMB (85%). Moreover, it had appropriate deformability index (0.952). Additionally, AMB-RIF co-loaded TFG demonstrated suitable rheological behavior for topical application. AMB-RIF co-loaded TF and AMB-RIF co-loaded TFG showed sustained release of the incorporated drugs as compared to AMB-RIF suspension. Furthermore, RIF permeation from AMB-RIF co-loaded TF and AMB-RIF co-loaded TFG was enhanced fivefold and threefold, whereas AMB permeation was enhanced by eightfold and 6.6-fold, respectively. The significantly different IC50, higher CC50, and FIC50 (p < 0.5) showed synergistic antileishmanial potential of AMB-RIF co-loaded TF. Likewise, reduced lesion size and parasitic burden in AMB-RIF co-loaded TF-treated mouse group further established the antileishmanial effect of the optimized formulation. Besides, AMB-RIF co-loaded TFG showed a better safety profile. This study concluded that TFG may be a suitable carrier for co-delivery of AMB-RIF when administered topically for the treatment of CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Zahid
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sibgha Batool
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fakhar Ud-Din
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Zakir Ali
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nabi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Salman Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Omer Salman
- Department of Pharmacy, Forman Christian University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Gul Majid Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. .,Islamia College University, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
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Gélvez APC, Diniz Junior JAP, Brígida RTSS, Rodrigues APD. AgNP-PVP-meglumine antimoniate nanocomposite reduces Leishmania amazonensis infection in macrophages. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:211. [PMID: 34253188 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02267-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania and presents different clinical manifestations. The adverse effects, immunosuppression and resistant strains associated with this disease necessitate the development of new drugs. Nanoparticles have shown potential as alternative antileishmanial drugs. We showed in a previous study the biosynthesis, characterization and ideal concentration of a nanocomposite that promoted leishmanicidal activity. In the present study, we conducted a specific analysis to show the mechanism of action of AgNP-PVP-MA (silver nanoparticle-polyvinylpyrrolidone-[meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime®)]) nanocomposite during Leishmania amazonensis infection in vitro. RESULTS Through ultrastructural analysis, we observed significant alterations, such as the presence of small vesicles in the flagellar pocket and in the extracellular membrane, myelin-like structure formation in the Golgi complex and mitochondria, flagellum and plasma membrane rupture, and electrodense material deposition at the edges of the parasite nucleus in both evolutive forms. Furthermore, the Leishmania parasite infection index in macrophages decreased significantly after treatment, and nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species production levels were determined. Additionally, inflammatory, and pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production levels were evaluated. The IL-4, TNF-α and MIP-1α levels increased significantly, while the IL-17 A level decreased significantly after treatment. CONCLUSIONS Thus, we demonstrate in this study that the AgNP-PVP-MA nanocomposite has leishmanial potential, and the mechanism of action was demonstrated for the first time, showing that this bioproduct seems to be a potential alternative treatment for leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Patricia Cacua Gélvez
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Secretary of Health Surveillance, Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Ministry of Health, Av. Almirante Barroso, 492, Marco, Pará, 66090-000, Belém, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, R. Augusto Corrêa, 01 - Guamá, Pará, CEP: 66075-110, Belém, Brazil
| | - José Antonio Picanço Diniz Junior
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Secretary of Health Surveillance, Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Ministry of Health, Av. Almirante Barroso, 492, Marco, Pará, 66090-000, Belém, Brazil
| | - Rebecca Thereza Silva Santa Brígida
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Secretary of Health Surveillance, Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Ministry of Health, Av. Almirante Barroso, 492, Marco, Pará, 66090-000, Belém, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, R. Augusto Corrêa, 01 - Guamá, Pará, CEP: 66075-110, Belém, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Drummond Rodrigues
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Secretary of Health Surveillance, Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Ministry of Health, Av. Almirante Barroso, 492, Marco, Pará, 66090-000, Belém, Brazil.
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Chaves MM, Savio LEB, Coutinho-Silva R. Purinergic signaling: a new front-line determinant of resistance and susceptibility in leishmaniasis. Biomed J 2021; 45:109-117. [PMID: 34175493 PMCID: PMC9133308 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease that causes several clinical manifestations. Parasites of the genus Leishmania cause this disease. Spread across five continents, leishmaniasis is a particular public health problem in developing countries. Leishmania infects phagocytic cells such as macrophages, where it induces adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release at the time of infection. ATP activates purinergic receptors in the cell membranes of infected cells and promotes parasite control by inducing leukotriene B4 release and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Moreover, uridine triphosphate induces ATP release, exacerbating the immune response. However, ATP may also undergo catalysis by ectonucleotidases present in the parasite membrane, generating adenosine, which activates P1 receptors and induces the production of anti-inflammatory molecules such as prostaglandin E2 and IL-10. These mechanisms culminate in Leishmania's survival. Thus, how Leishmania handles extracellular nucleotides and the activation of purinergic receptors determines the control or the dissemination of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana M Chaves
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Eduardo B Savio
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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6
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Batool S, Zahid F, Ud-Din F, Naz SS, Dar MJ, Khan MW, Zeb A, Khan GM. Macrophage targeting with the novel carbopol-based miltefosine-loaded transfersomal gel for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis: in vitro and in vivo analyses. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2021; 47:440-453. [PMID: 33615936 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2021.1890768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to develop novel carbopol-based miltefosine-loaded transfersomal gel (HePCTG) for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) via efficient targeting of leishmania infected macrophages. METHODS Miltefosine-loaded transfersomes (HePCT) were prepared by ethanol injection method followed by their incorporation into carbopol gel to form HePCTG. The prepared HePCT were assessed for physicochemical properties including mean particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, morphology, and deformability. Similarly, HePCTG was evaluated for physiochemical and rheological attributes. The in vitro release, skin permeation, skin irritation, anti-leishmanial activity, and in vivo efficacy in BALB/c mice against infected macrophages were also performed for HePCT. RESULTS The optimized HePCT displayed a particle size of 168 nm with entrapment efficiency of 92%. HePCTG showed suitable viscosity, pH, and sustained release of the incorporated drug. Furthermore, HePCT and HePCTG demonstrated higher skin permeation than drug solution. The results of macrophage uptake study indicated improved drug intake by passive diffusion. The lower half maximal inhibitory concentration value, selectivity index and higher 50% cytotoxic concentration value of HePCT compared to that of HePC solution demonstrated the improved anti-leishmanial efficacy and non-toxicity of the formulation. This was further confirmed by the notable reduction in parasite load and lesion size observed in in vivo anti-leishmanial study. CONCLUSION It can be stated that the formulated HePCTG can effectively be used for the treatment of CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibgha Batool
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Zahid
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fakhar- Ud-Din
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Syeda Sohaila Naz
- Department of Nanosciences & Technology, National Centre for Physics, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Junaid Dar
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Alam Zeb
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Gul Majid Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Saini S, Rai AK. Linoleic Acid-A Feasible Preventive Approach for Visceral Leishmaniasis. Front Nutr 2021; 8:649025. [PMID: 33718424 PMCID: PMC7952607 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.649025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal Saini
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Ambak Kumar Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
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Silva DKC, Teixeira JS, Moreira DRM, da Silva TF, Barreiro EJDL, de Freitas HF, Pita SSDR, Teles ALB, Guimarães ET, Soares MBP. In Vitro, In Vivo and In Silico Effectiveness of LASSBio-1386, an N-Acyl Hydrazone Derivative Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibitor, Against Leishmania amazonensis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:590544. [PMID: 33390966 PMCID: PMC7772393 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.590544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis are group of neglected diseases with worldwide distribution that affect about 12 million people. The current treatment is limited and may cause severe adverse effects, and thus, the search for new drugs more effective and less toxic is relevant. We have previously investigated the immunomodulatory effects of LASSBio-1386, an N-acylhydrazone derivative. Here we investigated the in vitro and in vivo activity of LASSBio-1386 against L. amazonensis. LASSBio-1386 inhibited the proliferation of promastigotes of L. amazonensis (EC50 = 2.4 ± 0.48 µM), while presenting low cytotoxicity to macrophages (CC50 = 74.1 ± 2.9 µM). In vitro incubation with LASSBio-1386 reduced the percentage of Leishmania-infected macrophages and the number of intracellular parasites (EC50 = 9.42 ± 0.64 µM). Also, in vivo treatment of BALB/c mice infected with L. amazonensis resulted in a decrease of lesion size, parasitic load and caused histopathological alterations, when compared to vehicle-treated control. Moreover, LASSBio-1386 caused ultrastructural changes, arrested cell cycle in G0/G1 phase and did not alter the membrane mitochondrial potential of L. amazonensis. Aiming to its possible molecular interactions, we performed docking and molecular dynamics studies on Leishmania phosphodiesterase B1 (PDB code: 2R8Q) and LASSBio-1386. The computational analyses suggest that LASSBio-1386 acts against Leishmania through the modulation of leishmanial PDE activity. In conclusion, our results indicate that LASSBio-1386 is a promising candidate for the development of new leishmaniasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahara Keyse Carvalho Silva
- Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Núcleo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Histopatologia, Universidade Estadual da Bahia (UNEB), Salvador, Brazil.,Laboratório de Engenharia Tecidual e Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Jessicada Silva Teixeira
- Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Núcleo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Histopatologia, Universidade Estadual da Bahia (UNEB), Salvador, Brazil.,Laboratório de Engenharia Tecidual e Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Diogo Rodrigo Magalhães Moreira
- Laboratório de Engenharia Tecidual e Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Tiago Fernandes da Silva
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio®), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eliezer Jesus de Lacerda Barreiro
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio®), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Humberto Fonseca de Freitas
- Laboratório de Bioinformática e Modelagem Molecular (LaBiMM), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Samuel Silva da Rocha Pita
- Laboratório de Bioinformática e Modelagem Molecular (LaBiMM), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - André Lacerda Braga Teles
- Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular Medicinal e Toxicológica, Universidade Estadual da Bahia (UNEB), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Elisalva Teixeira Guimarães
- Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Núcleo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Histopatologia, Universidade Estadual da Bahia (UNEB), Salvador, Brazil.,Laboratório de Engenharia Tecidual e Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Milena Botelho Pereira Soares
- Laboratório de Engenharia Tecidual e Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Senai de Inovação em Sistemas Avançados em Saúde, Senai/Cimatec, Salvador, Brazil
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9
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Ramos TD, Silva JD, da Fonseca-Martins AM, da Silveira Pratti JE, Firmino-Cruz L, Maciel-Oliveira D, Dos-Santos JS, Tenorio JIN, de Araujo AF, Freire-de-Lima CG, Diaz BL, Cruz FF, Rocco PRM, de Matos Guedes HL. Combined therapy with adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells and meglumine antimoniate controls lesion development and parasite load in murine cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania amazonensis. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:374. [PMID: 32867857 PMCID: PMC7457509 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01889-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease caused by Leishmania spp. One of its characteristics is an imbalance of host immune responses to foster parasite survival. In this setting, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) may be a viable therapeutic alternative, given their well-established immunomodulatory potential. In this study, we compared the effects of therapy with bone marrow (BM)- and adipose tissue (AD)-derived MSCs in leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania amazonensis in C57BL/6 mice. After determining the most effective MSC source, we then combined these cells with meglumine antimoniate (a pentavalent antimonial commonly used for the treatment of leishmaniasis) to treat the infected mice. Methods In vitro, co-culture of AD-MSCs and BM-MSCs with Leishmania amazonensis-infected macrophages was performed to understand the influence of both MSC sources in infected cells. In vivo, infected C57BL/6 mice were treated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), AD-MSCs and BM-MSCs, and then meglumine antimoniate was combined with MSCs from the most effective source. Results In vitro, co-culture of Leishmania amazonensis-infected macrophages with BM-MSCs, compared to AD-MSCs, led to a higher parasite load and lower production of nitric oxide. Fibroblasts grown in conditioned medium from co-cultures with AD-MSCs promoted faster wound healing. Despite a non-significant difference in the production of vascular endothelial growth factor, we observed higher production of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin (IL)-10 in the co-culture with AD-MSCs. In vivo, treatment of infected mice with BM-MSCs did not lead to disease control; however, the use of AD-MSCs was associated with partial control of lesion development, without significant differences in the parasite load. AD-MSCs combined with meglumine antimoniate reduced lesion size and parasite load when compared to PBS and AD-MSC groups. At the infection site, we detected a small production of IL-10, but we were unable to detect production of either IL-4 or interferon-γ, indicating resolution of infection without effect on the percentage of regulatory T cells. Conclusion Combination treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with AD-MSCs and meglumine antimoniate may be a viable alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeu Diniz Ramos
- Grupo de Imunologia e Vacinologia, Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Imunomodulação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Johnatas Dutra Silva
- Laboratório de Investigação Pulmonar, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Marcia da Fonseca-Martins
- Grupo de Imunologia e Vacinologia, Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana Elena da Silveira Pratti
- Grupo de Imunologia e Vacinologia, Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luan Firmino-Cruz
- Grupo de Imunologia e Vacinologia, Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diogo Maciel-Oliveira
- Grupo de Imunologia e Vacinologia, Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Julio Souza Dos-Santos
- Grupo de Imunologia e Vacinologia, Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João Ivo Nunes Tenorio
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Almair Ferreira de Araujo
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Célio Geraldo Freire-de-Lima
- Laboratório de Imunomodulação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruno Lourenço Diaz
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ferreira Cruz
- Laboratório de Investigação Pulmonar, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia Rieken Macedo Rocco
- Laboratório de Investigação Pulmonar, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Herbert Leonel de Matos Guedes
- Grupo de Imunologia e Vacinologia, Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,UFRJ Campus Duque de Caxias Professor Geraldo Cidade, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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10
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Parasitic load determination by differential expressions of 5-lipoxygenase and PGE2 synthases in visceral leishmaniasis. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2020; 147:106390. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2019.106390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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11
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Mendonça LSO, Santos JM, Kaneto CM, de Carvalho LD, Lima-Santos J, Augusto DG, Carvalho SMS, Soares-Martins JAP, Silva-Jardim I. Characterization of serum cytokines and circulating microRNAs that are predicted to regulate inflammasome genes in cutaneous leishmaniasis patients. Exp Parasitol 2020; 210:107846. [PMID: 32001303 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease caused by an intracellular protozoan parasite of the genus Leishmania. Infection starts when this protozoan replicates in a phagolysosomal compartment in macrophages, after evading host immune responses. The balance of Th1 and Th2 immune responses is crucial in leishmaniasis because it will determine whether the infection will be under control or if clinical complications will occur. The inflammasome, which is activated during Leishmania infection, involves the action of caspase-1 and release of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and interleukin-18. Together, they contribute to the maintenance of an inflammatory response and pyroptosis. Here, we evaluated the serum levels of cytokines and the expression of circulating microRNAs related to inflammasome regulation in twenty-seven patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis in comparison to nine healthy individuals, in the context of the inflammasome activation. Evaluation of serum cytokines activation (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17) was performed by flow cytometry using CBA kits (cytometric beads array) while the expression of circulating microRNAs (miR-7, miR-133a, miR-146b, miR-155, miR-223, miR-328, and miR-342) in plasma was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Our results showed an increase of the expression of miR-7-5p (p < 10-5), miR-133a (p = 0.034), miR-146b (p = 0.003), miR-223-3p (p = 10-5), and miR-328-3p (p = 0.002), and cytokine levels for IL-1β (p = 0.0005), IL-6 (p = 0.001), and IL-17 (p = 0.001) in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis compared to the controls. These results suggest that microRNAs and cytokines can play an important role in regulating the human immune responses to Leishmania infection. Our findings may contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms of the gene regulation during the cutaneous leishmaniasis and to the identification of possible biomarkers of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carla Martins Kaneto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Jane Lima-Santos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Danillo G Augusto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, BA, Brazil; Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | - Izaltina Silva-Jardim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, BA, Brazil.
