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Mosala P, Mpotje T, Abdel Aziz N, Ndlovu H, Musaigwa F, Nono JK, Brombacher F. Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor-1 as a potential target for host-directed therapy during chronic schistosomiasis in murine model. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1279043. [PMID: 38840916 PMCID: PMC11150569 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1279043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis remains the most devastating neglected tropical disease, affecting over 240 million people world-wide. The disease is caused by the eggs laid by mature female worms that are trapped in host's tissues, resulting in chronic Th2 driven fibrogranulmatous pathology. Although the disease can be treated with a relatively inexpensive drug, praziquantel (PZQ), re-infections remain a major problem in endemic areas. There is a need for new therapeutic drugs and alternative drug treatments for schistosomiasis. The current study hypothesized that cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs) could mediate fibroproliferative pathology during schistosomiasis. Cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs) are potent lipid mediators that are known to be key players in inflammatory diseases, such as asthma and allergic rhinitis. The present study aimed to investigate the role of cysLTR1 during experimental acute and chronic schistosomiasis using cysLTR1-/- mice, as well as the use of cysLTR1 inhibitor (Montelukast) to assess immune responses during chronic Schistosoma mansoni infection. Mice deficient of cysLTR1 and littermate control mice were infected with either high or low dose of Schistosoma mansoni to achieve chronic or acute schistosomiasis, respectively. Hepatic granulomatous inflammation, hepatic fibrosis and IL-4 production in the liver was significantly reduced in mice lacking cysLTR1 during chronic schistosomiasis, while reduced liver pathology was observed during acute schistosomiasis. Pharmacological blockade of cysLTR1 using montelukast in combination with PZQ reduced hepatic inflammation and parasite egg burden in chronically infected mice. Combination therapy led to the expansion of Tregs in chronically infected mice. We show that the disruption of cysLTR1 is dispensable for host survival during schistosomiasis, suggesting an important role cysLTR1 may play during early immunity against schistosomiasis. Our findings revealed that the combination of montelukast and PZQ could be a potential prophylactic treatment for chronic schistosomiasis by reducing fibrogranulomatous pathology in mice. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that cysLTR1 is a potential target for host-directed therapy to ameliorate fibrogranulomatous pathology in the liver during chronic and acute schistosomiasis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paballo Mosala
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Thabo Mpotje
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nada Abdel Aziz
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Immuno-Biotechnology Lab, Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hlumani Ndlovu
- Division of Chemical and System Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Fungai Musaigwa
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Justin Komguep Nono
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Unit of Immunobiology and Helminth Infections, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies (IMPM), Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Frank Brombacher
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Welcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa) and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Toxoplasma gondii Infection Decreases Intestinal 5-Lipoxygenase Expression, while Exogenous LTB 4 Controls Parasite Growth. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0002922. [PMID: 35658510 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00029-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) is an enzyme required for the production of leukotrienes and lipoxins and interferes with parasitic infections. In vitro, Toxoplasma gondii inhibits leukotriene B4 (LTB4) production, and mice deficient in 5-LO are highly susceptible to infection. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the pharmacological inhibition of the 5-LO pathway and exogenous LTB4 supplementation during experimental toxoplasmosis. For this purpose, susceptible C57BL/6 mice were orally infected with T. gondii and treated with LTB4 or MK886 (a selective leukotriene inhibitor through inhibition of 5-LO-activating protein [FLAP]). The parasitism, histology, and immunological parameters were analyzed. The infection decreased 5-LO expression in the small intestine, and treatment with MK886 reinforced this reduction during infection; in addition, MK886-treated infected mice presented higher intestinal parasitism, which was associated with lower local interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production. In contrast, treatment with LTB4 controlled parasite replication in the small intestine, liver, and lung and decreased pulmonary pathology. Interestingly, treatment with LTB4 also preserved the number of Paneth cells and increased α-defensins expression and IgA levels in the small intestine of infected mice. Altogether, these data demonstrated that T. gondii infection is associated with a decrease in 5-LO expression, and on the other hand, treatment with the 5-LO pathway product LTB4 resulted in better control of parasite growth in the organs, adding to the knowledge about the pathogenesis of T. gondii infection.
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Carrillo I, Rabelo RAN, Barbosa C, Rates M, Fuentes-Retamal S, González-Herrera F, Guzmán-Rivera D, Quintero H, Kemmerling U, Castillo C, Machado FS, Díaz-Araya G, Maya JD. Aspirin-triggered resolvin D1 reduces parasitic cardiac load by decreasing inflammation in a murine model of early chronic Chagas disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009978. [PMID: 34784372 PMCID: PMC8631674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, is endemic in Latin America and is widely distributed worldwide because of migration. In 30% of cases, after years of infection and in the absence of treatment, the disease progresses from an acute asymptomatic phase to a chronic inflammatory cardiomyopathy, leading to heart failure and death. An inadequate balance in the inflammatory response is involved in the progression of chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy. Current therapeutic strategies cannot prevent or reverse the heart damage caused by the parasite. Aspirin-triggered resolvin D1 (AT-RvD1) is a pro-resolving mediator of inflammation that acts through N-formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2). AT-RvD1 participates in the modification of cytokine production, inhibition of leukocyte recruitment and efferocytosis, macrophage switching to a nonphlogistic phenotype, and the promotion of healing, thus restoring organ function. In the present study, AT-RvD1 is proposed as a potential therapeutic agent to regulate the pro-inflammatory state during the early chronic phase of Chagas disease. Methodology/Principal findings C57BL/6 wild-type and FPR2 knock-out mice chronically infected with T. cruzi were treated for 20 days with 5 μg/kg/day AT-RvD1, 30 mg/kg/day benznidazole, or the combination of 5 μg/kg/day AT-RvD1 and 5 mg/kg/day benznidazole. At the end of treatment, changes in immune response, cardiac tissue damage, and parasite load were evaluated. The administration of AT-RvD1 in the early chronic phase of T. cruzi infection regulated the inflammatory response both at the systemic level and in the cardiac tissue, and it reduced cellular infiltrates, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, fibrosis, and the parasite load in the heart tissue. Conclusions/Significance AT-RvD1 was shown to be an attractive therapeutic due to its regulatory effect on the inflammatory response at the cardiac level and its ability to reduce the parasite load during early chronic T. cruzi infection, thereby preventing the chronic cardiac damage induced by the parasite. Chagas disease is prevalent in Latin America and is widely distributed worldwide due to migration. In 30% of patients, if the parasite is left untreated, the disease may progress from an acute symptomless phase to chronic myocardial inflammation, which can cause heart failure and death, years after the infection. Imbalances in the inflammatory response are related to this progression. Current treatments cannot prevent or reverse the cardiac damage inflicted by the parasite. Aspirin-triggered resolvin D1, also named AT-RvD1, can modify cellular and humoral inflammatory responses leading to the resolution of inflammation, thus promoting healing and restoring organ function. In this study, AT-RvD1, in an N-formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2)-dependent manner, was shown to regulate local and systemic inflammation and decrease cellular infiltration in the heart tissue of mice chronically infected with the parasite and reduce cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in the early stages of the chronic phase of the disease. Importantly, AT-RvD1 was able to decrease parasite load in the infected hearts. Thus, this research indicates that At-RvD1 treatment is a potential therapeutic strategy that offers an improvement on current drug therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Carrillo
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rayane Aparecida Nonato Rabelo
- Programa em Ciências da Saúde, Doenças Infecciosas e Medicina Tropical/ Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - César Barbosa
- Laboratório de Imunorregulação de Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mariana Rates