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12
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Crupi R, Gugliandolo E, Siracusa R, Impellizzeri D, Cordaro M, Di Paola R, Britti D, Cuzzocrea S. N-acetyl-L-cysteine reduces Leishmania amazonensis-induced inflammation in BALB/c mice. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:13. [PMID: 31931804 PMCID: PMC6958694 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-2234-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmaniasis is a emergent disease characterized by different clinical manifestations in both humans and dogs. Predominant clinical features of cutaneous leishmaniasis are ulcerative painless skin lesions. Several data reported that pain is associated with human and dog leishmaniasis, out with areas of painless ulcerative lesions per se. Actually, current medications used for leishmaniasis management are characterized by several side effects and, in addition, some cases of the disease are refractory to the treatment. On this background it is mandatory the identification of new and safe candidates for designing less toxic and low-cost remedies. Therefore, the search for new leishmanicidal compounds is indispensable. Methods In the present paper we investigated the effect of orally N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) supplementation at dose of 200 mg/Kg for 10 weeks, in subcutaneous Leishmania (L). amazonensis infected BALB/c mice. And evaluating the effect of NAC on inflammatory response such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β levels, and on thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia. Results In the present paper we showed how NAC supplementation affected parameters of oxidative stress (GSH, MDA, SOD), inflammation such as cytokines levels (IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα) and mast cell activation and consequently on induced pain, during leishmaniosis in BALB\c mice. Conclusions The findings of our study provided the scientific data demonstrating that L. amazonensis infection induces inflammation and pain in BALB/c mice that are reversed by administration of NAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres n°31, 98166, Messina, Italy.,Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Enrico Gugliandolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres n°31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres n°31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres n°31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Marika Cordaro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres n°31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosanna Di Paola
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres n°31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Domenico Britti
- a C.I.S. - Interdepartmental Services Centre of Veterinary for Human and Animal Health, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres n°31, 98166, Messina, Italy. .,Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, USA.
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13
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Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: The Complexity of Host's Effective Immune Response against a Polymorphic Parasitic Disease. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:2603730. [PMID: 31871953 PMCID: PMC6913332 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2603730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is aimed at providing a comprehensive outline of the immune response displayed against cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), the more common zoonotic infection caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. Although of polymorphic clinical presentation, classically CL is characterized by leishmaniotic lesions on the face and extremities of the patients, which can be ulcerative, and even after healing can lead to permanent injuries and disfigurement, affecting significantly their psychological, social, and economic well-being. According a report released by the World Health Organization, the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost due to leishmaniasis are close to 2.4 million, annually there are 1.0–1.5 million new cases of CL, and a numerous population is at risk in the endemic areas. Despite its increasing worldwide incidence, it is one of the so-called neglected tropical diseases. Furthermore, this review provides an overview of the existing knowledge of the host innate and acquired immune response to cutaneous species of Leishmania. The use of animal models and of in vitro studies has improved the understanding of parasite-host interplay and the complexity of immune mechanisms involved. The importance of diagnosis accuracy associated with effective patient management in CL reduction is highlighted. However, the multiple factors involved in CL epizoology associated with the unavailability of vaccines or drugs to prevent infection make difficult to formulate an effective strategy for CL control.
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14
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Veras PST, de Menezes JPB, Dias BRS. Deciphering the Role Played by Autophagy in Leishmania Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2523. [PMID: 31736955 PMCID: PMC6838865 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, studies have shown that, depending on parasite species and host background, autophagy can either favor infection or promote parasite clearance. To date, relatively few studies have attempted to assess the role played by autophagy in Leishmania infection. While it has been consistently shown that Leishmania spp. induce autophagy in a variety of cell types, published results regarding the effects of autophagic modulation on Leishmania survival are contradictory. The present review, after a short overview of the general aspects of autophagy, aims to summarize the current body of knowledge surrounding how Leishmania spp. adaptively interact with macrophages, the host cells mainly involved in controlling leishmaniasis. We then explore the scarce studies that have investigated interactions between these parasite species and the autophagic pathway, and finally present a critical perspective on how autophagy influences infection outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Sampaio Tavares Veras
- Laboratory of Host - Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Salvador, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology of Tropical Diseases - CNPq, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Beatriz Rocha Simões Dias
- Laboratory of Host - Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Salvador, Brazil
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15
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Bezerra IPDS, Oliveira-Silva G, Braga DSFS, de Mello MF, Pratti JES, Pereira JC, da Fonseca-Martins AM, Firmino-Cruz L, Maciel-Oliveira D, Ramos TD, Vale AM, Gomes DCO, Rossi-Bergmann B, de Matos Guedes HL. Dietary Vitamin D3 Deficiency Increases Resistance to Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis Infection in Mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:88. [PMID: 31024859 PMCID: PMC6467002 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The leishmaniases are a group of diseases caused by Leishmania parasites, which have different clinical manifestations. Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis is endemic in South America and causes cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), which can evolve into a diffuse form, characterized by an anergic immune response. Since the leishmaniases mainly affect poor populations, it is important to understand the involvement of immunonutrition, how the immune system is modulated by dietary nutrients and the effect this has on Leishmania infection. Vitamin D3 (VitD) is an immunonutrient obtained from diet or endogenously synthesized, which suppresses Th1 and Th17 responses by favoring T helper (Th) 2 and regulatory T cell (Treg) generation. Based on these findings, this study aims to evaluate dietary VitD influence on L. (L.) amazonensis experimental infection in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. Thus, C57BL/6 and BALB/c VitD deficient (VDD) mice were generated through dietary VitD restriction 45 days prior to infection. Both strains of VDD mice showed a more controlled lesion development compared to mice on a regular diet (Ctrl). There were no differences in serum levels of anti-Leishmania IgG1 and IgG2a, but there was a decrease in IgE levels in BALB/c VDD mice. Although CD4+ T cell number was not changed, the CD4+ IFN-y+ T cell population was increased in both absolute number and percentage in C57BL/6 and BALB/c VDD mice compared to Ctrl mice. There was also no difference in IL-4 and IL-17 production, however, there was reduction of IL-10 production in VDD mice. Together, our data indicate that VitD contributes to murine cutaneous leishmaniasis susceptibility and that the Th1 cell population may be related to the resistance of VDD mice to L. (L.) amazonensis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel Oliveira-Silva
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Mirian França de Mello
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Joyce Carvalho Pereira
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Luan Firmino-Cruz
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diogo Maciel-Oliveira
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tadeu Diniz Ramos
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André Macedo Vale
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Bartira Rossi-Bergmann
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Herbert Leonel de Matos Guedes
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa UFRJ - Xerém em Biologia, UFRJ Campus Duque de Caxias Professor Geraldo Cidade - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
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16
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López-Muñoz RA, Molina-Berríos A, Campos-Estrada C, Abarca-Sanhueza P, Urrutia-Llancaqueo L, Peña-Espinoza M, Maya JD. Inflammatory and Pro-resolving Lipids in Trypanosomatid Infections: A Key to Understanding Parasite Control. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1961. [PMID: 30186271 PMCID: PMC6113562 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic trypanosomatids (Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma brucei, and Leishmania spp.) are protozoan parasites that cause neglected diseases affecting millions of people in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. In the process of infection, trypanosomatids evade and survive the immune system attack, which can lead to a chronic inflammatory state that induces cumulative damage, often killing the host in the long term. The immune mediators involved in this process are not entirely understood. Most of the research on the immunologic control of protozoan infections has been focused on acute inflammation. Nevertheless, when this process is not terminated adequately, permanent damage to the inflamed tissue may ensue. Recently, a second process, called resolution of inflammation, has been proposed to be a pivotal process in the control of parasite burden and establishment of chronic infection. Resolution of inflammation is an active process that promotes the normal function of injured or infected tissues. Several mediators are involved in this process, including eicosanoid-derived lipids, cytokines such as transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and interleukin (IL)-10, and other proteins such as Annexin-V. For example, during T. cruzi infection, pro-resolving lipids such as 15-epi-lipoxin-A4 and Resolvin D1 have been associated with a decrease in the inflammatory changes observed in experimental chronic heart disease, reducing inflammation and fibrosis, and increasing host survival. Furthermore, Resolvin D1 modulates the immune response in cells of patients with Chagas disease. In Leishmania spp. infections, pro-resolving mediators such as Annexin-V, lipoxins, and Resolvin D1 are related to the modulation of cutaneous manifestation of the disease. However, these mediators seem to have different roles in visceral or cutaneous leishmaniasis. Finally, although T. brucei infections are less well studied in terms of their relationship with inflammation, it has been found that arachidonic acid-derived lipids act as key regulators of the host immune response and parasite burden. Also, cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β may be related to increased infection. Knowledge about the inflammation resolution process is necessary to understand the host–parasite interplay, but it also offers an interesting opportunity to improve the current therapies, aiming to reduce the detrimental state induced by chronic protozoan infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A López-Muñoz
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Alfredo Molina-Berríos
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Campos-Estrada
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Centro de Investigación Farmacopea Chilena, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Patricio Abarca-Sanhueza
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Urrutia-Llancaqueo
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel Peña-Espinoza
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Juan D Maya
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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17
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A recombinant fusion protein displaying murine and human MHC class I- and II-specific epitopes protects against Leishmania amazonensis infection. Cell Immunol 2017; 313:32-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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18
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Leishmania donovani-Induced Prostaglandin E2 Generation Is Critically Dependent on Host Toll-Like Receptor 2-Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 Signaling. Infect Immun 2016; 84:2963-73. [PMID: 27481248 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00528-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the second-largest parasitic killer disease after malaria. During VL, the protozoan Leishmania donovani induces prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) generation within host macrophages to aid parasite survival. PGE2 significantly influences leishmanial pathogenesis, as L. donovani proliferation is known to be attenuated in PGE2-inhibited macrophages. Here, we report for the first time that signaling via macrophage Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) plays an instrumental role in inducing PGE2 release from L. donovani-infected macrophages. This signaling cascade, mediated via the TLR2-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-phospholipase C (PLC) signaling pathway, was found to be indispensable for activation of two major enzymes required for PGE2 generation: cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) and cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox2). Inhibition of cPLA2, but not secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) or calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2), arrested L. donovani infection. During infection, cPLA2 activity increased >7-fold in a calcium-dependent and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-dependent manner, indicating that elevation of intracellular calcium and ERK-mediated phosphorylation was necessary for L. donovani-induced cPLA2 activation. For transcriptional upregulation of cyclooxygenase 2, activation of the calcium-calcineurin-nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) signaling was required in addition to the TLR2-PI3K-PLC pathway. Detailed studies by site-directed mutagenesis of potential NFAT binding sites and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis revealed that the binding of macrophage NFATc2, at the -73/-77 site on the cox2 promoter, induced L. donovani-driven cox2 transcriptional activation. Collectively, these findings highlight the contribution of TLR2 downstream signaling toward activation of cPLA2 and Cox2 and illustrate how the TLR2-PI3K-PLC pathway acts in a concerted manner with calcium-calcineurin-NFATc2 signaling to modulate PGE2 release from L. donovani-infected macrophages.
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19
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Chaves MM, Canetti C, Coutinho-Silva R. Crosstalk between purinergic receptors and lipid mediators in leishmaniasis. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:489. [PMID: 27595742 PMCID: PMC5011846 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1781-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease affecting millions of people around the world caused by organisms of the genus Leishmania. Parasite escape mechanisms of the immune system confer the possibility of resistance and dissemination of the disease. A group of molecules that has become a target for Leishmania survival strategies are lipid mediators. Among them, leukotriene B4 (LTB4) has been described as a pro-inflammatory molecule capable of activating cells of the immune system to combat Leishmania. In an opposite way, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a lipid mediator described as a deactivator of macrophages and neutrophils. The balance of these two molecules can be generated by extracellular nucleotides, such as adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine (Ado), which activate the purinergic receptors system. Herein, we discuss the role of extracellular nucleotides and the resulting balance of LTB4 and PGE2 in Leishmania fate, survival or death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana M Chaves
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,Laboratory of Inflammation, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,National Institute of Translational Research in Health and Environment in the Amazon Region, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Canetti
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,National Institute of Translational Research in Health and Environment in the Amazon Region, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil. .,National Institute of Translational Research in Health and Environment in the Amazon Region, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
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20
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Pereira PAT, Bini D, Bovo F, Faccioli LH, Monteiro MC. Neutrophils influx and proinflammatory cytokines inhibition by sodium salicylate, unlike aspirin, in Candida albicans-induced peritonitis model. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2016; 61:337-46. [PMID: 26762336 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-016-0443-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Sodium salicylate (NaS) and aspirin (ASA) are known to have a variety of effects on microorganisms, such as fungus (C. albicans and C. neoformans), moreover, it have effects in leukocyte adhesion and migration in vitro. In this report, we investigated the effect of ASA and NaS in neutrophil migration and cytokine production in C. albicans-induced peritonitis murine model. For this, mice were treated intraperitoneally (i.p) or orally (po) with NaS or ASA; after they were stimulated i.p. with C. albicans, the cellular migration was evaluated 24 h after stimulation. NaS, in mice treated i.p., unlike ASA, was able to inhibit the neutrophil migration and proinflammatory cytokine production induced by C. albicans, such as TNF-α, IL-1, IFN-γ, IL-12, and IL-10, but did not alter the IL-4 levels in these animals. However, the po treatment with same the dose of NaS or ASA did not affect the influx of this cell for inflammatory site. These results suggest that the NaS inhibits cellular migration and proinflammatory cytokine by different anti-inflammatory mechanism compared to ASA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Aparecida Tártari Pereira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, USP-SP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP-SP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Daniel Bini
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste/UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Bovo
- Departamento de Anatomia Patológica, Universidade Federal do Paraná/PR, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Lucia Helena Faccioli
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP-SP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Marta Chagas Monteiro
- Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Pós-graduação em Neurociências e Biologia celular, Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará/UFPA, Rua Augusto Correia, Belém, PA, Brazil. .,Endereço: Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia Clínica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará/UFPA, Rua Augusto Correia, Belém, PA, Brazil.