- Laboratório de Imunorregulação de Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Sebastián Fuentes-Retamal
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabiola González-Herrera
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Guzmán-Rivera
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Helena Quintero
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Castillo
- Núcleo de Investigación Aplicada en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabiana S. Machado
- Programa em Ciências da Saúde, Doenças Infecciosas e Medicina Tropical/ Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunorregulação de Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Guillermo Díaz-Araya
- Departamento de Farmacología Química y Toxicología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail: (GD-A); (JDM)
| | - Juan D. Maya
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail: (GD-A); (JDM)
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das Dores Pereira R, Rabelo RAN, Leite PG, Cramer A, Botelho AFM, Cruz JS, Régis WCB, Perretti M, Teixeira MM, Machado FS. Role of formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) in modulating immune response and heart inflammation in an experimental model of acute and chronic Chagas disease. Cell Immunol 2021; 369:104427. [PMID: 34482259 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2021.104427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease is an important disease of the heart. Lipoxins have important regulatory functions in host immune response (IR). Herein, we examined whether the receptor for lipoxin A4, the formyl peptide receptor (FPR) 2, had an effect on Trypanosoma cruzi infection. In vitro, FPR2 deficiency or inhibition improved the activity of macrophages against T. cruzi. In vivo, during the acute phase, the absence of FPR2 reduced parasitemia and increased type 2 macrophages, type 2 neutrophils, and IL-10-producing dendritic cells. Moreover, the acquired IR was characterized by greater proportions of Th1/Th2/Treg, and IFNγ-producing CD8+T cells, and reductions in Th17 and IL-17-producing CD8+T cells. However, during the chronic phase, FPR2 deficient mice presented and increased inflammatory profile regarding innate and acquired IR cells (Th1/IFN-γ-producing CD8+T cells). Notably, FPR2 deficiency resulted in increased myocarditis and impaired heart function. Collectively, our data suggested that FPR2 is important for the orchestration of IR and prevention of severe T. cruzi-induced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela das Dores Pereira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Program in Health Sciences, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine/Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rayane Aparecida Nonato Rabelo
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Program in Health Sciences, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine/Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Paulo Gaio Leite
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Allysson Cramer
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Flávia Machado Botelho
- Departament of Veterinary Medicine, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Jader Santos Cruz
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Wiliam César Bento Régis
- Postgraduate Program in Vertebrate Biology at the Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mauro Perretti
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Program in Health Sciences, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine/Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Simão Machado
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Program in Health Sciences, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine/Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Ayala EV, Rodrigues da Cunha G, Azevedo MA, Calderon M, Jimenez J, Venuto AP, Gazzinelli R, Lavalle RJY, Riva AGV, Hincapie R, Finn MG, Marques AF. C57BL/6 α-1,3-Galactosyltransferase Knockout Mouse as an Animal Model for Experimental Chagas Disease. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:1807-1815. [PMID: 32374586 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The leading animal model of experimental Chagas disease, the mouse, plays a significant role in studies for vaccine development, diagnosis, and human therapies. Humans, along with Old World primates, alone among mammals, cannot make the terminal carbohydrate linkage of the α-Gal trisaccharide. It has been established that the anti-α-Gal immune response is likely to be a critical factor for protection against Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) infection in humans. However, the mice customarily employed for the study of T. cruzi infection naturally express the α-Gal epitope and therefore do not produce anti-α-Gal antibodies. Here, we used the C57BL/6 α-1,3-galactosyltransferase knockout (α-GalT-KO) mouse, which does not express the α-Gal epitope as a model for experimental Chagas disease. We found the anti-α-Gal IgG antibody response to an increase in α-GalT-KO mice infected with Arequipa and Colombiana strains of T. cruzi, leading to fewer parasite nests, lower parasitemia, and an increase of INF-γ, TNF-α, and IL-12 cytokines in the heart of α-GalT-KO mice compared with α-GalT-WT mice on days 60 and 120 postinfection. We therefore agree that the C57BL/6 α-GalT-KO mouse represents a useful model for initial testing of therapeutic and immunological approaches against different strains of T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Valencia Ayala
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Genômica de Parasitos, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas/ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270901, Brazil
- Instituto de Investigación, Centro de Investigación en Inmunología e Infectología, Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Lima 15000, Perú
| | - Gisele Rodrigues da Cunha
- Laboratório de Imuno-Proteômica e Biologia de Parasitos, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas/ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270901, Brazil
| | - Maira Araujo Azevedo
- Laboratório de Imuno-Proteômica e Biologia de Parasitos, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas/ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270901, Brazil
| | - Maritza Calderon
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas and Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15000, Perú
| | - Juan Jimenez
- Laboratorio de Parasitología en Fauna Silvestre y Zoonosis, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15000, Perú
| | - Ana Paula Venuto
- Laboratório de Imuno-Proteômica e Biologia de Parasitos, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas/ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270901, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Gazzinelli
- Instituto de Pesquisa Rene Rachou, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30190-009, Brazil
- Plataforma de Medicina Translacional, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30190-009, Brazil
| | - Raúl Jesus Ynocente Lavalle
- Laboratorio de Parasitología en Fauna Silvestre y Zoonosis, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15000, Perú
| | - Angela Giovana Vidal Riva
- Instituto de Investigación, Centro de Investigación en Inmunología e Infectología, Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Lima 15000, Perú
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas and Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15000, Perú
| | - Robert Hincapie
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332 United States
| | - M. G. Finn
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332 United States
| | - Alexandre F. Marques
- Laboratório de Imuno-Proteômica e Biologia de Parasitos, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas/ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270901, Brazil
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Resolvin D1 Administration Is Beneficial in Trypanosoma cruzi Infection. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00052-20. [PMID: 32152197 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00052-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is a major public health issue, affecting ∼10 million people worldwide. Transmitted by a protozoan named Trypanosoma cruzi, this infection triggers a chronic inflammatory process that can lead to cardiomyopathy (Chagas disease). Resolvin D1 (RvD1) is a novel proresolution lipid mediator whose effects on inflammatory diseases dampens pathological inflammatory responses and can restore tissue homeostasis. Current therapies are not effective in altering the outcome of T. cruzi infection, and as RvD1 has been evaluated as a therapeutic agent in various inflammatory diseases, we examined if exogenous RvD1 could modulate the pathogenesis of Chagas disease in a murine model. CD-1 mice infected with the T. cruzi Brazil strain were treated with RvD1. Mice were administered 3 μg/kg of body weight RvD1 intraperitoneally on days 5, 10, and 15 to examine the effect of RvD1 on acute disease or administered the same dose on days 60, 65, and 70 to examine its effects on chronic infection. RvD1 therapy increased the survival rate and controlled parasite replication in mice with acute infection and reduced the levels of interferon gamma and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) in mice with chronic infection. In addition, there was an increase in interleukin-10 levels with RvD1 therapy in both mice with acute infection and mice with chronic infection and a decrease in TGF-β levels and collagen content in cardiac tissue. Together, these data indicate that RvD1 therapy can dampen the inflammatory response, promote the resolution of T. cruzi infection, and prevent cardiac fibrosis.