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21
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França-Costa J, Van Weyenbergh J, Boaventura VS, Luz NF, Malta-Santos H, Oliveira MCS, Santos de Campos DC, Saldanha AC, dos-Santos WLC, Bozza PT, Barral-Netto M, Barral A, Costa JM, Borges VM. Arginase I, polyamine, and prostaglandin E2 pathways suppress the inflammatory response and contribute to diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:426-35. [PMID: 25124926 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL) is a rare clinical manifestation of tegumentary leishmaniasis. The molecular mechanisms underlying DCL pathogenesis remain unclear, and there is no efficient treatment available. This study investigated the systemic and in situ expression of the inflammatory response that might contribute to suppression in DCL. The plasma levels of arginase I, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were higher in patients with DCL, compared with patients with localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) or with controls from an area of endemicity. In situ transcriptomic analyses reinforced the association between arginase I expression and enzymes involved in prostaglandin and polyamine synthesis. Immunohistochemistry confirmed that arginase I, ODC, and cyclooxygenase2 expression was higher in lesion biopsy specimens from patients with DCL than in those from patients with LCL. Inhibition of arginase I or ODC abrogates L. amazonensis replication in infected human macrophages. Our data implicate arginase I, ODC, PGE2, and TGF-β in the failure to mount an efficient immune response and suggest perspectives in the development of new strategies for therapeutic intervention for patients with DCL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Viviane S Boaventura
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz/FIOCRUZ-BA Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador
| | - Nívea F Luz
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz/FIOCRUZ-BA Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador
| | - Hayna Malta-Santos
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz/FIOCRUZ-BA Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador
| | | | | | | | | | - Patrícia T Bozza
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro
| | - Manoel Barral-Netto
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz/FIOCRUZ-BA Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Investigação em Imunologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aldina Barral
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz/FIOCRUZ-BA Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Investigação em Imunologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Valeria M Borges
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz/FIOCRUZ-BA Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Investigação em Imunologia, São Paulo, Brazil
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22
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Rocha VPC, Nonato FR, Guimarães ET, Rodrigues de Freitas LA, Soares MBP. Activity of antimalarial drugs in vitro and in a murine model of cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Med Microbiol 2013; 62:1001-1010. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.058115-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The currently used treatments for leishmaniasis, a neglected parasitic disease, are associated with several side effects, high cost and resistance of the Leishmania parasites. Here we evaluated in vitro and in vivo the antileishmanial activity of five antimalarial drugs against Leishmania amazonensis. Mefloquine was effective against promastigotes in axenic cultures and showed an IC50 (concentration giving half-maximal inhibition) value of 8.4±0.7 µM. In addition, mefloquine, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine were active against intracellular amastigotes in macrophage-infected cultures, presenting IC50 values of 1.56±0.19 µM, 0.78±0.08 µM and 0.67±0.12 µM, respectively. The ultrastructural analysis of chloroquine- or mefloquine-treated amastigotes showed an accumulation of multivesicular bodies in the cytoplasm of the parasite, suggesting endocytic pathway impairment, in addition to the formation of myelin-like figures and enlargement of the Golgi cisternae. CBA mice were infected with L. amazonensis in the ear dermis, and treated by oral and/or topical routes with chloroquine and mefloquine. Treatment of L. amazonensis-infected mice with chloroquine by the oral route reduced lesion size, which was associated with a decrease in the number of parasites in the ear, as well as the parasite burden in the draining lymph nodes. In contrast, mefloquine administration by both routes decreased the lesion size in infected mice without causing a reduction in parasite burden. Our results revealed a promising antileishmanial effect of chloroquine and suggest its use in cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Pinto Costa Rocha
- Laboratório de Engenharia Tecidual e Imunofarmacologia, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Waldemar Falcão 121, Candeal, 40296-70, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Regina Nonato
- Laboratório de Engenharia Tecidual e Imunofarmacologia, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Waldemar Falcão 121, Candeal, 40296-70, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Elisalva Teixeira Guimarães
- Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Rua Silveira Martins, 2555, Cabula, 41150-000, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Laboratório de Engenharia Tecidual e Imunofarmacologia, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Waldemar Falcão 121, Candeal, 40296-70, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Luiz Antônio Rodrigues de Freitas
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Avenida Reitor Miguel Calmon, s/n°, Vale do Canela, 40025-010, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Laboratório de Patologia e Biointervenção, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Waldemar Falcão 121, Candeal, 40296-70, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Milena Botelho Pereira Soares
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Terapia Celular, Hospital São Rafael, Avenida São Rafael 2152, 41253-190, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Laboratório de Engenharia Tecidual e Imunofarmacologia, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Waldemar Falcão 121, Candeal, 40296-70, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Charret KS, Lagrota-Cândido J, Carvalho-Pinto CE, Hottz CF, Lira MLF, Rodrigues RF, Gomes AO, Bernardino AM, Canto-Cavalheiro MM, Leon LL, Amaral VF. The histopathological and immunological pattern of CBA mice infected with Leishmania amazonensis after treatment with pyrazole carbohydrazide derivatives. Exp Parasitol 2013; 133:201-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Sphingolipid degradation in Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1944. [PMID: 23285302 PMCID: PMC3527339 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human leishmaniasis is caused by more than 20 Leishmania species and has a wide range of symptoms. Our recent studies have demonstrated the essential role of sphingolipid degradation in the virulence of Leishmania (Leishmania) major, a species responsible for localized cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Old World. In this study, we investigated the function of sphingolipid degradation in Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis, an etiological agent of localized and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis in South America. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS First, we identified the enzyme LaISCL which is responsible for sphingolipid degradation in L. amazonensis. Primarily localized in the mitochondrion, LaISCL shows increased expression as promastigotes progress from replicative log phase to non-replicative stationary phase. To study its function, null mutants of LaISCL (Laiscl(-)) were generated by targeted gene deletion and complemented through episomal gene add-back. In culture, loss of LaISCL leads to hypersensitivity to acidic pH and poor survival in murine macrophages. In animals, Laiscl(-) mutants exhibit severely attenuated virulence towards C57BL6 mice but are fully infective towards BALB/c mice. This is drastically different from wild type L. amazonensis which cause severe pathology in both BALB/c and C57BL 6 mice. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE A single enzyme LaISCL is responsible for the turnover of sphingolipids in L. amazonensis. LaISCL exhibits similar expression profile and biochemical property as its ortholog in L. major. Deletion of LaISCL reduces the virulence of L. amazonensis and the outcome of Laiscl(-)-infection is highly dependent on the host's genetic background. Therefore, compared to L. major, the role of sphingolipid degradation in virulence is substantially different in L. amazonensis. Future studies may reveal whether sphingolipid degradation is required for L. amazonensis to cause diffuse cutaneous infections in humans.