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Differences in cNOS/iNOS Activity during Resistance to Trypanosoma cruzi Infection in 5-Lipoxygenase Knockout Mice. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2019:5091630. [PMID: 31772504 PMCID: PMC6854994 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5091630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi causes Chagas disease and consequently leads to severe inflammatory heart condition; however, the mechanisms driving this inflammatory response have not been completely elucidated. Nitric oxide (NO) is a key mediator of parasite killing in T. cruzi-infected mice, and previous studies have suggested that leukotrienes (LTs) essentially regulate the NO activity in the heart. We used infected 5-lipoxygenase-deficient mice (5-LO−/−) to explore the participation of nitric oxide synthase isoforms, inducible (iNOS) and constitutive (cNOS), in heart injury, cytokine profile, and oxidative stress during the early stage of T. cruzi infection. Our evidence suggests that the cNOS of the host is involved in the resistance of 5-LO−/− mice during T. cruzi infection. iNOS inhibition generated a remarkable increase in T. cruzi infection in the blood and heart of mice, whereas cNOS inhibition reduced cardiac parasitism (amastigote nests). Furthermore, this inhibition associates with a higher IFN-γ production and lower lipid peroxidation status. These data provide a better understanding about the influence of NO-interfering therapies for the inflammatory response toward T. cruzi infection.
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Bonney KM, Luthringer DJ, Kim SA, Garg NJ, Engman DM. Pathology and Pathogenesis of Chagas Heart Disease. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2018; 14:421-447. [PMID: 30355152 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-020117-043711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chagas heart disease is an inflammatory cardiomyopathy that develops in approximately one-third of people infected with the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. One way T. cruzi is transmitted to people is through contact with infected kissing bugs, which are found in much of the Western Hemisphere, including in vast areas of the United States. The epidemiology of T. cruzi and Chagas heart disease and the varied mechanisms leading to myocyte destruction, mononuclear cell infiltration, fibrosis, and edema in the heart have been extensively studied by hundreds of scientists for more than 100 years. Despite this wealth of knowledge, it is still impossible to predict what will happen in an individual infected with T. cruzi because of the tremendous variability in clonal parasite virulence and human susceptibility to infection and the lack of definitive molecular predictors of outcome from either side of the host-parasite equation. Further, while several distinct mechanisms of pathogenesis have been studied in isolation, it is certain that multiple coincident mechanisms combine to determine the ultimate outcome. For these reasons, Chagas disease is best considered a collection of related but distinct illnesses. This review highlights the pathology and pathogenesis of the most common adverse sequela of T. cruzi infection-Chagas heart disease-and concludes with a discussion of key unanswered questions and a view to the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Bonney
- Liberal Studies, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA;
| | - Daniel J Luthringer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA; , ,
| | - Stacey A Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA; , ,
| | - Nisha J Garg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1070, USA;
| | - David M Engman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA; , ,
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Subramanian BC, Majumdar R, Parent CA. The role of the LTB 4-BLT1 axis in chemotactic gradient sensing and directed leukocyte migration. Semin Immunol 2018; 33:16-29. [PMID: 29042024 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Directed leukocyte migration is a hallmark of inflammatory immune responses. Leukotrienes are derived from arachidonic acid and represent a class of potent lipid mediators of leukocyte migration. In this review, we summarize the essential steps leading to the production of LTB4 in leukocytes. We discuss the recent findings on the exosomal packaging and transport of LTB4 in the context of chemotactic gradients formation and regulation of leukocyte recruitment. We also discuss the dynamic roles of the LTB4 receptors, BLT1 and BLT2, in mediating chemotactic signaling in leukocytes and contrast them to other structurally related leukotrienes that bind to distinct GPCRs. Finally, we highlight the specific roles of the LTB4-BLT1 axis in mediating signal-relay between chemotaxing neutrophils and its potential contribution to a wide variety of inflammatory conditions including tumor progression and metastasis, where LTB4 is emerging as a key signaling component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagawat C Subramanian
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
| | - Ritankar Majumdar
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| | - Carole A Parent
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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10
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Lu X, Xue L, Sun W, Ye J, Zhu Z, Mei H. Identification of key pathogenic genes of sepsis based on the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:3042-3054. [PMID: 29257295 PMCID: PMC5783525 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition in which an uncontrolled inflammatory host response is triggered. The exact pathogenesis of sepsis remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to identify key genes that may aid in the diagnosis and treatment of sepsis. mRNA expression data from blood samples taken from patients with sepsis and healthy individuals was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two groups were identified. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction, was performed to investigate the function of the identified DEGs. Furthermore, for validation of these results, the expression levels of several DEGs were analyzed by reverse transcription quantitative-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in three patients with sepsis and three healthy blood samples to support the results obtained from the bioinformatics analysis. Receiver operating characteristic analyses were also used to analyze the diagnostic ability of the identified DEGs for sepsis. The results demonstrated that a total of 4,402 DEGs, including 1,960 upregulated and 2,442 downregulated genes, were identified between patients with sepsis and healthy individuals. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that 39 DEGs were significantly enriched in toll-like receptor signaling pathways. The top 20 upregulated and downregulated DEGs were used to construct the PPI network. Hub genes with high degrees, including interleukin 1 receptor-associated kinase 3 (IRAK3), S100 calcium-binding protein (S100)A8, angiotensin II receptor-associated protein (AGTRAP) and S100A9, were demonstrated to be associated sepsis. Furthermore, RT-qPCR results demonstrated that IRAK3, adrenomedullin (ADM), arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (ALOX5), matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) and S100A8 were significantly upregulated, while ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 (ENTPD1) was upregulated but not significantly, in blood samples from patients with sepsis compared with healthy individuals, which was consistent with bioinformatics analysis results. Therefore, AGTRAP, IRAK3, ADM, ALOX5, MMP9, S100A8 and ENTPD1 were identified to have potential diagnostic value in sepsis. In conclusion, dysregulated levels of the AGTRAP, IRAK3, ADM, ALOX5, MMP9, S100A8 and ENTPD1 genes may be involved in sepsis pathophysiology and may be utilized as potential diagnostic biomarkers or therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxing Lu
- Department of Intensive Medicine, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, P.R. China
| | - Lu Xue
- Department of Intensive Medicine, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, P.R. China
| | - Wenbin Sun
- Department of Intensive Medicine, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, P.R. China
| | - Jilu Ye
- Department of Intensive Medicine, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyun Zhu
- Department of Intensive Medicine, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, P.R. China
| | - Haifeng Mei
- Department of Intensive Medicine, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, P.R. China
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11