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Penke LR, Sudan R, Sathishkumar S, Saha B. Prostaglandin E2receptors have differential effects onLeishmania majorinfection. Parasite Immunol 2012; 35:51-4. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. R. Penke
- National Centre for Cell Science; Ganeshkhind; Pune; India
| | - R. Sudan
- National Centre for Cell Science; Ganeshkhind; Pune; India
| | | | - B. Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science; Ganeshkhind; Pune; India
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Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ-Mediated Polarization of Macrophages in Leishmania Infection. PPAR Res 2012; 2012:796235. [PMID: 22448168 PMCID: PMC3289877 DOI: 10.1155/2012/796235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection is the outcome of a contest between a pathogen and its host. In the disease leishmaniasis, the causative protozoan parasites are harbored inside the macrophages. Leishmania species adapt strategies to make the infection chronic, keeping a balance between their own and the host's defense so as to establish an environment that is favorable for survival and propagation. Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) is one of the tactics used. This ligand-activated nuclear factor curbs inflammation to protect the host from excessive injuries by setting a limit to its destructive force. In this paper, we report the interaction of host PPARs and the pathogen for visceral leishmaniasis, Leishmania donovani, in vivo and in vitro. PPAR expression is induced by parasitic infection. Leishmanial activation of PPARγ promotes survival, whereas blockade of PPARγ facilitates removal of the parasite. Thus, Leishmania parasites harness PPARγ to increase infectivity.
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27
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Felizardo TC, Gaspar-Elsas MI, Lima GM, Abrahamsohn IA. Lack of signaling by IL-4 or by IL-4/IL-13 has more attenuating effects on Leishmania amazonensis dorsal skin – than on footpad-infected mice. Exp Parasitol 2012; 130:48-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2011.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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28
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Passero LFD, Carvalho AK, Bordon MLAC, Bonfim-Melo A, Toyama MH, Corbett CEP, Laurenti MD. Leishmania (Viannia) shawi purified antigens confer protection against murine cutaneous leishmaniasis. Inflamm Res 2011; 61:255-63. [PMID: 22166919 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-011-0407-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Leishmania (Viannia) shawi was characterized only recently, and few studies concerning the immunogenic and protective properties of its antigens have been performed. The present study aimed to evaluate the protective potential of the five antigenic fractions isolated from L. (V.) shawi promastigotes in experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Soluble antigen from L. (V.) shawi promastigotes was submitted to reverse phase HPLC to purify F1, F2, F3, F4 and F5 antigens. BALB/c mice were immunized once a week for two consecutive weeks by subcutaneous routes in the rump, using 25 μg protein. After 1 week, groups were challenged in the footpad with L. (V.) shawi promastigotes. After 8 weeks, those same mice were sacrificed and parasite burden as well as the cellular and humoral immune responses were evaluated. RESULTS F1 and F5-immunized mice restrained lesion progression and parasite load in the skin. However, only the F1 group was able to control the parasitism in lymph nodes, which was associated with low IL-4 and high IFN-γ production; IgG2a isotype was increased in this group. Immunizations with F2, F3 and F4 antigens did not protect mice. CONCLUSION The capability of antigens to restrain IL-4 levels and increase IFN-γ was associated with protection, such as in immunization using F1 antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Felipe Domingues Passero
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas (LIM-50), Departmento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, São Paulo, SP 01246-903, Brazil.
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29
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Shweash M, Adrienne McGachy H, Schroeder J, Neamatallah T, Bryant CE, Millington O, Mottram JC, Alexander J, Plevin R. Leishmania mexicana promastigotes inhibit macrophage IL-12 production via TLR-4 dependent COX-2, iNOS and arginase-1 expression. Mol Immunol 2011; 48:1800-8. [PMID: 21664694 PMCID: PMC3173610 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effects of Leishmania mexicana metacyclic promastigotes upon MAP kinase signalling in mouse bone marrow macrophages and subsequent expression of the disease regulatory proteins iNOS and COX-2 were studied. At a ratio of 5:1, promastigotes caused a marked increase in phosphorylation of the three major MAP kinases, ERK, p38 and JNK. MAP kinase signalling was substantially reduced in TLR-4−/− but not TLR-2−/− deficient macrophages and completely abolished in double TLR-2/4−/− macrophages. A similar outcome was observed using cysteine peptidase B deficient amastigotes. Furthermore, whilst promastigotes had no independent effect on iNOS or COX-2 expression, they prolonged the induction of these proteins stimulated by LPS and enhanced PGE2 and NO production. Induction of COX-2 and iNOS was also TLR-4 dependent. Blockade of either PGE2 or NO production with indomethacin or l-NAME reversed promastigote inhibition of LPS induced IL-12 production. Promastigotes also increased macrophage arginase-1 expression and enhanced arginase activity, both of which were substantially reduced in TLR-4 but not TLR-2 deficient macrophages. Surprisingly, arginase inhibition by Nor-NOHA also caused a reversal of promastigote mediated inhibition of macrophage IL-12 production. These data demonstrate for the first time the role of TLR-4 in mediating the effects of L. mexicana promastigotes on MAP kinase activation, up-regulation of COX-2, iNOS as well as arginase-1 expression in macrophages and further shows that PGE2, NO and arginase activity all contribute substantially to the inhibition of host cell IL-12 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhannad Shweash
- Division of Physiology & Pharmacology, Strathclyde Institute for Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, 27 Taylor Street, Glasgow G4 0NR, UK
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Duszenko M, Ginger ML, Brennand A, Gualdrón-López M, Colombo MI, Coombs GH, Coppens I, Jayabalasingham B, Langsley G, de Castro SL, Menna-Barreto R, Mottram JC, Navarro M, Rigden DJ, Romano PS, Stoka V, Turk B, Michels PAM. Autophagy in protists. Autophagy 2011; 7:127-58. [PMID: 20962583 DOI: 10.4161/auto.7.2.13310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is the degradative process by which eukaryotic cells digest their own components using acid hydrolases within the lysosome. Originally thought to function almost exclusively in providing starving cells with nutrients taken from their own cellular constituents, autophagy is in fact involved in numerous cellular events including differentiation, turnover of macromolecules and organelles, and defense against parasitic invaders. During the last 10-20 years, molecular components of the autophagic machinery have been discovered, revealing a complex interactome of proteins and lipids, which, in a concerted way, induce membrane formation to engulf cellular material and target it for lysosomal degradation. Here, our emphasis is autophagy in protists. We discuss experimental and genomic data indicating that the canonical autophagy machinery characterized in animals and fungi appeared prior to the radiation of major eukaryotic lineages. Moreover, we describe how comparative bioinformatics revealed that this canonical machinery has been subject to moderation, outright loss or elaboration on multiple occasions in protist lineages, most probably as a consequence of diverse lifestyle adaptations. We also review experimental studies illustrating how several pathogenic protists either utilize autophagy mechanisms or manipulate host-cell autophagy in order to establish or maintain infection within a host. The essentiality of autophagy for the pathogenicity of many parasites, and the unique features of some of the autophagy-related proteins involved, suggest possible new targets for drug discovery. Further studies of the molecular details of autophagy in protists will undoubtedly enhance our understanding of the diversity and complexity of this cellular phenomenon and the opportunities it offers as a drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Duszenko
- Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Muleme HM, Reguera RM, Berard A, Azinwi R, Jia P, Okwor IB, Beverley S, Uzonna JE. Infection with arginase-deficient Leishmania major reveals a parasite number-dependent and cytokine-independent regulation of host cellular arginase activity and disease pathogenesis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 183:8068-76. [PMID: 19923451 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The balance between the products of L-arginine metabolism in macrophages regulates the outcome of Leishmania major infection. L-arginine can be oxidized by host inducible NO synthase to produce NO, which contributes to parasite killing. In contrast, L-arginine hydrolysis by host arginase blocks NO generation and provides polyamines, which can support parasite proliferation. Additionally, Leishmania encode their own arginase which has considerable potential to modulate infectivity and disease pathogenesis. In this study, we compared the infectivity and impact on host cellular immune response in vitro and in vivo of wild-type (WT) L. major with that of a parasite arginase null mutant (arg(-)) L. major. We found that arg(-) L. major are impaired in their macrophage infectivity in vitro independent of host inducible NO synthase activities. As with in vitro results, the proliferation of arg(-) L. major in animal infections was also significantly impaired in vivo, resulting in delayed onset of lesion development, attenuated pathology, and low parasite burden. Despite this attenuated pathology, the production of cytokines by cells from the draining lymph node of mice infected with WT and arg(-) L. major was similar at all times tested. Interestingly, in vitro and in vivo arginase levels were significantly lower in arg(-) than in WT-infected cases and were directly correlated with parasite numbers inside infected cells. These results suggest that Leishmania-encoded arginase enhances disease pathogenesis by augmenting host cellular arginase activities and that contrary to previous in vitro studies, the host cytokine response does not influence host arginase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Muleme
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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32
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Silveira FT, Lainson R, De Castro Gomes CM, Laurenti MD, Corbett CEP. Immunopathogenic competences of Leishmania (V.) braziliensis and L. (L.) amazonensis in American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 2009; 31:423-31. [PMID: 19646206 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The immunopathogenic competences of Leishmania (V.) braziliensis and L. (L.) amazonensis were reviewed in the light of more recent features found in the clinical and immunopathological spectrum of American cutaneous leishmaniasis. It was shown a dichotomy in the interaction between these Leishmania species and human T-cell immune response; while L. (V.) braziliensis shows a clear tendency to lead infection from the localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL), a moderate T-cell hypersensitivity form at the centre of the spectrum, toward to the mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL) at the T-cell hypersensitivity pole and with a prominent Th1-type immune response, L. (L.) amazonensis shows an opposite tendency, leading infection to the anergic diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (ADCL) at the T-cell hyposensitivity pole and with a marked Th2-type immune response. Between the central LCL and the two polar MCL and ADCL, the infection can present an intermediary form known as borderline disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis, characterized by an incomplete inhibition of T-cell hypersensitivity but with a evident supremacy of Th1 over Th2 immune response (Th1 > or = Th2). These are probably the main immunopathogenic competences of L. (V.) braziliensis and L. (L.) amazonensis regarding the immune response dichotomy that modulates human infection outcome by these Leishmania parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- F T Silveira
- Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute (Surveillance Secretary of Health, Ministry of Health), 66090-000, Belém, Pará State, Brazil.