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Oda JY, Belém MO, Carlos TM, Gouveia R, Luchetti BFC, Moreira NM, Massocatto CL, Araújo SM, Sant Ana DMG, Buttow NC, Pinge-Filho P, Araújo EJA. Myenteric neuroprotective role of aspirin in acute and chronic experimental infections with Trypanosoma cruzi. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29:1-13. [PMID: 28524628 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental and clinical studies have shown that myenteric neuron cell death during infection with Trypanosoma cruzi mainly occurs in the esophagus and colon, resulting in megaesophagus and megacolon, respectively. Evidence suggests that the cyclooxygenase enzyme (COX) is involved in the T. cruzi invasion process. The use of low-dose aspirin (ASA), a COX-1/COX-2 inhibitor, has been shown to reduce infection with T. cruzi. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the effects of treatment with low-dose ASA on myenteric colonic neurons during murine infection with T. cruzi. METHODS Swiss mice were assigned into groups treated with either phosphate-buffered saline or low doses of ASA during the acute phase (20 mg/kg ASA) and chronic phase (50 mg/kg ASA) of infection with the Y strain of T. cruzi. Seventy-five days after infection, colon samples were collected to quantify inflammatory foci in histological sections and also general (myosin-V+ ), nitrergic, and VIPergic myenteric neurons in whole mounts. Gastrointestinal transit time was also measured. KEY RESULTS Aspirin treatment during the acute phase of infection reduced parasitemia (P<.05). Aspirin treatment during the acute or chronic phase of the infection reduced the intensity of inflammatory foci in the colon, protected myenteric neurons from cell death and plastic changes, and recovered the gastrointestinal transit of mice infected with T. cruzi (P<.05). CONCLUSION & INFERENCES Early and delayed treatment with low-dose ASA can reduce the morphofunctional damage of colonic myenteric neurons caused by murine T. cruzi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Oda
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Três Lagoas, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.,Department of Pathological Science, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - M O Belém
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - T M Carlos
- Department of Histology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - R Gouveia
- Department of Histology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - B F C Luchetti
- Department of Pathological Science, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - N M Moreira
- Center for Education, Letters and Health, State University of Western Paraná, Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná, Brazil
| | - C L Massocatto
- Department of Morphological Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - S M Araújo
- Department of Basic Health Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - D M G Sant Ana
- Department of Morphological Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - N C Buttow
- Department of Morphological Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - P Pinge-Filho
- Department of Pathological Science, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - E J A Araújo
- Department of Histology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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12
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The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Modulates Production of Cytokines and Reactive Oxygen Species and Development of Myocarditis during Trypanosoma cruzi Infection. Infect Immun 2016; 84:3071-82. [PMID: 27481250 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00575-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor involved in controlling several aspects of immune responses, including the activation and differentiation of specific T cell subsets and antigen-presenting cells, thought to be relevant in the context of experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection. The relevance of AhR for the outcome of T. cruzi infection is not known and was investigated here. We infected wild-type (WT) mice and AhR knockout (AhR KO) mice with T. cruzi (Y strain) and determined levels of parasitemia, myocardial inflammation and fibrosis, expression of AhR/cytokines/suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) (spleen/heart), and production of nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) (spleen). AhR expression was increased in the heart of infected WT mice. Infected AhR KO mice displayed significantly reduced parasitemia, inflammation, and fibrosis of the myocardium. This was associated with an anticipated increased immune response characterized by increased levels of inflammatory cytokines and reduced expression of SOCS2 and SOCS3 in the heart. In vitro, AhR deficiency caused impairment in parasite replication and decreased levels of ROS production. In conclusion, AhR influences the development of murine Chagas disease by modulating ROS production and regulating the expression of key physiological regulators of inflammation, SOCS1 to -3, associated with the production of cytokines during experimental T. cruzi infection.
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13
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Campos JDS, Hoppe LY, Duque TLA, de Castro SL, Oliveira GM. Use of Noninvasive Parameters to Evaluate Swiss Webster Mice DuringTrypanosoma cruziExperimental Acute Infection. J Parasitol 2016; 102:280-5. [DOI: 10.1645/15-884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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14
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Guerrero NA, Camacho M, Vila L, Íñiguez MA, Chillón-Marinas C, Cuervo H, Poveda C, Fresno M, Gironès N. Cyclooxygenase-2 and Prostaglandin E2 Signaling through Prostaglandin Receptor EP-2 Favor the Development of Myocarditis during Acute Trypanosoma cruzi Infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004025. [PMID: 26305786 PMCID: PMC4549243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays an important role in the pathophysiology of Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. Prostanoids are regulators of homeostasis and inflammation and are produced mainly by myeloid cells, being cyclooxygenases, COX-1 and COX-2, the key enzymes in their biosynthesis from arachidonic acid (AA). Here, we have investigated the expression of enzymes involved in AA metabolism during T. cruzi infection. Our results show an increase in the expression of several of these enzymes in acute T. cruzi infected heart. Interestingly, COX-2 was expressed by CD68+ myeloid heart-infiltrating cells. In addition, infiltrating myeloid CD11b+Ly6G- cells purified from infected heart tissue express COX-2 and produce prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) ex vivo. T. cruzi infections in COX-2 or PGE2-dependent prostaglandin receptor EP-2 deficient mice indicate that both, COX-2 and EP-2 signaling contribute significantly to the heart leukocyte infiltration and to the release of chemokines and inflammatory cytokines in the heart of T. cruzi infected mice. In conclusion, COX-2 plays a detrimental role in acute Chagas disease myocarditis and points to COX-2 as a potential target for immune intervention. The role of prostanoids, products of the arachidonic acid pathway, during Trypanosoma cruzi infection has been studied by inhibiting key enzymes in prostanoid synthesis as cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2), with opposed results. Here we analyzed the expression of cyclooxygenases, prostanoid synthases and receptors in the heart of mice susceptible and non-susceptible to T. cruzi infection and found that they were highly increased respect to non-infected mice. We previously identified the presence of myeloid-derived suppressor cells expressing arginase-1 (Arg-1). Further analysis showed that COX-2 was expressed in Arg-1- myeloid cells in heart tissue, suggesting the existence of different myeloid populations involved in the leukocyte infiltration (COX-2+Arg-1-) and tissue repair (COX-2-Arg-1+). Mice deficient in the expression of COX-2 and the prostaglandin PGE2 receptor EP-2 infected with T. cruzi showed a marked reduction in the cardiac inflammatory infiltration in comparison with infected wild type mice, indicating an adverse effect of COX-2 and PGE2 signaling through EP-2 receptor in the development of myocarditis during acute T. cruzi infection, suggesting the possibility of immune intervention using COX inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mercedes Camacho
- Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Vila
- Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Íñiguez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Henar Cuervo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Cristina Poveda
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Fresno
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Núria Gironès
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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15
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Campos-Estrada C, Liempi A, González-Herrera F, Lapier M, Kemmerling U, Pesce B, Ferreira J, López-Muñoz R, Maya JD. Simvastatin and Benznidazole-Mediated Prevention of Trypanosoma cruzi-Induced Endothelial Activation: Role of 15-epi-lipoxin A4 in the Action of Simvastatin. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003770. [PMID: 25978361 PMCID: PMC4433340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the causal agent of Chagas Disease that is endemic in Latin American, afflicting more than ten million people approximately. This disease has two phases, acute and chronic. The acute phase is often asymptomatic, but with time it progresses to the chronic phase, affecting the heart and gastrointestinal tract and can be lethal. Chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy involves an inflammatory vasculopathy. Endothelial activation during Chagas disease entails the expression of cell adhesion molecules such as E-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) through a mechanism involving NF-κB activation. Currently, specific trypanocidal therapy remains on benznidazole, although new triazole derivatives are promising. A novel strategy is proposed that aims at some pathophysiological processes to facilitate current antiparasitic therapy, decreasing treatment length or doses and slowing disease progress. Simvastatin has anti-inflammatory actions, including improvement of endothelial function, by inducing a novel pro-resolving lipid, the 5-lypoxygenase derivative 15-epi-lipoxin A4 (15-epi-LXA4), which belongs to aspirin-triggered lipoxins. Herein, we propose modifying endothelial activation with simvastatin or benznidazole and evaluate the pathways involved, including induction of 15-epi-LXA4. The effect of 5 μM simvastatin or 20 μM benznidazole upon endothelial activation was assessed in EA.hy926 or HUVEC cells, by E-selectin, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression. 15-epi-LXA4 production and the relationship of both drugs with the NFκB pathway, as measured by IKK-IKB phosphorylation and nuclear migration of p65 protein was also assayed. Both drugs were administered to cell cultures 16 hours before the infection with T. cruzi parasites. Indeed, 5 μM simvastatin as well as 20 μM benznidazole prevented the increase in E-selectin, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression in T. cruzi-infected endothelial cells by decreasing the NF-κB pathway. In conclusion, Simvastatin and benznidazole prevent endothelial activation induced by T. cruzi infection, and the effect of simvastatin is mediated by the inhibition of the NFκB pathway by inducing 15-epi-LXA4 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Campos-Estrada
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana Liempi
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabiola González-Herrera
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Michel Lapier
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Barbara Pesce
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Ferreira
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo López-Muñoz
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Juan D. Maya
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
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16
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5-Lipoxygenase negatively regulates Th1 response during Brucella abortus infection in mice. Infect Immun 2015; 83:1210-6. [PMID: 25583526 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02592-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucella abortus is a Gram-negative bacterium that infects humans and cattle, causing a chronic inflammatory disease known as brucellosis. A Th1-mediated immune response plays a critical role in host control of this pathogen. Recent findings indicate contrasting roles for lipid mediators in host responses against infections. 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) is an enzyme required for the production of the lipid mediators leukotrienes and lipoxins. To determine the involvement of 5-LO in host responses to B. abortus infection, we intraperitoneally infected wild-type and 5-LO-deficient mice and evaluated the progression of infection and concomitant expression of immune mediators. Here, we demonstrate that B. abortus induced the upregulation of 5-LO mRNA in wild-type mice. Moreover, this pathogen upregulated the production of the lipid mediators leukotriene B4 and lipoxin A4 in a 5-LO-dependent manner. 5-LO-deficient mice displayed lower bacterial burdens in the spleen and liver and less severe liver pathology, demonstrating an enhanced resistance to infection. Host resistance paralleled an increased expression of the proinflammatory mediators interleukin-12 (IL-12), gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) during the course of infection. Moreover, we demonstrated that 5-LO downregulated the expression of IL-12 in macrophages during B. abortus infection. Our results suggest that 5-LO has a major involvement in B. abortus infection, by functioning as a negative regulator of the protective Th1 immune responses against this pathogen.
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Protective role of 5-lipoxigenase during Leishmania infantum infection is associated with Th17 subset. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:264270. [PMID: 25309905 PMCID: PMC4189762 DOI: 10.1155/2014/264270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a chronic and fatal disease caused by Leishmania infantum in Brazil. Leukocyte recruitment to infected tissue is a crucial event for the control of infections such as VL. Leucotriens are lipid mediators synthesized by 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) and they display a protective role against protozoan parasites by inducing several functions in leucocytes. We determined the role of 5-LO activity in parasite control, focusing on the inflammatory immune response against Leishmania infantum infection. LTB4 is released during in vitro infection. The genetic ablation of 5-LO promoted susceptibility in highly resistant mice strains, harboring more parasites into target organs. The susceptibility was related to the failure of neutrophil migration to the infectious foci. Investigating the neutrophil failure, there was a reduction of proinflammatory cytokines involved in the related Th17 axis released into the organs. Genetic ablation of 5-LO reduced the CD4(+)T cells producing IL-17, without interfering in Th1 subset. L. infantum failed to activate DC from 5-LO(-/-), showing reduced surface costimulatory molecule expression and proinflammatory cytokines involved in Th17 differentiation. BLT1 blockage with selective antagonist interferes with DC maturation and proinflammatory cytokines release. Thus, 5-LO activation coordinates the inflammatory immune response involved in the control of VL.
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18
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The acute phase of Trypanosoma cruzi infection is attenuated in 5-lipoxygenase-deficient mice. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:893634. [PMID: 25165415 PMCID: PMC4137569 DOI: 10.1155/2014/893634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work we examine the contribution of 5-lipoxygenase- (5-LO-) derived lipid mediators to immune responses during the acute phase of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in 5-LO gene knockout (5-LO(-/-)) mice and wild-type (WT) mice. Compared with WT mice, the 5-LO(-/-) mice developed less parasitemia/tissue parasitism, less inflammatory cell infiltrates, and a lower mortality. This resistance of 5-LO(-/-) mice correlated with several differences in the immune response to infection, including reduced PGE2 synthesis; sustained capacity of splenocytes to produce high levels of interleukin (IL)-12 early in the infection; enhanced splenocyte production of IL-1β, IL-6, and IFN-γ; rapid T-cell polarization to secrete high quantities of IFN-γ and low quantities of IL-10; and greater numbers of CD8(+)CD44(high)CD62L(low) memory effector T cells at the end of the acute phase of infection. The high mortality in WT mice was associated with increased production of LTB4/LTC4, T cell bias to produce IFN-γ, high levels of serum nitrite, and marked protein extravasation into the peritoneal cavity, although survival was improved by treatment with a cys-LT receptor 1 antagonist. These data also provide evidence that 5-LO-derived mediators negatively affect host survival during the acute phase of T. cruzi infection.