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Guimaraes ET, Lima MS, Santos LA, Ribeiro IM, Tomassini TBC, Ribeiro dos Santos R, dos Santos WLC, Soares MBP. Activity of physalins purified from Physalis angulata in in vitro and in vivo models of cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 64:84-7. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkp170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Pinheiro RO, Nunes MP, Pinheiro CS, D'Avila H, Bozza PT, Takiya CM, Côrte-Real S, Freire-de-Lima CG, DosReis GA. Induction of autophagy correlates with increased parasite load of Leishmania amazonensis in BALB/c but not C57BL/6 macrophages. Microbes Infect 2008; 11:181-90. [PMID: 19070676 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2008.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2008] [Revised: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the role of autophagy in infection of macrophages by Leishmania amazonensis. Induction of autophagy by IFN-gamma or starvation increased intracellular parasite load and the percentages of infected macrophages from BALB/c but not from C57BL/6 mice. In contrast, starvation did not affect the replication of either Leishmania major or Trypanosoma cruzi in BALB/c macrophages. In BALB/c macrophages, starvation resulted in increased monodansylcadaverine staining and in the appearance of double-membrane and myelin-like vesicles characteristic of autophagosomes. Increased parasite load was associated with a reduction in NO levels and was attenuated by wortmannin, an inhibitor of autophagy. In infected macrophages from BALB/c, but not from C57BL/6 mice, starvation increased the number of lipid bodies and the amounts of PGE(2) produced. Exogenous PGE(2) increased parasite load in macrophages from BALB/c, but not C57BL/6 mice. The cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin prevented the increase of parasite load in starved BALB/c macrophages, and actually induced parasite killing. These results suggest that autophagy regulates the outcome of L. amazonensis infection in macrophages in a host strain specific manner.
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35
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Pereira BAS, Alves CR. Immunological characteristics of experimental murine infection with Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. Vet Parasitol 2008; 158:239-55. [PMID: 18922635 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Revised: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The murine models of Leishmania infection are well-studied and suitable models for studying this disease, which, despite its incidence of nearly 2 million new cases worldwide per year and its prevalence of 12 million cases, has been a somewhat neglected disease. Data obtained using such models are important for a better understanding of the disease in humans due to similarities in physiology and the advantage provided by the uniform infection profile within each mouse strain. In this review, we focus on studies of experimental murine infection with Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis, a species that has been associated with infections exhibiting various clinical features in humans. Mainly, we point out and discuss reports on: the effects of variations of the inoculum (such as strain, site, and size) in the establishment and development of the infection; characteristics of the infection in distinct mouse strains; and, the effects and subversions of the infection on components of the host innate and adaptive immune responses. The results obtained in these studies show that L. (L.) amazonensis infection in mice presents some unique features and immunoregulatory mechanisms, making it an interesting model for obtaining further knowledge of potential drugs targets and immunotherapy in Leishmania infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Acácio Santini Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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36
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Afonso-Cardoso SR, Rodrigues FH, Gomes MAB, Silva AG, Rocha A, Guimaraes AHB, Candeloro I, Favoreto S, Ferreira MS, de Souza MA. Protective effect of lectin from Synadenium carinatum on Leishmania amazonensis infection in BALB/c mice. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2008; 45:255-66. [PMID: 18165707 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2007.45.4.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The protective effect of the Synadenium carinatum latex lectin (ScLL), and the possibility of using it as an adjuvant in murine model of vaccination against American cutaneous leishmaniasis, were evaluated. BALB/c mice were immunized with the lectin ScLL (10, 50, 100 microgram/animal) separately or in association with the soluble Leishmania amazonensis antigen (SLA). After a challenge infection with 10(6) promastigotes, the injury progression was monitored weekly by measuring the footpad swelling for 10 weeks. ScLL appeared to be capable of conferring partial protection to the animals, being most evident when ScLL was used in concentrations of 50 and 100 microgram/animal. Also the parasite load in the interior of macrophages showed significant reduction (61.7%) when compared to the control group. With regard to the cellular response, ScLL 50 and 100 microgram/animal stimulated the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction significantly (P < 0.05) higher than SLA or SLA plus ScLL 10 weeks after the challenge infection. The detection of high levels of IgG2a and the expression of mRNA cytokines, such as IFN-gamma, IL-12, and TNF-alpha (Th1 profiles), corroborated the protective role of this lectin against cutaneous leishmaniasis. This is the first report of the ScLL effect on leishmaniasis and shows a promising role for ScLL to be explored in other experimental models for treatment of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra R Afonso-Cardoso
- Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
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37
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Serezani CH, Ballinger MN, Aronoff DM, Peters-Golden M. Cyclic AMP: master regulator of innate immune cell function. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2008; 39:127-32. [PMID: 18323530 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0091tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) was the original "second messenger" to be discovered. Its formation is promoted by adenylyl cyclase activation after ligation of G protein-coupled receptors by ligands including hormones, autocoids, prostaglandins, and pharmacologic agents. Increases in intracellular cAMP generally suppress innate immune functions, including inflammatory mediator generation and the phagocytosis and killing of microbes. The importance of the host cAMP axis in regulating antimicrobial defense is underscored by the fact that microbes have evolved virulence-enhancing strategies that exploit it. Many clinical situations that predispose to infection are associated with increases in cAMP, and therapeutic strategies to interrupt cAMP generation or actions have immunostimulatory potential. This article reviews the anatomy of the cAMP axis, the mechanisms by which it controls phagocyte immune function, microbial strategies to dysregulate it, and its clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos H Serezani
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health, System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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38