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Awwad K, Steinbrink SD, Frömel T, Lill N, Isaak J, Häfner AK, Roos J, Hofmann B, Heide H, Geisslinger G, Steinhilber D, Freeman BA, Maier TJ, Fleming I. Electrophilic fatty acid species inhibit 5-lipoxygenase and attenuate sepsis-induced pulmonary inflammation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:2667-80. [PMID: 24206143 PMCID: PMC4026401 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The reaction of nitric oxide and nitrite-derived species with polyunsaturated fatty acids yields electrophilic fatty acid nitroalkene derivatives (NO2-FA), which display anti-inflammatory properties. Given that the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO, ALOX5) possesses critical nucleophilic amino acids, which are potentially sensitive to electrophilic modifications, we determined the consequences of NO2-FA on 5-LO activity in vitro and on 5-LO-mediated inflammation in vivo. RESULTS Stimulation of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) with nitro-oleic (NO2-OA) or nitro-linoleic acid (NO2-LA) (but not the parent lipids) resulted in the concentration-dependent and irreversible inhibition of 5-LO activity. Similar effects were observed in cell lysates and using the recombinant human protein, indicating a direct reaction with 5-LO. NO2-FAs did not affect the activity of the platelet-type 12-LO (ALOX12) or 15-LO-1 (ALOX15) in intact cells or the recombinant protein. The NO2-FA-induced inhibition of 5-LO was attributed to the alkylation of Cys418, and the exchange of Cys418 to serine rendered 5-LO insensitive to NO2-FA. In vivo, the systemic administration of NO2-OA to mice decreased neutrophil and monocyte mobilization in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), attenuated the formation of the 5-LO product 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE), and inhibited lung injury. The administration of NO2-OA to 5-LO knockout mice had no effect on LPS-induced neutrophil or monocyte mobilization as well as on lung injury. INNOVATION Prophylactic administration of NO2-OA to septic mice inhibits inflammation and promotes its resolution by interfering in 5-LO-mediated inflammatory processes. CONCLUSION NO2-FAs directly and irreversibly inhibit 5-LO and attenuate downstream acute inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khader Awwad
- 1 Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University , Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Chaves MM, Marques-da-Silva C, Monteiro APT, Canetti C, Coutinho-Silva R. Leukotriene B4 Modulates P2X7 Receptor–Mediated Leishmania amazonensis Elimination in Murine Macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:4765-73. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Gutierrez FRS, Pavanelli WR, Medina TS, Silva GK, Mariano FS, Guedes PMM, Mineo TWP, Rossi MA, Cunha FQ, Silva JS. Haeme oxygenase activity protects the host against excessive cardiac inflammation during experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Microbes Infect 2013; 16:28-39. [PMID: 24140555 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The infection with Trypanosoma cruzi induces a robust cardiac inflammation that plays a pathogenic role in the development of Chagas heart disease. In this study, we aimed at investigating the effects of Haem Oxygenase (HO) during experimental infection by T. cruzi in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. HO has recently emerged as a key factor modulating the immune response in diverse models of inflammatory diseases. In mice with two different genetic backgrounds, the pharmacologic inhibition of HO activity with zinc-protoporphyrin IX (ZnPPIX) induced enhanced myocarditis and reduced parasitaemia, which was accompanied by an amplified production of nitric oxide and increased influx of CD4(+), CD8(+) and IFN-γ(+) cells to the myocardium in comparison with the control group. Conversely, treatment with haemin (an activator of HO) lead to a decreased number of intracardiac CD4(+) (but not CD8(+)) cells compared to the control group. The mechanism involved in these observations is a modulation of the induction of regulatory T cells, because the stimulation or inhibition of HO was parallelled by an enhanced or reduced frequency of regulatory T cells, respectively. Hence, HO may be involved in the regulation of heart tissue inflammation and could be a potential target in conceiving future therapeutic approaches for Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredy R S Gutierrez
- Biomedical Sciences Research Group, School of Medicine, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Wander R Pavanelli
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry-Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tiago S Medina
- Department of Biochemistry-Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Grace K Silva
- Department of Biochemistry-Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávia S Mariano
- Department of Biochemistry-Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo M M Guedes
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry-Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tiago W P Mineo
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry-Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos A Rossi
- Department of Pathology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Q Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João S Silva
- Department of Biochemistry-Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Molina-Berríos A, Campos-Estrada C, Henriquez N, Faúndez M, Torres G, Castillo C, Escanilla S, Kemmerling U, Morello A, López-Muñoz RA, Maya JD. Protective role of acetylsalicylic acid in experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection: evidence of a 15-epi-lipoxin A₄-mediated effect. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2173. [PMID: 23638194 PMCID: PMC3630130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas' disease, produced by Trypanosoma cruzi, affects more than 8 million people, producing approximately 10,000 deaths each year in Latin America. Migration of people from endemic regions to developed countries has expanded the risk of infection, transforming this disease into a globally emerging problem. PGE₂ and other eicosanoids contribute to cardiac functional deficits after infection with T. cruzi. Thus, the inhibition of host cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme emerges as a potential therapeutic target. In vivo studies about the effect of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) upon T. cruzi infection are controversial, and always report the effect of ASA at a single dose. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the effect of ASA at different doses in an in vivo model of infection and correlate it with the production of arachidonic acid metabolites. ASA decreased mortality, parasitemia, and heart damage in T. cruzi (Dm28c) infected mice, at the low doses of 25 and 50 mg/Kg. However, this effect disappeared when the high ASA doses of 75 and 100 mg/Kg were used. We explored whether this observation was related to the metabolic shift toward the production of 5-lipoxygenase derivatives, and although we did not observe an increase in LTB4 production in infected RAW cells and mice infected, we did find an increase in 15-epi-LXA₄ (an ASA-triggered lipoxin). We also found high levels of 15-epi-LXA₄ in T. cruzi infected mice treated with the low doses of ASA, while the high ASA doses decreased 15-epi-LXA₄ levels. Importantly, 15-epi-LXA₄ prevented parasitemia, mortality, and cardiac changes in vivo and restored the protective role in the treatment with a high dose of ASA. This is the first report showing the production of ASA-triggered lipoxins in T. cruzi infected mice, which demonstrates the role of this lipid as an anti-inflammatory molecule in the acute phase of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Molina-Berríos
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Campos-Estrada
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia Henriquez
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Faúndez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gloria Torres
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Castillo
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastián Escanilla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Antonio Morello
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A. López-Muñoz
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail: (RALM); (JDM)
| | - Juan D. Maya
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail: (RALM); (JDM)
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5-Lipoxygenase activity increases susceptibility to experimental Paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection. Infect Immun 2013; 81:1256-66. [PMID: 23381993 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01209-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic mycosis caused by the thermodimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Leukotrienes and lipoxins are lipid mediators produced after 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) activation that exhibit pro- and anti-inflammatory roles, respectively. Here, we have investigated the contribution of 5-LO enzymatic activity in PCM using an experimental model of P. brasiliensis infection. B6.129 wild-type (B6.129) and 5-LO-deficient (5-LO(-/-)) mice were intravenously inoculated with a virulent strain of P. brasiliensis (Pb18), and the survival rate of the infected mice was investigated on different days after yeast infection. 5-LO(-/-) mice exhibited an increased survival rate associated with a decreased number of CFU. The resistance of 5-LO(-/-) during PCM was associated with augmented nitric oxide (NO) production and the formation of compact granulomas. In addition, the absence of 5-LO was associated with a diminished number of CD4(+) CD25(+) regulatory T cells, higher levels of gamma interferon and interleukin-12, and increased T-bet (a T-box transcription factor that directs Th1 lineage commitment) mRNA levels in the lungs. Taken together, our results show for the first time that 5-LO enzymatic activity increases susceptibility to P. brasiliensis, suggesting that this pathway may be a potential target for therapeutic intervention during PCM.
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Machado FS, Dutra WO, Esper L, Gollob KJ, Teixeira MM, Factor SM, Weiss LM, Nagajyothi F, Tanowitz HB, Garg NJ. Current understanding of immunity to Trypanosoma cruzi infection and pathogenesis of Chagas disease. Semin Immunopathol 2012; 34:753-70. [PMID: 23076807 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-012-0351-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi remains an important neglected tropical disease and a cause of significant morbidity and mortality. No longer confined to endemic areas of Latin America, it is now found in non-endemic areas due to immigration. The parasite may persist in any tissue, but in recent years, there has been increased recognition of adipose tissue both as an early target of infection and a reservoir of chronic infection. The major complications of this disease are cardiomyopathy and megasyndromes involving the gastrointestinal tract. The pathogenesis of Chagas disease is complex and multifactorial involving many interactive pathways. The significance of innate immunity, including the contributions of cytokines, chemokines, reactive oxygen species, and oxidative stress, has been emphasized. The role of the components of the eicosanoid pathway such as thromboxane A(2) and the lipoxins has been demonstrated to have profound effects as both pro- and anti-inflammatory factors. Additionally, we discuss the vasoconstrictive actions of thromboxane A(2) and endothelin-1 in Chagas disease. Human immunity to T. cruzi infection and its role in pathogen control and disease progression have not been fully investigated. However, recently, it was demonstrated that a reduction in the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was associated with clinically significant chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana S Machado
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Henao-Martínez AF, Schwartz DA, Yang IV. Chagasic cardiomyopathy, from acute to chronic: is this mediated by host susceptibility factors? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2012; 106:521-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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26
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Role of SOCS2 in modulating heart damage and function in a murine model of acute Chagas disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:130-40. [PMID: 22658486 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 02/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Infection with Trypanosoma cruzi induces inflammation, which limits parasite proliferation but may result in chagasic heart disease. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 (SOCS2) is a regulator of immune responses and may therefore participate in the pathogenesis of T. cruzi infection. SOCS2 is expressed during T. cruzi infection, and its expression is partially reduced in infected 5-lipoxygenase-deficient [knockout (KO)] mice. In SOCS2 KO mice, there was a reduction in both parasitemia and the expression of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-6, IL-10, SOCS1, and SOCS3 in the spleen. Expression of IFN-γ, TNF-α, SOCS1, and SOCS3 was also reduced in the hearts of infected SOCS2 KO mice. There was an increase in the generation and expansion of T regulatory (Treg) cells and a decrease in the number of memory cells in T. cruzi-infected SOCS2 KO mice. Levels of lipoxinA(4) (LXA(4)) increased in these mice. Echocardiography studies demonstrated an impairment of cardiac function in T. cruzi-infected SOCS2 KO mice. There were also changes in calcium handling and in action potential waveforms, and reduced outward potassium currents in isolated cardiac myocytes. Our data suggest that reductions of inflammation and parasitemia in infected SOCS2-deficient mice may be secondary to the increases in Treg cells and LXA(4) levels. This occurs at the cost of greater infection-associated heart dysfunction, highlighting the relevance of balanced inflammatory and immune responses in preventing severe T. cruzi-induced disease.
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Matsuse H, Hirose H, Fukahori S, Tsuchida T, Tomari S, Kawano T, Fukushima C, Kohno S. Regulation of dendritic cell functions against harmful respiratory pathogens by a cysteinyl leukotrienes receptor antagonist. ALLERGY & RHINOLOGY (PROVIDENCE, R.I.) 2012; 3:e30-4. [PMID: 22852127 PMCID: PMC3404475 DOI: 10.2500/ar.2012.3.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA) is a widely used medicine for asthma. Cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs) are involved in the regulation of dendritic cell (DC) function. However, the effects of LTRA on DC-related antimicrobial immunity against harmful respiratory pathogens remain unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of LTRA administered in vivo on DC function against representative respiratory pathogens in vitro. Pulmonary DCs were isolated from four groups of mice: control, mite allergen sensitized (AS), and AS mice treated with the corticosteroid dexamethasone (Dex) or with the LTRA pranlukast (Prl). These DCs were incubated with mite allergen, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Aspergillus fumigatus, or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). IL-10 and IL-12 production was then determined. Dex treatment significantly inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced IL-10 and IL-12 production as well as baseline IL-12 production in AS mice. The Prl did not significantly inhibit LPS-induced IL-10 and IL-12 production in AS mice. More importantly, Prl significantly increased IL-10 and IL-12 in AS mice after RSV infection. This study shows that LTRA that is used for asthma potentially up-regulates antimicrobial immunity through modulation of DC function against some respiratory infections without immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Matsuse
- From the Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroko Hirose
- From the Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Susumu Fukahori
- From the Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tomoko Tsuchida
- From the Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shinya Tomari
- From the Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kawano
- From the Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Chizu Fukushima
- From the Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kohno
- From the Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
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Role of leukotrienes on protozoan and helminth infections. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:595694. [PMID: 22577251 PMCID: PMC3337730 DOI: 10.1155/2012/595694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukotrienes (LTs), formed by the 5-lipoxygenase-(5-LO-) catalyzed oxidation of arachidonic acid, are lipid mediators that have potent proinflammatory activities. Pharmacologic or genetic inhibition of 5-LO biosynthesis in animals is associated with increased mortality and impaired clearance of bacteria, fungi, and parasites. LTs play a role in the control of helminth and protozoan infections by modulating the immune system and/or through direct cytotoxicity to parasites; however, LTs may also be associated with pathogenesis, such as in cerebral malaria and schistosomal granuloma. Interestingly, some proteins from the saliva of insect vectors that transmit protozoans and secreted protein from helminth could bind LTs and may consequently modulate the course of infection or pathogenesis. In addition, the decreased production of LTs in immunocompromised individuals might modulate the pathophysiology of helminth and protozoan infections. Herein, in this paper, we showed the immunomodulatory and pathogenic roles of LTs during the helminth and protozoan infections.