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Dos-Santos WLC, Jesus EE, Paranhos-Silva M, Pereira AM, Santos JC, Baleeiro CO, Nascimento EG, Moreira ED, Oliveira GGS, Pontes-de-Carvalho LC. Associations among immunological, parasitological and clinical parameters in canine visceral leishmaniasis: Emaciation, spleen parasitism, specific antibodies and leishmanin skin test reaction. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 123:251-9. [PMID: 18359091 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Revised: 12/27/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Associations among parameters commonly used as markers of infection by Leishmania sp., or of susceptibility to visceral leishmaniasis, were investigated in 325 stray dogs from an area where this disease is endemic. Evidence of infection (presence of Leishmania in splenic cultures, positive leishmanin skin test (LST) or detection of anti-Leishmania antibody activity in the serum) was found in 57% of the animals. Both evidence of weight loss (chi(2)-test, P=0.0005) and presence of specific antibody activity in the serum (chi(2)-test, P<0.0001) were directly associated with positive splenic culture. The frequencies of animals with positive splenic culture were directly correlated with the intensities of antibody activity in the serum as measured by ELISA (relative risk of 3.4 for animals with moderate antibody levels and relative risk of 8.43 for animals with high-antibody levels). A negative association was observed between positive leishmanin skin test results and emaciation (chi(2), P=0.0089). Furthermore, animals with positive splenic cultures and negative leishmanin skin test results had higher levels of total serum IgG (Kruskal-Wallis test, P=0.001) and IgG2 (Kruskal-Wallis test, P=0.05) than animals with negative splenic cultures, and were more emaciated than animals with negative LST results and positive splenic cultures. The data presented herein suggest that associating these common parameters may improve their performance in predicting susceptibility to canine visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L C Dos-Santos
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz-FIOCRUZ, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Waldemar Falcão 121, Candeal, 40.296-710 Salvador, BA, Brazil
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39
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N-acetyl-L: -cysteine reduces the parasitism of BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania amazonensis. Parasitol Res 2007; 102:801-3. [PMID: 18094999 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0827-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania amazonensis infection leads to progressive diseases in a majority of inbred strains of mice. Glutathione (GSH) participates in a large number of cellular phenomena and seems to be essential for several immune functions, including host defense during leishmaniasis. In this study, we evaluated the effects of N-acetyl-L: -cysteine (NAC), as GSH supplement, on the course of L. amazonensis infection in susceptible BALB/c mice. The treatment with NAC (200 mg/kg daily) was effective in raising GSH levels in both lymph node and spleen cells. Although this treatment did not change the footpad swelling development in L. amazonensis-infected mice, it caused a significant decrease in the number of parasites recovered from the footpad lesion and draining popliteal lymph node. Our data suggest that intracellular Leishmania killing in vivo was improved by the augment of GSH levels through NAC administration.
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40
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Comparison of the effects of Leishmania major or Leishmania donovani infection on macrophage gene expression. Infect Immun 2007; 76:1186-92. [PMID: 18086813 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01320-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular parasite Leishmania causes a wide spectrum of human disease, ranging from self-resolving cutaneous lesions to fatal visceral disease, depending on the species of Leishmania involved. The mechanisms by which different Leishmania species cause different pathologies are largely unknown. We have addressed this question by comparing the gene expression profiles of bone marrow-derived macrophages infected with either Leishmania donovani or L. major promastigotes. We found that the two species had very similar effects on macrophage gene expression. Both species caused a small (<2.5-fold) but statistically significant repression of several hundred genes. In addition, both species strongly induced and repressed about 60 genes. Comparing the effects of the two species showed that only 26 genes were regulated differently by L. major as opposed to L. donovani, including those for metallothioneins 1 and 2, HSP70 and -72, CCL4, Gadd45beta, Dsp1, matrix metalloprotease 13, T-cell death-associated gene 51 (Tdag51), RhoB, spermine/spermidine N1-acyl transferase 1 (SSAT), and Cox2. L. donovani-infected macrophages were also found to express higher levels of Cox2 protein and prostaglandin E synthase mRNA than L. major-infected macrophages. While both species have previously been shown to trigger prostaglandin E synthesis by bystander cells, this study suggests that infected macrophages themselves express prostaglandin E-synthesizing genes only in response to L. donovani.
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Paramá A, Piazzon MC, Lamas J, Sanmartín ML, Leiro J. In vitro activity of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin on a scuticociliate parasite of farmed turbot. Vet Parasitol 2007; 148:318-24. [PMID: 17681428 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2007] [Revised: 06/08/2007] [Accepted: 06/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The scuticociliatosis produced by the endoparasite Philasterides dicentarchi is a severe parasitic infection of farmed turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) characterized by several histopathological effects including extensive inflammation. Indomethacin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that specifically inhibits synthesis of the proinflammatory mediator prostaglandins. The effect of indomethacin on the in vitro growth of P. dicentrarchi was investigated. In vitro growth of the scuticociliate was significantly inhibited by treatment with 100 microM indomethacin for 48 h. Higher concentrations of indomethacin (mM levels) did not affect the gelatinolytic activity of the cysteine proteinases of P. dicentrarchi. In vitro treatment with 25, 50 or 100 microM indomethacin for 3 days did not significantly affect the enzymatic activity of cysteine proteinases, as assayed with p-nitroanilide as substrate. Immunoblot analysis with anti-cysteine proteinase antibodies revealed an increase in proteinase expression (molecular weights of 80, 32 and 40-45 kDa) in parasite lysates originating from in vitro cultures incubated with 25 microM indomethacin for 72 h. Degradation of genomic DNA of the ciliates was observed in cultures incubated with 100 microM indomethacin for 1, 3 and 7 days. The results suggest that indomethacin is capable of inhibiting in vitro growth of the scuticociliate P. dicentrarchi by a mechanism related to the induction of programmed cell death, without affecting the enzymatic activation of parasite proteinases, which demonstrates the potential therapeutic use of this drug in the control of turbot scuticociliatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabel Paramá
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Laboratorio de Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentarios, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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42
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Pinheiro RO, Rossi-Bergmann B. Interferon-gamma is required for the late but not early control of Leishmania amazonensis infection in C57Bl/6 mice. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2007; 102:79-82. [PMID: 17294004 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762007000100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/12/2007] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The critical role of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in the resistance of C57Bl/6 mice to Leishmania major is widely established but its role in the relative resistance of these animals to L. amazonensis infection is still not clear. In this work we use C57Bl/6 mice congenitally deficient in the IFN-gamma gene (IFN-gamma KO) to address this issue. We found that IFN-gamma KO mice were as resistant as their wild-type (WT) counterparts at least during the first two months of infection. Afterwards, whereas WT mice maintained lesion growth under control, IFN-gamma KO mice developed devastating lesions. At day 97 of infection, their lesions were 9-fold larger than WT controls, concomitant with an increased parasite burden. At this stage, lesion-draining cells from IFN-gamma KO mice had impaired capacity to produce interleukin-12 (IL-12) and tumour necrosis factor-a in response to parasite antigens whereas IL-4 was slightly increased in comparison to infected WT mice. Together, these results show that IFN-gamma is not critical for the initial control of L. amazonensis infection in C57Bl/6 mice, but is essential for the development of a protective Th1 type immune response in the later stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Olmo Pinheiro
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-900, Brasil
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