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Secatto A, Rodrigues LC, Serezani CH, Ramos SG, Dias-Baruffi M, Faccioli LH, Medeiros AI. 5-Lipoxygenase deficiency impairs innate and adaptive immune responses during fungal infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31701. [PMID: 22448213 PMCID: PMC3308949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
5-lipoxygenase-derived products have been implicated in both the inhibition and promotion of chronic infection. Here, we sought to investigate the roles of endogenous 5-lipoxygenase products and exogenous leukotrienes during Histoplasma capsulatum infection in vivo and in vitro. 5-LO deficiency led to increased lung CFU, decreased nitric oxide production and a deficient primary immune response during active fungal infection. Moreover, H. capsulatum-infected 5-LO−/− mice showed an intense influx of neutrophils and an impaired ability to generate and recruit effector T cells to the lung. The fungal susceptibility of 5-LO−/− mice correlated with a lower rate of macrophage ingestion of IgG-H. capsulatum relative to WT macrophages. Conversely, exogenous LTB4 and LTC4 restored macrophage phagocytosis in 5-LO deficient mice. Our results demonstrate that leukotrienes are required to control chronic fungal infection by amplifying both the innate and adaptive immune response during histoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Secatto
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lilian Cataldi Rodrigues
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Serezani
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Simone Gusmão Ramos
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Dias-Baruffi
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lúcia Helena Faccioli
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandra I. Medeiros
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Silva DRD, Castro SLD, Alves MCDS, Batista WDS, Oliveira GMD. Acute experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection: establishing a murine model that utilises non-invasive measurements of disease parameters. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2012; 107:211-6. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762012000200010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Nam YH, Min A, Kim SH, Lee YA, Kim KA, Song KJ, Shin MH. Leukotriene B(4) receptors BLT1 and BLT2 are involved in interleukin-8 production in human neutrophils induced by Trichomonas vaginalis-derived secretory products. Inflamm Res 2012; 61:97-102. [PMID: 22215047 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-011-0425-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 10/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND METHOD Trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellated protozoan parasite that causes human trichomoniasis. Although T. vaginalis itself can secrete lipid mediator leukotriene (LT) B(4) leading to neutrophil activation, information regarding the signaling mechanism involved in neutrophil activation induced by T. vaginalis-secreted LTB(4) is limited. We investigated whether LTB(4) contained in the T. vaginalis-derived secretory products (TvSP) is closely involved in interleukin (IL)-8 production in human neutrophils via LTB(4) receptors BLT1 or BLT2. RESULTS T. vaginalis produced more than 714 pg/ml of LTB(4) per 1 × 10(7) trichomonads. The ability of trichomonads to secrete LTB(4) was inhibited by treatment of trichomonads with the 5-lipo-oxygenease inhibitor AA861, but not the cyclo-oxygenease I inhibitor FR122047. When neutrophils were incubated with TvSP obtained from 1 × 10(7) trichomonads, IL-8 protein secretion was significantly increased compared to results for cells incubated with medium alone. The stimulatory effect of TvSP on IL-8 production was strongly inhibited by pretreatment of TvSP with lipase, although pretreatment with heat or proteinase K showed little inhibitory effect. Moreover, TvSP-induced IL-8 production was efficiently inhibited when trichomonads were pretreated with AA861 or when neutrophils were pretreated with antagonists for BLT1 or BLT2. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that LTB(4) receptors BLT1 and BLT2 are involved in IL-8 production in neutrophils induced by T. vaginalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hee Nam
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology and Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Sichon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Korea
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Abstract
Chagas disease is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, a protozoan parasite. Chagas disease remains a serious health problem in large parts of Mexico and Central and South America, where it is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. This disease is being increasingly recognized in non-endemic regions due to immigration. Heart disease develops in 10-30% of infected individuals. It is increasingly clear that parasite- and host-derived bioactive lipids potently modulate disease progression. Many of the changes that occur during acute and chronic Chagas disease can be accounted for by the effects of arachidonic acid (AA)-derived lipids such as leukotrienes, lipoxins, H(P)ETEs, prostaglandins (PGs) and thromboxane. During the course of infection with T. cruzi, changes in circulating levels of AA metabolites are observed. Antagonism of PG synthesis with cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors has both beneficial and adverse effects. Treatment with COX inhibitors during acute infection may result in increased parasite load and mortality. However, treatment instituted during chronic infection may be beneficial with no increase in mortality and substantial improvement with cardiac function. Recently, T. cruzi infection of mice deficient in AA biosynthetic enzymes for various pathways has yielded more insightful data than pharmacological inhibition and has highlighted the potential deleterious effects of inhibitors due to "off-target" actions. Using COX-1 null mice, it was observed that parasite biosynthesis is dependent upon host metabolism, that the majority of TXA(2) liberated during T. cruzi infection is derived from the parasite and that this molecule may act as a quorum sensor to control parasite growth/differentiation. Thus, eicosanoids present during acute infection may act as immunomodulators aiding the transition to, and maintenance of, the chronic stage of the disease. It is also likely that the same mediators that initially function to ensure host survival may later contribute to cardiovascular damage. Collectively, the eicosanoids represent a new series of targets for therapy in Chagas disease with defined potential therapeutic windows in which to apply these agents for greatest effect. A deeper understanding of the mechanism of action of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may provide clues to the differences between host responses in acute and chronic T. cruzi infection.
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Haeggström JZ, Funk CD. Lipoxygenase and leukotriene pathways: biochemistry, biology, and roles in disease. Chem Rev 2011; 111:5866-98. [PMID: 21936577 DOI: 10.1021/cr200246d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 591] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Z Haeggström
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemistry 2, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Talvani A, Teixeira MM. Inflammation and Chagas disease some mechanisms and relevance. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2011; 76:171-94. [PMID: 21884892 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385895-5.00008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chagas cardiomyopathy is caused by infection with flagellated protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. In patients, there is a fine balance between control of the replication and the intensity of the inflammatory response so that the host is unable to eliminate the parasite resulting in the parasite persisting as a lifelong infection in most individuals. However, the parasite persists in such a way that it causes no or little disease. This chapter reviews our understanding of many of the mediators of inflammation and cells which are involved in the inflammatory response of mammals to T. cruzi infection. Particular emphasis is given to the role of chemokines, endothelin and lipid mediators. Understanding the full range of mediators and cells present and how they interact with each other in Chagas disease may shed light on how we modulate disease pathogenesis and define new approaches to treat or prevent the disease.
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Panis C, Mazzuco TL, Costa CZF, Victorino VJ, Tatakihara VLH, Yamauchi LM, Yamada-Ogatta SF, Cecchini R, Rizzo LV, Pinge-Filho P. Trypanosoma cruzi: Effect of the absence of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO)-derived leukotrienes on levels of cytokines, nitric oxide and iNOS expression in cardiac tissue in the acute phase of infection in mice. Exp Parasitol 2011; 127:58-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Revised: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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